tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23395417436243684622024-03-18T11:02:37.244-07:00Early Sports and Pop Culture History BlogTracing the origins of now-familiar (or forgotten) tid-bits of pop-culture.Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.comBlogger235125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-82486598775063532542024-03-07T11:40:00.000-08:002024-03-07T11:51:02.307-08:00"All Dressed Up and No Place to Go" - a Tricked-Out History of the Expression<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimFHHKGaFU7XP1pEd8if1oswA-kjdqXQKqOveXLz7NowlLJ7iffmLYtPt6dx11Pey_mqfthM773O48o-A3cLy9Guk3ZWs8uPjpe3zL0hoB7lVH1CQGIVnpU8NdNXnCFY8KXjB1GWJX2U2Po_Yqk3SkOT845cgo-lggM6izf5We_xkeLiFb65CI0jIxeqM/s1202/Life%20magazine%201916%20page%201030%20dachsund%20osu.32435057995920-seq_18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="1116" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimFHHKGaFU7XP1pEd8if1oswA-kjdqXQKqOveXLz7NowlLJ7iffmLYtPt6dx11Pey_mqfthM773O48o-A3cLy9Guk3ZWs8uPjpe3zL0hoB7lVH1CQGIVnpU8NdNXnCFY8KXjB1GWJX2U2Po_Yqk3SkOT845cgo-lggM6izf5We_xkeLiFb65CI0jIxeqM/s320/Life%20magazine%201916%20page%201030%20dachsund%20osu.32435057995920-seq_18.jpg" width="297" /></a></span></div><span class="Footnote_Reference"><br />The expression, “all dressed up with no place to go,” has been part of American pop-culture and language since at least 1910, although it may have been in use
earlier. The earliest example I have found in print appeared in February of that year, in an anecdote recounting events that occurred years earlier.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The minister who took charge of us was a jolly man and after dinner when we would all be setting around on deck in our best clothes he would come along and say, “</span><span class="tm10">Well girls, all dressed up again and no place to go</span><span class="Footnote_Reference">.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Fowler Ensign</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Fowler, California), February 26, 1910, page 4. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The article was written by a local teacher, Evangeline E. Ellis. She was recounting a steamship voyage to Hamburg, Germany, via Plymouth, England and Cherbourg, France, on
the German ship, “Praetoria,” early on the morning of Saturday, the 28</span><sup><span class="Footnote_Reference">th</span></sup><span class="Footnote_Reference"> of September - no year given.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> The specific details of the day of the week and time of day were critical to an incident in her story.
She said that the passengers had been asked to board the ship on Friday, because of a planned, early-morning departure the next morning. But since there was apparently, at that time, a superstition against boarding ships
on a Friday, most of the passengers lined up on shore to board after midnight.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">It is impossible to know whether she recounted the incident precisely as it happened at the time, or embellished the story using contemporary slang of 1910. Comparing details
of her story to the historical record, however, suggest that other parts of her story were recounted accurately. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Ellis is known to have studied at the University of Berlin, from 1902 through 1904,<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> so her story may have
been based on her actual experiences. But September 28</span><sup><span class="Footnote_Reference">th</span></sup><span class="Footnote_Reference"> fell on a Sunday, and the “Pretoria,” of the Hamburg-American
Line, sailed for Bermuda on Saturday the 27</span><sup><span class="Footnote_Reference">th</span></sup><span class="Footnote_Reference">.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> The Pretoria was
scheduled to sail from New York to Hamburg, via Plymouth and Cherbourg, on a Saturday, but not until October 11, and not early in the morning, but with a noon departure.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a>
A ship of the same line, the Patricia, was scheduled to depart for Hamburg on Tuesday, September 30, but with an afternoon departure, at 3:00 PM.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">It is likely, however, that she actually made the trip in 1901, one year before the date listed as the year she entered the University of Berlin. The German ship, Pretoria,
was scheduled to sail from New York City to Hamburg, via Plymouth and Cherbourg, on Saturday, September 28, 1901, with an early-morning departure time of 5:00 am<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a>
- every detail matching those given in her travel story written nearly a decade later.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghqTyhU3RuVoekEMLFw0JwR4W9MXXM5ZIw45bAD7cdpTVWsju6iVABZ8ZZXGl68kpkZxvFCeN4VFHdCCTlf4UaVFFtIzepxXzwXgz-WQrfZY5c9eLUE2ruMygH3m7bFBlqYXk0jdJXcIkGbBt2gJSNa2VmNl4BBEeC_M0B_HcgkkUm05zT7hxSzwAzrsU/s818/new%20york%20tribune%20sep%2028%201901%20page%203.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="818" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghqTyhU3RuVoekEMLFw0JwR4W9MXXM5ZIw45bAD7cdpTVWsju6iVABZ8ZZXGl68kpkZxvFCeN4VFHdCCTlf4UaVFFtIzepxXzwXgz-WQrfZY5c9eLUE2ruMygH3m7bFBlqYXk0jdJXcIkGbBt2gJSNa2VmNl4BBEeC_M0B_HcgkkUm05zT7hxSzwAzrsU/s320/new%20york%20tribune%20sep%2028%201901%20page%203.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm12">New York Tribune</span></i>, September 28, 1901, page 3.</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Footnote_Reference"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="EndnoteText"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">But whether or not the expression had already been in occasional use earlier, it did not find its way into print (as far as I know) until 1910, after which it appears in print
regularly and often. Its widespread familiarity and usage appears to have been influenced by prominent use on the stage. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The second-earliest example in print is the lyric of a song in the musical stage play, </span><i><span class="tm11">Madame Sherry</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, which had its first performance in April 1910. The song relates the story of a woman who was left at the altar - “Won’t Some One Take Me
Home?”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">I wouldn’t mind if I only could find</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Another nice young beau,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Here, I’ve got these clothes,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">And goodness knows,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">They’re growing old and I can’t get another trousseau;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Every cent I had saved I have spent,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">For this bum veil and comb,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><span class="tm10">Here I’m all dressed up with no place to go</span><span class="Footnote_Reference">, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Won’t some one take me home.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Madam Sherry, a Three Act French Vaudeville</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Book and Lyrics by Otto Hauerbach, Music by Karl L. Hoschna, M. Witmark & Sons, New York, 1910.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Despite these early appearances of the expression in early-1910, it does not appear to have become particularly popular until spoken in a later musical stage play, </span><i><span class="tm11">The Girl of My Dreams</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, which had its debut in August 1910. Several early examples of the expression in print mention that play by name.</span></p><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">“All dressed up and no place to go.” This is the very latest, down to the minute slang. It has been declared. . . . as being strictly </span><i><span class="tm11">aufait</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">“All dressed up and no place to go” was first thrust upon the unsuspecting public by an eccentric female character in “The Girl of My Dreams,” one of
the prettiest, cleanest little operas of the season. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Minneapolis Star-Tribune</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, August 28, 1910, page 22.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">[T]he idle ones have no place to loaf and are in the position of the man in “The Girl of My Dreams,” all dressed up and no place to go.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Coatesville Record</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Coatesville, Pennsylvania), February 11, 1911, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Like the fascinating milliner in “The Girl of My Dreams,” who was all dressed up, but no place to go, so similarly are placed many of Omaha’s society girls
who have received sweet and beautiful corsage bouquets of flowers in token of St. Valentine, and now have no particular occasion at which they might wear them.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Omaha Daily Bee</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, February 15, 1913, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Curiously, however, although </span><i><span class="tm11">The Girl of My Dreams</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> was written by the same writing team as </span><i><span class="tm11">Madame Sherry</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Hoschna and Hauerbach), the expression was said to have been added by a cast member, Nita Allen. Allen played the “eccentric” and “fascinating milliner,” Daphne Daffington,
who was said to have been “all dressed up and no place to go.” Did she learn the lines from her collaborators’ song from </span><i><span class="tm11">Madame Sherry</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> earlier that season?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVLfMVscHGA3gUnwmN3wi9wyhlut6SpKTzOzmzgxeGm7e7mm5oz7Z-xeJtBfNbun5j7YtPCs-V0uEO1LnCxE_szBsrbRChkkSrNWpd9pO-6D22P6-R-TvJ6OazzOdjGUN9YPWSuj8gXIUOMU283mg7Ve0yN4Onc4s3Ex4_hc_2akwlIxx9jbobZGjX184/s1075/Elmore%20tribune%20sep%201%201911%20page%207%20-%20daphne%20daffington%20milliner.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1075" data-original-width="654" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVLfMVscHGA3gUnwmN3wi9wyhlut6SpKTzOzmzgxeGm7e7mm5oz7Z-xeJtBfNbun5j7YtPCs-V0uEO1LnCxE_szBsrbRChkkSrNWpd9pO-6D22P6-R-TvJ6OazzOdjGUN9YPWSuj8gXIUOMU283mg7Ve0yN4Onc4s3Ex4_hc_2akwlIxx9jbobZGjX184/s320/Elmore%20tribune%20sep%201%201911%20page%207%20-%20daphne%20daffington%20milliner.jpeg" width="195" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Elmore Tribune</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Elmore, Ohio), September 1, 1911, page 7.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">During the play, Daphne Daffington is in hiding in various rooms of the home of an ex-boyfriend. She is hiding to protect his reputation, even though her presence in the
home is entirely innocent. That is the reason, perhaps, that she had “no place to go.”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">But what was the “eccentric” milliner wearing, all “dressed up” as she was? She was wearing a “hobble skirt.” Nita Allen even achieved
some notoriety for inventing a particularly silly walk for her character - the “Daffy Hobble.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Several days ago, Nita Allen, creator of the “Daffy Hobble,” was called upon to monologize on the [hobble skirt] with the reefed aftersail, and said:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">To be or not to be; that is the question. They say the hobble is on its way, which way? I have had my was as Daffy Daphne Daffington, and through necessity created the walk
I now use in “The Girl of My Dreams” by wearing the hobble.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm11">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Dayton, Ohio), November 19, 1910, page 3.</span></p><span class="Footnote_Reference"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQF2mDnAFAJxozZuPJ1dHklbUault3484ce1SyFizhXWE5_AvnhsIKgJ8HEvv8YHH4jDg_6zEMNRXJEJUunvlqvCuzL20muvjYqut_QlaEqHPJsXENk266Vy3cjQ1QriHJF8LffrkNauXKrCI9iKcnzzngem36_IeF__ah52XfuiW6grzT715ja54Tp4Y/s791/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="791" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQF2mDnAFAJxozZuPJ1dHklbUault3484ce1SyFizhXWE5_AvnhsIKgJ8HEvv8YHH4jDg_6zEMNRXJEJUunvlqvCuzL20muvjYqut_QlaEqHPJsXENk266Vy3cjQ1QriHJF8LffrkNauXKrCI9iKcnzzngem36_IeF__ah52XfuiW6grzT715ja54Tp4Y/w400-h88/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div> </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85SiZ-JhppTchtpbXvURVJWSj9JOqy97eKmK5UpIzQrt3yQOi2x_2ZlJ5bG9QY1vsM1Q0YJjiSdCc7oipbog2SGg4vl7_q9sRpDO-IyhlIOTGauosMP2ADZgjouQJ1v3x2q0rthn8vhi10l1EdT2ix0dTtDbDNZZsxX_cduOFaUfB_tJRmh-yZd8UyZU/s1025/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="559" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85SiZ-JhppTchtpbXvURVJWSj9JOqy97eKmK5UpIzQrt3yQOi2x_2ZlJ5bG9QY1vsM1Q0YJjiSdCc7oipbog2SGg4vl7_q9sRpDO-IyhlIOTGauosMP2ADZgjouQJ1v3x2q0rthn8vhi10l1EdT2ix0dTtDbDNZZsxX_cduOFaUfB_tJRmh-yZd8UyZU/w219-h400/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy.jpeg" width="219" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-2TjI49Ojs0O6diG_wj899dVCtQUkZtbzm1WG3KLxqQgJGib55R_e8sG8O7nKxI2xSb8xBAU7UIgpDgE8YWFngeKaGiTXBRzmLDk5THjc5hvUhX_CVFmwNEJ98y22BEEXRUhXHgZVLS8lr2BI70VNBaUlHMF334sAGfYC9pn31GIb6jd4ncp-kyzaKg/s787/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="787" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-2TjI49Ojs0O6diG_wj899dVCtQUkZtbzm1WG3KLxqQgJGib55R_e8sG8O7nKxI2xSb8xBAU7UIgpDgE8YWFngeKaGiTXBRzmLDk5THjc5hvUhX_CVFmwNEJ98y22BEEXRUhXHgZVLS8lr2BI70VNBaUlHMF334sAGfYC9pn31GIb6jd4ncp-kyzaKg/w400-h151/philadelphia%20inquirer%20decf%2025%201910%20page%2016%20-%20daffy%20hobble%20nita%20allen%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, December 25, 1910, section 2, page 4.</span></p><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Nita left the production after one year, to perform in a new play she had written, </span><i><span class="tm11">Hello Paris</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">. She liked her catch-phrase so much that she incorporated it (and one other line of her own creation) into her new play. The management of </span><i><span class="tm11">The Girl of My Dreams</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> also liked the lines so much that they retained them in the play after her departure. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">With a new book by William Le Baron, new comedy by Nita Allen and James J. Morton, “Hello Paris” became a new show at the Folies Monday evening. . . . During the
performance, Miss Allen employed for laughs, “You can’t insult me, I have been insulted by experts,” and “All dressed up with no place to go.” These lines are in “The Girl of My Dreams,”
at the Criterion. Miss Allen claims that when playing the eccentric female role in that show she interpolated these remarks, but when leaving could not remove them, the management holding onto the quips for Alice Hills, her
successor.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Variety</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 23, Number 12, August 26, 1911, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Within months of the opening of </span><i><span class="tm11">The Girl of My Dreams</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, the expression began to appear more regularly in print, sometimes literally (about someone dressed up) and sometimes idiomatically, with reference to anyone or anything prepared for some event
that did not materialize.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In 1911, for example, a boxer with a strong punch, but lacking the skill to use it properly, was said to be “all dressed up and has no place to go,”<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a>
and a newspaper-filler joke suggested that the “saddest predicament a young woman can come in contact with” was to be “[a]ll dressed up and no place to go.”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwj_mOkIZ2altMiE47lmDUGRXlTCMGNp88DH5J1k4wKCaFDyi39k0Ukrx3YOpvW6RKwMF22He7ZVVcDCjN4B-r1bo-EIy-zpdyT6sy3Q-a4_TYa0x_VzzOXAxx56gaaj3fUniKQuAUxLIs1tBWcwlKcWS77RD_Wecp76O-FTXmeS82se3qK-i1tRlIPeM/s727/herald%20news%20-%20joliet%20ill%20-%20dec%2010%201911%20page%2014%20joke.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="727" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwj_mOkIZ2altMiE47lmDUGRXlTCMGNp88DH5J1k4wKCaFDyi39k0Ukrx3YOpvW6RKwMF22He7ZVVcDCjN4B-r1bo-EIy-zpdyT6sy3Q-a4_TYa0x_VzzOXAxx56gaaj3fUniKQuAUxLIs1tBWcwlKcWS77RD_Wecp76O-FTXmeS82se3qK-i1tRlIPeM/s320/herald%20news%20-%20joliet%20ill%20-%20dec%2010%201911%20page%2014%20joke.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In the years following 1910, at least three songs capitalized on the recent surge in popularity of the expression. United States copyright records list two songs: “When
You’re All Dressed Up and Have No Place to Go,” by George Whiting and Will Rossiter, filed on May 10, 1912; and “When You’re All Dressed Up and No Place to Go,” by Silvio Hein, filed on December
3, 1913. Sheet music for a third song, called “I’m All Dressed Up and No Place to Go,” by Thomas S. Allen and Joseph M. Daly (copyright 1913) can be found online.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxuMYQf5cKoIPPG6uKOGr7TAs2Dk5A14bX8Nng1ZfZZofJ3gkPo9nBDMfEOqLGktd38BczOagzNg27dekF4uvNm7_tpqPspsJcijK350G6eTQUp7Y2YnpbD5I6-64qzx705TQ_kSjfhO6tTrrpLUXWNgpk62I6uQwM2qorfRqtGDSWueWWv3QVhv3g5A/s731/im%20all%20dressed%20up%20and%20no%20place%20to%20go%201913.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="571" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxuMYQf5cKoIPPG6uKOGr7TAs2Dk5A14bX8Nng1ZfZZofJ3gkPo9nBDMfEOqLGktd38BczOagzNg27dekF4uvNm7_tpqPspsJcijK350G6eTQUp7Y2YnpbD5I6-64qzx705TQ_kSjfhO6tTrrpLUXWNgpk62I6uQwM2qorfRqtGDSWueWWv3QVhv3g5A/s320/im%20all%20dressed%20up%20and%20no%20place%20to%20go%201913.jpg" width="250" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> Of the three, Silvio Hein’s version appears to have been the most popular and influential. There are a few references to the other songs in advertisements for the sale
of sheet music, but I found no other specific references to those songs. Hein’s version, however, was famously sung by a popular comedian in a popular musical stage play. The song also appears to have been how the
phrase was introduced to Britain, when the same comedian brought to song to England in another show, three years later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The American comic actor, Raymond Hitchcock, introduced the song, “When You’re All Dressed Up and No Place to Go,” in the debut of his new play, </span><i><span class="tm11">The Beauty Shop</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, in Detroit, Michigan in September 1913.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> The song was written by Benjamin Hapgood Burt
and Silvio Hein.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">When you're all dressed up and no place to go,<br />Life seems weary, dreary, and slow.<br />My heart has ached and bled for the tears I've shed,<br />When I've
no place to go unless I went back to bed.<br /><br />I've had a sad, sad life and whenever I go<br />To that peaceful spot where the violets grow,<br />Upon a nice white stone will be written below:<br />“He was
all dressed up and no place to go.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">You can hear a recording by Billy Murray (Victor 17527, recorded in December 1913) on </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRiZpOi9dVU">YouTube</a></u><span class="Footnote_Reference"> or the </span><u><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-134252/">Library of Congress website</a></u><span class="Footnote_Reference">.<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Raymond Hitchcock’s use of the expression also received specific mention in the press, even when the topic at issue was something else, entirely.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In Marysville, Ohio, the expression was used in reference to an early version of the department of motor vehicles, at a time when the automobile was new, license plates were
new, and the constitutionality of requiring tags on cars was still an open question.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNMrvvYYNyFVHljRt_Xg5SaP0p0m9jk72rl9as-Ucmn78vJnqX50d5htypxRMoljg4wYl7Yop42vw_5whnj8I-Si9stPxjn2h2SrWHfZRgS37osqvpTGokpSO58D4XDnVEPkGaHgdi1CxqBsZdfpXMciVpnAINoFd86gk4w-3wgmIYMaahCfolzHv0Z_U/s707/marysville%20journal%20tribune%20-%20ohio-%20dec%2015%201913%20page%204%20hitchcock%20reference.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="707" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNMrvvYYNyFVHljRt_Xg5SaP0p0m9jk72rl9as-Ucmn78vJnqX50d5htypxRMoljg4wYl7Yop42vw_5whnj8I-Si9stPxjn2h2SrWHfZRgS37osqvpTGokpSO58D4XDnVEPkGaHgdi1CxqBsZdfpXMciVpnAINoFd86gk4w-3wgmIYMaahCfolzHv0Z_U/s320/marysville%20journal%20tribune%20-%20ohio-%20dec%2015%201913%20page%204%20hitchcock%20reference.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference">The State registrar of automobiles is all but out of a job. In the words of Raymond Hitchcock’s famous song, he is “all dressed up and no place to go.” He
has received the new tags for 1914, but on account of the legal fight now to determine the constitutionality of the new automobile license law, he is not permitted to give them out to owners of motor cars.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Marysville Journal-Tribune</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Marysville, Ohio), December 15, 1913, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">At a time before prohibition, when the temperance movement was growing in strength and influence, the concept of “free lunch” in saloons was under attack. “Free
lunch” had long been a marketing ploy by drinking establishments to lure customers to buy drink by feeding them free snacks. Attempts to ban the practice, and establish “free lunch” in safer environments,
like church, made “free lunch” itself “all dressed up and no place to go.”</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaIwlFudgfzvuOn5pitMahgBJ8V4Y02rK0dddkCnMXnzD4Hqurf5pcApkABc9i9cAI2l_TiJaDLhUag_gV0khNpmBQX11mt0fVoVbDCMD9QRPlC0OZ3_npn74_wFAvi3HtkhC6Tmn05WvDlosx2DkJ64roQyFJ9tfu9UXTOjDcH-5sYk8o22PrVukkew/s780/evansville%20press%20-%20indiana%20-%20december%2024%201913%20page%203%20-%20free%20lunch%20no%20place%20to%20go.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="780" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqaIwlFudgfzvuOn5pitMahgBJ8V4Y02rK0dddkCnMXnzD4Hqurf5pcApkABc9i9cAI2l_TiJaDLhUag_gV0khNpmBQX11mt0fVoVbDCMD9QRPlC0OZ3_npn74_wFAvi3HtkhC6Tmn05WvDlosx2DkJ64roQyFJ9tfu9UXTOjDcH-5sYk8o22PrVukkew/w400-h339/evansville%20press%20-%20indiana%20-%20december%2024%201913%20page%203%20-%20free%20lunch%20no%20place%20to%20go.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm11">Evansville Press</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Evansville, Indiana), December 24, 1913, page 3.</span>
<span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Footnote_Reference"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The thing called “free lunch” has been having a pretty hard time in the last few years, and has been handed some hard blows, being banished from certain saloons and
banged about as something to be avoided and shunned as it was in such bad society all the time, so it was getting to be pretty near a tramp, or in the words of the popular song of Raymond Hitchcock; “All Dressed Up and
No Place to Go.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">But a strange thing has happened. Free lunch, banished from the awful precincts of the saloon, has been taken into the church and in Aurora, Ill., this discard has been admitted
and is one of the most popular things about the place . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Santa Fe New Mexican</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, December 26, 1913, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In early-1914, the famous evangelist and temperance proponent, Billy Sunday, visited Pittsburgh. Due to his influence, many of the saloons and other forms of vice to closed
down during his extended stay. Raymond Hitchcock brought </span><i><span class="tm11">The Beauty Shop</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> to Pittsburgh at the same time, inspiring a local political cartoonist to
portray the Devil as “all dressed up and no place to go.” Later that year, </span><i><span class="tm11">Cartoons Magazine</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> selected the sketch as the “best” cartoon from Pittsburgh.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizVxDHNGo5tGchZ9sioGXPMH52Q4r0e5vbfvMNpJI6HSal10XM9Jq3fbpFwAg5ft_59UoK15tAj9ijKeq3avR-XAUYkFP7Y6YJ3Ji6ppvj1Iu0KFukm1-uTrj9b51gJ75iDhE5a0hOV4Mbc41wnm2kfAETc2bV8Y2suBhk8mgtR8Yy7Qd1JLVAmAe5phU/s2477/cartoons%20magazine%201914%20osu.32435069201101-seq_145.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1675" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizVxDHNGo5tGchZ9sioGXPMH52Q4r0e5vbfvMNpJI6HSal10XM9Jq3fbpFwAg5ft_59UoK15tAj9ijKeq3avR-XAUYkFP7Y6YJ3Ji6ppvj1Iu0KFukm1-uTrj9b51gJ75iDhE5a0hOV4Mbc41wnm2kfAETc2bV8Y2suBhk8mgtR8Yy7Qd1JLVAmAe5phU/w270-h400/cartoons%20magazine%201914%20osu.32435069201101-seq_145.jpg" width="270" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The Rev. William A. Sunday was conducting an evangelistic campaign in Pittsburgh, and, as almost everybody knows, while here he received even more of the publicity and interest
than was his fair share. Anyway, his efforts, combined with the extra exertions of hundreds of ministers and thousands of church members, placed the city in a condition of tense religious enthusiasm.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Everything of a contradictory nature suffered accordingly. many high-school classes abandoned their periodical dances. Bible students organized in all parts of the city, attendance
at the theaters fell off considerably and vice and dissipation seemed for the time to be pushed into the background.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Then one week Raymond Hitchcock, with his spicy musical play, “The Beauty Shop,” appeared in a local theater and Mr. Hitchcock sang the son which, peculiarly adaptable
to the situation then existing, inspired [the Pittsburgh Gazette political cartoonist] Mr. De Beck for his next morning’s picture.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Cartoons Magazine</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 6, Number 3, September 1914, page 423.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Raymond Hitchcock may also have introduced the expression to Britain. In March of 1916, Hitchcock brought the song to England in a show called </span><i><span class="tm11">Mr. Manhattan</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">. References to his show are the earliest known examples of the expression in print in Britain. The lyrics had been updated to reflect current events.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzgugMTMmF-kY7xcUNbVhq1_4_5t1kOroL6Gi5lt56xtRoYBfWkI43P-GbiZ0O1U2dTaNNz3TZ0IPxWaM6SKTD83SYlx78N_z0bc9YqBkncjLWgwBqPgCkNth-if88ZMrtxoJIpJzgyBfEV3Yk2TPm6SrewRlmDfbI2L54ZJzo7OcbzsdzW2XK02uU8nA/s1809/royal%20magazine%20volume%2036%20april%201916%20page%20136%20-%20raymond%20hitchcock.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1672" data-original-width="1809" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzgugMTMmF-kY7xcUNbVhq1_4_5t1kOroL6Gi5lt56xtRoYBfWkI43P-GbiZ0O1U2dTaNNz3TZ0IPxWaM6SKTD83SYlx78N_z0bc9YqBkncjLWgwBqPgCkNth-if88ZMrtxoJIpJzgyBfEV3Yk2TPm6SrewRlmDfbI2L54ZJzo7OcbzsdzW2XK02uU8nA/s320/royal%20magazine%20volume%2036%20april%201916%20page%20136%20-%20raymond%20hitchcock.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">From America, the Confidential Comedian<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a> [(Raymond Hitchcock)] has brought a dirge-like ditty, which is doubtless
all over the place ere now, while its title - “All Dressed Up - and No Place to Go!” - will inevitably become a catch-phrase. . . .</span></p><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">When you’re all dressed up, and no place to go,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Life seems dreary, weary, and slow.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">My heart has ached and bled</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">for all the tears I’ve shed,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">When I’d no place to go - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Unless I went home to bed!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">We’re all at sea about the German war:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">How did it start? one asks, and what is it for?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">I’ll tell you how, by Heck, and you’ll know it’s so -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The Kaiser was all dressed up - and no place to go.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Royal Magazine</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 36, April 1916, pages 136 and 138.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">A few early cartoon examples of the expression also relate to the war in Europe.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">When Kaiser Wilhelm’s German army was not quite able to penetrate into a much-emptied Paris in August and September of 1914, Kaiser “Willie” was said to
be “all dressed up and no place to go.”</span></p>
<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF4d04oIU_eQpmOYCW3lYIuobBGKQFUTKEgCWzUn5D7Sy3pUt4Y9Q6MhAGucseoScsCs51Aysp7HrldWOGgpfqpL0Do-YDluqedovGjXbFmXQji3qRoDvDL51VrM2FXvmH1Au2amDo1FcWB8cVMVU69uXm9xicpnlFzT8Z3MBh7n5tkAcgnUq9rzhSpbY/s3006/mdp.39015033848030-seq_346.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2991" data-original-width="3006" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF4d04oIU_eQpmOYCW3lYIuobBGKQFUTKEgCWzUn5D7Sy3pUt4Y9Q6MhAGucseoScsCs51Aysp7HrldWOGgpfqpL0Do-YDluqedovGjXbFmXQji3qRoDvDL51VrM2FXvmH1Au2amDo1FcWB8cVMVU69uXm9xicpnlFzT8Z3MBh7n5tkAcgnUq9rzhSpbY/w400-h398/mdp.39015033848030-seq_346.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Harper’s Weekly</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 59, Number 3014, September 16, 1914, page 303.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The German warship, Prince Eitel Friederich, was “all dressed up and no place to go” while in port for repairs in the then-still neutral United States. It was
effectively trapped within the American three-mile territorial limit by a fleet of allied ships waiting to engage it if it attempted to sail back to Europe.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKG63P4yb0WttLVinzCjL0CKOVcgCJ76JZGNQq446VSaBt_beuNUFVDM5B4WOKYQLwq68OVKCrLJ89h1Jjg6btICiUX9scgXyZ56PQNo2ng45dTA78KXqWLd1wF1U0zloF-NQcAYNV1rtDkEfzrghWMVm1oMjfT9ZupeRMtrhVM9LY_fch98klVcpEnac/s920/st%20joseph%20news%20press%20april%202%201915%20page%201%20-%20dressed%20up.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="819" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKG63P4yb0WttLVinzCjL0CKOVcgCJ76JZGNQq446VSaBt_beuNUFVDM5B4WOKYQLwq68OVKCrLJ89h1Jjg6btICiUX9scgXyZ56PQNo2ng45dTA78KXqWLd1wF1U0zloF-NQcAYNV1rtDkEfzrghWMVm1oMjfT9ZupeRMtrhVM9LY_fch98klVcpEnac/w356-h400/st%20joseph%20news%20press%20april%202%201915%20page%201%20-%20dressed%20up.jpeg" width="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">St. Joseph News-Press </span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">(St. Joseph, Missouri), April 2, 1915, page 1.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">During May of 1915, Italy was “all dressed up an no place to go” after it revoked the Triple Alliance with Germany, and before it joined forces with allies on
the opposing side. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nP40zw-9PYochkXiDT8pE2J-V35k_0DOA_mLJHZnlpOErr1AD0KtHTpK8i4ZifhNdFstbeQ2S2Oe7rxS5y50LSEScKO9rLirUMaB82DZcDQfWItT4-bwhUq0UV8zoQpgi0DpXwL5I4y65OkFqC9GuXQzGjR9f7QM8XURTYsvPl18LhDErrJYl6zSsZ8/s1200/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20may%2017%201915%20page%203%20dressed%20up.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nP40zw-9PYochkXiDT8pE2J-V35k_0DOA_mLJHZnlpOErr1AD0KtHTpK8i4ZifhNdFstbeQ2S2Oe7rxS5y50LSEScKO9rLirUMaB82DZcDQfWItT4-bwhUq0UV8zoQpgi0DpXwL5I4y65OkFqC9GuXQzGjR9f7QM8XURTYsvPl18LhDErrJYl6zSsZ8/w270-h400/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20may%2017%201915%20page%203%20dressed%20up.jpeg" width="270" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Eagle</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, May 17, 1915, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In the United States, when neutrality and relations with Germany were campaign issues, the domestic “German Vote” was said to be “all dressed up and no place
to go,” when neither party was thought to be aligned with general feelings among German-Americans. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMa5d_-kt2qoWaYRjjKmH0AK01TAXlvlQvg_7xQ2sV7s_xTeuwdcZK3LeQJ8vU2QjeLetXLxcKUrzYXZ9Ndjr_2geZoPXwBTfU8BcZ8F5OLUPvqtNXynH_l73s7DFK_dtTNTc_JnCBHfH7TOKVMd6Y3464iQpEcwRTujZq64ndhthymnaVh6726rkqMM/s1202/Life%20magazine%201916%20page%201030%20dachsund%20osu.32435057995920-seq_18.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="1116" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMa5d_-kt2qoWaYRjjKmH0AK01TAXlvlQvg_7xQ2sV7s_xTeuwdcZK3LeQJ8vU2QjeLetXLxcKUrzYXZ9Ndjr_2geZoPXwBTfU8BcZ8F5OLUPvqtNXynH_l73s7DFK_dtTNTc_JnCBHfH7TOKVMd6Y3464iQpEcwRTujZq64ndhthymnaVh6726rkqMM/s320/Life%20magazine%201916%20page%201030%20dachsund%20osu.32435057995920-seq_18.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Life</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 67, Number 1753, June 1, 1916, page 1030.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><span class="Footnote_Reference">So-called “Enemy Aliens” (males over the age of fourteen who were citizens of countries at war with the United States, and who were not naturalized as American
citizens) were “all dressed up and no place to go” when rules were promulgated requiring them to register with authorities, and subject them restrictions on gun ownership, operating aircraft or radio equipment,
entering the District of Columbia, going to the beach, traveling or buying a new house.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMfBXzJZ-YlcBur4WGRUQyDQmZEJOgIPiO4kZo0xz5gmjRHNR4CAohS300YRnokrKwNhln-29ZonV79pNDBdwIVxhR9hmg3bykZ2ZGGjB-7pzy_z_ceZJxz3h4P6DgQCRPSe9bZkRIDhB_pJurhJKqxJj91AFQ6upEWuKVN0qyvBbMS8YJ6j-2VfYrO4/s1639/cartoons%20magazine%20vol%2013%20no%204%201918%20page%20567%20osu.32435069200897-seq_137.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1639" data-original-width="1319" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMfBXzJZ-YlcBur4WGRUQyDQmZEJOgIPiO4kZo0xz5gmjRHNR4CAohS300YRnokrKwNhln-29ZonV79pNDBdwIVxhR9hmg3bykZ2ZGGjB-7pzy_z_ceZJxz3h4P6DgQCRPSe9bZkRIDhB_pJurhJKqxJj91AFQ6upEWuKVN0qyvBbMS8YJ6j-2VfYrO4/w323-h400/cartoons%20magazine%20vol%2013%20no%204%201918%20page%20567%20osu.32435069200897-seq_137.jpg" width="323" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><i><span class="tm11">Cartoons Magazine</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, Volume 13, Number 4, April 1918, page 567.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The people of Washington DC were “all dressed up and no place to go” when incoming President Harding announced that he wanted to dispense with expensive and wasteful
inaugural balls, parades and fireworks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Bx4752foK5oLMZqIJISBKsAhyaG7Q_6E4aEggXerS48s90_s0EkXrIGULcStT4bExQnkzEgJFj6OWuvuBCVY1UTFunCDNx9BGilL2SlT3AgKaJV_wmRuP5YxBjmyquGWoucrE7Hu-I0YqYky4tCBURJELSKkIGwFDZ3bxAm7TEbwJvuInIiDL9IRSeo/s1730/cartoons%20magazine%20volume%2019%20number%203%201921%20dressed%20up%20osu.32435069201226-seq_24.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1230" data-original-width="1730" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Bx4752foK5oLMZqIJISBKsAhyaG7Q_6E4aEggXerS48s90_s0EkXrIGULcStT4bExQnkzEgJFj6OWuvuBCVY1UTFunCDNx9BGilL2SlT3AgKaJV_wmRuP5YxBjmyquGWoucrE7Hu-I0YqYky4tCBURJELSKkIGwFDZ3bxAm7TEbwJvuInIiDL9IRSeo/w400-h285/cartoons%20magazine%20volume%2019%20number%203%201921%20dressed%20up%20osu.32435069201226-seq_24.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Cartoons Magazine</i>, Volume 19, Number 3, march 1921, page 356.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <span style="font-size: large;">Summary</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The expression, “all dressed up and no place to go,” has been in continuous use since at least 1910. It may have been used earlier, even as early as 1901, although
there is no conclusive evidence.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Although the expression appeared in lyrics of a song in </span><i><span class="tm11">Madame Sherry</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> in early 1910, its use by the actress Nita Allen in </span><i><span class="tm11">The Girl of My Dreams</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference"> appears to have been more memorable, and may have helped popularize the expression.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Over the following several years, at least three songs used the expression (or a variant of it) in their titles. One of those songs, “When I’m All Dressed Up
and No Place to Go,” famously sung by Raymond Hitchcock in </span><i><span class="tm11">The Beauty Shop</span></i><span class="Footnote_Reference">, appears to have been the most popular. Hitchcock later introduced the song to England in 1916, in the show, Mr. Manhattan, which may have introduced the expression to Britain.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference">I could not find any examples of the expression in print before 1910 in the United States or before 1916 in Britain. After 1910 in the United States and 1916 in Britain,
the expression has appeared in print regularly.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> Evangeline E. Ellis wrote at least two travel articles for the <i><span class="tm12">Fowler Ensign</span></i>, one published on February 26, 1910, and a follow-up on April 2, 1910. She was an 1896 graduate of San Jose Normal (“Given Their Diplomas,” <i><span class="tm12">The San Francisco Examiner</span></i>, November 9, 1896, page 12). Details in her story match sailing schedules published in the New York Tribune on September 28, 1901 (page 3). </p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Catalogue of Mills College and Seminary, Alameda County California 1906-1907</span></i>, page 11 (Faculty:
“Evangeline E. Ellis, (State Normal, San Jose, Calif.; Student at University of Berlin, 1902-1904), <i><span class="tm12">Tutor</span></i>.”). </p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The New York Evening World</span></i>, September 27, 1902, page 8.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">New York Tribune</span></i>, September 28, 1902, part 2, page 11. </p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">New York Tribune</span></i>, September 28, 1901, page 3.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> “Serial Story: The Girl of My Dreams, a Novelization of the Play by Wilbur D. Nesbit and Otto Hauerbach” (synopsis),
Wilbur D. Nesbit, <i><span class="tm12">The Elmore Tribune</span></i>, October 26, 1911, page 7.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Buffalo Commercial</span></i>, May 15, 1911, page 6.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Herald News</span></i> (Joliet, Illinois), December 10, 1911, page 14.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <u><a href="https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/items/05f1ef35-dee4-4186-8124-6a9ad56b44a0">https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/items/05f1ef35-dee4-4186-8124-6a9ad56b44a0</a></u>
</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> “The Stage,” <i><span class="tm12">The Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, September 30, 1913, page 5.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRiZpOi9dVU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRiZpOi9dVU</a></u> ; <u><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-134252/">https://www.loc.gov/item/jukebox-134252/</a></u> </p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> The writer referred to Hitchcock as the “confidential comedian,” because of his technique of breaking the fourth-wall
to make private, “confidential” comic asides to the audience.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alien+enemy+registration+during+World+War+I.+(Teaching+with...-a092081393">https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alien+enemy+registration+during+World+War+I.+(Teaching+with...-a092081393</a></u>
</p>
<br /><br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-89577753166031540732023-06-16T09:36:00.000-07:002023-06-16T09:36:21.128-07:00Ji-Ji-Boo 2 - the Etymology of Jigaboo (an Addendum)<p>
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1m03vJ5wllTWE_JRU0012fSULVnOtgkZVe8hjNP45KwQMyOGIIdm1w4jSLjBQj4swl6666uN4WUGDvz1waIufFYeY-V9tevk9GG2dAwuuhWKYg5nM6H1BI1jb37UBO3DXT7AJdzWn-rqEzy2KLGP9TTDEyLFgiU2XhT-v1npk7eQKfRbdkyWu9Z9/s1813/Ji%20Ji%20Boo%201922%20Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1813" data-original-width="1379" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1m03vJ5wllTWE_JRU0012fSULVnOtgkZVe8hjNP45KwQMyOGIIdm1w4jSLjBQj4swl6666uN4WUGDvz1waIufFYeY-V9tevk9GG2dAwuuhWKYg5nM6H1BI1jb37UBO3DXT7AJdzWn-rqEzy2KLGP9TTDEyLFgiU2XhT-v1npk7eQKfRbdkyWu9Z9/w304-h400/Ji%20Ji%20Boo%201922%20Cover.jpg" width="304" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">“Ji-Ji Boo (the Sensational Dance Tune),” 1922.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The word “Jigaboo,” in reference to a black person, traces its origins to the song, “Rings on My Fingers, or Mumbo Jumbo Jijjiboo J. O’Shea,” first performed
in the play, “The Midnight Sons,” in 1909.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> In the story of the lyrics, “Ji-Ji-Boo” (spelled differently in the lyrics) was the title
bestowed on an Irishman named Jim O’Shea, by the inhabitants of an “Indian isle” where he was stranded. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdiSJuHKKfxb63GMZqU2_jxd5aypsebMQj8u76St3AGMFcUgX_hE5_CWc_QPuLkcUoLNhr88gGWPVVbwpqQHFW5cAjItvv5Lca0AA0wPOEhv50HVYmnxwQEEFsqu9YKG09tPOVA5v3KKLzhGagg7H206AR2I2dV7gCfxc166OZmsQeA0Z1EVJSsqb/s1821/lacrosse%20tribune%20oct%204%201909%20page%205%20ji%20ji%20boo%20jhai%20o%20shea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1821" data-original-width="794" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdiSJuHKKfxb63GMZqU2_jxd5aypsebMQj8u76St3AGMFcUgX_hE5_CWc_QPuLkcUoLNhr88gGWPVVbwpqQHFW5cAjItvv5Lca0AA0wPOEhv50HVYmnxwQEEFsqu9YKG09tPOVA5v3KKLzhGagg7H206AR2I2dV7gCfxc166OZmsQeA0Z1EVJSsqb/w175-h400/lacrosse%20tribune%20oct%204%201909%20page%205%20ji%20ji%20boo%20jhai%20o%20shea.jpg" width="175" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">Lacrosse Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Lacrosse, Wisconsin), October 4, 1909, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The spelling and pronunciation soon shifted from “Ji-Ji-Boo” to “Zigaboo” and “Jigaboo,” perhaps influenced by earlier, otherwise unrelated words “Gigaboo”
(a monster in an L. Frank Baum book) and “Zigaboo” (a fraternal organization). The shift in meaning, from an Irish character on an “Indian isle” to a black person, was apparently influenced
by the portrayal, on stage, of the inhabitants on the island in blackface. The shifts in spelling, pronunciation and meaning were all complete by the early 1920s. For a complete background, early influences and history of the word, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/03/ji-ji-boo-j-oshea-how-name-of-stranded.html"><span class="tm8">see my earlier post</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> on the history and origins of 'Jigaboo.'"</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But despite those shifts, the original name of “Ji-Ji-Boo” was revived in 1922, as the title of a Jazz-Age foxtrot - “Ji-Ji Boo (the Sensational Dance Tune).”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a>
The song does not appear to have been written for the stage, and all of the recordings of the song I have been able to find were instrumentals. But there were lyrics written for the sheet music, and it may have been sung
on the radio in its public debut.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As in “Rings on My Fingers,” the protagonist of the story told by the lyrics is shipwrecked on a “tropic shore.” This time, however, the name “Ji-Ji-Boo”
is the name of one of the islanders, not a title bestowed on the shipwrecked sailor. She was a “Fiji Queen” (“she was just sixteen”).<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a>
Like Napoleon Dynamite, the sailor tries to impress her with his skills - he could “make home brew,” which was then a desirable skill, with the United States two years into federal prohibition. One of the reasons
he liked her was that “Fi-ji girls they dress the way they please,” whereas, “back home girls wear dresses to their knees.” He warned, “If you dress like they do, I won’t see so much of
you, Then I’m thru, Thru with you Ji-Ji-Boo.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest reference to the song is a listing of the schedule for the Bamberger’s Radio Program for Thursday, June 22, 1922.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">5.30 Popular songs by Jack Glogau accompanied by Willy White. They will introduce two of their own songs, “Meyer,” Jack Glogau, “Ji Ji Boo,” Willy White, and sing
several other new numbers. Courtesy of Fred Fisher Publishing Co.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">The Bayonne Times </span></em><span class="tm8">(New Jersey), June 21, 1922, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song’s publisher, Fred Fisher, wrote a now-better-known tune, “Chicago (That ToddlingTown),” released the same year, and later recorded by Frank Sinatra in 1957. An
early instrumental recording of “Ji-Ji-Boo,” by The Bar Harbor Society Orchestra on the </span><em><span class="tm10">Vocalion</span></em><span class="tm8"> label, was the A-side of a record with “Chicago” on the B-side. If you are curious about why Chicago was a “toddling town,” see my post, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/04/gimme-shimmy-hold-shiver-why-chicago.html"><span class="tm8">“Gimme a Shimmy - Hold the Shiver - Why Chicago was a ‘Toddling Town’”</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> (short answer - the “Toddle” was a popular dance, particularly associated with that city).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrL89qj287FCRCvE4w7lJzlx0atsQdzAuDLCz8uIBWcnRaqhYQBeUrg6iefC7V0WiK6bgDUvz-9s4BqreDL9JiCkJiuEYVtJ3_zwZfesQFcuCkWV7wZptiSw_s7BZ-IaMcsotiRnWCVSFtMgAyf_zDYYI1co6_KUK474161hVlVry9KQa8XlMzJU7z/s3300/ji%20ji%20boo%20-%20chicago%20-%20record%20sides.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1680" data-original-width="3300" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrL89qj287FCRCvE4w7lJzlx0atsQdzAuDLCz8uIBWcnRaqhYQBeUrg6iefC7V0WiK6bgDUvz-9s4BqreDL9JiCkJiuEYVtJ3_zwZfesQFcuCkWV7wZptiSw_s7BZ-IaMcsotiRnWCVSFtMgAyf_zDYYI1co6_KUK474161hVlVry9KQa8XlMzJU7z/w400-h204/ji%20ji%20boo%20-%20chicago%20-%20record%20sides.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">Archive.org</span></em><span class="tm8">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmIhlTu_iR_8jZR3EH3bkuv8yp40-OOdQRMaiXqj3tTz_iKhPnvdLARyim4G8NYOTHaEEkF5A4XE5XtL5wgAMJ-6qY2T1ADhTbr4HuyM0T7HLRSeVO2He84kDatUydhKLPFHPsB6seNPG9qH7a9rv2FSRN4lIYat45PKUggD6tucYimXqQsOdq8dld/s943/Ji%20Ji%20Boo%20ad%20-%20Chicago%20vocalion.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="791" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmIhlTu_iR_8jZR3EH3bkuv8yp40-OOdQRMaiXqj3tTz_iKhPnvdLARyim4G8NYOTHaEEkF5A4XE5XtL5wgAMJ-6qY2T1ADhTbr4HuyM0T7HLRSeVO2He84kDatUydhKLPFHPsB6seNPG9qH7a9rv2FSRN4lIYat45PKUggD6tucYimXqQsOdq8dld/w335-h400/Ji%20Ji%20Boo%20ad%20-%20Chicago%20vocalion.jpg" width="335" /></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">Evening Star</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Washington DC), September 14, 1922, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Both songs can be heard on Archive.org (</span><u><a href="https://archive.org/details/78_ji-ji-boo_willy-white-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978a"><span class="tm8">Ji-Ji-Boo</span></a></u><span class="tm8">; </span><u><a href="https://archive.org/details/78_chicago-that-todding-town_fred-fisher-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978b"><span class="tm8">Chicago</span></a></u><span class="tm8">) and YouTube (</span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LICFX23Lbns"><span class="tm8">Ji-Ji-Boo</span></a></u><span class="tm8">; </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j2xfT6aDpc"><span class="tm8">Chicago</span></a></u><span class="tm8">).</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Ji-Ji-Boo” appears to have been best known as an instrumental dance tune. After the early radio performance of the song, nearly every mention of the tune is an <br />advertisement
of an instrumental recording of the song, or in a few cases, an announcement of an upcoming performance of the song on piano. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The single example of a reference to a vocal performance of the song found while researching this
piece is a review of a performance by the Oriole Glee Club of Atlantic City, New Jersey, a group composed entirely of black singers. A man named R. Corse sang the song “Ji, Ji, Boo” during a show they called “Minstrelsy
of Today.” “Many white friends of the Orioles were present” at the concert, a benefit for the American Woodmen, an African-American fraternal organization.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif8d7lgUXyDLN8Kxpk8TwHGu92PAQefPgzgpGe1HCLlspUg5-ljFXqoXhaYgdQFxbR3CICKLyC-cxe8WW9Qf1k7FFPV0ZKhUE9U-swj32ZxPLQ8xxhvs99cfQavY92ssgWFrm7V2EVvRo8Na-zE7zlw78jtqUdZuH0r9H6eAMdD-d3jks3ChvvxuLu/s799/los%20angeles%20evening%20post-record%20july%2029%201921%20page%2013%20-%20willy%20white%20and%20other%20composers%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="799" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif8d7lgUXyDLN8Kxpk8TwHGu92PAQefPgzgpGe1HCLlspUg5-ljFXqoXhaYgdQFxbR3CICKLyC-cxe8WW9Qf1k7FFPV0ZKhUE9U-swj32ZxPLQ8xxhvs99cfQavY92ssgWFrm7V2EVvRo8Na-zE7zlw78jtqUdZuH0r9H6eAMdD-d3jks3ChvvxuLu/w400-h390/los%20angeles%20evening%20post-record%20july%2029%201921%20page%2013%20-%20willy%20white%20and%20other%20composers%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Record</span></em><span class="tm8">, July 29, 1921, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Willy White, one of the three men credited with writing “Ji-Ji-Boo,” is pictured above (top row, middle, leaning on the piano - the only one wearing a suit coat), with a group
of songwriters and composers who toured the United States and Canada in 1921, performing their own compositions and lecturing on how to write popular songs. Willy White was also, for many years, a frequent performer on radio.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Little information could be found on a second credited writer, Harry White. He may have been related to Willy. The two collaborated on at least one other song, “I Wish there was
a Wireless to Heaven,” for which Harry White was one of two people credited with the words, and Willy White for the music.<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvwU91un10ZJjurtvFDwjSct6Y5aOl5tYmpA4FE5X1zNY_sFhOnhU0mitr3OBEf5QIPTelwSN_mcy8yQ0cxFJ2FSqjPOO1n52R7UrLP6KsDU17uGtKok7juS8-aqao-MaUuG8pWID_c3ukjE0ct-MWoxqYKbgRnkFlpomw7kwfQJJPEVr-7LVmYM0t/s1527/i%20wish%20there%20was%20a%20wireless%20to%20heaven.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1527" data-original-width="1154" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvwU91un10ZJjurtvFDwjSct6Y5aOl5tYmpA4FE5X1zNY_sFhOnhU0mitr3OBEf5QIPTelwSN_mcy8yQ0cxFJ2FSqjPOO1n52R7UrLP6KsDU17uGtKok7juS8-aqao-MaUuG8pWID_c3ukjE0ct-MWoxqYKbgRnkFlpomw7kwfQJJPEVr-7LVmYM0t/w303-h400/i%20wish%20there%20was%20a%20wireless%20to%20heaven.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A third person credited with writing the song, Joseph Meyer, was originally from Modesto, California and spent time in San Francisco before moving to New York City. His hometown papers
called him a “jazz king.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">FORMER MODESTO MAN ACKNOWLEDGED IN NEW YORK AS “JAZZ KING”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: center;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Modesto has entered the “jazz” circles of New York through one of her former residents, Joseph Meyer, son of Alex Meyer of 1111 Jones street, San Francisco. Young Meyer has been
acknowledged as New York’s latest “jazz king.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Since his army days he has devoted a great deal of time to composing as well as playing the violin in cafes, restaurants and society dancing functions. Through his compositions he has climbed
the ladder of success. His latest composition, “Good-bye, Shanghai,” has been declared a hit. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The composer was a Modesto lad during his school days.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">The Modesto Bee</span></em><span class="tm8">, March 9, 1922, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Joseph Meyer, son of Alex Meyer, a San Francisco apartment house owner, claimed as his bride today, according to dispatches from Paris, Rosalina Livingston, daughter of a well-known New York
family. The young San Franciscan’s musical compositions have taken New York by storm and earned him the soubriquet of jazz king.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">Oakland Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8">, July 7, 1926, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Despite his distant, California upbringing, Meyer had close family connections to New York City’s show-business scene. His cousin, B. S. Moss, owned a chain of theaters in New York,
which were part of the Keith Vaudeville circuit.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Joseph Meyer, a San Francisco boy who wrote the popular songs, “My Honey’s Lovin’ Arm,” “Good-bye Shanghai,” “Ji-Ji-Boo” and “Hugs and
Kisses,” is visiting his home in this city, at 1111 Jones street. Young Meyer was formerly a violinist of this city and is well known here. He is a cousin of B. S. Moss, one of the owners of the Keith Circuit. The
young composer is working on a new comic opera.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">San Francisco Examiner</span></em><span class="tm8">, August 21, 1922, page 10. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Meyer wrote the music for a 1924 show starring the blackface performer and "Jazz Singer," Al Jolson.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Al Jolson, proclaimed as “the world’s greatest entertainer,” will be the attraction at the Alvin theater next week, in his new musical comedy, “Big Boy.” This
new piece . . . is said to be the most highly entertaining and the most gorgeous spectacle in which Mr. Jolson has yet appeared. The music is by Joseph Meyer and James F. Hanley.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm10">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, November 16, 1924, Theatrical and Photoplay Section, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5xWJkREf6C4ap0Y2rm-2fwlpe6WT0yKXihiqF99A7uSLJk5BPg6mvzZ7dpWTfCIPrgCqG-eWaHXRTrVEJyNd6T7ywpFRvrKdqpXYpdDdEr5uS4AcAVLAnR6A_ZYZ05C4sA-N_8GEoTs6gN3Y5-f3GTmYqIqn_FwpD8DbKysFvNF2cZz28tp8nOpe/s1749/pittsburgh%20press%20nov%2016%201924%20entertainment%20page%203%20-%20al%20jolson%20joseph%20meyer%20piece.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1749" data-original-width="711" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5xWJkREf6C4ap0Y2rm-2fwlpe6WT0yKXihiqF99A7uSLJk5BPg6mvzZ7dpWTfCIPrgCqG-eWaHXRTrVEJyNd6T7ywpFRvrKdqpXYpdDdEr5uS4AcAVLAnR6A_ZYZ05C4sA-N_8GEoTs6gN3Y5-f3GTmYqIqn_FwpD8DbKysFvNF2cZz28tp8nOpe/w163-h400/pittsburgh%20press%20nov%2016%201924%20entertainment%20page%203%20-%20al%20jolson%20joseph%20meyer%20piece.jpg" width="163" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> The sheet music is available online in the Detroit Public Library’s Digital Collections. “Ji-Ji-Boo: novelty song fox trot,”
Detroit Public Library Digital Collections, Resource ID: hk003345. <u><a href="https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:206905">https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:206905</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> “‘Ji-ji-boo J. O’Shea’ - How the Name of a Stranded Irishman Became a Pejorative Term for Black People - the
History and Origins of ‘Jigaboo,’” <em><span class="tm9">Early Sports and Pop Culture History Blog</span></em>, March 22, 1922. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/03/ji-ji-boo-j-oshea-how-name-of-stranded.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/03/ji-ji-boo-j-oshea-how-name-of-stranded.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> The sheet music is available online in the Detroit Public Library’s Digital Collections. “Ji-Ji-Boo: novelty song fox
trot,” Detroit Public Library Digital Collections, Resource ID: hk003345. <u><a href="https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:206905">https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:206905</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> Note: There appears to be a typo in the first line of the lyrics. The first verse refers to her as a “Fi-Fi queen” (both
syllables capitalized). In the second verse of the chorus, she is referred to as a “Fi-ji girl.” I read “Fi-Fi” as a printing error.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> The pair would perform the song again, on WOR radio, in August of 1922. <em><span class="tm9">Asbury Park Press </span></em>(New Jersey), August 2, 1922, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> “Ji-Ji-Boo,” by Willy White, performed by The Bar Harbor Society Orchestra, Vocalion (A 14412) (<u><a href="https://archive.org/details/78_ji-ji-boo_willy-white-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978a">https://archive.org/details/78_ji-ji-boo_willy-white-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978a</a></u>); “Chicago
(That Toddling Town), by Fred Fisher, performed by The Bar Harbor Society Orchestra, Vocalion (B 144121) (<u><a href="https://archive.org/details/78_chicago-that-todding-town_fred-fisher-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978b">https://archive.org/details/78_chicago-that-todding-town_fred-fisher-the-bar-harbor-society-orchestra_gbia0000978b</a></u>).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm9">Atlantic City Gazette-Review</span></em>, April 23, 1923, page 9.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.sheetmusicsinger.com/1922songs/i-wish-there-was-a-wireless-to-heaven/">https://www.sheetmusicsinger.com/1922songs/i-wish-there-was-a-wireless-to-heaven/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm9">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em>, July 30, 1920, page 5 (“The B. S. Moss Vaudeville and Picture Circuit, which
consists of eight theatres in New York, has associated itself with the management of the Keith Circuit.”).</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-40156831139294714352023-04-30T17:46:00.004-07:002023-05-01T11:14:52.712-07:00"Two Gallon" Top Hats and "Ten Gallon" Cowboy Hats - a Voluminous History of the "X-Gallon" Hat<div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><p style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm10">Ride ‘im Cowboy!</span></b><span class="tm11"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Oh, the ten-gallon hat is a wonderful thing,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Both to wear on the head and to chuck in the ring</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And at coming conventions let delegates sing,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Ride ‘im cowboy!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Let bold Lochivar gallop out of the West</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">On a bucking cayuse, with his chaps and a vest,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And a ten-gallon hat and a gun and the rest - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Ride ‘im cowboy!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Ride ‘im Cowboy,” L. C. Davis, “Sports Salad” column, </span><i><span class="tm14">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 11, 1927, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR37bVvuo1f9oFS97eA0pyffmNC3LlaOqrZi-9JVKLwhy3kl2Xa4blFQFqJGs8C19w_n0Lu8l6wWblcVShZB1PnmWilAKKRh0ZLP2C11B05e23dhYMyww0seMpjV0uP1saU7hX0yQdLbWB6e28x1i1HlDglbla-dxmtlY3JoyL5CJiL51hM9v5eUvq/s1862/uc1.b4517866-seq_3%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1470" data-original-width="1862" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR37bVvuo1f9oFS97eA0pyffmNC3LlaOqrZi-9JVKLwhy3kl2Xa4blFQFqJGs8C19w_n0Lu8l6wWblcVShZB1PnmWilAKKRh0ZLP2C11B05e23dhYMyww0seMpjV0uP1saU7hX0yQdLbWB6e28x1i1HlDglbla-dxmtlY3JoyL5CJiL51hM9v5eUvq/w400-h316/uc1.b4517866-seq_3%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: x-small;">President Calvin Coolidge and “Dakota” Clyde Jones on the steps of theWhite House in their Ten-Gallon Hats.</span></span></div><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">According to </span><i><u><a href="https://www.history.com/news/why-do-we-call-it-a-10-gallon-hat"><span class="tm14">History.com</span></a></u></i><span class="tm11">, “most experts argue that the name ‘10-gallon hat’ is actually an import from south of the border,” derived either from “braided
hatbands - called ‘galons’ in Spanish,” or from “the Spanish phrase ‘tan galan’ - roughly translated as ‘very gallant’ or ‘really handsome.’” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The </span><i><span class="tm14">History.com</span></i><span class="tm11"> article is wrong on at least one point - most experts do not “argue” either one of those theories,
pro or con. Most people discussing one or the other, or both of these origin stories, generally state them as fact, or state as fact that one or the other theory is true, or likely to be true, or believed by other “experts”
to be true or likely to be true. There has been very little published argument, analysis or discussion, pro or con, of either one of those theories, since their first appearances in print many decades ago.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The </span><i><span class="tm14">History.com</span></i><span class="tm11"> article may also be wrong about the likely origins of the expression “ten-gallon hat.” A third,
simpler theory seems more likely - that “ten-gallon” is an “irreverent,” humorous exaggeration used to emphasize the relatively large size of the hat. The editors of the </span><i><span class="tm14">Merriam-Webster</span></i><span class="tm11"> dictionary supported the exaggerated-volume theory in a syndicated column in 1987. The same column dismissed the braided hatband theory as “unlikely.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The likeliest and most obvious explanation for the word’s being used in this way is that the hat, like the gallon measurement, was large, perhaps the largest hat in the West. Just
as the word “pint” is often used to describe what is smaller than average (as in “pint-sized” and “half-pint”), the word “gallon” came to signify what is larger than average,
even enormous.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Take Our Word” (syndicated column), the editors of Merriam-Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, </span><i><span class="tm14">Montana Standard</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Butte, Montana), February 1, 1987, page 22.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The exaggerated-volume theory is also consistent with the earlier use of “x-gallon” to describe a different style of large hat. For many decades, beginning as early as the
1880s, silk top hats, stovepipe hats or plug hats, were routinely referred to as “two-gallon,” “four-gallon,” “five-gallon” or, on occasion, even “ten-gallon” hats, although
by far the most common version seems to have been the “two-gallon” hat. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Beginning in the late-1910s, as top hats were going out of style, western-style “cowboy” hats became the new sheriff of “x-gallon” hat town. One of the earliest
known, unambiguously Western examples was a reference to “ten-gallon hats” in Texas, although “two-gallon” and four-gallon” were more common through much of the 1920s. References to “x-gallon”
western hats were kept in the public eye through movies and movie commentary, shameless self-promotion by westerners and western towns and civic organizations, and by several high-profile incidents involving Presidents Harding
and Coolidge and high-profile hats. “Ten gallon hat” would become more-or-less standard by the 1930s. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Given the long history of “x-gallon” in reference to non-western-style hats, decades before its use with respect to western-style “cowboy” hats, it seems unlikely
that the “gallon” in “x-gallon” hat was derived, originally, from the Spanish “galon” braid said to have been used on Mexican sombreros. And given the long history of “x-gallon hat”
decades before “ten gallon hat” became a thing, it seems unlikely that “ten-gallon hat” was derived, in the first instance, from the Spanish compliment, “tan galan.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Two-Gallon (or more) Top Hats</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Many of the early examples of “x-gallon” hat in print do not specify or explain the hat style at issue. But the context of several examples suggests, and some later examples
specifically clarify, that the types of hats generally referred to in that fashion are formal, silk top hats, or stovepipe hats, of the style associated with Abraham Lincoln or the Monopoly board game mascot, rich Uncle Pennybags.
A tall hat suggests a large volume, which was humorously referred to as an “x-gallon hat.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The earliest such reference, from 1882, does not specify the type of hat, but suggests that it would make the speaker unrecognizable from his normal appearance.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Hush! Charley; don’t talk so loud. When we have our </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two-gallon hat </span><span class="tm11">on the girls can’t tell us from the “hairy man of the jungles.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Homer Index </span></i><span class="tm11">(Homer, Michigan), April 12, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Another early reference does not mention the type of hat. But it appears in a story about a big-city businessman, “a fellow from Pittsburgh,” who had been putting on airs and
treating the locals rudely while visiting the smaller town of Monongahela; precisely the kind of person who might be more likely to wear a formal hat than the rustic locals. But he was put in his place by a school girl.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Standing at the City Hotel door, with <span style="color: red;">a </span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>on, he ogled a school girl passing down, with an insolent air, and said: </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Good evening, Miss.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Good evening,” she replied, looking at him so suspiciously that he hesitated.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Ahem, Miss, ahem, a-“</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Well,” she put in, “why don’t you bark?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Bark! bark! What do you mean? I don’t quite understand.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Oh, you don’t? Why, here in Monongahela a puppy that has had any decent training always barks when he sees a stranger.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Daily Republican</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), April 16, 1883, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Another early example does not describe the hat, but it takes place at a wedding, precisely the sort of place a formal hat might be worn.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A number of Pittsburg’s darkest and handsomest African citizens, the girls full of fun, and the boys with </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two gallon hats</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>on, went up on the morning train to attend the wedding of two of Brownsville’s darkest and handsomest . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Daily Republican </span></i><span class="tm11">(Monongahela, Pennsylvania), May 24, 1883, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Another early example involved a political club from Pittsburgh’s Continental Club, “with their big crimson banner and two-gallon hats,”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
attending Grover Cleveland’s Presidential inauguration; precisely the sort of event where a silk top hat might have been worn at that time.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">An early example from Michigan may be the oldest version of the </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/01/horses-jokes-and-bells-unfunny-history.html"><span class="tm11">“old chestnut”</span></a><a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a></u><span class="tm11"> about a large hat covering a small brain.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The young Paw Paw plug thinks it requires <span style="color: red;">a </span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two gallon hat</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>to cover a pint of brains.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">The True Northerner</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Paw Paw, Michigan), September 2, 1886, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Another early “x-gallon” hat joke relates to “dudes” wearing “plug hats.” </span><i><span class="tm14">Merriam-Webster</span></i><span class="tm11"> defines “plug hat” as “a man’s stiff hat (such as a bowler or top hat).” At the time, “dudes” were generally high-society
types (or wannabe high-society types); in other words, precisely the sorts of people who might wear a top hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="color: red;"></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">Four-gallon plug hats</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>have had squally times during the April winds. The old and younger dudes are expecting calmer times this month.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Des Moines Register</span></i><span class="tm11">, May 4, 1888, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A report out of Richmond, Indiana in 1891 also associated the “x-gallon hat” with dudes.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">He was no dude. He didn’t carry a cane nor sport a </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">, his coat was somewhat worn and his shoes were a little run down at the heel. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Richmond Item</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Indiana), July 18, 1891, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">On occasion, the nominal volume of the hat might be larger than the standard two gallons. That same year, a salesman visiting Bancroft, Michigan was described as an “elderly man
with silvery hair and whiskers, covered up with a five gallon hat.”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And in 1892, a (presumably) high class reporter visited a low-life “unmasked ball” of the “lower ten” percent of society (he was visiting in the role of reporter,
he reassures his readers). In his report of the affair, he recounts an exchange between two regular attendees eyeing the fish-out-of-water reporter and wondering what he was doing there.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Say, Jen, whose de bloke wid de </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">four gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The interrogator was a decidedly uninviting character. Jen, the girl at his side, was just as tough.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Oh, he’s one of dem reporters wot tinks he knows it all; how I’d like to swot him one in de jaw,” she replied.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Parsons Daily Sun</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Parsons, Kansas), January 6, 1892, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Later examples are more clear about the type of hat referred to by the expression, “x-gallon hat.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The plug hat is rather an uncommon sight nowadays in this part of the country, but one is occasionally seen on the streets and never fails to excite comment. The small boys, and some of
the larger ones, have an almost uncontrollable desire to take a shot at it with a snowball. The wearer of the “begum” or </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">“two gallon” hat</span><span class="tm11"> is generally supposed to be a person of distinction, either a congressman or hackdriver, and it is very wrong for the boys to throw snowballs at his hat
- and miss it.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Courier</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Fairview, Kansas), January 31, 1896, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The earliest-known example of “ten gallon hat” is from a political parade in 1908, by the Blaine Club of Cincinnati. The article does not describe the style of hat, but a contemporaneous
photograph of the same event proves, at least in this instance, that the hats being referred to were of the top hat style.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">This morning, just about the time Enquirer readers pick up the paper and give it hasty perusal before negotiating their ham and eggs and hot rolls, a special train that worked overtime in
eating up the distance between this city and the town of the Big Wind on Michigan’s shores will be shedding oodles of </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">white ten-gallon hats </span><span class="tm11">in the Union Depot of the latter city.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i><span class="tm11">, June 15, 1908, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijlRvrhZ7XkLHSZDBVR_-R9Kw5Di9w65aGCkAiyC1qVsQc1vtDkA_M73orDn_X9m4sgt_8tgh-QbhXyC3Kd6Rth5fXc1nN1PaTAG6KTzlGdPXgps1gcB1-hTwLs0GYhBeuWGqPpyAwy1fpdjR2t_ubuywbGs8I-bt57K_vyGiqXt26flBGavqs2yym/s1818/detroit%20free%20press%20jun%2017%201908%20page%206%20-%20blaine%20club%20marching%20in%20white%20hats%20Chicago%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1602" data-original-width="1818" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijlRvrhZ7XkLHSZDBVR_-R9Kw5Di9w65aGCkAiyC1qVsQc1vtDkA_M73orDn_X9m4sgt_8tgh-QbhXyC3Kd6Rth5fXc1nN1PaTAG6KTzlGdPXgps1gcB1-hTwLs0GYhBeuWGqPpyAwy1fpdjR2t_ubuywbGs8I-bt57K_vyGiqXt26flBGavqs2yym/w400-h353/detroit%20free%20press%20jun%2017%201908%20page%206%20-%20blaine%20club%20marching%20in%20white%20hats%20Chicago%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">When the Blaine club, of Cincinnati, marched up to the Auditorium in Chicago Tuesday it brought back to the minds of old-timers the days of a quarter century ago, when political clubs were
uniformed. The Blaine club wore the </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">high white hats</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>which were so popular during the campaign of the eighties.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm11">, June 17, 1908, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Numerous examples of “x-gallon hat” from the same period are suggestive of its being a piece of formal wear, and not informal, western attire. The hat King George wore before
his coronation, an “ordinary black silk beaver,” was said to have a “capacity about two gallons.”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a> A “long tail coat, five gallon
hat, or a few lapel trinkets, winks and passwords” were said to have once been all that was necessary for “admission into the best” society.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a>
And when former Mayor John F. Fitzgerald (John F. Kennedy’s grandfather) led the Boston Braves onto the field for game four of the 1914 World Series, he was “without his two-gallon hat and cutaway for the first
time. A soft hat and business suit sufficed.”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a> They would lose the game and the series that day. Blame it on the hat.<br /></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And when representatives of industry and domestic and foreign governmental delegations descended on San Francisco for the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915, the increased demand for silk
“stove pipe” hats created a “two-gallon hat famine.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmTUldTrQ82l8f8_dSFjB28jk3Ih4yN1LNIOMG_uPyi2gSxaRsZFUa8PvdyMLhy-NE2b4_W7wWzu3_NLnhOkoYBkEC5q9OL3c0jnJDky9_EIz1DHTUkbF6kBgQzxmRfdrGildmqXV2vnAuLQXSvG4zr7pL5ztdyei548YZWTPxJUsESmt-QBlEIjr/s944/evening%20sun%20hanover%20pa%20aug%2013%201915%20page%206%20-%20two%20gallon%20hat%20famine.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="660" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmTUldTrQ82l8f8_dSFjB28jk3Ih4yN1LNIOMG_uPyi2gSxaRsZFUa8PvdyMLhy-NE2b4_W7wWzu3_NLnhOkoYBkEC5q9OL3c0jnJDky9_EIz1DHTUkbF6kBgQzxmRfdrGildmqXV2vnAuLQXSvG4zr7pL5ztdyei548YZWTPxJUsESmt-QBlEIjr/s320/evening%20sun%20hanover%20pa%20aug%2013%201915%20page%206%20-%20two%20gallon%20hat%20famine.jpg" width="224" /></a><span class="tm11"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">There’s a </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two-gallon hat famine</span><span class="tm11"> in San Francisco. The suffering is terrible. Peaceful old patriarchs are being dragged forth to
brave the winds and fogs to make an Exposition holiday. “Tiles” of by-gone days are being forced to desert dusty corners sacred to the memories of ancestors, and </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">silk hats</span><span class="tm11"> even of the Days of ’49 - more relics of the past - are serving in proud processions of Twentieth Century progress.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Ask any hat man in San Francisco and he will tell you that attempting to serve the Panama Pacific Exposition with silk hats is as bad as furnishing Europe with munitions. . . more two-gallon
hats are being used at the Exposition than were required to inaugurate all the Presidents and Governors of these States. The reserves of 1916 were long ago called out and the “home defense” is now on its last
legs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">It’s this way; every time a Governor, General, former President or somebody of that sort arrives in town to visit the Exposition, several committees doll up to meet them. </span><span class="tm16">Everybody must have a silk hat</span><span class="tm11">. There are is a constant succession of these visits, which cause considerable wear and tear on the hats, and in addition every twenty-four hours at the
Exposition is somebody’s or something’s “Day.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Evening Sun</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Hanover, Pennsylvania), August 13, 1915, page 6.</span></p><br />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The “famine” in San Francisco was as much a matter of limited supply as it was of high demand. Silk hats were going out of style. An obituary for the out-of-fashion “Stovepipe”
hat appeared in a 1913 issue of </span><i><span class="tm14">Harper’s Weekly</span></i><span class="tm11">. It explicitly included “x-gallon hat” as on of several alternate names for the silk, cylindrical
hat.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm10">The Rise of the “Stovepipe”</span></b></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The shiny silk cylindrical hat, sometimes called topper, high hat, plug, high dicer, </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">stove-pipe, or four-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">, by the irreverent, seems fated to disappear, after little more than one century of existence.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Harper’s Weekly</span></i><span class="tm11">, Volume 57, Number 2940, April 26, 1913, page 26 (later reprinted in numerous newspapers in the United
States and Canada).</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Since nature abhors a vacuum, with one “x-gallon” hat on its way out, another one was on its way in. Western “cowboy” hats would soon replace the top hat as the
“x-gallon” hat of choice.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And just a few years later, Eastern “dudes,” who in an earlier decade might have worn a “two gallon” stovepipe hat, were now donning “two-gallon” cowboy
hats at Western “dude ranches.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">It is odd how the atmosphere of the cow-country can in a few days transform a dapper college sophomore or a tired cabinet-minister into a swashbuckling <span style="color: red;">Western character, arrayed in a “two-gallon”
hat</span>, a flannel shirt of clamorous pattern, and nondescript trousers tucked into fancy, high-heeled boots with huge, jingling spurs. It is odd how this creature, born to ride in town-cars and elevators, will take to riding
cow-ponies, and seek to imitate, in speech and manner, the lowliest wrangler who looks after the dude’s horses.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Westward-Whoa!” Gene Markey, </span><i><span class="tm14">Harper’s Bazaar</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 1924, page 44.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjO6srkvaSFkRFfle1Hjh2aDHl74l9Yd7WCBeSqdt4Yd8tTNDxBgr4rVNW2LMkuqHXrkZTJIiN6MHlC7-NbIWN6v7CfRtY6LyZGyl6fyTQj2Xii2yKjqlIsaUASHRSqPSqZNUfbd4Bgt3-XRkgDZpkvQhMSfQ9NYuVk-FAkA6mdeO_5joITauhQ3M/s1463/harpers%20bazar%20yr%2057%20no%202541%20july%201924%20two%20gallon%20hat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1463" data-original-width="1129" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjO6srkvaSFkRFfle1Hjh2aDHl74l9Yd7WCBeSqdt4Yd8tTNDxBgr4rVNW2LMkuqHXrkZTJIiN6MHlC7-NbIWN6v7CfRtY6LyZGyl6fyTQj2Xii2yKjqlIsaUASHRSqPSqZNUfbd4Bgt3-XRkgDZpkvQhMSfQ9NYuVk-FAkA6mdeO_5joITauhQ3M/w309-h400/harpers%20bazar%20yr%2057%20no%202541%20july%201924%20two%20gallon%20hat.jpg" width="309" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A “lady dude” in a “two-gallon” hat, </span><i><span class="tm14">Harper’s Bazaar</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 1924, page 44.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Ten-Gallon (or less) Cowboy Hats</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The earliest example I’ve found of “x-gallon hat,” unambiguously in reference to a western-style hat, is from 1917. A man named F. T. Boylston, of the IXL ranch in Wyoming,
took a job inspecting horses at the Kansas City stock yards. But he was something of a heavy drinker, “he had a thirst eleven months long,” and needed some cash. To alleviate his situation, he passed a bad check
- he got away with it because of his big Stetson hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11">INDORSED BY </span><span class="tm16">A</span><span class="tm11"> </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">6-GALLON HAT</span><span class="tm11">.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11">Or, Why a Farmer Cashed a Bad Check for a Cowpuncher.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">. . . Boylston was arrested yesterday on complaint of Elliott. He gave Elliott $10 of $15.95 he had left, and promised to pay back the rest in two weeks.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“If it hadn’t been for that big cowboy hat,” Elliott mused, “I wouldn’t have cashed the check. After this whenever I see a ‘Stet’ I’m going
to run.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Kansas City Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, February 15, 1917, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A Texas reporter chastised another reporter for confusing “Dutch” people from the Netherlands with “Dutch” Germans. A New Yorker might make a similarly “provincial”
error in assumptions about Texans.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">That is as provincial an error as for the New Yorker to assume that </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">the Texan always wears a ten gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">, and spends all his time lynching people.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">El Paso Herald</span></i><span class="tm11">, January 5, 1918, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And again in El Paso, and again a “ten gallon” hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“El Paso’s streets are the most fascinating that I have seen in some time,” said Mrs. E. B. Wentworth, “for wherever I go I see such a diversity of interest, such
a variety of color. Here is </span><span class="tm16">the <span style="color: red;">cowboy, with his long boots, his ten gallon hat</span></span><span class="tm11">, and his colorful personality with those far-seeing eyes of the man who dwells on the desert
and sees afar off; here is the Mexican, with his strange garments, his face half hidden with his neck scarf, and just beyond a young girl steps out of a store, clad in garments and dressed with the style which might be expected
of New York city itself. From quaint, dirty, and yet picturesque Chihuahuita to the exclusive homes in Austin Terrace, this city just radiates charm.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">El Paso Herald</span></i><span class="tm11">, January 15, 1918, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Cowboys from the west Texas hinterlands wore “ten gallon hats” when they went to enlist in the “American liberty army” in World War I.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUxTh8kn_fXwszi3b2Yf1fDlTno_RsqiJ1CHwjJT77cJwqgI1n7Ab1XJgCRN3gb_V9iEfN3I0e43FJYqIbhjmr7foEHkEb_qWV9tIlgBp4f0tqvwNeXMzgaqtjyM_vw-l7n2-dYA2SIJx_mkXlXassgXQHdxkfQBtFtxb56HlokCIvYt8G9Hfy0jKo/s737/grand%20forks%20herald%20north%20dakota%20jan%2023%201918%20page%202%20-%20ten%20gallon%20recruits.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="737" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUxTh8kn_fXwszi3b2Yf1fDlTno_RsqiJ1CHwjJT77cJwqgI1n7Ab1XJgCRN3gb_V9iEfN3I0e43FJYqIbhjmr7foEHkEb_qWV9tIlgBp4f0tqvwNeXMzgaqtjyM_vw-l7n2-dYA2SIJx_mkXlXassgXQHdxkfQBtFtxb56HlokCIvYt8G9Hfy0jKo/s320/grand%20forks%20herald%20north%20dakota%20jan%2023%201918%20page%202%20-%20ten%20gallon%20recruits.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">El Paso, Tex., Jan 23. - High heeled <span style="color: red;">cowboy boots chaps and “</span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">ten gallon hats</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;">” </span>have replaced shoes of English lasts, pinch back suits and golf caps as the wearing apparel of the majority of recruits who are accepted at the local army recruiting station for service in the American
liberty army.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The rush of the city boys and young men to join the colors is almost over, according to the officer in charge of the station. But the news that the United States needed her young men has
just begun to percolate to the isolated cow camps, ranches and mining districts of the southwest. The result was a rush of applicants for enlistment from these sparsely settled districts of the southwest.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Grand Forks Herald</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Grand Forks, North Dakota), January 23, 1918, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Sheriff Joe Adair, of Atoka County, Oklahoma, wore “what he calls his ‘</span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">five-gallon sombrero</span><span class="tm11">’” on an extradition trip to St. Joseph, Missouri.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a> Frank Benjamin, of El Paso, Texas,
wore a “</span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">five-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">” when he insulted Freddie Harris, of Riverside, California, by calling him an “orange picking kid.”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a>
And the oil boom in Texas created a jumble of disparate clothing styles, “a chaotic clashing of costumes - overalls and tailored business suits, Broadway derbies and <span style="color: red;">high-crowned Texas ‘</span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">five-gallon Stetsons</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;">.’</span>”<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a> And the Governor of Texas wore a “‘five gallon’ cowboy hat”
during a trip across the state.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPcw35yydC-cIO-h0apXXEpbDnYhgLP21LCQuUdSkfb_dDOF00bLeIIoC2KJnJInNjuHZJH98J59DDOUOerPswX3LgN6xt9zjJ4RpO-P-l6NFDV4URqgZ9dvKfBT37OHkAURfogzTXqcoSvSG9AOHshM3JifSURHwfex0wQgls67yf59LcM0Vyddfv/s596/el%20paso%20times%20august%2030%201919%20page%202%20-%20five%20gallon%20hat%20governor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="596" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPcw35yydC-cIO-h0apXXEpbDnYhgLP21LCQuUdSkfb_dDOF00bLeIIoC2KJnJInNjuHZJH98J59DDOUOerPswX3LgN6xt9zjJ4RpO-P-l6NFDV4URqgZ9dvKfBT37OHkAURfogzTXqcoSvSG9AOHshM3JifSURHwfex0wQgls67yf59LcM0Vyddfv/s320/el%20paso%20times%20august%2030%201919%20page%202%20-%20five%20gallon%20hat%20governor.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm11">Governor Hobby on the trip wore a </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">“five gallon” cowboy hat</span><span class="tm11"> and a vivid red shirt, presented to him by his admirers in Van Horn prior to his departure.</span><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">El Paso Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, August 30, 1919, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">When “Miss Wyoming,” Helen Bonham, visited New York City in 1920, for the purpose of promoting a “Frontier Days” round-up in Cheyenne, she wore a “two-gallon”
Stetson hat.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKU1YSmuoHGUkUxCsZifsgq5fP2CIJLCe_6OyYdrFix7R5YAQiQqtE4cl1wD7-iR3gBv98r7z8Cr3HM8oN5d7YtQxrZHg_6c-b8blxIUqhrFYPv9M7haVOb4QSQJpjtbc9dKA0TzNwLTCtfi4jDVSsy12Ia0FxLlIJv2PLDsRybDm0p-BsKBVgVaxR/s1962/new%20york%20tribune%20july%204%201920%20section%207%20page%205.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1962" data-original-width="1558" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKU1YSmuoHGUkUxCsZifsgq5fP2CIJLCe_6OyYdrFix7R5YAQiQqtE4cl1wD7-iR3gBv98r7z8Cr3HM8oN5d7YtQxrZHg_6c-b8blxIUqhrFYPv9M7haVOb4QSQJpjtbc9dKA0TzNwLTCtfi4jDVSsy12Ia0FxLlIJv2PLDsRybDm0p-BsKBVgVaxR/w318-h400/new%20york%20tribune%20july%204%201920%20section%207%20page%205.jpg" width="318" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">She was entertained at the McAlpin by General Coleman du Pont, to whom she had a message, and she insisted that the financier try on </span><span class="tm16">her “two-gallon” Stetson</span><span class="tm11">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">New York Tribune</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 4, 1920, section 7, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">She returned to the East Coast the following year, this time with a widely-reported “four-gallon” Stetson sombrero, a gift for President Harding.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0djJ0W1etr8xNifd88R6WA6spqDrABWaqrGfmEKXcWQ05kCzU36rEIi3caN0-j-qdNo1uibuXTMzW3tRXmM5_jiDyogjMFpQenMkqVb0nDWM_l7q6gA5eyVPnSDe-AbVJM_-d8fOWhQwLELmvRcQbLxz9AqH7O0VNMFEARS5L_ECjG68R-odJghUb/s1329/brooklyn%20standard%20union%20june%2022%201921%20page%2016%20-%20harding%20four%20gallon%20stetson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1283" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0djJ0W1etr8xNifd88R6WA6spqDrABWaqrGfmEKXcWQ05kCzU36rEIi3caN0-j-qdNo1uibuXTMzW3tRXmM5_jiDyogjMFpQenMkqVb0nDWM_l7q6gA5eyVPnSDe-AbVJM_-d8fOWhQwLELmvRcQbLxz9AqH7O0VNMFEARS5L_ECjG68R-odJghUb/w386-h400/brooklyn%20standard%20union%20june%2022%201921%20page%2016%20-%20harding%20four%20gallon%20stetson.jpg" width="386" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A “four-gallon” Stetson sombrero with an engraved invitation on a chased silver band is Cheyenne, Wyoming’s, way of asking Mr. Harding to witness the forthcoming annual
“Frontier Day” riding and roping contests there. No direct suggestion that he wear the unique “skypiece” at the roundup is conveyed, but “Miss Wyoming,” who is putting the finishing touches,
appears hopeful.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Standard Union</span></i><span class="tm11">, June 22, 1921, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTcF6z6u4aVHrTVp6X9cWodI2ZSclWah_ACm2NJBGfBggu4B4Et-nKcO0RzvyvoyHo7ryuJ6fPCDZnTBfqnOley1L1PparTRJujROKKwsOjl1HIPsgY5bwgOSIKTBrbU_g1XgXAeg1b1Zj3WDQK1YflhbzfM43lZKRu8AmzpNlm-ifpcez490muxm/s1879/boston%20post%20june%2022%201921%20page%2017%20president%20harding%20four%20gallon%20hat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1702" data-original-width="1879" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieTcF6z6u4aVHrTVp6X9cWodI2ZSclWah_ACm2NJBGfBggu4B4Et-nKcO0RzvyvoyHo7ryuJ6fPCDZnTBfqnOley1L1PparTRJujROKKwsOjl1HIPsgY5bwgOSIKTBrbU_g1XgXAeg1b1Zj3WDQK1YflhbzfM43lZKRu8AmzpNlm-ifpcez490muxm/s320/boston%20post%20june%2022%201921%20page%2017%20president%20harding%20four%20gallon%20hat.jpg" width="320" /></a></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">“Four-Gallon” Hat</span><span class="tm11"> for President Harding.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">This beautiful Stetson bears a heavily chased silver band, tied with a cinch knot of white doeskin. On the band is engraved an invitation for the President to visit the annual Frontier Day.
“Miss Wyoming” and Governor Carey are admiring the hat.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Boston Post</span></i><span class="tm11">, June 22, 1921, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8yTmVEDZ88cwqfLcB8za-jTuh0mB3ntERTeNAwTbhVGbJr1He_0bx2yck62nCVpVzMUmthXhFBoESLjAscamAMQHq_KRY1sP-Sahd8PMfHG7DQWADW67iu_sQ32QJnKJO7nU4F2iOeVvOxOFztww1V_QC3cHQ5yaT8hIhWC4DBERVupVHVQfDThm/s2255/capital%20times%20madison%20jul%2018%201921%20page%204%20-%20harding%20four%20gallon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2255" data-original-width="1571" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8yTmVEDZ88cwqfLcB8za-jTuh0mB3ntERTeNAwTbhVGbJr1He_0bx2yck62nCVpVzMUmthXhFBoESLjAscamAMQHq_KRY1sP-Sahd8PMfHG7DQWADW67iu_sQ32QJnKJO7nU4F2iOeVvOxOFztww1V_QC3cHQ5yaT8hIhWC4DBERVupVHVQfDThm/s320/capital%20times%20madison%20jul%2018%201921%20page%204%20-%20harding%20four%20gallon.jpg" width="223" /></a></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Harding wearing the <span style="color: red;">“</span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">four-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11" style="color: red;">.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Capital Times </span></i><span class="tm11">(Madison, Wisconsin), July 18, 1921, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A story out of Montana involving a Chinese Tong gunman in a “two-gallon” hat reads like an episode of the classic TV show, </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvu5YcmYhSQ"><span class="tm11">Kung Fu, starring David Caradine as Kwai Chang Caine</span></a></u><span class="tm11">.</span></p><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“The Cowboy,” Tong Gunman, was in Helena After Butte Outbreak</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“The Cowboy,” so called because of his partiality to a </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">two-gallon Stetson hat</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>and other characteristics of his attire copied after range-riders, and said to be greatly feared by Chinese because of his reputation as a Bing Kong Tong gunman, who is being sought by the authorities at Butte
in connection with the murder of Hum Mon Sin, a member of the Hop Sings, was in Helena a short time following the outbreak in the mining camp, it was said yesterday.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Independent-Record</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Helena, Montana), March 4, 1922, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Although two, four and ten seem to have been the more common values, the nominal volume of cowboy hats were all over the map, anywhere from one to ten. A headline ahead of Casper, Wyoming’s
Rodeo Week in 1923 announced, “</span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">Gallon Hats</span><span class="tm11"> in Vogue as Rodeo Opens.”<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> When the Texas sheriffs held
their annual convention in Galveston in 1923, they wore “big </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">three-gallon Stetson hats</span><span class="tm11"> - famous because Texas sheriffs made them so.”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a> An “old timer” sitting on a fence at the Muskogee, Oklahoma race track in 1922,
wearing a “</span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">six gallon stetson</span><span class="tm11"> turned down fore and aft, and turned up, starboard and port.”<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a>
And in Montana, the residents of Shelby were expected to “start wearing their </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">eight-gallon Stetsons</span><span class="tm11"> and other cowboy regalia” when the roundup and rodeo came to town in the summer of 1923.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">In 1923, civic leaders in Forth Worth, Texas staged a “Dress Up Day” for the city’s Diamond Jubilee, in which celebrants were encouraged to wear their “five gallon
hats.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCWEj836rv5xAXg4j_w3NL1VHHCmOJyGFK5V4uq-_jkLVJYuRbWsGY4qfZ6t_58LNcX4ABP8LeVIItjLkv9ryh1E2tDG1vZTqdnNS7aya7iz5Cq3CmWbxARfZHd1agNKaBoQx3CST5iwDjhQJAbMSkTFxg5w4sNmwWxJAyaf4_vB02utve3JznEVKm/s4628/fort%20worth%20record%20telegram%20nov%201%201923%20page%207%20-%20dress%20up%20day%20pics%20-%20hats.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1777" data-original-width="4628" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCWEj836rv5xAXg4j_w3NL1VHHCmOJyGFK5V4uq-_jkLVJYuRbWsGY4qfZ6t_58LNcX4ABP8LeVIItjLkv9ryh1E2tDG1vZTqdnNS7aya7iz5Cq3CmWbxARfZHd1agNKaBoQx3CST5iwDjhQJAbMSkTFxg5w4sNmwWxJAyaf4_vB02utve3JznEVKm/w400-h154/fort%20worth%20record%20telegram%20nov%201%201923%20page%207%20-%20dress%20up%20day%20pics%20-%20hats.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">True to the Jubilee spirit, it is likely that all Fort Worth will don the garb of the Jubilee celebrator, including five-gallon hat, red shirt and boots, while the women folk will appear
in the garb of their ancestors of fifty or seventy-five years ago.</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Fort Worth Record-Telegram</span></i><span class="tm11">, November 1, 1923, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Civic leaders also formed the “mystic order of the sons and daughters of the Saxet” (Saxet is Texas, backwards) to promote the city’s Diamond Jubilee. Madame Olga Petrova,
in town to perform during the Jubilee, paid her $1 membership fee and posed in a “</span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">four gallon sombrero</span><span class="tm11">.”<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> The “King Saxet” wore a complete cowboy ensemble.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5F-fqg0ngMIEzTKpqlbtJpZvHgORqP3u8j5Ydb9RStey4mAItspOEqYV3UGPEZ89wToTrHF8eC4WSUC8qpxvS7W9J51izURb_ZjCnt0T5E-U4ecocSaWhW090t95frIM6lwGiGraXf3VShgkdZbvLq-yZTjxom-59GVZnL4kAqagZEOK_QTAPy5jn/s3174/fort%20worth%20record%20telegram%20nov%201%201923%20page%207%20-%20king%20saxet%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3174" data-original-width="1175" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5F-fqg0ngMIEzTKpqlbtJpZvHgORqP3u8j5Ydb9RStey4mAItspOEqYV3UGPEZ89wToTrHF8eC4WSUC8qpxvS7W9J51izURb_ZjCnt0T5E-U4ecocSaWhW090t95frIM6lwGiGraXf3VShgkdZbvLq-yZTjxom-59GVZnL4kAqagZEOK_QTAPy5jn/w148-h400/fort%20worth%20record%20telegram%20nov%201%201923%20page%207%20-%20king%20saxet%20pic.jpg" width="148" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"><br /></span><i><span class="tm14">Fort Worth Record-Telegram</span></i><span class="tm11">, November 1, 1923, page 7.</span><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">When Fort Worth was set to host the Southwestern Exposition and Fat Stock Show the following summer, the “mystic order of the Saxet” took the lead in encouraging locals to “bring
out the </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">four-gallon hats</span><span class="tm11">” for the duration of the exposition. Hubb Diggs, the “King Saxet,” even issued a “four-gallon hat decree.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLv2EgHMZwF9zFPGFqQSMvv4tW8cMRz8JDV-IS_0RRWSV2n-tQGd8OPPJVdeAjAJD3Q0-Oqf_ekdGmlAdLtarzut0J9ImYP0nsxdDrMx3xlO2nR6fEwv5Ubm7fwhvC-KSXwwirGvfec3vO9GvpRXwVYDaRgZfywk49rz_SdmTm_yfpHb_vgqe-IQCf/s767/fort%20worth%20star%20telegram%20mar%202%201924%20page%2024%20four%20gallon%20hat%20decree.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="767" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLv2EgHMZwF9zFPGFqQSMvv4tW8cMRz8JDV-IS_0RRWSV2n-tQGd8OPPJVdeAjAJD3Q0-Oqf_ekdGmlAdLtarzut0J9ImYP0nsxdDrMx3xlO2nR6fEwv5Ubm7fwhvC-KSXwwirGvfec3vO9GvpRXwVYDaRgZfywk49rz_SdmTm_yfpHb_vgqe-IQCf/s320/fort%20worth%20star%20telegram%20mar%202%201924%20page%2024%20four%20gallon%20hat%20decree.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The royal attire of the Sons and Daughters of Saxet will consist of the big cowboy hat circled with the official Saxet band.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</span></i><span class="tm11">, March 2, 1924, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A clothing store in Oklahoma advertised Stetsons “of the ‘four gallon’ capacity” to stockmen and visitors to a livestock show in 1924.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLPMEsqZza4nkwn9W-gJF0VDUVOxpj6EnMtKF66caCs49upk6FEv_l2ddaLm3h3x3YfXr4V3hHkzINgsYoRL2jMQ_wdG9j_7LprwQQs9AcZvtp-KX9vCw37U1GYLYVaNniG2WZG4VVF_L-J34quW9vq_yRSdGfp6HhwxjCAQXbv18p2B_HmHbrmebi/s2557/oklahoma%20daily%20live%20stock%20news%20march%204%201924%20page%204%20-%20stetson%20ad%20four%20gallon%20hats.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2557" data-original-width="1814" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLPMEsqZza4nkwn9W-gJF0VDUVOxpj6EnMtKF66caCs49upk6FEv_l2ddaLm3h3x3YfXr4V3hHkzINgsYoRL2jMQ_wdG9j_7LprwQQs9AcZvtp-KX9vCw37U1GYLYVaNniG2WZG4VVF_L-J34quW9vq_yRSdGfp6HhwxjCAQXbv18p2B_HmHbrmebi/s320/oklahoma%20daily%20live%20stock%20news%20march%204%201924%20page%204%20-%20stetson%20ad%20four%20gallon%20hats.jpg" width="227" /></a></span></div><i><span class="tm14">Oklahoma Daily Live Stock News</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), March 4, 1924, page 4.</span>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm11"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Civic leaders in Butte, Montana organized something called “The Montana Order of Ten-Gallon Stetsons.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFH0Gv3x3UN9Aqq04Uyth8dHNcOJ0fMx1HriLytXBFxdg8SJWFPEILIjnepX8oGo3Ah4xSdxuOSfozM_vpogDKvLIekvsRRdOudKsidv3BjR0-iHdPJTR9niPi99-3MCaqcLcYrDHv8EtRSG1qPM-6RYiIVidA33RPCRZOJaS6xAdK0x_SZKWiVkHO/s1004/independent%20observer%20conrad%20montana%20july%2016%201925%20page%206%20order%20of%20ten%20gallon%20stetsons.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="758" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFH0Gv3x3UN9Aqq04Uyth8dHNcOJ0fMx1HriLytXBFxdg8SJWFPEILIjnepX8oGo3Ah4xSdxuOSfozM_vpogDKvLIekvsRRdOudKsidv3BjR0-iHdPJTR9niPi99-3MCaqcLcYrDHv8EtRSG1qPM-6RYiIVidA33RPCRZOJaS6xAdK0x_SZKWiVkHO/s320/independent%20observer%20conrad%20montana%20july%2016%201925%20page%206%20order%20of%20ten%20gallon%20stetsons.jpg" width="242" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"><br /> </span><i><span class="tm14">Independent-Observer</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Conrad, Montana), July 16, 1925, page 6.</span><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">With actual Westerners pumping up the volume with four, five and ten gallon hats, the entertainment industry magazine, </span><i><span class="tm14">Billboard</span></i><span class="tm11">, clung to the original “two-gallon” hat expression, which had until recently been regularly used to refer to a different style of hat.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Miss “Wild West” showed off her “two-gallon” hat (and priceless legs) when she arrived in New York City to join Ziegfeld’s “Follies,” with a recommendation
from a tent show operator in Shelby, Montana.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieNUG2iuEDIl9nLU2HEfwK1nY67x8IvOGVxO-178nj5s5MTxVlKwTeOcZqUTBhCVo3NouBRCjqlGLpXtbuU7BywwstUBRgI3aHiczsrIwuwKmoeBsnKwOiF85LvA9spvODp_PR2zIrpm-D3D8Yuk7NAPn-NBhpfmMrVeeHF7CHKKoZVENpN8-K48Dy/s2432/sim_billboard_1923-08-18_35_33_0005.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2432" data-original-width="1693" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieNUG2iuEDIl9nLU2HEfwK1nY67x8IvOGVxO-178nj5s5MTxVlKwTeOcZqUTBhCVo3NouBRCjqlGLpXtbuU7BywwstUBRgI3aHiczsrIwuwKmoeBsnKwOiF85LvA9spvODp_PR2zIrpm-D3D8Yuk7NAPn-NBhpfmMrVeeHF7CHKKoZVENpN8-K48Dy/s320/sim_billboard_1923-08-18_35_33_0005.jpg" width="223" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">At Grand Central Station, Miss Salmon, </span><span class="tm16">clad in <span style="color: red;">a two-gallon hat</span></span><span class="tm11"> and a cowhide skirt, mounted a six-cylinder broncho and was taken to the Ritz-Carlton, there to remove the Pullman dust before having a chance to exercise her gills before the beauty chorus magnate.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Billboard</span></i><span class="tm11">, August 18, 1923, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The Mayor of San Francisco was inducted into the “Order of the ‘two-gallon hat.’”</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjegRbyrieIkh_134ttWfVuLNXzDFFNMf97O0UpVwHoIHMkYDIqoUQUpN52gGtCGVcr_42Gf-OLEJtM66ZQr--NOTsZrEsC8pQjLdgEB7gNY8JSSfhY7expWUPqq-mh7Z5I0KDyNzpPdyTuSP1_Nhs_Xa4v_7c58fDotjoiZ8Atv3Ju3xxxChYhbhsq/s1695/sim_billboard_1923-08-18_35_33_0007.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1592" data-original-width="1695" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjegRbyrieIkh_134ttWfVuLNXzDFFNMf97O0UpVwHoIHMkYDIqoUQUpN52gGtCGVcr_42Gf-OLEJtM66ZQr--NOTsZrEsC8pQjLdgEB7gNY8JSSfhY7expWUPqq-mh7Z5I0KDyNzpPdyTuSP1_Nhs_Xa4v_7c58fDotjoiZ8Atv3Ju3xxxChYhbhsq/w400-h376/sim_billboard_1923-08-18_35_33_0007.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Mayor Rolph, of San Francisco, is crowned with the official headpiece of the Pony Express Celebration which is to be held in the Golden Gate City September 9. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Billboard</span></i><span class="tm11">, August 18, 1923, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Organizers of the Calgary Stampede posed in their “two-gallon” hats.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_x-gQzT9HDkUP98Uvrd2VyPNyQ3QSnsEuKptzlFZDzwhKidi6iCvd2NPB6BYXgOTy1B7dRY4Hb8kqVUjyi8CPw1hjDfTXdGyyXH-xN1JSkzvRxZrWS47F1AuDrkERRmrENV7pr4QC0Om0J5x5pa08LIUhgwqS3W3Pi5XUEZyUcZhq17FLS2PTUfMi/s1673/sim_billboard_1923-09-08_35_2_0095.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1634" data-original-width="1673" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_x-gQzT9HDkUP98Uvrd2VyPNyQ3QSnsEuKptzlFZDzwhKidi6iCvd2NPB6BYXgOTy1B7dRY4Hb8kqVUjyi8CPw1hjDfTXdGyyXH-xN1JSkzvRxZrWS47F1AuDrkERRmrENV7pr4QC0Om0J5x5pa08LIUhgwqS3W3Pi5XUEZyUcZhq17FLS2PTUfMi/w400-h391/sim_billboard_1923-09-08_35_2_0095.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> On the left above (under <span style="color: red;">the </span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">“two-gallon” hat</span><span class="tm11">) is Guy Weadick who most successfully staged the Stampede in connection with the recent Calgary Exhibition, and whose ranch is near that of the Prince of Wales.</span></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Billboard</span></i><span class="tm11">, September 8, 1923, page 96.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And the famous rodeo cowboy (and later the recipient of an honorary Oscar<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a>), Yakima Canutt, was said to be able to increase the size
of his “two-gallon” hat by one gallon, after winning the title of “all-round cowboy” at the Pendleton (Oregon) Roundup.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEdgyL4QzLSBktwF2QAPcSPMDf_dDJTvVhVZ3Zw5PL_wvwkXRtAVR6MLkFZBdeCuBbsiujaE8erJpGqcqRY65VardqDa1L35Vipmu-nDqyELeEFnzzQlelnRA9TTNU2-ZaTr3VzOynZrD2Ui-x4Rd8MQ_CS5DgnDJatqto-VKk4eadYktQDoHrtVD/s1633/billboard%20October%2020%201923%20page%2085%20-%20Yakima%20Canutt%20champion%20cowboy%20two-gallon%20hat%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1633" data-original-width="834" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEdgyL4QzLSBktwF2QAPcSPMDf_dDJTvVhVZ3Zw5PL_wvwkXRtAVR6MLkFZBdeCuBbsiujaE8erJpGqcqRY65VardqDa1L35Vipmu-nDqyELeEFnzzQlelnRA9TTNU2-ZaTr3VzOynZrD2Ui-x4Rd8MQ_CS5DgnDJatqto-VKk4eadYktQDoHrtVD/w204-h400/billboard%20October%2020%201923%20page%2085%20-%20Yakima%20Canutt%20champion%20cowboy%20two-gallon%20hat%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="204" /></a></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Yakima Canutt, of the State of Washington, may now increase the size of his “two-gallon” hat by one gallon, for he had won the title of champion all-round cowboy at the Pendleton
(Ore.) Roundup.</span></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">Billboard</span></i><span class="tm11">, October 20, 1923, page 85.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The transition of x-gallon top hats to x-gallon cowboy hats may have been nearly complete in 1926, when a movie fan-magazine published a headshot of the movie actor, Huntly Gordon, in a
cowboy hat with a six-shooter. They referred to his hat as a “two-gallon” hat, as opposed to a “silk topper,” with no apparent irony about the juxtaposition of the different hat styles and their recently
reversed volumetric designations. </span>
</p><span class="tm11"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPrSqkRxv-aJDvS7tXPHdDSyNAkp0Zpnq_4hk3Le3Boj3cuHxiY23e4hvbdvBl7iAbl_y_W8r876VdidK1wd6PDWo509suNGK2YsWj8aJSVAmGHbN3oE_sjGL1veDsPyVoiw2CcWHuQENqkh7Htl5vSexFky6h0BVEVH6zKpW0HxmMRBBhgH2n63E6/s971/Motion%20pictures%20classic%20august%201926%20p%2012%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="646" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPrSqkRxv-aJDvS7tXPHdDSyNAkp0Zpnq_4hk3Le3Boj3cuHxiY23e4hvbdvBl7iAbl_y_W8r876VdidK1wd6PDWo509suNGK2YsWj8aJSVAmGHbN3oE_sjGL1veDsPyVoiw2CcWHuQENqkh7Htl5vSexFky6h0BVEVH6zKpW0HxmMRBBhgH2n63E6/w266-h400/Motion%20pictures%20classic%20august%201926%20p%2012%20small.jpg" width="266" /></a></div> </span>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11">HUNTLY GORDON</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">He’s never had the opportunity to tear loose in an outdoor picture for his assignments have invariably been society roles. However, there is nothing to keep huntly from wearing a bandanna
handkerchief instead of a bat-wing collar, <span style="color: red;">a two-gallon hat instead of a silk topper</span>, and fanning a six-shooter thru the air when he wants to look like a true son of the wide open spaces.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Motion Picture Classic</span></i><span class="tm11">, Volume 23, Number 6, August 1926, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The transition from any-old-x-gallon hat, to “ten gallon hat,” may have been influenced by widespread press coverage of President Coolidge and his “ten gallon hats”
- he wore them during a visit to South Dakota, and again later, when one of his South Dakota companions repaid the visit with a trip to Washington DC, and later still, during a fishing trip to Wisconsin. But Coolidge’s
first run-ins with large cowboy-style hats were not of his own volition, and not all of the same volume.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">In 1924, a “crack polo” team, visiting Washington DC from Arizona, presented the President with a “ten-gallon hat.”</span></p><span class="tm11"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP160LnRltC_zT5JpOjOeGxCs85SAt087YAq8L55vBk2pdninu19wzEWapcKAN4arISxO863WNf9EyHGGge4oIXECYJzyUhqonaPJ3PbEOIowafFfsREB2WhUGRX-2SWICkXZrbv191gkefHsaByqechn0mJOktiYIkoCJG36apzI0eU7kL0j0dorf/s2364/evening%20star%20DC%20may%2020%201924%20page%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1941" data-original-width="2364" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP160LnRltC_zT5JpOjOeGxCs85SAt087YAq8L55vBk2pdninu19wzEWapcKAN4arISxO863WNf9EyHGGge4oIXECYJzyUhqonaPJ3PbEOIowafFfsREB2WhUGRX-2SWICkXZrbv191gkefHsaByqechn0mJOktiYIkoCJG36apzI0eU7kL0j0dorf/w400-h329/evening%20star%20DC%20may%2020%201924%20page%2017.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Senator Cameron holds </span><span class="tm16">a “ten-gallon hat,” presented to President Coolidge</span><span class="tm11"> by the team.</span>
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Evening Star</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Washington DC), May 20, 1924, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Coolidge famously refused to pose in a “four-gallon” hat, in a publicity stunt to promote a new film staring the movie cowboy, Tom Mix.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCm1yRG0ABL7CiZJUeMegd-BEHPnDqx5hUZ7pPBfxer8p5-9z9kAyJ64pIn00lBNl5wt5xxQkeXIqCQBNw2yIQbUez5aiCk7fTCkXydAOUsD-ws8QHUehFfmfHvmgG5bQ2PMwxAvKw0exd-TwD8HkMdZbvsMEwTohx18u-DRvm2gtnuCuLryJ8anDz/s1503/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20june%204%201925%20page%2019%20-%20coolidge%20advertiseing%20four%20gallon%20hat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1503" data-original-width="1453" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCm1yRG0ABL7CiZJUeMegd-BEHPnDqx5hUZ7pPBfxer8p5-9z9kAyJ64pIn00lBNl5wt5xxQkeXIqCQBNw2yIQbUez5aiCk7fTCkXydAOUsD-ws8QHUehFfmfHvmgG5bQ2PMwxAvKw0exd-TwD8HkMdZbvsMEwTohx18u-DRvm2gtnuCuLryJ8anDz/s320/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20june%204%201925%20page%2019%20-%20coolidge%20advertiseing%20four%20gallon%20hat.jpg" width="309" /></a></div>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">After receiving the rough riding actor the President with a sigh agreed to step outside and be “shot.” The camera men were lined up like a true enough firing squad. There were
efforts to get the </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">President to put on a four-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11">. That was too much. Mr. Coolidge couldn’t imagine himself as a cowboy. So the picture was shot with the
President and the actor and its appearance coincided with the “release” of a new feature by the self-same star.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm11">, June 4, 1925, page 19.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg633_YzOW_yO6TUbfBXYB_5Vn9Mp9m-7loBFasEs6gCK8_sheKKjw0SmYlcHUMwdVCjO2tYTU1cxrBRi-tr14cznzRWpzBPDlkoLzZBFktwuZHYsDBCR4N9ZwwwOZ7Ss5kcnqkHnATPR75ulYnhnVMOWGDJAs4NFmzFIQcih2D2Hi0VBb9ytjLgtaX/s986/coolidge%20tom%20mix%20library%20of%20congress%20item%202016839894.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="986" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg633_YzOW_yO6TUbfBXYB_5Vn9Mp9m-7loBFasEs6gCK8_sheKKjw0SmYlcHUMwdVCjO2tYTU1cxrBRi-tr14cznzRWpzBPDlkoLzZBFktwuZHYsDBCR4N9ZwwwOZ7Ss5kcnqkHnATPR75ulYnhnVMOWGDJAs4NFmzFIQcih2D2Hi0VBb9ytjLgtaX/w400-h319/coolidge%20tom%20mix%20library%20of%20congress%20item%202016839894.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"><br />Pres. & Mrs. Coolidge & Tom & Mrs. Mix, 5/21/25. , 1925. Photograph. </span><u><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2016839894/"><span class="tm11">https://www.loc.gov/item/2016839894/</span></a></u><span class="tm11">. </span>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Tom Mix was likely promoting </span><i><span class="tm14">The Rainbow Trail</span></i><span class="tm11"> (a sequel to </span><i><span class="tm14">Riders of the Purple Sage</span></i><span class="tm11">), which had just started showing in movie theaters a week earlier.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJSx7vqoEQFXetLkFx7F6fbbM-mvYKg64R_-yz9l-xYgEwaH8MFouMNf4KDdbu8fxyQuNWM5TJ09UAnVYzCREOjfvHUVMx0a_wq9rqi7ge4pFzrwQ98NqQb6WVHe_1ZBvdW_nTBTuDKFpF1KJd8crQgkR_HkT5G2MSNvj8UN-KfC2MXHMrolQFSdp/s4093/exhibitorsherald21unse_0133%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4093" data-original-width="2989" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJSx7vqoEQFXetLkFx7F6fbbM-mvYKg64R_-yz9l-xYgEwaH8MFouMNf4KDdbu8fxyQuNWM5TJ09UAnVYzCREOjfvHUVMx0a_wq9rqi7ge4pFzrwQ98NqQb6WVHe_1ZBvdW_nTBTuDKFpF1KJd8crQgkR_HkT5G2MSNvj8UN-KfC2MXHMrolQFSdp/s320/exhibitorsherald21unse_0133%20small.jpg" width="234" /></a></span></div><i><span class="tm14">Exhibitor’s Herald</span></i><span class="tm11">, Volume 21, Number 2, April 4, 1925, page 5.</span>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Coolidge would eventually lose his fear of ten-gallon hats - and of publicity, at least as it pertained to his own hat and his own publicity. During the summer of 1927, he was seen, photographed
and filmed wearing a large cowboy hat on numerous occasions. Thousands of accounts in hundreds of newspapers across the United States reported the wearing of his “ten-gallon” hat.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm14"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirF7gn1-vpxo5wnUnWxlwEIAD2H_Lofn2EeDFp8U2rFUX5low4HP7LYZNlDzS-Hve708RnCZo_nWE7vBqSgdzupPcN2CF5jnARJ8ezauvTwzYmes_FfHQ16ueSAdO1lAs7Jbz_4KmdCQN3q8mq_oVtfOjLsP7fpUYj3Tsw5ALI0jdc69-iMBgurdAy/s663/charlotte%20observer%20june%2027%201927%20page%205%20coolidge%2010%20gallon%20hat%20headline..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="663" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirF7gn1-vpxo5wnUnWxlwEIAD2H_Lofn2EeDFp8U2rFUX5low4HP7LYZNlDzS-Hve708RnCZo_nWE7vBqSgdzupPcN2CF5jnARJ8ezauvTwzYmes_FfHQ16ueSAdO1lAs7Jbz_4KmdCQN3q8mq_oVtfOjLsP7fpUYj3Tsw5ALI0jdc69-iMBgurdAy/s320/charlotte%20observer%20june%2027%201927%20page%205%20coolidge%2010%20gallon%20hat%20headline..jpg" width="320" /></a></span></i></div><i><span class="tm14">Charlotte Observer</span></i><span class="tm11"> (North Carolina), June 27, 1927, page 5.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The President received a complete cowboy outfit for his birthday, which was on the Fourth of July.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0Y1Yw8BO6zVN0WnyPLJUfag_FBLKv_ATXomQj-bfnl2fF1iGvwxwA72NQsjKLHX_WmOyjZF8NZV5qpuvAr1lruEXQK74UeVeyWsOoiYMkbPwrljohmTqXNejhmz6acSNahke9g3qIpUY0wxSQg-GV75o7Ebif3UHPiMBKoH6xUGfnxlwE6I68gaf/s1171/daily%20press%20-%20newport%20news%20va%20-%20july%205%201927%20page%201%20-%20coolidge.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1171" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0Y1Yw8BO6zVN0WnyPLJUfag_FBLKv_ATXomQj-bfnl2fF1iGvwxwA72NQsjKLHX_WmOyjZF8NZV5qpuvAr1lruEXQK74UeVeyWsOoiYMkbPwrljohmTqXNejhmz6acSNahke9g3qIpUY0wxSQg-GV75o7Ebif3UHPiMBKoH6xUGfnxlwE6I68gaf/s320/daily%20press%20-%20newport%20news%20va%20-%20july%205%201927%20page%201%20-%20coolidge.jpg" width="191" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Coolidge was given a complete cowboy outfit today on his fifty-fifth birthday and he brought delight to his guests and boy scouts who presented the outfit by appearing on the front
lawn of the state game lodge in the full regalia of a western horseman. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The hills surrounding the lodge resounded with cheers as the President returned from the house in the middle of his birthday party wearing a bright red shirt, blue kerchief, chaps, boots,
spurs and <span style="color: red;">a ten gallon hat</span>.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">Daily Press</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Newport News, Virginia), July 5, 1927, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnpQhrzfCP2fUNaCimeKJjnPbXDpJvYRttgRuBy0rQX2PG6g6O0FGBKa6B0zAyeO24P0I0D1XlGKFbGcy7nCWEQdZC1KqG2b0VBBw-_2OMmd3TS5T8A6supoXASMPoAr9Yqt5mnkmNuKmSPX1CNlUlM7R_OLlNqanxwl-5Z_J4anFtubNuJ3_QXVkd/s1213/Calvin%20Coolidge%20south%20dakota%201927%20loc%20item.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="1213" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnpQhrzfCP2fUNaCimeKJjnPbXDpJvYRttgRuBy0rQX2PG6g6O0FGBKa6B0zAyeO24P0I0D1XlGKFbGcy7nCWEQdZC1KqG2b0VBBw-_2OMmd3TS5T8A6supoXASMPoAr9Yqt5mnkmNuKmSPX1CNlUlM7R_OLlNqanxwl-5Z_J4anFtubNuJ3_QXVkd/w400-h193/Calvin%20Coolidge%20south%20dakota%201927%20loc%20item.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Coolidge in cowboy outfit, standing in field with photographers; mountain in background. , ca. 1927. July 12. Photograph. </span><u><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/96522723/"><span class="tm11">https://www.loc.gov/item/96522723/</span></a></u><span class="tm11">. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Not everyone was impressed.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The rumblings that you may have heard lately were the rumblings and nashing of teeth of Teddy Roosevelt when he turned over in his grave at the thought of the little slim Cal at a rodeo </span><span class="tm16">wearing a ten-gallon hat</span><span class="tm11"> and sheepskin breeches. The Pathe News on the films in the cities showed Cal donning his wildwest outfit and a pinto pony being led out to him. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Daily Standard</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Sikeston, Missouri), July 22, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">At the time, there was speculation in the press that Coolidge would seek a third term as President, and his western wear was thought to be an effort to curry favor among voters in certain
parts of the country.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ft7JUCEuBoED8sTQPTqekPZSPra4eUuBlgNHRPFRThYnzXKwJ-JDEvHxXlsnxr_vfwk8eEanKi2eYG9l4mT0FjPbdfNXzvAmJD3h2CosBKhaptIiEEC8dDa8oPdnA7OjQb4TUMTlR4h1CVgyzw6Y9rvfdJ5Vk_FVy0GAI05JELMYopln2VOpGbwG/s1261/daily%20standard%20sikeston%20missouri%20july%2022%201927%20page%202%20-%20coolidge.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1261" data-original-width="1017" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ft7JUCEuBoED8sTQPTqekPZSPra4eUuBlgNHRPFRThYnzXKwJ-JDEvHxXlsnxr_vfwk8eEanKi2eYG9l4mT0FjPbdfNXzvAmJD3h2CosBKhaptIiEEC8dDa8oPdnA7OjQb4TUMTlR4h1CVgyzw6Y9rvfdJ5Vk_FVy0GAI05JELMYopln2VOpGbwG/s320/daily%20standard%20sikeston%20missouri%20july%2022%201927%20page%202%20-%20coolidge.jpg" width="258" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"><br /></span><i><span class="tm14">The Daily Standard</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Sikeston, Missouri), July 22, page 2.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Coolidge wore a “ten gallon” hat to a rodeo, where he cheered on his “favorite entry,” a man named Dakota Clyde Jones, described variously as the man “in
charge of the Custer State Park rangers” or the “keeper of the horses at the summer white house.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">From the center of a mammoth crowd of westerners, President </span><span class="tm16">Coolidge, <span style="color: red;">wearing a “Ten-Gallon” hat</span></span><span class="tm11">, today watched the tri-state round-up, a spectacle of skill and daring on horse and steer.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Atlanta Constitution</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 6, 1927, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">And he wore a “ten-gallon” hat to the ground-breaking (or would it be rock-breaking) ceremonies for Mount Rushmore, which he attended in August 1927.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">When President Coolidge attended the Mt. Rushmore Memorial Celebration near his South Dakota summer home, he chose to go astride “Mistletoe” his favorite horse, to </span><span class="tm16">wear his <span style="color: red;">new ten-gallon hat</span></span><span class="tm11"> and good substantial cowboy riding boots. “Quite Sensible,” said Dakotans.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The McCook Tribune</span></i><span class="tm11"> (McCook, Nebraska), August 24, 1927, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">President Coolidge broke out his “ten-gallon” hat again in October, when his favorite South Dakota cowboy, “Dakota” Clyde Jones, visited Washington DC.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAsUc2wD5XvKGQ4_naMn6_paBFumvtej9Olz1HTTisXgWpZ47HrAmpDdR03xv-4S16kIa9rrs0l_FezaIlX8M0kU_h4qTlsCBGeRrBD4mRw4TpsqDHTNVNPyHFoH5dvxucUTYe4utN-4xfy8gfIAqpIUDI3MYZzM2SwssjYDNA3J0AaC5G3pqojYe/s1862/uc1.b4517866-seq_3%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1470" data-original-width="1862" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAsUc2wD5XvKGQ4_naMn6_paBFumvtej9Olz1HTTisXgWpZ47HrAmpDdR03xv-4S16kIa9rrs0l_FezaIlX8M0kU_h4qTlsCBGeRrBD4mRw4TpsqDHTNVNPyHFoH5dvxucUTYe4utN-4xfy8gfIAqpIUDI3MYZzM2SwssjYDNA3J0AaC5G3pqojYe/s320/uc1.b4517866-seq_3%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The cowboy wore his <span style="color: red;">ten-gallon hat</span> and high-heeled riding boots but parked his roweled spurs and chaps outside lest they scratch the White House furniture. . . .</span>
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The president took one of his own <span style="color: red;">ten-gallon hats</span> out of camphor this afternoon, donned it and posed with Jones for photographers on the south lawn of the White House.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">The Morning Call</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Allentown, Pennsylvania), October 22, 1927, page 1. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">At least one observer credited the President with reviving interest in the “ten-gallon” hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">If the pilgrimage to the Black Hills has done nothing else it has served to bring the <span style="color: red;">ten-gallon hat</span> back to its own.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Most folks had forgotten that there was such a thing - that is, most city folks. The big hat, so far as the great bulk of the population knew, has gone into that musty limbo from which there
is no return.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">But <span style="color: red;">the ten-gallon hat has staged a comeback</span>. Athwart a presidential dome it has been shot for the movies and recorded indelibly by the still shots. The ten-gallon hat - there she, or he
- stands and long may it wave.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The ten-gallon hat is in the ring and a hat of that kind makes mighty near a ring full without any other company.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Butler County Press</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Hamilton, Ohio), August 5, 1927, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">But President Coolidge was not done wearing his ten-gallon hat. During the summer of 1928, even without the hint of a possible campaign in the offing, the President shocked locals in Wisconsin
by breaking out his “ten-gallon” hat to go fishing.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXXPReYzLGZwjtGZ2zf5xCqhdenYMNIRCwcm8c3AbT-OwkLe7KsH49bkYgoAN3-b3QxURVDs7a-Q44fxRPSbwuBXaGDXZQWAR88UE8O0H_hX7sdyxljkNP21w_rm6juYy1nkKvI7N5_hjUnpbiEixtx_R-oqKLD4ogSWkSM6KJuMT-p4ccwu9gnaX/s1537/lexington%20herald%20june%2022%201928%20-%20coolidge%20fishing%20ten%20gallon%20hat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="1537" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXXPReYzLGZwjtGZ2zf5xCqhdenYMNIRCwcm8c3AbT-OwkLe7KsH49bkYgoAN3-b3QxURVDs7a-Q44fxRPSbwuBXaGDXZQWAR88UE8O0H_hX7sdyxljkNP21w_rm6juYy1nkKvI7N5_hjUnpbiEixtx_R-oqKLD4ogSWkSM6KJuMT-p4ccwu9gnaX/s320/lexington%20herald%20june%2022%201928%20-%20coolidge%20fishing%20ten%20gallon%20hat.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"> </span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">First definite accounts of President Coolidge fishing - picturing him as wearing a ten-gallon hat, rubber boots and a slicker over a khaki shirt and using dry flies as his bait - both puzzled
and delighted this town [(Superior, Wisconsin)] of ardent fishermen today.</span>
</p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Mr. <span style="color: red;">Coolidge’s ten-gallon felt hat</span> gave rise to the puzzlement, while the news that he did not use worms for bait caused much relief among the easily touched sporting sensibilities
of the habitual trout anglers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">The Lexington Herald</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Kentucky), June 22, 1928, page 1. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Although the hyperbolic “ten-gallon” label stuck, some widely circulated jokes addressed the literal truth of the hat-size, the truth about Coolidge and the truth about how
many Westerners actually wear the hats.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">An anxious inquirer asks The Journal if a “ten-gallon hat” really holds ten gallons. Darned if we know. We never saw one in South Dakota till Coolidge came West. - Western (S.
D.) Journal.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The News Journal </span></i><span class="tm11">(Wilmington, Delaware), August 25, 1927, page 18.</span></p><br />
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The present occupant of the White House brings in his fish and poses with them the while his neck is encircled in a high, stiff collar. The country saw at once that it wasn’t merely
a matter of being out of tune with fishdom in the matter of bait - the whole thing went deeper than that and was in reality a matter of disposition, or temperament, or something like that. But even that wasn’t as bad
as the pose in the ten-gallon hat, as it has come to be called, though it doesn’t begin to hold ten gallons. Six quarts is the usual rated capacity.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Butler County Press </span></i><span class="tm11">(Hamilton, Ohio), August 5, 1927, page 3.</span></p><span class="tm11"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">As for why the so-called cowboy hat came to be called “x-gallon,” or ultimately “ten gallon,” it seems likely that it was simply a humorously exaggerated description
of a unusually large hat style. A previous style of hat had been known by a similar name, though usually with a smaller, stated volume, and that expression seems to have been transferred from one style to another as fashions
changed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The simple, perhaps more likely answer is not the only answer out there. There are at least two alternate theories, although neither one of them has been supported by anything other than
conjecture - in both cases, perhaps reasonable conjecture deserving of a closer look, but conjecture nonetheless - without (apparently) much effort to justify or support the theory with actual supporting documentation.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">“Galon” - Braid</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The theory, that the “gallon” in “ten-gallon” hat is a corruption of “galon,” a Spanish name for a decorative braid, first appeared in print in 1939.
The theory appeared in a brief article, in an academic journal, written by Arthur L. Campa, a professor of Spanish at the University of New Mexico. The article was reprinted, nearly in full, in several newspapers shortly
afterward. The theory received a gloss of extra-respectability, when cited in a footnote of a discussion on Spanish loan-words in H. L. Mencken’s </span><i><span class="tm14">American Language: Supplement I</span></i><span class="tm11"> (1945).<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a> It has since been repeated as fact dozens of times in dozens of
newspapers, books and other sources, generally without question, attribution or additional supporting documentation. And many of the later restatements of the theory toss in new, additional, unsupported details, not in the
original.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The theory was first published more than ten years after President Coolidge’s famous “ten-gallon” hat-wearing incidents, more than two decades after the earliest-known
examples of “x-gallon” western-style hat appeared in print, and long after the original “two-gallon” stovepipe hat had largely disappeared. The theory may have taken hold because of collective amnesia
about the archaic term for the archaic hat. And the person who first floated the theory may not have even been familiar with the passe term for the passe hat-style.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Arthur L. Campa was a Spanish language educator and pioneer in the study of Mexican-American folklore. He earned a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree from the University of New
Mexico, and a PhD from Columbia University. He authored several textbooks for people learning Spanish, several collections of North American, Spanish-language poetry, songs and stories, and a history and survey of the Hispanic
culture of the American Southwest. He spent a decade on the faculty of the University of New Mexico, served as an officer in the Army Air Corps during World War II, with service in North Africa and Italy, and later served
on the faculty of the University of Denver, as well as spending a decade as “Cultural Attache” at the American embassy in Lima, Peru.<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Campa was born in Mexico, to a Mexican Methodist minister who had trained in the United States and an American mother. He lived at various times in La Paz, Mexico, Douglas, Arizona and
Cananea, Sonora. His father, a captain in revolutionary forces under Venustiano Carranza, was killed in 1914, by revolutionaries under Pancho Villa. Following his father’s death, his mother returned to the United States,
moving to El Paso, and later Albuquerque, when Arthur was eighteen years old.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Arthur L. Campa graduated from Harwood Methodist High School in Albuquerque in 1923, having played on the state championship runner-up, Harwood High basketball team, during his senior year.
If Campa and his teammates had actually won the state title, it would have been another </span><i><span class="tm14">Hoosiers</span></i><span class="tm11"> moment.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The Harwood boy’s school was a Methodist boarding school; a short-lived sister school (brother school?) of the Harwood Girls School, which operated for nearly a century, from the
1880s through the 1970s.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a> It opened in 1922 for the “industrial and religious training of native boys,”<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a>
and closed in 1929, having provided for the “education of boys of Spanish descent and of Mexican parentage,” for students drawn from New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Mexico.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Following high school, Campa attended Albuquerque Business College in 1924, where he joined four of his high school teammates on that school’s basketball team.<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a>
He and his brother later studied at the University of New Mexico, although there’s no indication that they ever played basketball for the Lobos, although is brother David, who had been a starter for the Harwood High
state runner-up team, won an award for writing the “best rally song” for the school.<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Arthur L. Campa’s speculation about the origin of the expression “Ten-Gallon hat” (as applied to a western-style “cowboy” hat) appeared in an article entitled,
“Ten-Gallon hats,” in the journal, </span><i><span class="tm14">American Speech</span></i><span class="tm11">, in October 1939. The article was reprinted in full, with attribution, in numerous American newspapers
shortly after publication. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The original article covered half-a-page, with four paragraphs, no footnotes, endnotes, citations, or references, and no examples of early, related transitional examples. The basic thesis
is that the word “gallon” in the expression “ten-gallon hat,” was originally a “mistaken translation of a Spanish word.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The word ‘gallon’ had no reference to size at one time; it simply served to describe the braid with which a vaquero’s hat was trimmed, and instead of being ‘gallon’
it should have been ‘galloon.’ The Mexican vaquero and charro still speaks of his sombrero galon or his galon y toquilla. In numerous ballads collected in the Southwest, the name galon appears repeatedly to describe
a ‘gallooned hat.’</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Since the Spanish word galon may be translated into either ‘galloon,’ or ‘gallon’ it is not surprising that the transliteration should take that form which was closer
to the original galon. The additional descriptive ‘ten’ was simply a relative term used to designate a hat of greater size. It may not be too far fetched to note, in this connection, that the largest milkcan
used on ranches is of ten-gallon capacity.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A. L. Campa University of Mexico</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Ten Gallon Hats,” A. L. Campa (University of Mexico), <i>American Speech</i>, Volume 14, Number 3, October 1929, page 201.</span></p><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Since its first appearance, the general idea has been repeated hundreds of times as fact, and with additional embellishments not mentioned in the original. Whereas Campa simply suggested
that “gallon” came from “galon,” and the “ten” was added to suggest relative size, later versions of the theory suggest that “ten” related to either the height of the crown,
or width of the brim, as measured by the number of “galon” braids it could accommodate. These embellishments, which are no fault of Campa’s, seem particularly implausible.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">As for Campa’s suggestion that “gallon” came from “galon,” it seems as though it would have been a plausible explanation, or at least a suggestion worthy of
additional exploration, if not for the existence of the long history of describing abnormally large hats by increasingly exaggerated volume. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">To fully understand the suggestion, it may be worth looking into what a “galon” is and its relationship to hats. It may be true that “galon” was a Spanish word,
but it was also a word commonly used in English-language discussion of fashion.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A “galon,” or frequently “galloon,” was a decorative ribbon, band or braid, generally with some metallic component. Many references to “galon” or “galloon”
refer to silver or gold “galon” or “galloon.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Although most references to silver or gold galon or galloon refer to decorative trim on women’s dresses, they were also used on hats, frequently women’s hats, and not limited
to a specific style of hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Many “gallooned” hats, or hats with “galon” or “galloon” trim, were women’s hats.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Cream-colored straw </span><span class="tm16">hats have bands of <span style="color: red;">gold or silver galloon</span></span><span class="tm11"> with clusters of white ostrich tips and fancy jeweled pins as ornaments.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Evening Journal </span></i><span class="tm11">(Vineland, New Jersey), September 6, 1890, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRibSnAsTO2animyReCkmY5pGClMSBarRHKRYSYkR_R9yJTbFIAijdBNFzT7lRA4CpoAzyQHuwkOyNw8aZz5ZIQWITIGawp5yrIhZ-DrHufH6Za6-HlWiA-vk_C-BEiA3IXAeiopqtHDLzNv-H15mzAeXS5oP_ulFyfH-Rvph0gFkVuvNaQ26psoRg/s1391/west%20briton%20and%20cornwall%20advertiser%20truro%20cornwall%20dec%2031%201903%20page%202%20-%20gold%20galon%20on%20hat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1391" data-original-width="905" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRibSnAsTO2animyReCkmY5pGClMSBarRHKRYSYkR_R9yJTbFIAijdBNFzT7lRA4CpoAzyQHuwkOyNw8aZz5ZIQWITIGawp5yrIhZ-DrHufH6Za6-HlWiA-vk_C-BEiA3IXAeiopqtHDLzNv-H15mzAeXS5oP_ulFyfH-Rvph0gFkVuvNaQ26psoRg/s320/west%20briton%20and%20cornwall%20advertiser%20truro%20cornwall%20dec%2031%201903%20page%202%20-%20gold%20galon%20on%20hat.jpg" width="208" /></a></div><span class="tm11"> </span><p></p><p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11">A Winter Hat.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The crown of the hat is simply </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">encircled with dull gold galon</span><span class="tm11">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Truro, England), December 31, 1903, page 12.</span></p><br /><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">One of the girls had made for herself a gorgeous <span style="color: red;">hat band. It was of </span></span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">gold galloon</span><span class="tm11"> and it had hand-made flowers, and vines running over it and caught into the gold mesh of the galloon was a kind of simulated fruit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, October 19, 1911, page 23.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvcMotsSaHKO2hiKyl1DGq6vH_2czsIg4fcZ0V93TOJ0nglISZHufv4rktW3GKemXxGoeeDzEthUTsVV0utRNlztnA0zV_bPF18G7x4smuIVLYeX6PUDZpGazd6u5yjqCoCCp2zfXrn22lbJUPo39mo-yw07RDYQ5vfzPaPyPJK_vuYenecsbUC_9/s1511/new%20tribune%20tacoma%20oct%2023%201914%20page%2015%20pic%20hat%20w%20galon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1511" data-original-width="781" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvcMotsSaHKO2hiKyl1DGq6vH_2czsIg4fcZ0V93TOJ0nglISZHufv4rktW3GKemXxGoeeDzEthUTsVV0utRNlztnA0zV_bPF18G7x4smuIVLYeX6PUDZpGazd6u5yjqCoCCp2zfXrn22lbJUPo39mo-yw07RDYQ5vfzPaPyPJK_vuYenecsbUC_9/s320/new%20tribune%20tacoma%20oct%2023%201914%20page%2015%20pic%20hat%20w%20galon.jpg" width="165" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11">The sheaf of plumage is arranged at the top of the brim under a long, </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">flat bow of galon</span><span class="tm11">. </span>
<p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">New Tribune</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Tacoma, Washington), October 23, 1914, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Of gray velvet is a scalloped-shell brimmed hat. A </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">band of gun-metal galloon</span><span class="tm11"><span style="color: red;"> </span>finds its way around the crown under a velvet box pleating and terminates into a brush of skunk fur partially encircling the crown.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican</span></i><span class="tm11"> (North Dakota), September 27, 1916, Fashion Section page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">On the lower left is shown a mourning toque, having a dome crown and drooping mushroom brim. The trimming of this chic toque is jet beads and </span><span class="tm16">dull jet galloon</span><span class="tm11">.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4s5lHmdmo2k_B2F6YxDwlbyg1PHTA0p58Bo37fWfzTN9irKLSTQweIeXj6flFDG-aPtMB_sxn0CeiDoAeRA2cejrrVsIPw5mH-urvVmHn4Du1YNR54HGWyEBNLQkG4XOLrUh0MNUvMrCRGN2UdoCVZYG1DGrbsQdrZ6910IV_Q9ImFNwb-YbBwfQ/s2348/bridgeport%20times%20and%20evening%20farmer%20feb%2017%201915%20page%209%20mournint%20toque%20black%20galloon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1531" data-original-width="2348" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4s5lHmdmo2k_B2F6YxDwlbyg1PHTA0p58Bo37fWfzTN9irKLSTQweIeXj6flFDG-aPtMB_sxn0CeiDoAeRA2cejrrVsIPw5mH-urvVmHn4Du1YNR54HGWyEBNLQkG4XOLrUh0MNUvMrCRGN2UdoCVZYG1DGrbsQdrZ6910IV_Q9ImFNwb-YbBwfQ/s320/bridgeport%20times%20and%20evening%20farmer%20feb%2017%201915%20page%209%20mournint%20toque%20black%20galloon.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><i><span class="tm14">The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Connecticut), February 17, 1915, page 9.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Se predice que se llevaran mucho los </span><span class="tm16">sombreros</span><span class="tm11"> de estilo Mandarin, o seanse de ala caida; en efecto ellos son artisticos y bonitos.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Un lindo modelo de estos es de terciopelo beige cubierto con un </span><span class="tm16" style="color: red;">galon de plata</span><span class="tm11">, y alrededor de la copa una tira de piel pasada por unas aplicaciones de plata.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">El Paso Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, November 11, 1916, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A few gallooned hats were men’s hats, particularly military hats worn by high-ranking officers.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Details gleaned from a late-18</span><sup><span class="tm11">th</span></sup><span class="tm11"> century diary, written by an early, Spanish Governor of California named Don Pedro Fages
and rediscovered in the early-20</span><sup><span class="tm11">th</span></sup><span class="tm11"> century, were widely published in 1913. One item mentioned in many of those reports was a description of a Captain Palma’s
hat, variously described in translation as a “silver-gallooned hat” or a peaked hat, “gallooned with silver and adorned with a cockade.” The date of the writing was nearly a century before the hat-style
later associated with the expression, “ten-gallon hat” was in use, so it is unlikely that it would have been a reference to such a hat.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Also, in more recent times, a British admiral is said to have worn a “gallooned” hat.<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxivback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Wearing the <span style="color: red;">gallooned cocked-hat of a full admiral</span> of His Majesty’s Navy, Sir Charles Gordon Ramsey reluctantly pulled down his flag which had flown over the naval base at Rosyth, Scotland,
and went into retirement on October 1 of last year.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Carbon Chronicle</span></i><span class="tm11"> (Carbon, Alberta), May 6, 1943, page 4.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">It may be true, as Arthur Campa claimed, that “galon” was used sombreros in Spanish-language writings. It is not clear, however, whether those examples were limited to fancy
hats, trimmed in gold or silver braid, or related to working hats, of the style commonly worn by Mexican vaqueros and western cowboys. He did not list any citations, so it is impossible to say.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Cowboys did wear hats with hatbands, but perhaps not generally with decorative galon. Mexicans of means did wear expensive hats, decorated with what may be described as metallic galon,
but it is not clear that such usage could have, or did filter down to workaday cowboys. A few contemporary descriptions of hats illustrate common features of cowboy and Mexican hat styles from the relevant period.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A report out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico in 1880 described the get-up of two travelers “decked out in the full war-paint of Texas cow-boys.” Their hats had hatbands, but not
fancy galon, just a rolled-up bandanna.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Either wears a whitish felt hat, vast of brim, and with a neatly-rolled red handkerchief tied around the minute portion of a crown; a blue woolen shirt, also surmounted in the region of the
neck with a red kerchief; calf skin leggins, trimmed with leather fringe and buttons adown the outer seams; spurs fiercely long in the rowel and given to jingling bravely; two belts, holdin in their loops 100 rounds of cartridges,
half for the revolver suspended from one of the belts and half for a repeating carbine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, July 25, 1880, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">In an extensive interview first published in the </span><i><span class="tm14">New York Sun</span></i><span class="tm11"> (and later republished in book form as </span><i><span class="tm14">Life and Adventures of a Cowboy</span></i><span class="tm11">), a famous cowboy named John H. Sullivan, who was better known by his stage name, Broncho John, described the functionality of the various items of a typical cowboy’s clothing and gear. He described the
use of hatbands on their hats, but made of leather, not fancy galon.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Take, for instance, the cowboy’s big-rimmed hat. The fact alone that it has been worn without changing fashion for generation after generation is enough to indicate that use not vanity,
dictated its origin. Until recent years, when the importance of these hats was recognized by hat manufactures and wool, felt, and fur were turned to account in making them, we made our own hats. . . . We wear leather bands
on all our hats, because cotton, woolen, or silk won’t wear and won’t keep the hats on.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Nowadays our hats are made in the East and made of the best fur of the best water animals. We can wash them or soak them in water for that matter, after they have been exposed to all kinds
of weather, and they hold their shape as if they were just out of the factory. They will do service for many years. The Stetson hat is the most commonly used in the West. They cost from $8 to $30. If made to order they
cost a great deal more. I have seen hats that cost $500. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">The New York Sun</span></i><span class="tm11">, August 29, 1886, page 6. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhda0lDd7J4X7mZfBeMz0zD5UFpI5cFYiYWg6lNSWaLlW8oLLfaJj1qJJFx5crPpZbpqfyIZMh2HyZyW11L9JRcRc5ypzvvfaLgb7EfEzHEfCdGC49unM8O2YxG15UHA2CeIc5sQM1N56haeDGaDg7DkDmU2_yyE7a2lim1OBkc0KAwtWBog5Z0QLaE/s1299/Philadelphia%20Times%20jan%2015%201888%20page%209%20broncho%20john.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1299" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhda0lDd7J4X7mZfBeMz0zD5UFpI5cFYiYWg6lNSWaLlW8oLLfaJj1qJJFx5crPpZbpqfyIZMh2HyZyW11L9JRcRc5ypzvvfaLgb7EfEzHEfCdGC49unM8O2YxG15UHA2CeIc5sQM1N56haeDGaDg7DkDmU2_yyE7a2lim1OBkc0KAwtWBog5Z0QLaE/s320/Philadelphia%20Times%20jan%2015%201888%20page%209%20broncho%20john.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm11"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Broncho
John, the Scout of the Sierras, accompanied by the famous scouts and
cowboys, Lasso Mike, Wyoming Bill, Injun Jim, Buffalo Dan, Arizona Bill
and Rocky Mountain Tom. </span><br /></div><div><p></p>
<span class="tm11"></span><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><i><span class="tm14">Philadelphia Times</span></i><span class="tm11">, January 15, 1888, page 9.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span><span class="tm11"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">An anecdote published in a popular illustrated magazine, about a man who brought a fancy Mexican hat onto a train in Texas, distinguished common Texan hats from fancier Mexican hats. The
Mexican hats, as described, were decorated with metallic trim consistent with the sorts of decorative ribbons called galon or galloon. Texan hats were apparently plainer and cheaper.</span></p><p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11">MEXICAN HATS.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">A passenger in a coach from the West one night recently, writes a Fort Worth correspondent, when he boarded the train out on the plains, brought in and carefully deposited in the drawing-room
on one of the cushions, a $50 Mexican hat, stiff with silver thread embroidery and circled by a heavy silver cord. He was A. J. Adams, who, only twenty-eight years old, is able, out of the profits of his New Mexican ranch,
to indulge in the luxury of a $50 hat, but purely as a piece of interior decoration for an Eastern friend’s house. Sheriff Warne, of Mitchell County, who, with Millionaire Gregory, of Chicago, was admiring the hat,
said that General Valdes, when an exile from Mexico, had with him a hat that cost $600, and a California saddle that had cost $2,300. Both were heavily embroidered with gold and silver lace, and the general was very proud
of them. “It’s a common thing,” he added, “for these Texans to wear hats that cost from $15 to $25. In fact, a cowboy’s hat and saddle cost more than the whole of the rest of his outfit. The
boys get these big hats from the East, where they are manufactured, although they are never worn. A silk hat is as uncommon out here as one of these sombreros is on Broadway.</span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“These big hats are the best hats in the world. They are warm in Winter, and a shade in Summer. The Texans are very particular about the broad brims. They will touch nothing with
a brim narrower than three inches, and they want often a hat that is five and a half inches in width of brim. These hats last four or five years, and some cowmen have a superstition about them if they have good luck while
they own them, and after they have worn them a long while, they will send them on and have them cleaned and wear them several years longer. . . .”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“Why are Mexican hats so expensive?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“They are made by hand. Unlike the Texan sombreros, they are made of wool carefully prepared, and each one of these costly hats represents several months’ labor. This hat, you
will see,” he added, as he rubbed his hand over the peak, “is as soft as a new-born baby’s cheeks. This silver thread is laid on by women, who are careful to mat it together. It gives the brim a curl, and
it keeps the tiny sugar-loaf in the centre stiff. This pattern is very simple, but you will see the cactus, the palm and the Mexican grasses picked out in gold and silver on many of the hats. The true Mexican will invest
his all in a fancy hat and clothe the rest of his body in dirty rags.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper</span></i><span class="tm11">, Volume 59, Number 1,529, January 10, 1885, page 343.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">It may be true, as Arthur L. Campa said, that some people referred to some of their hats as “sombrero galon,” but it is not clear that such references would have been commonly
used among common working ranch hands, such that it might have spawned the expression, “ten-gallon hat,” to refer to over-sized western hats. Given the ubiquity of the use of galon or galloon in reference to decorative
trim on a wide variety of clothing and hat designs, it seems unlikely that the expression would develop specifically to describe a particular style of western or Mexican hat. It seems all the more unlikely, given the long
history of “x-gallon hat” to describe different styles of hats, long before it became used almost exclusively to refer to western-style cowboy hats. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The simple explanation is that the older expression gave way to a new meaning as hat styles changed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">“Tan Galan”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The earliest article floating the “</span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11">” theory appeared separately, and nearly simultaneously, in two publications in 1985, the newsletter of an organization called National Image Inc. and a publication called, </span><i><span class="tm14">Hispanic Link</span></i><span class="tm11">. Without access to the full, original version, it is impossible to say who wrote the piece, but the excerpts available in snippet views via </span><i><span class="tm14">Google Books</span></i><span class="tm11"> shows there is little or no evidence presented to support the claim. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The claim appears as one of a laundry list of Spanish or Mexican influences on the language of the American Southwest. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Thus the cowboy would say “Vamoose” (</span><i><span class="tm14">vamos</span></i><span class="tm11">; let’s go) “lasso” that “desperado” (</span><i><span class="tm14">deseperado</span></i><span class="tm11">; desperate one) and take him to the “hoosegow” (</span><i><span class="tm14">juzgado</span></i><span class="tm11">; court) and put him in the “calaboose” (</span><i><span class="tm14">calabozo</span></i><span class="tm11">; jail).</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The cowboy would grow to like </span><i><span class="tm14">chile con carne</span></i><span class="tm11"> and </span><i><span class="tm14">jalapenos</span></i><span class="tm11"> and cooked his “barbeque” (</span><i><span class="tm14">barbacoa</span></i><span class="tm11">; from a Taino Indian word) out on the range.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">Consider the origin of the ten gallon hat which is a direct copy of the charro’s (expert horsemen’s) </span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11"> (very decorative) sombrero. it has nothing to do with liquid capacity.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"></span><i><span class="tm14">National Image Inc. Newsletter</span></i><span class="tm11"> [October 1985]; </span><i><span class="tm14">Hispanic Link</span></i><span class="tm11">, Number 924, week of September 15, 1985.<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The claim would be more convincing if it included citations to Spanish-language references in which expert horsemen were said to be wearing </span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11"> sombreros. Sadly, no such citations were provided.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">“</span><i><span class="tm14">Tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11">” is, in fact, an expression that can be found in 19</span><sup><span class="tm11">th</span></sup><span class="tm11"> and early 20</span><sup><span class="tm11">th</span></sup><span class="tm11"> century Spanish language texts. A search on the </span><i><span class="tm14">HathiTrust</span></i><span class="tm11"> online archive, for publications printed in Mexico, before or during the year 1920, and with both the word string, “</span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11">,” and the word “</span><i><span class="tm14">sombrero</span></i><span class="tm11">,” anywhere within the text, resulted in sixty-one raw “hits.” A random spot-check of somewhere between ten and twenty unique volumes in those results found precisely zero examples in which
</span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11"> appeared anywhere near the word sombrero, and in most cases (divined using admittedly limited Spanish abilities) seemed to refer to people, as opposed
to things, much less hats or sombreros. That is not to say that it could never happen, but there is no evidence, beyond the unsupported claim, that it did.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">The suggestion that “ten-gallon” hat is a corruption of </span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan sombrero</span></i><span class="tm11"> seems unlikely, given that it depends on the similarity between “tan” and “ten,” and that most of the early examples of “x-gallon”
hat are anything other than “ten” gallons. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"> Unless and until more (or any at all) evidence in support of such early usage is presented, I would caution against buying into the “</span><i><span class="tm14">tan galan</span></i><span class="tm11">” hat business.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11">But by all means, buy a ten-gallon hat.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><hr style="text-align: left;" />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Philadelphia Times</span></i>, March 5, 1885, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> For more on the history and origin of the expression, “chestnut,” with reference to an old, stale joke or story, see “Horses,
Jokes and Bells - an Unfunny History of ‘Old Chestnut’ Jokes.” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/01/horses-jokes-and-bells-unfunny-history.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/01/horses-jokes-and-bells-unfunny-history.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Owosso Times </span></i>(Owosso, Michigan), January 16, 1891, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Wilkes-Barre Times Leader</span></i> (Pennsylvania), February 14, 1911, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Rockford Chronicle</span></i> (Alabama), June 21, 1912, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Baltimore Evening Sun</span></i>, October 13, 1914, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">St. Joseph News-Press </span></i>(Missouri), December 19, 1918, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">The Evening Index </span></i>(San Bernardino, California), February 24, 1919, page 9.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">San Francisco Chronicle</span></i>, March 10, 1919, page 15.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Casper Star-Tribune</span></i> (Wyoming), July 31, 1923, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Houston Post</span></i>, July 10, 1923, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat</span></i>, September 6, 1922, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Anaconda Standard</span></i>, May 23, 1923, page 9.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</span></i>, October 16, 1923, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <u><a href="https://youtu.be/MpO9dB0aHsI?t=112">https://youtu.be/MpO9dB0aHsI?t=112</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> For more silly and not-so-silly images of President Coolidge’s visit to South Dakota in 1927, see, “Presidential Visits
to South Dakota - Calvin Coolidge,” <i><span class="tm17">South Dakota Public Broadcasting</span></i>, <u><a href="https://www.sdpb.org/blogs/images-of-the-past/presidential-visits-to-south-dakota-calvin-coolidge/">https://www.sdpb.org/blogs/images-of-the-past/presidential-visits-to-south-dakota-calvin-coolidge/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> H. L. Mencken, <i><span class="tm17">The American Language: Supplement I</span></i>, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1945, page 313, footnote 3 (“An interesting discussion of ten-gallon hat, from the Spanish sombrero galon, by A. L. Campa, is
in <i><span class="tm17">American Speech</span></i>, Oct., 1939, p. 201.”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> Arthur L. Campa, Hispanic Culture in the Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1993 (brief biography
in the foreword, written by Richard L. Nostrand).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <u><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817173554/http://harwoodartcenter.org/ss/harwood-girls-school-1925-197/">https://web.archive.org/web/20110817173554/http://harwoodartcenter.org/ss/harwood-girls-school-1925-197/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Albuquerque Journal</span></i>, September 8, 1922, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Albuquerque Journal</span></i>, May 9, 1929, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Albuquerque Journal</span></i>, December 4, 1924, page 7.(“The business college team has in its
ranks five members of the Harwood team which was runner-up in the state tournament here in 1923. They are Madrid, Sisneros, Costalea and the Campa brothers, David and Arthur.”); <i><span class="tm17">Albuquerque Journal</span></i>, February 15, 1925, page 4 (in a game between the ABC (Albuquerque Business College) and the “Lobo Pups” (in context, presumably the University of New Mexico freshman
squad), the Camp brothers of ABC combined for one point in a 24-22 loss).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm17">Albuquerque Journal</span></i>, June 1, 1926, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> For a pic of Sir Charles Gordon Ramsey in his Admiral’s hat, see, <u><a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw209595/Sir-Charles-Gordon-Ramsey">https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw209595/Sir-Charles-Gordon-Ramsey</a></u> .</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> The excerpt can be pieced together using snippet view of word searches in or around the text of interest on <u><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NysaAQAAIAAJ&q=ten+gallon+hat+tan+galan&dq=ten+gallon+hat+tan+galan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip4vP9xqT-AhXwJEQIHVUoAHQQ6AF6BAgCEAI">books.google.com</a></u>.
The similarity of the text in the <i><span class="tm17">Hispanic Link</span></i> version can be seen using a snippet view from a word search of the text on <u><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laYLAAAAYAAJ&q=ten+gallon+hat+tan+galan&dq=ten+gallon+hat+tan+galan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip4vP9xqT-AhXwJEQIHVUoAHQQ6AF6BAgHEAI">books.google.com</a></u>.
The date of the Hispanic Link article can be seen on the snippet view of the search result. The date range of the <i><span class="tm17">National Image Inc. Newsletter</span></i> version can be inferred and approximated using searches for years and months on a limited search available on the HathiTrust version of the reference.</p>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-8099824568587067272023-04-21T19:02:00.007-07:002023-04-23T09:28:30.963-07:00A Tale of One City, Two Teams and Two Leagues - Did the Original Mets Become the NY Giants?<p style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">From 1880 through 1882, an independent, professional team called the New York Metropolitans (or “Mets”), played in New York City. Their founder and manager, James Mutrie, is
credited with bringing first-class, professional baseball back to New York, paving the way for not one, but two major league teams in the city in 1883. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The franchise currently known as the San Francisco Giants joined the National League in 1883, representing the city of New York. That same year, a team called the New York Metropolitans
(“Mets”), under the management of James Mutrie, joined the upstart American Association, a major league rival to the National League that had played its first season in 1882. The Giants still play in the National
League. The Metropolitans folded in 1887. They are best known today as an historical curiosity, and as the team that lent its name to the modern New York Mets, who have played in the National League since 1962.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Baseball historians generally consider the Mets of 1883 to be a continuation of the same team that had competed as an independent team during the previous three seasons. It seems like a
logical conclusion - the 1882 Mets and the 1883 Mets share the same name, same manager, and several players in common. Baseball historians generally date the beginning of the San Francisco Giants’ franchise to that
1883 season. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nevertheless, a significant body of evidence gleaned from contemporary accounts of league, team and player transactions during the off-season between the 1882 and 1883 seasons suggests that
the team admitted to the National League during League meetings in December 1882 was the New York Metropolitans, and that the team admitted to the American Association was a newly formed team, despite later playing under different
team names when the new season began.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This is a radical suggestion that upsets long-standing historical doctrine of team, league and baseball history. I have written about the issue before, but in a condensed manner, and buried
within a more extensive discussion of the history of the original Metropolitans and their founding manager, James Mutrie.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> This article presents a more comprehensive
and focused look at events related to both teams from September 1882 through February 1883. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXz-e7qfduuuizqyqT6CpMmE3izk_7ryKD-RET6QpSw8mXkWivfwtkOx6XroO_cb-2eBHyfhI-fFLwPVXRyOpfr1sAlKZmOiMl9suHgRw6gzqGvJwCF0jCvcoA-xUkE-q4aHC2fkdi-ZvtDHgcnXolMp39GyiOroEuXrqPASUUPdFG2OkOjVOk2o_y/s1229/1882%20NY%20Mets.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1229" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXz-e7qfduuuizqyqT6CpMmE3izk_7ryKD-RET6QpSw8mXkWivfwtkOx6XroO_cb-2eBHyfhI-fFLwPVXRyOpfr1sAlKZmOiMl9suHgRw6gzqGvJwCF0jCvcoA-xUkE-q4aHC2fkdi-ZvtDHgcnXolMp39GyiOroEuXrqPASUUPdFG2OkOjVOk2o_y/w400-h271/1882%20NY%20Mets.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 80px;">1883 New York Metropolitans - <a href="https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1368628550140624903">https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1368628550140624903</a> <br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Previous Reaction to the Theory</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Full disclosure - John Thorn, the Official Historian for Major League Baseball reacted to this theory in March 2021, pronouncing it </span><u><a href="https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1368623783523803139"><span class="tm8">a “shaky thesis.”</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> <a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> I have since </span><u><a href="https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1603476028395261953"><span class="tm8">won an unrelated baseball history debate with him</span></a><a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a></u><span class="tm8"> (about where polo was played in New York city before the original Polo Grounds were built in 1880), so perhaps he (or any other interested baseball historians) might give the it a closer read and more careful
consideration before dismissing it a second time. In addition, the reasons he gave for discounting the theory are not inconsistent with the theory. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The stated reason for John Thorn dismissing the theory is that, “the rosters of the independent 1882 Mets and the NL 1883 ‘Gothams,’ while mixed up a bit, bore little resemblance.”
The vastly different roster, however, does not disprove the theory, it was to be expected under the circumstances. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Brief Rebuttal</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James Mutrie, the founder and manager of the original Metropolitans from 1880-1882, reportedly withdrew from the Mets in September 1882, because of “the refusal of the stockholders
to engage the players selected by him.”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a> He reportedly spent the off-season forming a new team, building a roster of players he liked, seeking and receiving
admission to the American Association, a rival to the National League which had just finished its first season of play. And when the American Association voted to accept the newly-formed team during its league meetings in
December 1882, they were referred to simply as “New York,” not the “Metropolitans.”<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> <a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In addition, admitting the original Metropolitans into the National League would have been the most natural and easier path for all concerned. The original Metropolitans, while nominally
independent, were not completely independent of the National League before 1883. The New York Metropolitans reportedly played in a National League-affilliated association called the League Alliance in 1881<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a>
and 1882,<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a> and their affiliation with the Alliance may have extended back to their very first game in 1880. A report of their first game, played September
15, 1880, referred to the new team as, “the Metropolitan League Alliance Club of New York.”<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a> Members of the League Alliance enjoyed player-contract
security, with mutual and reciprocal respect of player-contracts with National League teams.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1882, only two teams vied for the League Alliance championship, the Metropolitans and Philadelphia. Both teams had “an application on file” for admission to the National
League, as early as July of that year.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> And when the National League voted to formally admit two new teams to the League during league meetings in December 1882,
“applications of the Metropolitans and Philadelphias for admission to the league were favorably acted upon and their Presidents were admitted to the meeting.”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The fact that the original Metropolitans’ manager was managing many of the same players, but on a new and different team, may have been as confusing for fans of at that time, as it
is for historians of today. The team owners at the time apparently resolved the “tangle” by simply swapping team names. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The New York tangle has been righted. The league team from Gotham will be christened New York club, and the association club will be named Metropolitan.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Fort Wayne Daily Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Indiana), January 18, 1883, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">That decision, however, may have created a different tangle, one which this article seeks to untangle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Did the original Metropolitans join the National League and then give up their name to a new team from New York that joined the American Association? Or did the original Metropolitans join
the American Association keeping their old name, while a new team from New York joined the National League?</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">You be the judge - but don’t judge too quickly.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is possible that someone might sift through all of the evidence presented here and not agree with the conclusions. But no one should reach any conclusions about what happened during
that off-season without actually reading what happened during that off-season, as reported by sportswriters closely following the league, team and player transactions as they happened at the time.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">If true, the San Francisco Giants should celebrate their 150</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> anniversary of their first game in September 2030, not April 2033. Start planning now! And the original New York Metropolitans should not be considered merely an historical curiosity, but as the origin of a
team in continuous existence since 1880.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">The Theory in Brief</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The general outline of the argument in favor of the theory is laid out in brief, below, with direct quotations taken from period reporting. A lengthier discussion, with more citations to
more references, follows. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The theory that the New York (NL) franchise (now known as the San Francisco Giants) is a continuation of the franchise that competed as the Metropolitans from 1880 through 1882 is supported
by a later recollection by John B. Day, the original owner of the Metropolitans and one of the original owners of the team now known as the San Francisco Giants. Decades later, in recounting the early days of the New York
Giants, Day recalled that the team had “played for a time as the ‘Metropolitans’” before joining the National League.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ89VvM4R1TUk6xjWmTUgQkgGJJKB0vRl8tPvzw651SNXGvC19p56AKkbphWSpEo_2CEjEZxC68iiXVu6HZc1jbMGNbj4gOB3Hl8D1vSntCIosjuJsG8Fo-NkeOTspV120_lwy-pVphHgPTGXRnkhtlOMUW6DFsWha014BcpUIdcwpJ_1U590aYg6Q/s851/John%20b%20day%20pic%20-%20Boston%20Globe%20February%2013%201925%20page%2013.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ89VvM4R1TUk6xjWmTUgQkgGJJKB0vRl8tPvzw651SNXGvC19p56AKkbphWSpEo_2CEjEZxC68iiXVu6HZc1jbMGNbj4gOB3Hl8D1vSntCIosjuJsG8Fo-NkeOTspV120_lwy-pVphHgPTGXRnkhtlOMUW6DFsWha014BcpUIdcwpJ_1U590aYg6Q/w256-h400/John%20b%20day%20pic%20-%20Boston%20Globe%20February%2013%201925%20page%2013.jpg" width="256" /></a></span></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Mutrie and myself had been interested in baseball from the start, and we tried to get into the league for some time before we were successful. I told Mutrie that if he would get the
grounds, I would supply the money. So he got the grounds at 11</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> st and Fifth av. We played for a time as the ‘Metropolitans’ before we joined the
National League.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm13">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 13, 1925, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Day’s recollection is corroborated and supported by numerous, contemporary reports of relevant events affecting both teams, during the off-season period from September 1882 through
February 1883.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As early as the second week in September 1882, James Mutrie revealed in an interview that money was being raised to “form another first-class club in New York” for the following
season, and that he had been “offered big money to take the management,” although it was “not certain” whether he would accept the offer or not.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Within less than two weeks, he had reportedly left the team. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mutrie’s withdrawal from the Mets was caused by the refusal of stockholders to engage the players selected by him.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Buffalo Commercial</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 28, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOIDdDdo4WFL2lFxaGG3hPoZSX59XtAEcmL5aHRtqFQS21Wy4BCgc3BahKmweS0bUT9JmDVgEV4flKvvHqu-1PIwMR0xWjijxLJjV591woDqpsC51wbbgvXwra34sKJDKCN1lwF8vG95Z-VsEwr4Gdv9dd3J3eRfNZZuUfTaYcjYrb-TMVNWPB9cA/s871/Leslies%20Illustrated%20July%2010%201886%20page%20325%20portrait%20gallery%20of%20New%20York%20Base%20Ball%20Team%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="871" data-original-width="632" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOIDdDdo4WFL2lFxaGG3hPoZSX59XtAEcmL5aHRtqFQS21Wy4BCgc3BahKmweS0bUT9JmDVgEV4flKvvHqu-1PIwMR0xWjijxLJjV591woDqpsC51wbbgvXwra34sKJDKCN1lwF8vG95Z-VsEwr4Gdv9dd3J3eRfNZZuUfTaYcjYrb-TMVNWPB9cA/w290-h400/Leslies%20Illustrated%20July%2010%201886%20page%20325%20portrait%20gallery%20of%20New%20York%20Base%20Ball%20Team%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Leslie's Illustrated</i>, July 10, 1886, page 325.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">After leaving, he recruited a new team to compete in the American Association. Having established, in three seasons with the Metropolitans, the commercial viability of high-level professional
baseball in New York City, both major leagues were apparently willing to place a team there. Mutrie would take his new team into the American Association, and the original Metropolitans were expected to join the National
League.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James Mutrie, the organizer and manager of the Metropolitan Club, has determined to sever the connection with it at the close of the present season. He had just returned from a two weeks’
trip taken for the purpose of engaging players for a new club, which he contemplates putting in the field to represent this city next season. It will be known as the New York Club . . . . The nine, which it is promised will
be very strong, will contend for the championship of the American Association.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">New York Clipper</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 23, 1882, page 431, column 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><b><span class="tm16">A Move of the Base Ball League</span></b><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Philadelphia, September 22. - The executive committee of the national league of professional base ball players accepted the resignation of the Worcester, Massachusetts, and Troy, New York
clubs. The application for admissions into membership from the Metropolitans, of New York, and the Philadelphia clubs will be acted upon in December.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Leavenworth Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Kansas), September 23, 1882.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Early reports of the players the Metropolitans (now without Mutrie) had locked down for the 1883 season included eleven players who would play for New York’s National League team in
1883,<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a> suggesting that the team that entered the National League in 1883 was the same franchise that had played as the Metropolitans in 1882. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm16">Base Ball - The League Players</span></b></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The following is an official list of the [National] League players who have signed by the clubs and are safely under contract for next season: . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Metropolitans - Caskins, Dorgan, Clapp, Hankinson, O’Neil, Ward, Gillespie, Welch, Troy, Ewing, Connor.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 31, 1882, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Consistent with reports that Mutrie and the Metropolitans parted ways over a roster dispute, another early report on the following season’s roster signings noted that the “Metropolitans”
had “retained” the services of only three players from its 1882 roster for its 1883 National League team, whereas Mutrie had signed six previous Metropolitan players for his new American Association team.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Notes of the Day - The Metropolitan Exhibition Company will place a very strong League team in the field in 1883 . . . . Only three of this year’s team have been retained - the new
team including strong players from the Providence, Troy, Worcester and Detroit clubs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The New York American Association Club will have six of this year’s Metropolitan team in its ranks, together with players from the Cleveland and Troy clubs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><i>T</i></span><i><span class="tm13">he Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 4, 1882, page 2.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A similar report also suggested that the team Mutrie would manage in the American Association in 1883 (as the Metropolitans) was a separate, new team, and not a continuation of the franchise
that had competed as the Metropolitans in 1882, and which was expected to join the National League.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">THE CLUBS FOR NEXT SEASON.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Metropolitan Club will be under new management next season, and will also be in the League. The players so far secured are Clapp, O’Neill, Hankenson, and Coskins. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Manager Mutrie, the organizer of the club, has resigned to take the management of the new American Association Club in this city next season.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Sun</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 13, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And when the National League formally admitted teams from New York and Philadelphia into the National League, a report of the decision explicitly names the “Metropolitans” as
the team from New York admitted into the League. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">METROPOLITANS AND PHILADELPHIAS.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The resignations of the Troy and Worcester clubs were accepted, and the applications of the Metropolitans and Philadelphias for admission to the league were favorably acted upon and their
Presidents were admitted to the meeting.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 7, 1882, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Other business conducted during the League meetings that week also supports the notion that the National League believed that it had just admitted the original Metropolitans, and not a separate,
new team. The National League exercised jurisdiction over a dispute between Buffalo (then a National League team) and the Metropolitans, related to a dispute over a rain-out of an exhibition game between the Metropolitans
and Buffalo in October 1882.<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The decision to admit the Metropolitans and Philadelphia into the National League was a natural decision. Both teams had pre-existing ties to the National League, having played in the National
League-affiliated organization, the League Alliance, during the 1882 season (they were the only two teams in the Alliance that season). The Metropolitans had been in the League Alliance for two seasons (1881 and 1882), and
had had requests for full admission to the National League pending during both of those seasons.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And when the American Association voted to admit a team from New York, it was James Mutrie New York team, the team which, by all accounts, he had assembled from scratch, as a new team, during
the off-season. The same article detailed the as-yet unresolved issues between the Association and the National League regarding mutual respect for player contracts.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">THE WAR OF THE DIAMONDS.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">New York, Dec. 13. - The annual convention of the American Association of Base Ball Clubs was held to-day at the Grand Central Hotel. . . . The following clubs and their representatives were
admitted to membership: . . . New York, J. Mutrie and W. S. Appleton.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . On the subject of the alleged overtures of peace from the National League it was decided that as no official communication in regard to the matter had been received there was no cause
for appointing a conference committee.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm13">The Courier-Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Louisville, Kentucky), December 14, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">With two major league teams expected to play in New York during the 1883 season, one remaining issue to be resolved is where the two teams would play. Rumors circulated at one point that
Mutrie was trying to find grounds further uptown. But the teams eventually settled on sharing the Polo Grounds. An early report of the plan referred to Mutrie American Association team as the “new” team.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is likely that the Polo Grounds will be transformed into two base-ball grounds for use next season. The lease of the grounds at present is held by the Metropolitan Exhibition Company.
The manager of that company has signified his willingness to lease half of the grounds to Mr. James Mutrie, who has organized a new base-ball club, which will represent this City in the American Association.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 8, 1883, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Shortly after the reports surfaced of the agreement to share the Polo Grounds, a report noted that Mutrie American Association would be known as the “Metropolitans” in 1883,
and that New York’s National League team would simply be called the “New York club.” The article noted that the decision on the team’s names helped resolve a “tangle,” which raises the
question - if Mutrie American Association team had always been the Metropolitans, and if New York’s National League team were actually the new team (as baseball historians have heretofore assumed), then what was the
“tangle” being resolved? </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The New York tangle has been righted. The league team from Gotham will be christened New York club, and the association club will be named Metropolitan.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Fort Wayne Daily Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Indiana), January 18, 1883, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The National League and American Association would not reach agreement on mutual and reciprocal player contract rules until adoption of the Tri-partite (“National”) Agreement
in March of 1883, long after both teams had built their rosters for the season and been accepted into their respective new leagues. Which is more likely, that the National League would admit a new team, that had signed players
under foreign, American Association contract law, or that it would admit a pre-existing team, with a pre-existing and continuing relationship under the common set of National League contract rules? </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">The New York Metropolitans</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James Mutrie founded the New York Metropolitans as an independent professional team in 1880. They played twenty-six games at the original Polo Grounds between September 15</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> and October 23</span><sup><span class="tm8">rd</span></sup><span class="tm8">. They played sixteen of those games against National League opponents, with a record of 5-10-1,
including three losses in three games to the 1880 League champions, Chicago. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Having proven the commercial viability of professional baseball in New York City, Mutrie set his sights on admission to the National League. His first move was to seek membership in a National
League-affiliated baseball organization called the League Alliance.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">League Alliance</span></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1881 and 1882, Mutrie managed the Metropolitans in the National League-affiliated League Alliance, with applications for full membership in the National League pending during both of
those seasons. Membership in the Alliance gave the team some security in player contracts and easier access to profitable games against major league opponents. It also gave them a leg up on the competition in gaining full
membership in the League.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">According to Brock Helander, writing for the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), the “League Alliance arose as the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs’
response to the perceived threat of the Internatinoal Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1877.”<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a> The purpose of the alliance was to “extend
the League’s powers to independent teams across the country, limiting the availability of players while protecting the sanctity of contracts.” Helander’s article focuses primarily on the events of 1877,
stating that it existed “only nominally thereafter.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Helander closed his SABR article about the League Alliance with a comment consistent with the theory advanced here. “In 1882 [the League Alliance] provided a championship format for
independent teams from the nation’s two most populous cities that led to their induction into the National League.” If the statement is true, then the New York Metropolitans of 1882, who contested the Alliance
championship with Philadelphia in 1882, were the same franchise that was inducted into the National League before 1883.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although perhaps “nominal” for most purposes, the Alliance was still alive in 1881 and 1882, and was an important part of the Metropolitans’ business plan. Membership
in the alliance brought the team respectability in baseball circles, access to scheduling games with league opponents, and protected their roster from being poached by League teams.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James Mutrie organized the New York Metropolitans in 1880, and played only late-season games, many of them against professional teams eager to cash in on the New York baseball market, which
had been without a major professional baseball team for several years. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The team owner sought membership in the League Alliance before the 1881 season began.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Day, the financial head of the Metropolitan Club of this city, made application for admission to the League Alliance, which will be granted beyond a doubt. This will give the Metropolitan
Club all the protection of the League in enforcing contracts with players, etc., while not obliging them to incur the expense of Western tours involved in the regular League Club membership.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 11, 1880, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">According to </span><i><span class="tm13">Spalding’s Offical Base Ball Guide - 1882</span></i><span class="tm8">, there “was but one League Alliance Club in 1881, and that was the Metropolitan Club of New York, of which Mr. Day was the financial manager, and James Mutrie - the old short stop of the New Bedford club
of 1878 - the field manager.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Membership in the Alliance promised the Metropolitans a successful, stable and lucrative season. The team also believed that membership in the Alliance would prepare them for admittance
to the National League as soon as the following season, although that prediction would prove premature - it would not happen until 1883.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Metropolitan Club is now an honorary member of the League, by virtue of its membership of the League Alliance, and under the protection of the League rules, will hold every player strictly
to the League contract rules. It will not be as it was last fall, when the players were practically under no contract rules. This season every man who signs with Mr. Day will place himself in the position of a League player,
and as such will be amenable alike to the League penalties. Mr. Day has received letters from players from all parts, soliciting position in the Metropolitan team.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . This season will be a preparatory one for the regular League club season of 1882 in [New York City], and it will necessarily be an experimental one.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Buffalo Morning Express</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 10, 1881, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Some observers even characterized membership in the Alliance as being “practically a league club team.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The new Metropolitan team, of New York, which takes the field for the first time against the Detroit Club this coming Monday, on the Polo Grounds. The Metropolitan team this year is practically
a league club team, as the club is a member of the League Alliance and amenable to the League association laws and rules, which hold players to a strict accountability. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 10, 1881, page 2.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But membership in the Alliance was a learning process. League contract rules included technical reporting requirements, which if not followed properly might cause a team to lose a player
they believed to be under contract. The Metropolitans apparently made some errors along those lines, which made their first season of League Alliance play a challenge, particularly after losing some of their starters to injury.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Metropolitan Club’s Management - It is now two months since the Metropolitan Club placed a team in the field at the Polo Grounds, to represent the Metropolis in the League Alliance
arena. They began well with a nine which soon worked itself into local favor by well earned victories over league teams in April. . . . But by some mismanagement or other these extra men have been allowed to slip through
their hands, though they had it in their power to hold them under league rules. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The league rules require that league club managers - whether of regular or league alliance clubs - should send to Secretary Young a notification of their having made contracts with players,
as soon as they are engaged. Unless this notification is sent in the rules oblige the secretary to ignore the fact of the existence of any such contract, and other clubs can engage players from league alliance clubs under
such circumstances, just as if the player had signed no contract. The Metropolitans have just had experience of this.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 3, 1881, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Despite the initial hopes, it was clear by the end of the season that they would not join the National League for the 1882 season. But local sportswriters believed that continued membership
in the League Alliance, as opposed to joining other new leagues being discussed, was in the team’s best interests, or any other teams’ best interests.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">All doubt as to the complexion of the League for the season of 1882 may be considered at an end. The League will maintain its present membership without change, neither adding to nor taking
from its numbers. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Let all such clubs as cannot afford to enter the League championship arena become League Alliance clubs. That will given them protection from knavish players, and a reputable prestige, neither
of which would be attainable at the hands of any Eastern League. As League Alliance clubs they could enter for the alliance championship, or for an Eastern championship. The League Association prohibits crooked play, Sunday
ball playing, beer-selling and pool-selling, or open betting on any League club grounds, and these rules are enforced.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 25, 1881, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As of November of 1881, there were expected to be only three teams in the League Alliance during the 1882 season, a new team from Newark, New Jersey, the Metropolitans, and a team from Philadelphia,<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a>
although only two teams, New York and Philadelphia, actually vied for the title. The Metropolitans took the regular season series fourteen games to six, while playing to a draw, six games to six, in a season-ending, League
Alliance “Silver Prize” tournament.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1882 the Metropolitans entered the league arena in order to secure the protection of the league laws in keeping their players to their engagements and under subordination; and they closed
the season by winning the League Alliance Championship, their adversary in this arena being the Philadelphia club.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 9, 1882, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Midway through the season, the Metropolitans submitted their application for full membership in the National League.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As the Metropolitans and Philadelphias, the two League-Alliance clubs, have each an application on file, the chances for Milwaukee are slim, especially as only the Worcesters are likely to
withdraw.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 2, 1882, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Having proven the commercial viability of major league-level baseball in New York City, with nearly two seasons under their belt as members of the League Alliance, and with poor attendance
threatening small National League cities like Troy and Worcester with demotion, the time was ripe to join the big leagues - one way or the other.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">A New Team - A Rival League</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">During the off-season between the 1882 and 1883 seasons, a team from New York City, owned by the same ownership group that had owned the original Metropolitans, was admitted into the National
League. During the same off-season period, James Mutrie reportedly withdrew from the original Metropolitans to form a new team to join a rival league, the American Association. By the time the 1883 season started, however,
James Mutrie new team would be known as the “Metropolitans,” and the franchise formerly known as the Metropolitans, would be simply known as the “New York club.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By the time the 1882 season came to an end, the National League had decided to expel both Worcester and Troy, paving the way for the the two League Alliance teams, the Metropolitans and
Philadelphia, to join the League, although their requests for membership would not be formally acted upon until the League meetings in December.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">A Move of the Base Ball League.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Philadelphia, September 22. - The executive committee of the national league of professional base ball players accepted the resignation of the Worcester, Massachusetts, and Troy, New York
clubs. The application for admissions into membership from the Metropolitans, of New York, and the Philadelphia clubs will be acted upon in December. The explanation of the change is the desire to have no clubs in the league
except from cites large enough to insure patronage.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Leavenworth Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Kansas), September 23, 1882, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When those plans were announced, changes were already underway in the management of the Metropolitans. James Mutrie was planning to leave the team to form his own, new team, with hopes
of competing in an upstart, rival major league, the American Association. The Association had just completed its first year of operation, with teams in Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Louisville, Pittsburgh, St. Louis and Baltimore.
It would expand in 1883, through the addition of teams from New York City and Columbus, Ohio.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><span style="color: red;">James Mutrie</span>, the organizer and manager of the Metropolitan Club, has determined to sever his connection with it at the close of the present season. He has just returned from a two weeks’
trip taken for the purpose of </span><span class="tm17" style="color: red;">engaging players for a new club</span><span class="tm8">, which he contemplates putting in the field to represent this city next season. It will be known as the New-York
Club, and will be backed by a stock company, every share of which has already been taken by a few wealthy gentlemen of this city. The nine, which it is promised will be very strong, will contend for the championship of the
American Association.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">New York Clipper</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 23, 1882, page 431, column 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The split was reportedly caused by a disagreement over team personnel.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm17">Mutrie's withdrawal from the Mets</span><span class="tm8"> was caused by the refusal of the stockholders to engage the players selected by him.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Buffalo Commercial</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 28, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The dismantling of two major league teams put a glut of top talent on the market. Managers of several teams swooped into the towns where those teams were playing, hoping to pick up some
good players. One report, out of Boston, names “J. B. Dove of the Metropolitans” (likely “J. B. Day” misspelled) and “Mutrie of the New York Club” as two of the managers in town to sign
players from Troy, who were in town for a game.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">All day yesterday the men were followed with religious persistency by the different managers in town, but all without effect. Among the managers who made the day a lively one with the Troy
boys were Doescher of the Clevelands, Sharsiz of the Athletics, J. B. Dove of the Metropolitans, Thompson of the Detroits, Mutrie of the New York club, and or two of the directors of the Troy club and some of the management
of the Boston club.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 24, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The expansion of the American Association, and the National League’s plan to replace two small-market teams with teams from New York and Philadelphia, promised an interesting baseball
season for 1883. The “Metropolitans” were expected to join the National League, while Mutrie “new club” was expected to join the American Association. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Next season bids fair to be one of the finest this country has ever experienced in base ball circles. There will be far more clubs in the arena than the two professional associations now
in existence will be able to take within their folds. New York City, like Philadelphia, will contain two leading professional clubs, one in each association. The Metropolitans and the Philadelphias will enter the League
and contest for the supremacy of that organization, while the new club which is to represent New York under the management of Mr. </span><span class="tm17" style="color: red;">James Mutrie, formerly of the Metropolitans</span><span class="tm8"><span style="color: red;">, will</span>, like the Athletics, of Philadelphia, <span style="color: red;">become a member of the American Association</span> and compete for the championship of that body.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Courier-Post</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Camden, New Jersey), September 25, 1882, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">During the post-season, player-signing period following the 1882 season, the original Metropolitans were still members of the League Alliance, with full, mutual and reciprocal contract protection
from the National League. The League Alliance was not dissolved until December 1882. It was dissolved at the same time Worcester and Troy were officially dropped from the League and the “Metropolitans” and Philadelphia
were admitted to the League.<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a> The American Association and, by extension, Mutrie new team, slated to join the American Association, had no such agreement
in place. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As early as October of 1882, reports circulated that Mutrie new New York team had been accepted into membership in the American Association. But the action was not finalized until the league
meeting in mid-December.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At the end of October 1882, a report of players under contract with National League teams for the following seasons included a list of eleven players signed to play for the “Metropolitans”
the following season.<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> All of those players would play for New York’s National League team in 1883, not for the Metropolitans of the American Association.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In November of 1882, a similar report about team rosters, but without player names, reported separately that the “Metropolitans” of the National League had twelve players under
contract, and that “Mutrie New York club” had nine men under contract. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At about the same time, the </span><i><span class="tm13">New York Sun</span></i><span class="tm8"> reported that the “Metropolitan Club will be under new management next season, and will also be in the [National] League,” and that “Manager Mutrie, the organizer of the club, has resigned
to take the management of the new American Association Club in this city next season.”<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The</span></i><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm13">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, toward the end of November 1882, reported that the withdrawal of Troy and Worcester from the National League “left two vacancies, which were filled by the Metropolitan and Philadelphia Clubs.”<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a>
And when the League formally accepted the team in its fold during the League meetings in December, the </span><i><span class="tm13">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8"> reported, “the applications of the Metropolitans and Philadelphias for admission to the league were favorably acted upon and their Presidents were admitted to the meeting.”<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxivback"></a></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">METROPOLITANS AND PHILADELPHIAS.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The resignations of the Troy and Worcester clubs were accepted, and the applications of the Metropolitans and Philadelphias for admission to the league were favorably acted upon and their
Presidents were admitted to the meeting.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 7, 1882, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Immediately after admitting the “Metropolitans” into the League, the National League took action that appears to corroborate the notion that it was the original Metropolitans,
and not some new team, which they had granted membership. The action involved the resolution of a dispute between Buffalo (then a National League team) and the “Metropolitans,” arising from a rain-out of a game
originally scheduled to have been played on October 6, 1882, and the cancellation of the make-up game the following day.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A brief, initial report of the incident in the </span><i><span class="tm13">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> suggests that “Manager Mutrie found it more profitable not to play, as he would be compelled to pay the Buffalo men $100 should they play a game.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Base-Ball.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Metropolitans have assigned Ward, the pitcher of the Providence club, to play in the New-York League nine next season.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The game that was to have taken place on the Polo Grounds yesterday afternoon, between the Buffalo and Metropolitan nines, was postponed. About 50 persons paid admissions to the grounds,
and Manager Mutrie found it more profitable not to play, as he would be compelled to pay the Buffalo men $100 should they play a game. This afternoon, however, if the weather proves favorable the Metropolitans will cross
bats with the “Bisons.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 7, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This article is interesting in two respects. The comment that the Metropolitans had signed “Ward” (Hall-of-Famer, John Montgomery Ward) is consistent with the notion that the
Metropolitans were the team admitted to the National League a couple months later. And the comment that it was Mutrie who decided not to play and not to pay, seems to contradict reports that he had withdrawn from the team
weeks earlier. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But the </span><i><span class="tm13">Times’</span></i><span class="tm8"> own follow-up piece, published the following day, clarifies that it was the umpire, not Mutrie, who made
the decision not to play, and that it was John B. Day, one of the team owners, who refused to pay, and not Mutrie. So perhaps Mutrie was not there, after all.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Base-Ball. </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">The Buffalo Club’s Singular Action.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The manager of the Buffalo Base-ball Club yesterday refused to allow his nine to play with the Metropolitan Club. ON Friday, Mr. John Kelly, a League umpire, declared the grounds to be in
an unfit condition to play ball, and the game was not played. The manager of the Buffalo team thereupon demanded $100 guarantee, while it is claimed by the Metropolitan Club managers that according to the rules he was entitled
to but $50. Mr. John B. Day, of the Metropolitans, refused to pay the guarantee, but said he would leave it to the Directors of the League at their next meeting and abide by their decision in the matter. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 8, 1882, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When the teams met to play a make-up game on the following day, however, it was Buffalo who refused to play, unless they </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iayLBI7nsE0"><span class="tm8">received immediate payment of their $100</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">After all the preliminaries were arranged George H. Hughson, Secretary of the Buffalos, went to the Superintendent of the Metropolitans, Mr. Bell, and demanded $100, which he claimed was due
him from the day before, and said if it was not paid he would call his nine from the field. His demand was not complied with, and he called the Buffalo players from the field.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 8, 1882, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">After admitting the “Metropolitans” into the National League, the League resolved the matter, ordering the “Metropolitans” to pay the $100.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Buffalo and Metropolitan Controversy has been settled. The Metropolitans were ordered to pay over to the Buffalo Association $100.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 8, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">If the National League had not admitted the Metropolitans, they would have had no business of deciding any issue involving the Metropolitans at their League meeting. Any inter-league dispute
would have had to be handled by negotiations between the two leagues. But in December 1882, the leagues were not yet on speaking terms. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When the National League voted to admit the “Metropolitans” and Philadelphia in early-December 1882, they had not reached an agreement with the American Association governing
the mutual and reciprocal respect for one another’s player contracts. The National League was pushing for the creation of a multi-league commission to reach such an agreement in mid-December 1882, but the American Association
was still resisting the idea.<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">On the subject of the alleged overtures of peace from the National League it was decided that as no official communication in regard to the matter had been received there was no cause for
appointing a conference committee.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Courier-Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Louisville, Kentucky), December 14, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">They reconsidered the issue the following day, appointing a committee to confer with the National League to “adjust the differences between the two organizations.”<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviback"></a>
There would be no agreement in place until until March 1882, when the National League, American Association and the Northwestern League all formally adopted the Tri-partite (or “National”) Agreement.<a href="#footnotexxvii"><sup>xxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The lack of any agreement during the player-signing period and at the moment the National League admitted the “Metropolitans” seems important in analyzing which of the two New
York teams would be more likely to be admitted into the League. It seems more likely that the League would deal with an existing team, with a pre-existing relationship and mutual player-contract agreement in place. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Contemporary reporting also named the “Metropolitans” as the team that signed player contracts with players would play for New York in the National League the following season;
names the “Metropolitans” as the team that joined the National League in December; and treated the “Metropolitans” as a League team such that it could demand payment for an old debt incurred during
the prior season. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Contemporary reporting also discussed Mutrie leaving the Metropolitans, forming a “new” team (not called the Metropolitans), signing players for that team, and having his “new”
team admitted into the American Association.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A “tangle” of some sort, apparently involving the identity of the two teams, was “righted” in January 1883.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The New York tangle has been righted. The league team from Gotham will be christened New York club, and the association club will be named Metropolitan.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Fort Wayne Daily Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Indiana), January 18, 1883, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">After the team-naming announcement, Mutrie team would be generally referred to as the “Metropolitans,” and the National League team as the “New York club,” or the
like. But Mutrie’s team was still, on occasion, referred to as the “new club,” despite having the old name.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There will be two first class professional clubs located in New York next season. The league club will be under the control of Mr. Day and the American Association club will be managed by
Mr. Mutrie. Both clubs will play upon the Polo Ground, which is located between One Hundred and Tenth and One Hundred and Twelfth streets and Fifth and Sixth avenues. The league club, which is to be known as the New York
team, is to be located on the Fifth avenue end of the field, and will occupy the diamond which was laid out last season. The </span><span class="tm17">new club, which will be known as the Metropolitans</span><span class="tm8">, will have nothing but the old open stand, which was erected in 1881 for the accommodation of the foot ball spectators.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 4, 1883, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Two Teams - One Owner</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One reason that the New York team entering the National League could, so easily, transfer their supposed nickname, the “Metropolitans,” to a new team slated to join a different
league, is that by the time the decision was made, both teams were under the same ownership team - the Metropolitan Exhibition Company. John B. Day, who had backed Mutrie, apparently took on some wealthier investors.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Metropolitan Exhibition Company was organized in 1882, primarily to take control of their home field, the Polo Grounds, which they had previously rented, </span><i><span class="tm13">ad hoc</span></i><span class="tm8">, at the mercy of its polo-playing owners, who controlled the scheduling availability of the field.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of the obstacles encountered by the Metropolitan management of 1881 was that arising from their not having entire control of the ground. To remove this difficulty the Metropolitan Club
of 1881 was changed to the Metropolitan Exhibition Company of 1882, the latter being organized under the auspices of gentlemen of means, who were desirous not only of fully reviving professional play in the metropolis on the
basis of honest service in the ranks, but of encouraging all gentlemanly sports of an athletic nature; and the first thing the new company did was to lease the Polo Grounds for a series of years,<a href="#footnotexxviii"><sup>xxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiiback"></a>
so as to be able to practically carry out their ideas in regard to the establishment of a modern professional base ball ground.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 9, 1882, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Shortly after the earliest rumors of Mutrie withdrawal from the Metropolitans started circulating, he was said to be financed by the same people who financed his former team. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mutrie is getting together a club to represent New York in the American Association next season. He is backed by Messrs. Lippincott and Day, the present backers of the metropolitans, who
have a lease on the polo grounds, where the “Mets” now play.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">New Orleans Times-Picayune</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 28, 1882, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Another report that the teams would be under common ownership implied that the Metropolitans would the National League and Mutrie newly-organized team would enter the American Association.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The present managers of the Metropolitan Club, it is said, are shaping matters so as to have the monopoly of the game in New York next year. The organization of the New York club, with Mutrie
as manager, and which will probably be admitted into the American Association, is part of the project.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">New Orleans Times-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 30, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nevertheless, despite the Metropolitan Exhibition Company having a long-term lease to the Polo Grounds, Mutrie team had “not yet located their grounds for the next season” as
of the first week of October.<a href="#footnotexxix"><sup>xxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxixback"></a> The question of a stadium was still up in the air toward the end of November. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Where the games will be played while in town is not settled as yet, but it is understood that the projectors of the club have been negotiating for the lease of some property at One Hundred
and Thirty-fifth-street and Eighth-avenue. . . . Unless the two clubs settle matters between themselves and arrange it so when the American Association club is in town the League team will be on the road, this difference
of admission will certainly tend to hurt the high-priced exponents of the national game.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 28, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The fact that it was Mutrie “new” American Alliance team that was seeking new quarters supports the notion that it was the original “Metropolitans,” who were slated
to join the National League and continue to play in the Polo Grounds, a field for which their ownership team had a pre-existing lease.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Despite the few early-off-season rumors that both New York teams were financed by the same people, there is no further reference to it during October, November and December, when the teams
were building their roster and admitted into their respective leagues. In January, however, a rumor emerged from the American Association league meetings, that the two teams were under “the same management.”
Again, the article revealing the rumor supports the notion that the National League team is the same one that had played as the Metropolitans in 1882, and that the team joining the American Alliance was a new team, simply
called the “New York club.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Now comes a rumor that the present polo grounds on which the Metropolitans played last year are to be cut in two and occupied, half by the New York club, and the other half by the Metropolitans,
who now hold League membership. It is also stated that both clubs are under the same management, although this fact is kept a secret.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 8, 1883, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten days later came the report that the “tangle” had been “righted,” and that the League team would be “christened” the “New York club,” and
the team would be “named” the “Metropolitans.”<a href="#footnotexxx"><sup>xxx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The great weight of reporting between late-September 1882 and early-January 1883 suggests that James Mutrie left the Metropolitans to form a new team; the original Metropolitans were admitted
to the National League and Mutrie new New York team was admitted to the American Alliance; and the teams later swapped team names by mutual agreement. There was, however, some reporting during that period which, if standing
alone, might give the opposite impression. In the interests of full disclosure, the contrary evidence is set out below.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Two Teams - One Manager(?)</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Late in the process of assembling the information presented here, one more thread of information popped up that seems to support the theory that the original Metropolitans of 1880-1882 became
the New York National League team of 1883. The new line of argument is not necessary to make the case, but it does point to James Mutrie’s continued, direct involvement in the operation and management of the National
League team of 1883, despite his better-known position as manager of the Metropolitans in the American Association that same year. The notion is plausible, given that the two teams were both controlled by the Metropolitan
Exhibition Company. If true, it suggests an even greater degree of continuity between the 1882 Metropolitans and New York’s 1883 National League team. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several reports identify James Mutrie as the “manager” of New York’s National League team during the 1883 season, at the same time he is known to have been the manager
of the New York Metropolitans in the American Association. One report appeared in Spalding’s authoritative </span><i><span class="tm13">Base Ball Guide and Official League Book</span></i><span class="tm8">. The apparently had an official connection to the National League; the “Publisher’s Notice” in the early pages of the
book include a reproduction of a letter from “N. E. Young, Secretary National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs,” certifying that A. G. Spalding & Bros. had been granted the “exclusive right to
publish the Official League Book for 1884.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The eight managers who nominally governed their respective teams - and in a majority of instances actually did so - in the League arena in 1883, were Messrs. Harry Wright, Anson, Morrill,
O’Rourke, Bancroft, Chapman, Ferguson and Mutrie.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Spalding’s Base Ball Guide and Official League Book for 1884</span></i><span class="tm8">, Chicago, A. G. Spalding & Bros., 1884, page 20.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The 1884 </span><i><span class="tm13">Guide</span></i><span class="tm8"> includes the results of games played in October 1883, so it is not the case that the book was assembled or published
too early to include changes from 1882. The </span><i><span class="tm13">Guide</span></i><span class="tm8"> also includes a detailed account of the American Association’s 1883 season, but does not include a similar
list of American Association managers. Spalding’s </span><i><span class="tm13">Base Ball Guide</span></i><span class="tm8"> for 1885 includes lists Mutrie as manager for the AA Metropolitans and a man named Price
as manager of the NL New York team.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The comment that some of the managers “nominally” managed their teams, may suggest that some of the managers were not day-to-day field managers, perhaps only business manager
of some sort. That may have been the case with Mutrie, although he was known to travel with his National League team on occasion. </span></p><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James Mutrie, manager of the New York and Metropolitan teams, joined his league team in this city yesterday.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 19, 1883, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">On at least one occasion, Mutrie spoke on behalf of both teams, in his capacity as a representative of the “Metropolitan company,” which owned both teams. Mutrie visited the Boston Globe
to address what he believed were biased reporting against both of his teams. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><b><span class="tm16">The Metropolitan Company</span></b><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Manager James Mutrie of the Metropolitan company was in the city [(Boston)] yesterday, and paid a visit to The Globe. He says that the numerous statements relative to the New Yorks and Metropolitans,
which have been going the rounds of the press throughout the country, emanate from the pen of a disgruntled New York base ball reporter, who corresponds for many Western papers, besides reporting for the New York press.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 15, 1883, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One report he addressed had to do with low attendance at a National League game between New York and Philadelphia, played on August 13</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8">. The low attendance, he said, was due to the fact that the game was not played on its originally scheduled date. The official record of the game corroborates the statement,
listing it as rescheduled from September 5</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8">, for an unknown reason. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A second report Mutrie addressed with the Globe reporters was some “disgraceful conduct” in an American Association game between New York and Allegheny, which Mutrie claimed
was not accurate - there had been “trouble with the umpire,” he admitted, but which had been “easily adjusted,” he claimed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of the reports Mutrie addressed in the interview related to the low attendance at a National League game between New York and New York’s National League team, not the Metropolitans,
so he appears to have been speaking on behalf of the NL team, not simply speaking about teams from New York, generally.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Another source suggests Mutrie went out on the road on behalf of the Metropolitan Exhibition Company, late in the 1883 season, to recruit players for both teams for the following season.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The salaries which the players of the Metropolitan and New York clubs are demanding for the next season are remarkably high. Some of the men ask for $5,000 for the season’s work. The
Metropolitan Exhibition Company are in most cases paying the players whom they intend to keep the prices they ask. Manager Mutrie, who is now on the road, is not passing any good player by, and it is understood that several
first-class men have promised to play in New York next season.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 26, 1883, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There were also reports that was a manager for three teams, simultaneously. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm17">Manager Mutrie of the New Yorks</span><span class="tm8">, who represents the Metropolitans and the Newarks as well, was in the city yesterday arranging for a series
of games on the Hartford grounds between these fine clubs. The rumor that the Newarks are very soon to make this city their headquarters and change their name to the Hartfords is not without some foundation.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Hartford Courant</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 23, 1883, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm17">Mr. Mutrie, manager of the Metropolitans, New Yorks and Newarks</span><span class="tm8">, was in Hartford yesterday and completed arrangements to transfer the Newarks to that city and rename them the Hartfords. They will be managed by Charles Toby.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">The Philadelphia Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 24, 1883, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mutrie’s close working relationship with teams in several leagues reportedly caused friction with other teams of the American Association. Following a “secret and special meeting
of the American Base Ball Association,” the league Secretary was directed to give Mutrie an ultimatum. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[The Secretary] was also ordered to notify the Metropolitan club that if they wish to retain their membership in the Association next year they must at once cut loose from every other club,
and have a separate and distinct management and a separate and individual ground. This means that unless the Mets pull away from the New York League club, and get grounds other than the Polo grounds for 1884, they must step
down and out. The Association have been grossly imposed upon by the Metropolitan management, which, it has been discovered, is but a secondary part of the League Club. If they remain a member for next year they will have
to vacate their present grounds and locate away from the League club. The Secretary was also requested to notify the Mets that if any one connected with the Mets had anything to do, directly or indirectly, in organizing or
giving encouragement to any other association they would promptly expelled. This grew out of a rumor that Mutrie was about to remove his Newark club to Hartford, to join the Independent organization.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm13">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 3, page 4 (a similar report appeared in the </span><i><span class="tm13">Louisville Courier-Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 2, 1883, page 4).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Evidence to the Contrary</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A </span><i><span class="tm13">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> report, toward the end of November 1882, is ambiguous on the issue of continuity for the Metropolitan franchise
with the new League team. It noted, on the one hand, that the withdrawal of Troy and Worcester from the National League “left two vacancies, which were filled by the Metropolitan and Philadelphia Clubs.”<a href="#footnotexxxi"><sup>xxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiback"></a>
On the other hand, the headline of the article, “Formation of a Club to Represent this City Next Season,” might be read to mean formation of a new team entirely (although it might refer to building a roster to
compete in the League). And a comment, to the effect that the New York League team “will be under the same management as that which had charge of the Metropolitan Club,” suggests the writer may have considered
the new League team as something other than the old Metropolitan franchise. In either case, the article appears to be internally inconsistent on its own terms, and at best, ambiguous on the issue.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">About a week later, the </span><i><span class="tm13">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> reported the names of the nine players under contract with New York’s American Association for the 1883 season. One comment in the article suggested that the writer believed that the original Metropolitan
franchise was no longer in existence - “[i]t will be under the management of Mr. James Mutrie, who organized the Metropolitan Club and held the position of manager during its existence.” This comment is not consistent
with numerous other references to the “Metropolitans’” off-season signings.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In mid-December 1882, a report of the American Alliance meetings, held in New York City, listed the names of attendees and the teams they represented. “Manager Mutrie,” it said,
“represented the Metropolitans” at the meeting.<a href="#footnotexxxii"><sup>xxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is impossible to read the mind of the writer, but it is possible that the writer merely assumed the name of the team, based on Mutrie past association with the Metropolitans. It is an
easy conclusion to draw - the same manager, with some of the same players, on a team of the same name. But it is inconsistent with the great weight of other published reports from the 1882-1883 off-season and player-signing
period, as laid out above. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtkdy73YQz1fpeyAVJSBPmpw9JeNiyBcgwr179ffMbbkwcofn6tMqux4HT5a-V9votU2EXY0Il82kMHEqYLmEA2Z0gahtImvi7ItLMUNP5kkCvR1DrpMnJODD727R9xrv0ULxMPguAY_34IewHeNHJIr8urejm_b4KKQ-J80JHoXYw1g5d5vje4M7q/s720/1883_NYGIANTS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="720" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtkdy73YQz1fpeyAVJSBPmpw9JeNiyBcgwr179ffMbbkwcofn6tMqux4HT5a-V9votU2EXY0Il82kMHEqYLmEA2Z0gahtImvi7ItLMUNP5kkCvR1DrpMnJODD727R9xrv0ULxMPguAY_34IewHeNHJIr8urejm_b4KKQ-J80JHoXYw1g5d5vje4M7q/w400-h311/1883_NYGIANTS.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;">"New York League Base Ball Club" (Copyrighted by James Mutrie New York 1883) <a href="https://www.toddradom.com/blog/first-stylish-mlb-uniforms-the-1883-new-york-gothams">https://www.toddradom.com/blog/first-stylish-mlb-uniforms-the-1883-new-york-gothams</a> <br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The obvious conclusion is an easy assumption to make. Without digging deep into the weeds of the week-to-week reporting between September 1882 and February 1883, it looks like an obvious
slam-dunk - Mutrie managed the Metropolitans in 1882 and managed the Metropolitans in 1883, with many of the same players - “obviously” they are the same team. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But if one were to look only at the week-by-week reporting of player and league transactions during that period, without knowing what came before or after, it also seems like an obvious
slam-dunk - Mutrie left the original Metropolitans, organized and recruited a new team to represent New York in the American Association, and later, by mutual agreement with his previous team, now in the National League, reclaimed
the name of the team he had built from the ground up for use with his new team, which he had more recently built from the ground up. Not only do most of the reports from the period say so explicitly, baseball law, the Metropolitans’
pre-existing membership in the League Alliance, and the absence of an inter-league compact during the player-signing period, also provide an underlying motive in support of the theory.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Whether one buys into the theory or not, the details of the transition of the Metropolitans from non-league independent, to major league team, and the simultaneous creation of a second major
league team from New York, may be of interest to baseball nerds and historians.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p> <hr style="text-align: left;" />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “Mets Might Be Giants - an Alternative History of the New York Giants, <i><span class="tm9">Early Sports and Pop-Culture History Blog,</span></i> October 31, 2019. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/10/mets-might-be-giants-alternative.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/10/mets-might-be-giants-alternative.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1368623783523803139">https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1368623783523803139</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1603476028395261953">https://twitter.com/thorn_john/status/1603476028395261953</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Buffalo Commercial</span></i>, September 28, 1882.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Courier-Journal</span></i> (Louisville, Kentucky), December 14, 1882, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> And in any case, the rosters of the 1881 and 1882 Metropolitans also bore little resemblance to one another, so it is unclear how persuasive
the observation should considered, one way or the other. Brooklyn<i><span class="tm9"> Daily Eagle,</span></i> November 9, 1882, page 4. “Team of 1881. Batteries. Doty-Dongan, Poorman-Farrow, Neagle-Hayes, Doyle-Sullivan,Driscoll-Kelly.
Infielders. Esterbrook, Brady, Muldoon, Say. Outfielders. Kennedy, Clinton, Roseman. Team of 1882. Batteries. Lynch-Reipslager, Doyle-Clapp, O’Neill-Clapp, Valentine-Clapp. Infielders. Reilly, Larkin, Hankinson, Nelson.
Outfielders. Kennedy, T. Mansell, Brady.”</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, December 11, 1880, page 5 (“Mr. Day, the financial head of the Metropolitan
Club of [New York City], made application for admission to the League Alliance, which will be granted beyond doubt.”); <i><span class="tm9">Buffalo Morning Express</span></i>, March 10, 1881, page 4 (“The Metropolitan Club is now an honorary member of the League, by virtue of its membership of the League Alliance, and under the protection of
the league rules . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The New York Times</span></i>, May 9, 1882, page 8 (“The first of a series of games for the championship
of the Base Ball League Alliance between the Philadelphia club and the Metropolitan nine was played at the Polo Grounds yesterday afternoon . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">New York Clipper</span></i>, September 25, 1880, page 212.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, July 2, 1882, page 16.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 7, 1882, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> Interview with James Mutrie. <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press,</span></i> September 12, 1882, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYG/1883.shtml">https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYG/1883.shtml</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, December 8, 1882, page 3 (“It was learned today that the Metropolitans
were ordered by a vote on Wednesday to pay the Buffalos the $100 guarantee which Manager Mutrie refused upon one stormy day last season.”). The game at issue was originally scheduled for October 6, 1882. After the
field was declared unfit for play due to rain, John B. Day, of the Metropolitans, refused to pay the $100 advance, believing only a $50 payment was warranted. Before a game scheduled for the next day, Buffalo demanded immediate
payment, and left the field without playing when it was refused. See, “Base-Ball. The Buffalo Club’s Singular Action,” <i><span class="tm9">The New York Times</span></i>, October 8, 1882, page 9. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> “The League Alliance,” Brock Helander, sabr.org. <u><a href="https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/the-league-alliance/">https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/the-league-alliance/</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, November 8, 1881, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i>, November 9, 1882, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, December 7, 1882, page 5 (Worcester and Troy resigned; League Alliance
eliminated); <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 7, 1882, page 1.(Worcester and Troy resigned; Metropolitans and Philadelphia admitted).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Courier-Journal</span></i> (Louisville, Kentucky), December 14, 1882, page 3 (“T]he following clubs
and their representatives were admitted to membership: . . . New York, J. Mutrie and W. S. Appleton.”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i>, October 31, 1882, page 8 (“Metropolitans - Caskins, Dorgan, Clapp,
Hankinson, O’Neil, Ward, Gillespie, Welch, Troy, Ewing, Connor.”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYG/1883.shtml">https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/NYG/1883.shtml</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The New York Sun</span></i>, November 13, 1882, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i>, November 20, 1882, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 7, 1882, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Louisville Courier-Journal</span></i> (Kentucky), December 14, 1882, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, December 15, 1882, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiback"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i>, March 18, 1883, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiiback"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> The Metropolitan Exhibition Company sub-let the remainder of the Manhattan Polo Club’s five year lease on the property,
which was set to expire at the close of the 1885 season. See “Mets Might Be Giants - an Alternative History of the New York Giants,” <i><span class="tm9">Early Sports and Pop-Culture History Blog</span></i>, October 31, 2019. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/10/mets-might-be-giants-alternative.html#_ednref35">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2019/10/mets-might-be-giants-alternative.html#_ednref35</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxixback"><sup>xxix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">New York Clipper</span></i>, October 7, 1882, page 466.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxx"></a><a href="#footnotexxxback"><sup>xxx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Fort Wayne Daily Gazette</span></i> (Indiana), January 18, 1883, page 7.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiback"><sup>xxxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i>, November 20, 1882, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiback"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i>, December 13, 1882, page 4.</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-48839870046750602152023-04-10T18:37:00.000-07:002023-04-10T18:37:23.062-07:00Banana Split Personalities - Who Invented the Banana Split?<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">In </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab7eVVG3I8s"><span class="tm9">Quentin Tarantino’s classic film, </span><em><span class="tm10">Pulp Fiction</span></em></a><em></em></u><em><span class="tm9">,</span></em><span class="tm9"> John Travolta, as hitman Vince Vega, explains the “funniest thing about Europe” to Samuel L. Jackson,
as hitman Jules Winnfield. At </span><em><span class="tm10">McDonalds</span></em><span class="tm9"> In France, according to Vega, a “Quarter Pounder with cheese” is known as a “Royale with Cheese”
- they have the metric system. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A similar dual-name confusion complicates the search for the earliest references in print to the ice cream parlor classic, the “banana split.” Early references to sundaes with
a split banana topped with ice cream were frequently called “banana royalle” (“royale” or “royal”), an alternative name that persisted for decades.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The “royalle”/“split” divide is nearly as old as the “banana split” itself. The earliest reports of a “banana split” in print appeared in
Boston, Massachusetts in September 1905, and the earliest mention of a “banana royalle” in print about a month later, also in Boston. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Opinions are also split about where the dessert originated. Banana split historians generally credit a man named David E. Strickler, of Latrobe, Pennsylvania with inventing it in 1904.
The basic facts of his story, however, conflict with the historical record. The pharmacy in which he says he invented it did not have a soda fountain or ice cream parlor until 1905, and the person he claims to have introduced
his recipe to the East Coast via Philadelphia could not have done so until two years later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">It may have been invented in or near Boston. The earliest known reference to the “banana split” in print came out of Boston, and most of the other early examples come out of
Massachusetts and New England, suggesting that a Boston origin may be more likely than Latrobe. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The “Banana Split,” or something like it, may be even older than the earliest known references to it by name. A dessert with split bananas with chilled whipped cream, instead
of ice cream, was described in print as early as 1897. There are also several pre-1905 references to banana “sundaes,” although those references do not clearly describe splitting bananas lengthwise, as in a traditional
“Banana Split.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Early References</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The earliest known examples of “banana split” in print appeared in connection with the national convention of the National Association of Retail Druggists (NARD), held at the
Mechanics’ Hall, Boston, from September 18-22, 1905.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> The Murray Company, a manufacturer of soda fountain syrups and extracts, supplied and operated a “Constellation”
model soda fountain, provided by the Puffer Manufacturing Company.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1Xip1GTGTaZYXv6Ifv2vXiL75j7Zh_sR4oy8gr4PAFtFDgjmyNpxfp2VtGFYvSEsiEKWJRvOCEfPQnkRAUKGJhfY0xchZOpMY83CPEWxO2Vmj_KPkYZQAGPXLFFKGsyP-YoH-c2_S6IjIKM8M8lhnuzDs3w8da6LvKjTtVQwqTUd_A9e32xVk1pi/s1339/murray%20co%20display%20nard%20convention%20boston%201905.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1046" data-original-width="1339" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1Xip1GTGTaZYXv6Ifv2vXiL75j7Zh_sR4oy8gr4PAFtFDgjmyNpxfp2VtGFYvSEsiEKWJRvOCEfPQnkRAUKGJhfY0xchZOpMY83CPEWxO2Vmj_KPkYZQAGPXLFFKGsyP-YoH-c2_S6IjIKM8M8lhnuzDs3w8da6LvKjTtVQwqTUd_A9e32xVk1pi/w400-h313/murray%20co%20display%20nard%20convention%20boston%201905.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The Murray Co. showed a complete line of soda water flavors, so complete that they had undertaken to supply the big Puffer “Constellation” fountain in the next booth with everything
used or which might be called for. . . . A “banana split” was the piece de resistance of their menu.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Pharmaceutical Era</span></em><span class="tm9">, Volume 34, Number 13, September 28, 1905, page 305.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A Boston origin seems to be supported by an article in the October 1906 issue of </span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9"> magazine, which mentioned that “the banana split first came into public notice at the Boston convention of the N.A.R.D.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The </span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9"> article mentions, without naming, the banana split said to have been served by the Murray Company at the Puffer
display. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">One of the features of the Boston convention was the hospitality which was offered by the manufacturers and supply houses, yet among all the beverages dispensed here, none was more novel with
the ladies than the banana split.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9">, October 1906.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The article also featured comments said to be directly from a man named Stinson Thomas, who was described as the “Chief dispenser at Butler’s Department Store.”<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a>
His quoted comments do not directly make the claim that he “invented” the banana split, although they seem to suggest that he may have been the originator. His timeline of “a little more than a year”
before October 1906 is consistent with the origin being at about the time of the NARD convention in September 1905. The article also does not explicitly mention Stinson Thomas’ connection to the NARD convention. Did
the Murray Company hire him to work the Puffer display at the convention? Did he make a banana split before the convention, which was already being copied by others during the convention? The answer may unknowable, but I
would like to see the original article in its original, full form, to make sure there isn’t some detail that has been left out of others’ mentions of it. Anyone have a copy?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The comments appear to be mostly from Thomas himself, despite mismatched or missing quotation marks complicating matters in the </span><em><span class="tm10">Ice Cream Joe</span></em><span class="tm9"> version. I add quotation marks in brackets where they appear to be missing.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">[‘]My trade here is always looking for something new,’ said Mr. Thomas the other day to a representative of The Soda Fountain, [‘]and the thought occurred to me that I might
prepare a popular fountain beverage with the banana. I sent my boy out to buy a half dozen bananas, and when he returned I cut off the ends of a banana, split it open, put a portion of ice cream on top and a spoonful of
crushed strawberries. It certainly looked swell, and I believed the public would like it. I began with a dozen bananas a day, and when a customer appeared to be in doubt as to what to order, I suggested a banana split.
If the dozen bananas were not used up in a day, I instructed my dispensers to prepare banana splits and give them away. It is a little more than a year now since the banana split was introduced here, and it is easily our
fountain leader. We use four or five bunches of bananas a day, and people come for miles to get it. At first we left the peel on the banana in the plate, but some time ago we began removing it altogether. We found the ladies
preferred to have the peel removed. AS we serve the banana split today, we take a whole banana, remove the peel, and then split the banana lengthwise, and lay it on a plate. On top of it we put two small scoops of ice cream,
generally vanilla. The[n] on top of each portion of ice cream we put a red cherry, with a few slices of peach between them. Half a teaspoon of pistachio and half a teaspoon of crushed walnuts sprinkled over the top completes
the dish. As I said before, that is our great leader. In the busy hours of the day I am able to do little else beside splitting bananas for the dispensers.[’] </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9">, October 1906 (as quoted in Richard David Wissolik’s excellent and well-researched book, </span><em><span class="tm10">Ice Cream Joe, The Valley Dairy Story and America’s Love Affair with Ice Cream</span></em><span class="tm9">, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, Saint Vincent College Center for Northern Appalachian Studies, 2004,
page 88. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The “Banana split” appeared in print again, a few weeks after the NARD convention, and once again in Massachusetts, but this time a bit further west.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1oh3HQL_UqCj9B646amOnu9uemn0B7ugPSX7IsWlHu9Y0B5KeN7L2Ym8Uk2Ki9dYmVBaa_S53IP9yWirzyKCQwOsD0x1fLsmxicQGBbU2x9_mjaXRSMQrL2lj-lU43Sju1_Vt7gQijUzSiyT_Of6wzb0q1oPx_zPnmoFMBdf-iCahXS5kCWJHFQy8/s1433/fitchburg%20sentinel%20-%20mass%20-%20oct%209%201905%20p%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1407" data-original-width="1433" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1oh3HQL_UqCj9B646amOnu9uemn0B7ugPSX7IsWlHu9Y0B5KeN7L2Ym8Uk2Ki9dYmVBaa_S53IP9yWirzyKCQwOsD0x1fLsmxicQGBbU2x9_mjaXRSMQrL2lj-lU43Sju1_Vt7gQijUzSiyT_Of6wzb0q1oPx_zPnmoFMBdf-iCahXS5kCWJHFQy8/w400-h393/fitchburg%20sentinel%20-%20mass%20-%20oct%209%201905%20p%206.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm9"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Fitchburg Sentinel </span></em><span class="tm9">(Fitchburg, Massachusetts), October 9, 1905, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The earliest known reference to a “banana royalle” appeared in the “Household Department” section of a Boston newspaper a few weeks later. A reader shared a recipe
for a dessert they had recently eaten in Boston, and had since made for themselves at home.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">I made a dessert Sunday from ice cream like one I had eaten in Boston the week before. It was called “banana royalle.” Peel a banana and cut it lengthwise. Cut the half again
at the center, and put the two pieces at a saucer. Over that a slice or tablespoon of ice cream, over that some chocolate sauce, then some chopped walnuts and on top two preserved cherries, and if you can digest all that
I will come again. Let me hear how you stand it. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Real Yankee.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">The Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm9">, October 29, 1905, page 32.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p><span class="tm9">A recipe for a “banana split” appeared a few months later, in the same pharmaceutical magazine that had reported the “banana splits” served at the NARD convention.
It should be noted that under standard ice cream parlor parlance of the day, the word “cone” used here refers to a scoop or mound of ice cream, not an edible ice cream “cone,” for holding ice cream,
as it would be understood today.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a> It is also worth noting that this peel-on recipe is consistent with Stinson Thomas’ description of his early banana
splits., for which he left the peels on the bananas on the plate. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Take a good ripe banana with peel on, cut off both ends split lengthwise in center with silver-plated knife. Spread open, letting the peel hold together on bottom; put a cone of ice cream
on center, garnish with ground pistachio nuts and top with Maraschino cherry.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Pharmaceutical Era</span></em><span class="tm9">, Volume 35, Number 5, February 1, 1906, page 97.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">In Hartford, Connecticut, Goodwin’s Drug Store sold something under a similar name, the “Imperial Banana College Ice.”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a>
The expression, “College Ice,” was the term used to describe what might be called an ice cream “sundae” today. “College Ice” was an alternate term for what we would call an ice cream “Sundae”
today. Both expressions date to about the turn of the century (19</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> to 20</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9">).</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsJptAK3B3klvaFAFPztosvQKHzXfqKu4Vf_EJiiZvNUtXD75NqD5WmHgNWXr2MyKnMhSWqLmG9qT6-hTVdRCjft1HNQJLzfyt2V3Dw14IghG60sKPkb6R2of9c8OqKtgIoox5M9EHPNX27QpFvruJaHUox-NtO_-K1wbm4cwwQL1uEwEsmjfjCuIf/s777/pittston%20gazette%20may%2016%201906%20page%208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="777" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsJptAK3B3klvaFAFPztosvQKHzXfqKu4Vf_EJiiZvNUtXD75NqD5WmHgNWXr2MyKnMhSWqLmG9qT6-hTVdRCjft1HNQJLzfyt2V3Dw14IghG60sKPkb6R2of9c8OqKtgIoox5M9EHPNX27QpFvruJaHUox-NtO_-K1wbm4cwwQL1uEwEsmjfjCuIf/s320/pittston%20gazette%20may%2016%201906%20page%208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Pittston Gazette</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Pittston, Massachusetts), May 16, 1906, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A recipe for “Banana Royale” appeared in print a few months later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">BANANA ROYALE. - Peel bananas and cut lengthwise; cut the halves again at the center and place two pieces in saucer or dessert plate; over that a slice or tablespoonful of ice cream; pour
over some chocolate sauce, then some chopped English walnuts and on top two preserved cherries.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Buffalo News</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Buffalo, New York), May 21, 1906, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">By June of 1906, you could get a “banana ice cream split” at N. T. Folsom & Son<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> or a “genuine banana
split”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> at Nichols’ Pharmacy, both in Augusta, Maine. In July, you could buy a a “banana college ice” in Barre, Vermont<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a>
or a “banana split” in Montpelier, Vermont,<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a> and a “Banana Royal” in Omaha, Nebraska<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a>
or at the Gilchrist department store in Boston, Massachusetts.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixpsg6gcPl0jE2ags9m5QuH6GZMZcj-qUHLut7sz007oNpK2mAMP2cUo3Z53BZXaTj7Vsvp0aOPJ32N47pn-t2CjxKDdiBGugvUA1IJkI2gYNS4bxGOymC9DbfAnXIZTEvkp7lsnRqipkhesKb0-WbwCPhTMiZNVaRb3i9HAYK4eNfbUmK5PKbtFh/s762/boston%20globe%20july%2014%201906%20page%2014%20-%20gilchrist%20ad%20-%20banana%20royal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="762" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixpsg6gcPl0jE2ags9m5QuH6GZMZcj-qUHLut7sz007oNpK2mAMP2cUo3Z53BZXaTj7Vsvp0aOPJ32N47pn-t2CjxKDdiBGugvUA1IJkI2gYNS4bxGOymC9DbfAnXIZTEvkp7lsnRqipkhesKb0-WbwCPhTMiZNVaRb3i9HAYK4eNfbUmK5PKbtFh/w400-h115/boston%20globe%20july%2014%201906%20page%2014%20-%20gilchrist%20ad%20-%20banana%20royal.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Advertisement for Gilchrist Company department store. </span><em><span class="tm10">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm9">, July 14, 1906, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGYD2tiNujczAzqB4MWbEg0f6vRDZrcYexqh2j3XjRrd5c8gCvdmsEeGDZ1KQ9qetHS_MpQwiD6tLJInkgLYt-yJov_MugMyY3cl4zC77hgW-XUZaokaKviJZXg6A8CNeTnNaWY5_uw77WHPN0No1u7F6UwgIs3PdlBrLiDQ5JHKU1hleM_FABh7H/s2108/constellation%201904.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1849" data-original-width="2108" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGYD2tiNujczAzqB4MWbEg0f6vRDZrcYexqh2j3XjRrd5c8gCvdmsEeGDZ1KQ9qetHS_MpQwiD6tLJInkgLYt-yJov_MugMyY3cl4zC77hgW-XUZaokaKviJZXg6A8CNeTnNaWY5_uw77WHPN0No1u7F6UwgIs3PdlBrLiDQ5JHKU1hleM_FABh7H/w400-h351/constellation%201904.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The soda fountain at Gilchrist Company (as seen in 1904).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">At least one news item published in 1906 suggests that some people at the time considered Boston to be the home of the “Banana Split.” The ladies at a meeting of a local chapter
of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in Rapid City, South Dakota dined on a variety of Boston-themed food, including “Boston baked beans, brown bread, tea, and Boston banana split.”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a>
They must have enjoyed their dessert, because someone served “Boston banana split” at a meeting of Rapid City’s “Bachelor Maids” two weeks later.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Initially, “Split” and a “Royal” appear to have been generally considered alternate names for the same thing. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">Will some one tell me how to make banana split or banana royal? It is called by both names. Peggie Sides.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm9">, December 23, 1907, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A decade later, Nellie Maxwell, a popular syndicated columnist, used the terms interchangeably in her Kitchen Cabinet column.</span></p><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">At the Palace of Sweets one finds many new tempting dishes that can be easily prepared at home. The banana split or banana royal is one of these. Split a well-ripened banana in two and place
on a chilled plate, on the top of the fruit put a layer of vanilla ice cream and over this a little finely chopped or grated pineapple, a few chopped almonds and lastly a spoonful of whipped cream garnished with a cherry.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">The Bystander</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Des Moines, Iowa), September 1, 1916, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Some merchants, however, used the different terms to designate separate variants of the dessert. The “royal” was apparently fancier, priced above the “split.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Cd-w8CdYcjOdn47IujB7ZVpt0A9dSBH1eSccQWA1ydKF2K9Hdl5sAWSz51AUAbPMvGj1MAorpwN0eyvbDn8TpUzbchX2XBUYIV5P03_MQFKUGPnlyuuBqKmeW3bfNCydfb-mU98ULjap1FosEnBRHV1dIf9mqQCJ55WPPrBTRx2h7qr66d0OfqPR/s1451/north%20adams%20transcript%201907%20july%203%20page%206%20split%20royal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1451" data-original-width="1337" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Cd-w8CdYcjOdn47IujB7ZVpt0A9dSBH1eSccQWA1ydKF2K9Hdl5sAWSz51AUAbPMvGj1MAorpwN0eyvbDn8TpUzbchX2XBUYIV5P03_MQFKUGPnlyuuBqKmeW3bfNCydfb-mU98ULjap1FosEnBRHV1dIf9mqQCJ55WPPrBTRx2h7qr66d0OfqPR/w369-h400/north%20adams%20transcript%201907%20july%203%20page%206%20split%20royal.jpg" width="369" /></a></div><br /><em><span class="tm10">North Adams Transcript</span></em><span class="tm9"> (North Adams, Massachusetts), July 3, 1907, page 6.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4mmwP6kO6FPSzUe-7i-DBOW0WD1mLcgv_4CZwMzKD8pRFkkysraK09bFvzxTm2udFuf4hu4FzA13LvInFUft4gNaFU6o_x39wgJuRR4olZ7HBeSx-549uDLojhX4ThxFduPqmOIIE8iaLoBGz88RfCZOp_PWoXmoeP-2g2kUeUdjVyKv0Jga2Qc1-/s1629/springfiled%20reporter%20-%20vermont%20aug%2020%201915%20page%201%20split%20royal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1629" data-original-width="1329" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4mmwP6kO6FPSzUe-7i-DBOW0WD1mLcgv_4CZwMzKD8pRFkkysraK09bFvzxTm2udFuf4hu4FzA13LvInFUft4gNaFU6o_x39wgJuRR4olZ7HBeSx-549uDLojhX4ThxFduPqmOIIE8iaLoBGz88RfCZOp_PWoXmoeP-2g2kUeUdjVyKv0Jga2Qc1-/w326-h400/springfiled%20reporter%20-%20vermont%20aug%2020%201915%20page%201%20split%20royal.jpg" width="326" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Springfield Reporter</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Springfield, Vermont), August 20, 1915, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Both “banana split” and “banana royal” appear in a poem from a humor magazine in 1908 imagines a fast-foot future in which restaurants become passe, and people dine
more regularly in convenient drug store counters.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-iTIiqRJNWPzuD16bEGW9AyTuKUQJ73LHzNjDeU2-f-vlY546og8ZW_d9SZQeXnpEnc4zO2UdOS73iLeFU6aHlB9GVu0XZlnMI9FdRwlwsnxakjmIEsLcAmdoHY-t2UBweuT0UYiqGkO5CE3iHOtkW-CandconuFgtA-QskBxX14wB7nedr03835/s1831/1908%20humor%20magazine%20banana%20split%20and%20royal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1831" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-iTIiqRJNWPzuD16bEGW9AyTuKUQJ73LHzNjDeU2-f-vlY546og8ZW_d9SZQeXnpEnc4zO2UdOS73iLeFU6aHlB9GVu0XZlnMI9FdRwlwsnxakjmIEsLcAmdoHY-t2UBweuT0UYiqGkO5CE3iHOtkW-CandconuFgtA-QskBxX14wB7nedr03835/w400-h224/1908%20humor%20magazine%20banana%20split%20and%20royal.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Caricature, Wit and Humor of a Nation in Picture, Song and Story</span></em><span class="tm9">, Thirteenth Edition, New York, Leslie-Judge Company, 1911.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Decades later, some ice cream outlets seemed to have settled on cross-sliced banana rounds for a “banana royal” and lengthwise-sliced bananas for a “banana split,”
although the distinction was never universal, and does not seem to have held sway in the early days of the dessert. Some ice cream historians, however, have treated “banana split” and “banana royal”
as though they were always distinct desserts. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ9f519PYpJf0jJw7_ac1HvpKkQHBEPGWupHWa5L0zaCkRzZsieNFrWWZolkcXiCDIyLhO-8gLXhHgsKQWIOrS4pQENQAfks8pGxCpoqFmuinB6qt_D-BrJJTFgCFb_fS1loOXZCH04ybO20lldCCx9lj1bn8Y6npIGvkfWZ4O_i_N0oVD3YthhH-_/s1922/new%20castle%20news%20pennsylvania%20june%209%201938%20page%2011%20-%20bananas%20royal%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1673" data-original-width="1922" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ9f519PYpJf0jJw7_ac1HvpKkQHBEPGWupHWa5L0zaCkRzZsieNFrWWZolkcXiCDIyLhO-8gLXhHgsKQWIOrS4pQENQAfks8pGxCpoqFmuinB6qt_D-BrJJTFgCFb_fS1loOXZCH04ybO20lldCCx9lj1bn8Y6npIGvkfWZ4O_i_N0oVD3YthhH-_/w400-h349/new%20castle%20news%20pennsylvania%20june%209%201938%20page%2011%20-%20bananas%20royal%20pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">New Castle News</span></em><span class="tm9"> (New Castle, Pennsylvania), June 9, 1938, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Disputed Origins</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">There is a split among “banana split” historians as to who invented the dessert. Latrobe, Pennsylvania generally receives the most credit, where it is attributed to a man named
David Strickler. The town of Wilmington, Ohio also lays claim to the invention. A local pharmacist named E. R. “Brady” Hazard supposedly invented it there in the winter of 1907, and his cousin, Clifton, coined
the name. And the October 1906 issue of </span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9"> magazine corroborates earlier reports of the “banana split” at the NARD convention in Boston in
1905, and names Stinson Thomas, a soda dispenser at Butler & Company department store in Boston, as a possible inventor. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The Ohio claim is easily disproven by the early references to the “Banana Split” and “Banana Royale” two years before his claimed date of invention. Disproving Strickler’s
story, however, is more complicated. Checking his claimed timeline against contemporary records reveals inconsistencies and impossibilities which cast doubt on his claim. The Boston story is corroborated by, and consistent
with, a larger body of evidence, suggesting that the “banana split” was more likely invented in or around Boston, possibly by Stinson Thomas.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm18" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm19"><span style="font-size: medium;">Strickler’s Story</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">According to most accounts, David Strickler supposedly invented the “banana split” in 1904, while working at Tassel’s pharmacy, which was then owned by Daniel Livengood;
and his good friend, Howard Dovey, popularized the dish throughout the East Coast by sharing it with fellow students at a medical school in Philadelphia.<a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a><a id="footnote1back"></a> Several
details in the story are demonstrably false, in direct conflict with contemporary reporting. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Daniel Livengood did not own Tassel’s pharmacy in 1904; he purchased it in 1909. And Strickler could not have served a banana split at a soda fountain in Tassel’s pharmacy in
1904, because Mary Tassel did not install a soda fountain in her pharmacy until May of 1905. Finally, although Strickler worked there, and even served ice cream there, after the soda fountain was installed in May 1905, his
friend Howard Dovey could not have introduced the treat to the East Coast via medical school classmates in Philadelphia that year, because he didn’t go to medical school until 1907. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The only “documentation” supporting Strickler’s 1904 claim is his own letter, written fifty-five years after the fact, for the purposes of getting himself selected to appear
on the TV show, </span><em><span class="tm10">I’ve Got a Secret</span></em><span class="tm9">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm19"><span style="font-size: medium;">Strictly Facts</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Mary Tassel was the first woman licensed as a “drug clerk” in Western Pennsylvania. Born in Sweden Township, Pennsylvania in about 1870, she was a graduate of the Indianapolis
College of Pharmacy who had previously been licensed in Indiana. She and a partner, Harvey Amos Barkley, purchased the former McMillan Drug Store in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, in 1898.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a>
The McMillan pharmacy is believed to have been the first pharmacy in Latrobe,<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> having opened for business in about 1864.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a>
A pharmacy in that location, 805 Ligonier Street, remained in business under successive owners, until Strickler’s Pharmacy finally closed its doors in October 2000.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">When Tassell and Barkley purchased the business in 1898, she had already been managing the store for “several years.”<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a>
Barkley, who was new to town,<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a> must have been an apprentice when they bought the business, as he did not receive his license until May of 1899.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a>
Mary Tassell bought out Barkley’s interest in the store in 1903,<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> when he quit the pharmacy to practice medicine, having been attending medical school
even while helping run the pharmacy.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">There is no indication that Mary Tassell’s pharmacy, or McMillan’s before her, had ever had a soda fountain before May of 1905. Numerous advertisements for “Barkley &
Tassell’s” pharmacy, and later Tassell’s Pharmacy, appear in the pages of Latrobe newspapers between 1898 and 1904, but none of the ones found in a search of a digitized archive advertise a soda fountain
or ice cream. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Advertisements for other pharmacies in Latrobe, on the other hand, had been advertising their soda fountains and ice cream for years. Kuhn’s pharmacy had a soda fountain in the 1870s.
Richey’s pharmacy had one as early as 1890. Showalter’s pharmacy had one from at least 1903. Richey’s and Showalter’s pharmacies both advertised their soda fountains in 1904.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Beginning in the summer of 1905, however, numerous articles about, and advertisements for, Tassell’s pharmacy prominently mention her new soda fountain. Mary Tassell continued advertising
the availability of ice cream, sundaes and sodas every year until she sold the business in 1909, as did the new owners after she left. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">In May 1905, Mary Tassell’s pharmacy installed a new soda fountain. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm21" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="tm22">A New Soda Fountain.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">Miss Mary Tassell is installing a handsome soda water fountain in her drug store. The fountain arrived this morning and is now being installed. It is one of the handsomest ever seen in Latrobe,
and is destined to become a popular meeting place for Latrobe’s lovers of soda.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 17, 1905, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">No fountain this side of the city can compare with it in quality, beauty and completeness. it is the result of years of study by the greatest soda fountain manufacturers in the country, the
American Soda Fountain Company and it is aptly named the Inovation, being an inovation in the dispensing of soda, neater quicker, and more logical. The dispensers face their customers and draw from what seems to be the counter
which is thoroughly refrigerated and is built of inlaid onyx, and marble.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 20, 1905, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">There are no pictures of her new soda fountain, but images of the “Innovation” model, as installed in Minneapolis and Boston, give a sense of what it may have looked like.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2WcZ5FXTSMELz6njEiOb17nEJm_GGN12l-ZbAvoxfmTCDKwo9Lj_gg74SYZKWi3soWhW4ayQ3V7WzgevmZBRVNWe-b8ROv9bqoNvZ3nd6gETTzUEX2davd3qfcO1k8cugsIx0NMFYfecAV4Y1KOBGzzy9EoapD2AjfJtbQI8j6XSTRslPIKl1XYd/s2787/minneapolis%20journal%20june%2030%201905%20page%2018%20innovation%20model%20fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1615" data-original-width="2787" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2WcZ5FXTSMELz6njEiOb17nEJm_GGN12l-ZbAvoxfmTCDKwo9Lj_gg74SYZKWi3soWhW4ayQ3V7WzgevmZBRVNWe-b8ROv9bqoNvZ3nd6gETTzUEX2davd3qfcO1k8cugsIx0NMFYfecAV4Y1KOBGzzy9EoapD2AjfJtbQI8j6XSTRslPIKl1XYd/w400-h231/minneapolis%20journal%20june%2030%201905%20page%2018%20innovation%20model%20fountain.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">The INNOVATION is the new apparatus of the American Soda Fountain Company, and is really the only thoroughly practical soda fountain ever constructed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Minneapolis Journal</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 30, 1905, page 18.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZo3zi-RR3YJ4rWmesCckcjunmFce0a2zEXDKSJ__2whPS4IaMDFnaogNqT36i-tDe4th429RCBUvu-nJ_VcNHjiXVWgh0EVBmsbSMmn-0uOpntEfv5nddRiaNBE5x1By_8KQO4yyqHSOrJlQ5T_knZcVhAjug_EvwoAAOihj905pqciAT7eZEypa0/s2025/uiug.30112045334379-seq_220.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="2025" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZo3zi-RR3YJ4rWmesCckcjunmFce0a2zEXDKSJ__2whPS4IaMDFnaogNqT36i-tDe4th429RCBUvu-nJ_VcNHjiXVWgh0EVBmsbSMmn-0uOpntEfv5nddRiaNBE5x1By_8KQO4yyqHSOrJlQ5T_knZcVhAjug_EvwoAAOihj905pqciAT7eZEypa0/w400-h226/uiug.30112045334379-seq_220.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">The American Soda Fountain Company, when the matter of installing a new fountain was first considered, assured me that a really handsome apparatus of the “Innovation” model would
prove far more profitable, in proportion to its first cost, than any less expensive apparatus of older style construction. And the results have proved that they were right, for my new fountain was a trade winner from the
word go.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">The American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record</span></em><span class="tm9">, March 26, 1906, page 170.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">To dispense the drinks and serve the ice cream, Mary Tassell hired an “expert dispenser . . . besides the other two clerks.”<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a>
One of those clerks was David Strickler. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">Mr. George Eitemmiller, an expert soda water mixer, and his assistant student David Strickler, do the dispensing of sodas at Tassel Pharmacy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 27, 1905, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ9SO3Vhx2XAwgpf-dtfUfEyoD12OHpVeXY4qN37eAE8Q1lerVPdC2jaNRARBnxPyWC26gPvIW0miYPfQuYRohSQKVl3LiTeLrIItOmgmDv_6oHoAEN7g55r_66WfshiaJ-FCj4RKWYvxHbfjeZPIt4YnbnhkJfe2ZgTOX28huqg4-tVOu-RZ9CS5/s1001/Latrobe%20bulletin%20june%207%201905%20page%208%20strickler%20tassell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1001" data-original-width="814" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ9SO3Vhx2XAwgpf-dtfUfEyoD12OHpVeXY4qN37eAE8Q1lerVPdC2jaNRARBnxPyWC26gPvIW0miYPfQuYRohSQKVl3LiTeLrIItOmgmDv_6oHoAEN7g55r_66WfshiaJ-FCj4RKWYvxHbfjeZPIt4YnbnhkJfe2ZgTOX28huqg4-tVOu-RZ9CS5/w325-h400/Latrobe%20bulletin%20june%207%201905%20page%208%20strickler%20tassell.jpg" width="325" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 7, 1905, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">David E. Strickler was born in Latrobe in July 1881. At least one source suggests he started working at the pharmacy when he was sixteen years old, which would place him in the store in
late-1897 or early-1898, when it was still run by McMillan.<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a> In 1963, Strickler suggested he had once held other jobs in town. As a boy, he ran the
merry-ground at Idlewild Park, and later worked in a local grocery store. He said a druggist invited him to learn the business because he showed promise.<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxivback"></a>
When he purchased the pharmacy in 1914, it was said to be the “culmination of an ambition which he has had ever since, as a mere boy, he began to clerk there.”<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">But regardless of precisely when he started working there, he was clearly working there in 1905, and serving drinks and ice cream at Tassell’s new soda fountain about four months before
banana splits are known to have been served at the NARD convention in Boston. Is it theoretically possible that David Strickler invented the banana split in Latrobe during the summer of 1905, and it somehow made its way to
the NARD convention in Boston in September? Yes. But does that theory gibe with his own story of when he invented it and how it became popular? No.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">It is not outside the realm of possibility that David Strickler could have invented the banana split in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, sometime between May 23</span><sup><span class="tm9">rd</span></sup><span class="tm9"> (when Tassell’s new fountain opened for business) and September 18</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> (when the NARD national meeting opened in Boston), so perhaps his mistaken recollection was only one year off. But that would leave at the most, somewhat less than four months
during which the apprentice soda jerk’s backwater invention could trickle out of Latrobe and into to Boston, where it gained widespread exposure and immediate notoriety. It sounds like a stretch, but there is at least
one possible route.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Mary Tassell was active in the National Association of Retail Druggists. She served as secretary of the Westmoreland County chapter of retail druggists in at least 1905 and 1906.<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviback"></a>
She even represented Pennsylvania at the national convention in Atlanta, Georgia in 1906.<a href="#footnotexxvii"><sup>xxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiback"></a> But there is no evidence that she attended the national
convention in Boston in 1905, where banana splits are known to have been served. And even if she had attend, bringing the banana split with her, it would discredit Strickler’s own story about how the banana split became
known outside of Latrobe.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">On the occasion of the supposed 60</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> anniversary of the “Banana Split” in 1964, when Strickler was still alive and
active in Latrobe, a local newspaper told the story.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">At the time Howard Dovey was a attending medical school in Philadelphia and took the recipe back to Philly with him . . . Other students took the idea to Atlantic City where it really caught
on and soon spread to all parts of the world.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, July 25, 1964, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Howard Dovey could not have shared the recipe with his medical school classmates in Philadelphia before the NARD convention in Boston in 1905, however, because Dovey did not go to school
medical school until 1907. In August of 1906, Dovey left Latrobe to work at the Latrobe-Connellsville Company, where his brother was superintendent.<a href="#footnotexxviii"><sup>xxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiiback"></a>
Apparently having had his fill of the coal mines, he returned to Latrobe a few months later to reenter the local high school.<a href="#footnotexxix"><sup>xxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxixback"></a> He left Latrobe for Philadelphia
in September 1907 to attend the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia,<a href="#footnotexxx"><sup>xxx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxback"></a> “with the idea of fitting himself for the practice of medicine.”<a href="#footnotexxxi"><sup>xxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Strickler also attended school. He received the degree Doctor of Pharmacy from the University of Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy in May 1908.<a href="#footnotexxxii"><sup>xxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiback"></a>
He passed the state exam in August 1908, to become a “full fledged registered pharmacist.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Mary Tassell left the practice of pharmacy in 1909, reportedly to focus her energies on “spreading the doctrines of Christian Science.”<a href="#footnotexxxiii"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiiback"></a>
She sold the business to Daniel Livengood in May of that year. Livengood retained the services of David Strickler and one other employee.<a href="#footnotexxxiv"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxivback"></a> Mary Tassell
married Dr. H. C. Harriman in 1915, living with him mostly in Denver, Colorado. She died in a head-on automobile collision in the Cajon Pass, north of Los Angeles, in 1940.<a href="#footnotexxxv"><sup>xxxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Livengood sold a partial interest in the store to David Strickler in June 1910.<a href="#footnotexxxvi"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1SbPc9yN9uTX5y1viO9N_7pKNm4NvLYWfSruOrsqfSH8aP1vti5W3MIWa2MM-zy5qzwj-BFLwKcf2pkud6W7sOIUzSpyJ8iadHi8WgOPEM6_gnCvmlFG6STSdOxQql-EifxmFrVDzuebnzJSxDexPO0SuV8boMZ9Cwp-ZBU-LMa9RgT6pqAjnWWFW/s3119/latrobe%20bulletin%20june%209%201910%20page%201%20livengood%20and%20strickler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="3119" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1SbPc9yN9uTX5y1viO9N_7pKNm4NvLYWfSruOrsqfSH8aP1vti5W3MIWa2MM-zy5qzwj-BFLwKcf2pkud6W7sOIUzSpyJ8iadHi8WgOPEM6_gnCvmlFG6STSdOxQql-EifxmFrVDzuebnzJSxDexPO0SuV8boMZ9Cwp-ZBU-LMa9RgT6pqAjnWWFW/w400-h118/latrobe%20bulletin%20june%209%201910%20page%201%20livengood%20and%20strickler.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />And Strickler bought out Livengood’s remaining interest in the store in March 1914, to become the sole proprietor.<a href="#footnotexxxvii"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a>
<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdubggbg6HVaaf2i_-cBI68dXxRAmje_m2l4uUd27LEMvaHjSrQ1F_CJ-PgpNOwwoeZEQ8JNspEF_6QmGMeYkVFew7y-XzQxBhFGMPUa98wDBmOGi4E2jRW-msiRSEHT0_kdwXep0mEHrB5F-eACymaVTGHVZ15DyThk02O8WAfHsxUa81OBuS0eG/s1386/latrobe%20bulletin%20march%2024%201914%20page%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="1386" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdubggbg6HVaaf2i_-cBI68dXxRAmje_m2l4uUd27LEMvaHjSrQ1F_CJ-PgpNOwwoeZEQ8JNspEF_6QmGMeYkVFew7y-XzQxBhFGMPUa98wDBmOGi4E2jRW-msiRSEHT0_kdwXep0mEHrB5F-eACymaVTGHVZ15DyThk02O8WAfHsxUa81OBuS0eG/w400-h108/latrobe%20bulletin%20march%2024%201914%20page%201.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />The shop kept the name Strickler’s Pharmacy until it closed its doors in 2000.<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The earliest mentions of “banana splits” found in a search of a digitized database of a Latrobe newspaper appears in 1911, in advertisements for Showalter’s Pharmacy, not
Livengoods or Strickler’s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9H09duwWxmd5r__12TkYwySTuDZJL9Rs0CzcXuAvbebI-gKSvW44vcQhatkZXq1AU5X0mQR_J0QJWiuVAgYAwHdBkPuii1IgIv-AQe5WAyG-oB7vgAHysEebB4iVeG2iBxeacGFWXnXpkqzFWO6bpodTFBNll--6YKZtevBFGrOdsGQgwFAD1ZFJP/s718/latrobe%20bulletin%20april%206%201911%20page%201%20-%20showalter%20banana%20split.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="718" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9H09duwWxmd5r__12TkYwySTuDZJL9Rs0CzcXuAvbebI-gKSvW44vcQhatkZXq1AU5X0mQR_J0QJWiuVAgYAwHdBkPuii1IgIv-AQe5WAyG-oB7vgAHysEebB4iVeG2iBxeacGFWXnXpkqzFWO6bpodTFBNll--6YKZtevBFGrOdsGQgwFAD1ZFJP/w400-h215/latrobe%20bulletin%20april%206%201911%20page%201%20-%20showalter%20banana%20split.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, April 6, 1911,page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">This does not necessarily disprove Strickler’s claim, but it is curious that if he invented it, and it had since become widely known and popular, and he had since become part-owner
of a pharmacy with a soda fountain for which he placed advertisements, that he would not (so far as can be determined) advertise the fact, or even advertise banana splits in his store at all, until decades later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The earliest indication of David Strickler’s claim to have originated the “Banana Split” appeared in an advertisement for his drugstore in 1933.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLY61Gtsr4UfTusPTsCQ4kfUQQHywoPOR85A6tr0eZfejFedxNM6gLokgerZ-e1wVHaNFzqIhBNP3D4rCT_SEedrtxZyyRgIShic8AJktHbgEpl9Rtje7-c540nTzXcop27Ec667VTKknkIVC1HWJwmKOMZbGYgqHlmrbLwfOac65i7hecUKJf9q6/s1377/latrobe%20bulletin%20may%2026%201933%20page%2012%20-%20strickler%20ad%20claims%20originator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1377" data-original-width="760" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLY61Gtsr4UfTusPTsCQ4kfUQQHywoPOR85A6tr0eZfejFedxNM6gLokgerZ-e1wVHaNFzqIhBNP3D4rCT_SEedrtxZyyRgIShic8AJktHbgEpl9Rtje7-c540nTzXcop27Ec667VTKknkIVC1HWJwmKOMZbGYgqHlmrbLwfOac65i7hecUKJf9q6/w221-h400/latrobe%20bulletin%20may%2026%201933%20page%2012%20-%20strickler%20ad%20claims%20originator.jpg" width="221" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">P. S. - This store originated the “Banana Split,” now sold everywhere!</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 26, 1933, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm18"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Boston - Stinson Thomas</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The earliest known reference in print to a “banana split” appeared in September 1905, a week or so following the national convention of the National Association of Retail Druggists.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">The Murray Co. showed a complete line of soda water flavors, so complete that they had undertaken to supply the big Puffer “Constellation” fountain in the next booth with everything
used or which might be called for. . . . A “banana split” was the piece de resistance of their menu.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Pharmaceutical Era</span></em><span class="tm9">, September 28, 1905, page 305.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">About one year later, and consistent with the earliest known reference, an article in the October 1906 issue of </span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9"> magazine noted that “the banana split first came into public notice at the Boston convention of the N. A. R. D.” A passage from the article appears to
quote a man named Stinson Thompson, described as the “chief dispenser at Butler’s Department Store” of Boston, in which he apparently describes how he made the first banana split in Boston “a little
more than a year” earlier.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Full disclosure, the full text of the rare magazine was not viewed in researching and writing this piece. The brief excerpts, and one extended passage, are taken from Richard David Wissolik’s
excellent and well-researched book, </span><em><span class="tm10">Ice Cream Joe, The Valley Dairy Story and America’s Love Affair with Ice Cream</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Saint Vincent College Center for Northern Appalachian Studies, 2004). The book includes the most well-researched and balanced analysis of the various theories on the origin of the banana split that I found
while researching this piece. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Wissolik noted that he had initially been prepared, on the strength of the 1906 article in </span><em><span class="tm10">Soda Fountain</span></em><span class="tm9"> magazine, to conclude that the banana split had been invented in Boston. He had received a hard copy of the article from a man named Paul Dickson, the author of </span><em><span class="tm10">The Great American Ice Cream Book</span></em><span class="tm9">. Wissolik changed his mind, however, after receiving some newspaper clippings laying out Strickler’s claim to inventorship. Those clippings,
however, were of articles published during the 1980s, not during the period of origin. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Wissolik’s book also includes the full text of a letter from Strickler, dated September 1959, in which Strickler sought to be selected to appear on the television show, </span><em><span class="tm10">I’ve Got a Secret</span></em><span class="tm9">. </span><em><span class="tm10">I’ve Got a Secret</span></em><span class="tm9"> had a format similar to </span><em><span class="tm10">What’s My Line</span></em><span class="tm9">. A panel of celebrities, through questioning, tried to guess the “secret” of that week’s
guest. Strickler’s secret, he claimed, was that he “made the first banana split” in 1904. Strickler was not selected to appear on the show, but the letter stands now as the single piece of supposed “documentary”
evidence that he invented the banana split in 1904.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Prehistory of the Banana Split</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Regardless of who invented the “banana split,” by that or any other name, it did not spring from nothing. It was not even the first known dessert to feature split bananas with
a chilled, cream-based confection on top. In 1897, for example, the Buffalo Enquirer featured a recipe for “Bananas a la Creme” - bananas, split lengthwise, topped with chilled whipped cream, instead of ice cream.
It was “entirely new.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm21" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm9"></span><strong><span class="tm22">Light Summer Desserts</span></strong><span class="tm9">.</span></p>
<p class="tm21"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">Bananas a la Creme - This is an entirely new dessert - most refreshing and delicious. Take six plump, thoroughly ripe bananas, lay them in a refrigerator until they are ice cold. Just a
few minutes before dinner peel the bananas, split each one in halves lengthways, lay them in a deep, oblong glass dish. Squeeze over the bananas the juice of two large oranges. Stand the dish in the refrigerator while you
prepare the cream. Put a pint of rich cream in a bowl. Add to it two heaping tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar and half a saltspoonful of fine salt. Crush a dozen large, ripe strawberries and strain their juice into the
cream. Whip the cream till it is stiff, and pour it over the bananas. Keep the dish in the refrigerator till ready to serve. Then ornament the top of the cream, which will be a delicate shade of pink, with a few slices
of banana, alternated with strawberries cut in two.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Buffalo Enquirer</span></em><span class="tm9">, July 12, 1897, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">It is not a great leap from “Bananas a la Creme,” with chilled whipped cream, to a “Banana Split” with frozen ice cream. Perhaps the big mystery is why it didn’t
happen sooner.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A recipe out of Indiana suggests that someone may have split a banana open lengthwise and filled it with ice cream as early as 1903, although the recipe is not completely unambiguous on
the question of the direction of the slicing.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">Banana sundae - Take a small banana cut it open on the top and spread about half open. Then fill with ice cream or sherbert, preserved fruits and lastly whipped cream.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">The South Bend Tribune</span></em><span class="tm9">, April 7, 1903, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">A “Banana Sundae” was offered for sale in Bemidji, Minnesota, but without any specifics on how the banana was sliced or how the dish was constructed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCkTt9xwTHd1YC_N56McHaGoTLKBHlpIiIRIgQWiRmYUvTmI6arETAnKIdZXyK78K7FubUdBby2csFeYzOCmiTN_IrPMYGrTH9IGn1aClLehtcOyGxLTlYFUwtdlpAjm12boRFl-GUlLSlFLLmzBR059_nNmft1O5T2-g_N36YXAGKFr3fB56MnLZ9/s654/bemidji%20daily%20pioneer%20nov%2021%201904%20page%203%20-%20banana%20sundae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="356" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCkTt9xwTHd1YC_N56McHaGoTLKBHlpIiIRIgQWiRmYUvTmI6arETAnKIdZXyK78K7FubUdBby2csFeYzOCmiTN_IrPMYGrTH9IGn1aClLehtcOyGxLTlYFUwtdlpAjm12boRFl-GUlLSlFLLmzBR059_nNmft1O5T2-g_N36YXAGKFr3fB56MnLZ9/w217-h400/bemidji%20daily%20pioneer%20nov%2021%201904%20page%203%20-%20banana%20sundae.jpg" width="217" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Bemidji Daily Pioneer</span></em><span class="tm9">, November 21, 1904, page 3.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">In 1904, they sold a “Banana College Ice” in Portland, Maine, although it is unclear how the bananas were sliced. It was also described as, “not the ordinary kind,”
suggesting that there had already been other college ices with bananas in them, which differed in some respect from the particular version advertised here.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix8orno6kXTt-NUoEXR1pxJo-126y1cjC6w5dhLQDdBlFfZha_boFK2pW4P0fWg9DoWFNp_sqtmisNH5_dfE0TQwDzTW5HAhJbT3-gxDRJQdyx4dznGmyHUWiYskLk8qNsKLKt_Xco62SepzwiSipFE5g_nvfFotlHQoBcx1uy6HzFXUQDCkZmwWJS/s1796/evening%20express%20-%20portland%20maine%20may%2010%201904%20page%202%20-%20banana%20college%20ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1796" data-original-width="839" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix8orno6kXTt-NUoEXR1pxJo-126y1cjC6w5dhLQDdBlFfZha_boFK2pW4P0fWg9DoWFNp_sqtmisNH5_dfE0TQwDzTW5HAhJbT3-gxDRJQdyx4dznGmyHUWiYskLk8qNsKLKt_Xco62SepzwiSipFE5g_nvfFotlHQoBcx1uy6HzFXUQDCkZmwWJS/w186-h400/evening%20express%20-%20portland%20maine%20may%2010%201904%20page%202%20-%20banana%20college%20ice.jpg" width="186" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm10">Evening Express</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Portland, Maine), May 10, 1904, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">In early-September 1905, Goldenberg’s, in Washington DC, advertised a “’Fruit Parfait’ - A delicious Sundae, made up of ice cream, sliced banana and cherries, served
at the Soda Counter” for 5c. No word on how the bananas were to be sliced.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiB5Zq5hGAy6sp1Lykquisdj6jKf_u2qspWNBKMWCHHIVNyf0Qp8uK3UU7qySD4OxPhhh4mSLhaHPGtIJV71prMBJlF36SiiKhfbYl3czgHl5vIKjjjJhnH6SMTcllCk16w6PBa7mqs3o5nMlISf9dIihXJIHnkEauAPADfSL3TGjaHCJVkfUdUn3/s2365/sn83045462-19050908.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="2365" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyiB5Zq5hGAy6sp1Lykquisdj6jKf_u2qspWNBKMWCHHIVNyf0Qp8uK3UU7qySD4OxPhhh4mSLhaHPGtIJV71prMBJlF36SiiKhfbYl3czgHl5vIKjjjJhnH6SMTcllCk16w6PBa7mqs3o5nMlISf9dIihXJIHnkEauAPADfSL3TGjaHCJVkfUdUn3/w400-h155/sn83045462-19050908.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><em><span class="tm10">Evening Star</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Washington DC), September 8, 1905, page 6.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">And on September 19, 1905, at the same time the NARD convention in Boston was serving a “banana split,” Burrill’s, in Ferndale, California, advertised their own “Banana
Sundae” for sale.<a href="#footnotexxxviii"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviiiback"></a></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Admittedly, none of these early examples conclusively proves the existence of a “banana split” before the NARD convention in Boston, but they do suggest that ice cream and bananas
was already a logical extension of “college ices” and “sundaes” that had already achieved a certain amount of popularity. Some of these early examples also demonstrate the use of split bananas with
cream, and suggest the possibility that split bananas were used with ice cream, before the “banana split” and “banana royal” grew in popularity after the NARD convention.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions?</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">It seems safe to say that David Strickler’s story of “inventing” the banana split in 1904 is not true, or at least not entirely true. Although it is theoretically possible
that he could have invented it after May 1905, and shared it somehow with with the 1905 national convention of the National Association of Retail Druggists in September 1905, reports of which include the earliest known references
to the “banana split” in print. His boss, Mary Tassell, was active in the association, and attended the national convention the following year, so it is possible that she could have gone in 1905, although there
is no evidence that she did. But that is not Strickler’s story. Strickler’s story falls apart in the face of new evidence.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The author of </span><em><span class="tm10">Ice Cream Joe</span></em><span class="tm9"> was willing to believe, on the best evidence available at the time, that David Strickler should receive
credit for making the first banana split in 1904. But even he was willing to entertain other theories. His conclusion was only good, he said, “[u]ntil someone comes up with new evidence.”<a href="#footnotexxxix"><sup>xxxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxixback"></a>
The evidence presented here is just such new evidence. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">Mary Tassell’s pharmacy did not get a soda fountain until May 1905. Howard Dove, whom Strickler credited with popularizing the banana split along the East Coast via his medical school
classmates in Philadelphia, did not attend medical school in Philadelphia until years after the banana split is known to have been served at the NARD convention in Boston. Most of the early references to “banana split”
and “banana royal” appeared in and around Boston and New England. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The women of the WCTU in Rapid City, South Dakota believed, in 1906, that the banana split came from Boston. And Stinson Thomas’ recollection
of making banana splits with the peels on is consistent with an early recipe for banana splits, published in the same magazine in which the earliest known reference to “banana split” in print had been published
a few months earlier. All these facts and more qualify as new evidence that should at least call Strickler’s claim into question. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">And the “banana split” may not have been as novel as it was perceived at the time. A recipe for a lengthwise-sliced banana and chilled whipped cream dessert was known as early
as 1897. It is no great leap from there to a lengthwise-sliced banana and ice cream dessert, although there is no clear reference to such a dessert until after the NARD convention in 1905. Several earlier references, however,
reveal the existence of banana-and-ice cream desserts, but without unambiguously revealing whether the bananas were sliced lengthwise or not.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">It is possible that someone, or several someones, in Boston or elsewhere, had made something like a banana split before it was introduced to a large, influential clientele of pharmacists
at the NARD convention in Boston, in September of 1905. But it seems likely that its appearance there may have caught the attention of numerous soda fountain owners and operators from across the country, who brought the idea
back to their home stores.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">But perhaps it had always been a dessert looking for a catchy name. Regardless of when the dessert was first invented, the name, “Banana Split,” does not appear in print until
1905. If not for the name, it might otherwise have seemed like a simple, alternative fruit variant of a “College Ice” or a “Sundae,” which were two names for essentially the same style of ice cream
dessert. A cool name like “Banana Split” or “Banana Royalle” may have been just what it needed to differentiate it from the pack, to become the beloved dessert it has since become. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9">The bigger question may be why the name, “Banana Split,” won out over its rival, “Banana Royalle” - and why “Quarter Pounder with Cheese” was chosen over
“Royalle with Cheese,” which is objectively much cooler. What would Vince Vega do?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"> </span></p> <hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Pharmaceutical Era</span></em>, Volume 34, Number 13, September 28, 1905, page 293.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> The issue of <em><span class="tm12">Soda Fountain</span></em> magazine was not available in preparing this article. The relevant excerpts
quoted here appear in Richard David Wissolik’s excellent and well-researched book, <em><span class="tm12">Ice Cream Joe, The Valley Dairy Story and America’s Love Affair with Ice Cream</span></em> (Saint Vincent
College Center for Northern Appalachian Studies, 2004), which was available through inter-library loan. The authors of <em><span class="tm12">Ice Cream Joe</span></em> received a copy of the Soda Fountain article from a man named Paul Dickson, who was the author of <em><span class="tm12">The Great American Ice Cream Book</span></em>. </p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal">Dickson is not the only person to have had access to the <em><span class="tm12">Soda Fountain</span></em> article. Columnist Ellen Rubin Wood, for example, mentioned Stinson and <em><span class="tm12">Soda Fountain</span></em> in a 1982 article based, apparently, on information she received from the Smithsonian Institution. <em><span class="tm12">Lancaster Eagle-Gazette</span></em>, July 7, 1982, page 4. </p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal">A reporter named Mary Kay Roth quoted from the article in a piece published in 1994. <em><span class="tm12">The Lincoln Star</span></em> (Lincoln, Nebraska), July 20, 1994, page 11. In October of 1994, a
syndicated article for Knight-Ridder Newspapers, in honor of the supposed 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the banana split, mentions Stinson Thomas, asserting that he was one of several soda jerks who had “made the claim
that they were the devisers of the dish.”</p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal">“Butler’s Department Store,” of which no mention could be found, by that name, in a search of Boston newspapers, may refer to William S. Butler Company, a Boston dry goods store which was
in business from at least the 1880s through the early-1910s, </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> For examples of cone-shaped ice cream scoopers, see my earlier post, <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html">Groundhog Day and Ice Cream Scoops - a History of Ice Cream Scoops from A-Z (Allegheny to Zeroll)</a></u>). <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Hartford Courant</span></em>, March 24, 1906, page 22.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Kennebec Journal </span></em>(Augusta, Maine), June 2, 1906, page 11 (“N. T. Folsom & Son made a ‘ten
strike’ last Saturday, with that new ‘banana ice cream split,’ it being a late creation of some city artist, where it sells for 15c a dish.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Kennebec Journal</span></em> (Augusta, Maine), June 13, 1906, page 2 (“The genuine ‘banana split,’
do try it, at the Nichols’ Pharmacy. Too delicious to be described, is this latest and one of the most tempting ice cream novelties.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Barre Daily Times</span></em> (Barre, Vermont), July 31, 1906, page 8 (“Sliced banana college ice
at Drown’s. Ask the man.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Daily Journal</span></em> (Montpelier, Vermont), August 22, 1906, page 4 (“When warm and thirsty
just try banana split at Leland’s.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Omaha Daily Bee</span></em>, July 8, 1906, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Boston Globe</span></em>, July 14, 1906, page 14.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Black Hills Weekly Journal</span></em>, November 23, 1906, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Rapid City Journal</span></em>, December 5, 1906, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnote1"></a><a href="#footnote1back"><sup>1</sup></a> Michael Turback, <em><span class="tm12">The Banana Split Book</span></em>, Philadelphia, Camino Books, Inc., 2004; “On the Downtown
Beat,” Jack George, <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, July 25, 1964, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Potter Enterprise</span></em> (Coudersport, Pennsylvania), December 9, 1898, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">“</span></em>History of Drug Stores in Greater Latrobe,” <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, January 24, 1974, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Merck’s Report</span></em> , Volume 13, Number 1, January 1904, page 30 (“The fortieth anniversary
of the establishment of the drug-store now known as the Tassell Pharmacy, in Latrobe, Pa., was recently celebrated. Matthew C. McMillan was the founder and his son continued the business until 1897, when Miss Mary Tassell
purchased it.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Public Opinion</span></em> (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), October 21, 2000, page 12.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Potter Enterprise</span></em> (Coudersport, Pennsylvania), December 9, 1898, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> At the time of his death of tuberculosis in 1907, he had reportedly first arrived in Latrobe “</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> “Successful Candidates. Registered Pharmacists That Passed the Recent Examination,”<em><span class="tm12"> Harrisburg Daily Independent</span></em> (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania), May 14, 1899, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> “Dissolution Notice,” <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, March 11, 1903, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Press</span></em>, March 9, 1902, page 19 (Dr. Harvey A. Barkley, a student in the Allegheny Medical
College, was a Latrobe visitor last week.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm9"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> </span> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, May 20, 1905, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> Michael Turback, <em><span class="tm12">Banana Split Book</span></em>, Philadelphia, Camino Books, Inc., 2004, page 16.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, September 21, 1963, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, March 24, 1914, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, September 12, 1905, page 1 (“A meeting of the Retail Druggists Association,
of Westmoreland county, is being held this afternoon at Oakford Park, near Greensburg. Miss Mary Tassell, of this place, is the secretary of the association and is attending the meeting.”); <em><span class="tm12">N. A. R. D. Notes</span></em>, Volume 4, Number 32, May 17, 1906, page 17 (a report of donations to benefit victims of the San Francisco earthquake, names “Westmoreland Co., Mary E. Tassell, Sec’y,
Latrobe, Pa.” as having donated $6.00 on behalf of her chapter).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiback"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, September 28,k 1906, page 5 (“Miss Mary Tassell left last night
for Atlanta Georgia, where she will attend the convention of druggists which is in session there. Miss Tassell represents the Pennsylvania State Pharmaceutical Association.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiiback"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, August 4, 1906, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxixback"><sup>xxix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, November 12, 1906, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxx"></a><a href="#footnotexxxback"><sup>xxx</sup></a> “Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia,” <u><a href="https://www.lostcolleges.com/medico-chiurgical">lostcolleges.com</a></u>. <u><a href="https://www.lostcolleges.com/medico-chiurgical">https://www.lostcolleges.com/medico-chiurgical</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiback"><sup>xxxi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, September 18, 1907, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiback"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, May 14, 1908, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiiback"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Western Druggist</span></em>, Volume 31, Number 10, October 1909, page 659.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxivback"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, May 27, 1909, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxvback"><sup>xxxv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Potter Enterprise</span></em> (Coudersport, Pennsylvania), March 14, 1940, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviback"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, June 9, 1910, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiback"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Latrobe Bulletin</span></em>, March 24, 1914, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiiback"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Ferndale Enterprise</span></em>, September 19, 1905, page 7.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxxixback"><sup>xxxix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Ice Cream Joe</span></em>, page 90.</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-67793308565854778912023-04-05T11:38:00.000-07:002023-04-05T11:38:01.686-07:00Arrested Baseball Developements- the Battle for Sunday Baseball in New York City<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAymJt8Nd80L8qWKXBeog5cpnFcW_XR07y4ZwTNEZPdAMrYT4EKlLfzciI3uoC8LY-T9BfJC4b_LDz6BDb6E3ADKYZR-8MrfglUTeXtl3lC3KySUEk93XB_qnUU33S-JZo1VfYwRAt7dcOcKm9QMcfKs9EcF8Pg--9dp0YIt3YIehfzTqSOMZN5iJo/s1608/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1608" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAymJt8Nd80L8qWKXBeog5cpnFcW_XR07y4ZwTNEZPdAMrYT4EKlLfzciI3uoC8LY-T9BfJC4b_LDz6BDb6E3ADKYZR-8MrfglUTeXtl3lC3KySUEk93XB_qnUU33S-JZo1VfYwRAt7dcOcKm9QMcfKs9EcF8Pg--9dp0YIt3YIehfzTqSOMZN5iJo/w400-h196/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<p></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">On Sunday, April 24, 1904, the Brooklyn Superbas (Dodgers) defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 8-6 at Washington Park in Brooklyn. The win left the Superbas with a record of 5-4; the loss
left the Phillies at 2-6-1. The game might have been a forgettable early-season faceoff between two mediocre teams (Brooklyn finished the season in sixth place, Philadelphia in eighth), had it not been for some curious statistical
anomalies in the box score. The box score lines for three players in the starting lineups that day, including the home team’s starting pitcher, have zeros across the board for the game. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Ed Poole took the mound for Brooklyn in the top of the first, faced-off against Philadelphia’s lead-off hitter, their catcher, Frank Roth. And yet, Poole’s box score line reflects
zero innings pitched, zero hits given up, zero batters walked and zero strikeouts. Roth’s stat-line reflects zero plate appearances, no runs, no hits, no walks, no runs batted in and no strikeouts. The line for Brooklyn’s
starting catcher, Fred Jacklitsch, is all zeros. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The reason for the statistical anomaly? Police intervention. After two pitches, both of them strikes, police walked onto the field, arrested Poole, Jacklitsch and Roth, led them off the field
and took them to the Forty-sixth Precinct station house, where they were booked for the crime of playing professional baseball on a Sunday. It was not the first (and would not be the last) arrests at games involving major
league baseball teams in New York that season, and more arrests followed in 1905 and 1906. But this game was the only time the arrestees’ names showed up in the box scores.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2vFN6sf_eG5aO4Kzz_0GBQs4XOyKK73WRIU8cMvZWCELvSqudBRE5bvvm_hyaT0qnpFQP8sayN-JQg4uXvci-X9L340omopBRa2egrWTtCDIzopEDB2TXGruw2_V71qjVS9aPEXQ__z-CLsmTsvUuFpp1rl05gBeLJI1YkZtzn_b4Pu7qiGfPOzv/s1087/life%201888%20sunday%20baseball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="1087" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2vFN6sf_eG5aO4Kzz_0GBQs4XOyKK73WRIU8cMvZWCELvSqudBRE5bvvm_hyaT0qnpFQP8sayN-JQg4uXvci-X9L340omopBRa2egrWTtCDIzopEDB2TXGruw2_V71qjVS9aPEXQ__z-CLsmTsvUuFpp1rl05gBeLJI1YkZtzn_b4Pu7qiGfPOzv/w400-h213/life%201888%20sunday%20baseball.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Background</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Sunday baseball had long been illegal in New York City and many other (if not most) jurisdictions throughout the United States. It was one of the so-called “Blue Laws,” restricting
various types of acts on Sundays. But by 1904, changes in public attitudes and years of legal challenges had changed the landscape. Major League teams in Chicago, St. Louis and Cincinnati, for example, had already been playing
Sunday baseball games for at least a decade. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But it was still illegal in the state of New York to disturb the Sabbath by playing baseball or charge admission to a Sunday baseball game. Professional baseball would not be legal in the
State of New York until 1919. But for three seasons, from 1904 through 1906, the three major league teams in New York City challenged the law, scheduling several exhibitions and league games on Sundays during each of those
years, experimenting with thinly-veiled, alternative means of collecting gate receipts that might skirt the technical prohibition against selling tickets. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">In each of those three seasons, the Sunday baseball experiments lasted into about June, before crackdowns put the kibosh on Sunday baseball. The final blow came on June 17, 1906, when police
arrested thirty-seven amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals, in a sweep across all boroughs. The arrests included Brooklyn’s owner, both managers, and a Brooklyn pitcher and Cincinnati batter at the start of
a game between the Trolley Dodgers and the Reds. Following the crackdown, no major league New York team would play a home game in the city on another Sunday until 1917, when the Yankees, Giants and Dodgers each played a single
Sunday game at home. The three teams played a full slate of Sunday home games after professional Sunday baseball was legalized before the 1919 season.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Qbw4dMqnGRLuQdWYT_Il6VqQDJU4ZjBWJMt5TuUiQO_gmZquKCJmDSuL-DYLYqxxFokWWHcPWLOccOFzgeSc2fnLTyZAvIAZVkzCBrhWx902MA2ay3boWGc5NZi5eERXYMiB9QjK8sOxbwsUHm6deevA8wo957i-JnU_ZmTf5Wp5Q-PCwyA4iLY8/s1112/life%20vol%2012%20no%20305%20nov%201%201888%20page%20245%20njp.32101065272641-seq_255.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1071" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Qbw4dMqnGRLuQdWYT_Il6VqQDJU4ZjBWJMt5TuUiQO_gmZquKCJmDSuL-DYLYqxxFokWWHcPWLOccOFzgeSc2fnLTyZAvIAZVkzCBrhWx902MA2ay3boWGc5NZi5eERXYMiB9QjK8sOxbwsUHm6deevA8wo957i-JnU_ZmTf5Wp5Q-PCwyA4iLY8/w385-h400/life%20vol%2012%20no%20305%20nov%201%201888%20page%20245%20njp.32101065272641-seq_255.jpg" width="385" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">1903</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Change was in the air as the new year dawned in 1903, with the “Burke Bill,” which would have legalized at least the playing of amateur baseball, wending its way through the New
York legislature. The initial outlook was good.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Sunday baseball bill is ahead in the race at Albany. Senator Davis is the trainer and hopes to land it at the home plate in good season ahead of the canal bill.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The Buffalo Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, January 8, 1903, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Some religious leaders, including the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association (C. M. B. A.), even supported the bill. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ6Dg2J13FEmi05wOFebGJCP-SmJR4TODDeVvp_w_UY1BmCMdvUAYiJ8tU70p2nPKbbb6rAsfNQ_mIjYefMw5-sUfIKpHhHT-pewEjwk2i2p0D-6VmXHKnKr0g9p77OCZDDBH3u9Qf5FN75J5YTDvGDbmtlXOjJ-rlw3crFp2xyKmuzK4p_QprRAVD/s889/buffalo%20enquirer%20feb%209%201903%20page%208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="889" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ6Dg2J13FEmi05wOFebGJCP-SmJR4TODDeVvp_w_UY1BmCMdvUAYiJ8tU70p2nPKbbb6rAsfNQ_mIjYefMw5-sUfIKpHhHT-pewEjwk2i2p0D-6VmXHKnKr0g9p77OCZDDBH3u9Qf5FN75J5YTDvGDbmtlXOjJ-rlw3crFp2xyKmuzK4p_QprRAVD/s320/buffalo%20enquirer%20feb%209%201903%20page%208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The committee endorsed the Burke bill, pending in the Legislature, which, if passed, will legalize the Sunday ball playing.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Buffalo Enquirer</span></em><span class="tm10">, February 9, 1903, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The politics of the bill created strange bedfellows, with clergymen and saloon-keepers allied against the bill, with fear that baseball might equally keep people out of church and out of the
the saloon.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm10">SUNDAY BASEBALL.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The warm debate in committee at Albany of the Burke bill to permit the playing of amateur baseball on Sunday brought out very forcible arguments for and against the measure.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The main objections were that the licensing of Sunday baseball would increase the number of on that day, now 5,000,000; that it would tend to break down the American Sabbath; that it was
opposed by the best public sentiment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The arguments in favor of the measure were that if boys are not allowed to indulge in the harmless pastime of baseball on Sunday they will frequent saloons and other objectionable resorts.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“On this question,” said Assemblyman Bacon, “the clergymen are allied with the saloon-keepers in their opposition.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">There is something n Mr. Bacon’s point of view, and the fact that the Young Men’s Catholic Union, of Buffalo, with a membership of 20,000, favors the passage of the bill will
not be without its weight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">A game of amateur baseball on Sunday means the entire afternoon given up to an exciting sport, where idleness might lead to the passing of some part of the afternoon in far less commendable
diversion. Perhaps if noise were not so great a feature of the game popular opinion might come to tolerate Sunday baseball as it tolerates Sunday golf.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The New York Evening World,</span></em><span class="tm10"> February 13, 1903, page 14. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The bill died in committee in mid-April, at about the same time the baseball season came to life.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But the war for or against Sunday baseball was not over. In New York City, a formal complaint by the Sabbath Day Observance Society triggered arrests, leading to a test case to interpret
the Sunday baseball laws.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A local pastor, the Reverend Warren H. Wilson, of the Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church, supported the playing of baseball on Sundays, but opposed baseball as a business or in public parks
on the Sabbath. The police said they would not arrest anyone unless admission were charged, in which case they would only arrest the ticket sellers.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaQSxGEYvTB6CR3gvqHInnhFDyBVkPKsAgwXiLWlIWK14Y36WhhWSrVBpXQiLgso_4l0kIqm37qnwX6dVZ-z3lBMm0Wj5Q9ZJWr7846nVmX9fXMLdtjV-hs2Fq_270iHO4rtaUKhc9nRcBnxmyRLvZ1ZLU1QQfYOgLxGyVIqbgwCGS-rZV8D0LzJ5/s1079/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="967" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaQSxGEYvTB6CR3gvqHInnhFDyBVkPKsAgwXiLWlIWK14Y36WhhWSrVBpXQiLgso_4l0kIqm37qnwX6dVZ-z3lBMm0Wj5Q9ZJWr7846nVmX9fXMLdtjV-hs2Fq_270iHO4rtaUKhc9nRcBnxmyRLvZ1ZLU1QQfYOgLxGyVIqbgwCGS-rZV8D0LzJ5/s320/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic%202.jpg" width="287" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">Illustration from, “Pat Weldon, Reformer,” Edwin J. Webster, </span><em><span class="tm14">Pearson’s Magazine</span></em><span class="tm10">, Volume 11, Number 6, June 1904, page 551.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The specific laws at issue in the baseball cases were generally the New York Penal Code Sections 259, 260, 265 and 267. Sections 259 and 260 defined the crime of “Sabbath breaking,”
generally, while sections 265 and 267 delineated specific acts that might constitute the crime as it relates to baseball. Section 265 enumerated several specific sports, but not baseball, which fell under the broader category
of “public sport” or “noise” that might disturb the “peace of the day.” Section 267 made “selling or offering for sale” any property on Sunday, which related to the sale of
tickets or scorecards.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span class="tm19">Section 259. The Sabbath.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">The first day of the week being by general consent set apart for rest and religious uses, the law prohibits the doing on that day of certain acts hereinafter specified, which are serious
interruptions of the repose and religious liberty of the community.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span class="tm19">Section 260. Sabbath breaking.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">A violation of the foregoing prohibition is Sabbath breaking.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span class="tm19">Section 265. Public sports.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">All shooting, hunting, fishing, playing, horse racing, gaming or other public sport, exercises or shows, upon the first day of the week, and all noise disturbing the peace of the day, are
prohibited.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span class="tm19">Section 267. Public traffic.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">All manner of public selling or offering for sale of any property upon Sunday is prohibited.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The issues raised or litigated in defense of criminal charges at various times include: whether the baseball game at issue created “serious interruptions of the repose and religious
liberty” of a community, under section 259; whether the game, as played, was “public” or created “noise disturbing the peace of the day,” under section 265; or whether the thing being sold or
offered for sale, generally an admission ticket, scorecard or program, was “property” under section 267. However, most newspaper reports of the cases were not always careful to spell out precisely the issue being
litigated, or specific text of the code at issue. It is also not clear whether, or to what extent the magistrates or trial courts hearing the cases in the first instance carefully defined the issues in the case.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The results of the cases in the courts were mixed - courts upheld the right to play the game on Sunday, but not the collection of gate receipts. Nevertheless, newspaper editors frequently
mischaracterized every little win as “complete victory” for the cause of Sunday baseball. Fans were generally disappointed during the following weeks.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvl69eIEtwOvBkQu-Sug-vuxvYWlzcp7xDDtt8OMycfag65DSYQhsckopJBalUOhKMYsKUXmwLHGYVD5tFOsezPyxYfQBmASizJeLZqg06jxq4ZIbGc56bz7Je9l24pURoukc9QnKR58aDj7l7_2w-DF0I9CZYNpP328SAW8JK6zKbckvDcg_tyYB/s616/standard%20union%20june%2019%201903%20page%209%20-%20complete%20victory%20for%20baseball%20players.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="616" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvl69eIEtwOvBkQu-Sug-vuxvYWlzcp7xDDtt8OMycfag65DSYQhsckopJBalUOhKMYsKUXmwLHGYVD5tFOsezPyxYfQBmASizJeLZqg06jxq4ZIbGc56bz7Je9l24pURoukc9QnKR58aDj7l7_2w-DF0I9CZYNpP328SAW8JK6zKbckvDcg_tyYB/s320/standard%20union%20june%2019%201903%20page%209%20-%20complete%20victory%20for%20baseball%20players.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">When the East New York poet hears of the decision given by Judge Furlong in the Gates avenue court this morning he will probably tune up his lyre and warble a peon of victory, for the baseball
players who were charged with the heinous crime of selling score cards as means of obtaining a seat on a grand stand at a baseball game had the case against them dismissed. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">It has been customary with various baseball teams in all parts of Brooklyn and Manhattan to sell score cards as tickets for a seat on their grandstands, and in this way they are able to pay
for good attractions, uniforms and baseball paraphernalia. There is very little revenue derived after all expenses have been paid, although the Rev. warren Wilson seemed to be possessed of the idea that the various managers
were growing wealthy on the proceeds of the games, which he termed a source of revenue.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The Standard Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 19, 1903, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBOYruBsYahr4h7ApzK1JL5i7piKKjMtmq2dW84tk1SwD4N01W1oS4w2Vww_emrl6W5vrWknIZhUBdMOrZlwaueMp9-4yTp7UUmT2gyu76sLSW_6QuqfjpFFUV5-4oB9BID9COaJR53KCLNHXHnfzHtHGzjrGbAetb-AJu9E_1T0KV9kKqIOUpHCM/s973/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%2019%201903%20page%203%20-%20headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBOYruBsYahr4h7ApzK1JL5i7piKKjMtmq2dW84tk1SwD4N01W1oS4w2Vww_emrl6W5vrWknIZhUBdMOrZlwaueMp9-4yTp7UUmT2gyu76sLSW_6QuqfjpFFUV5-4oB9BID9COaJR53KCLNHXHnfzHtHGzjrGbAetb-AJu9E_1T0KV9kKqIOUpHCM/s320/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%2019%201903%20page%203%20-%20headline.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Magistrate Furlong, in the Gates Avenue Police Court this morning, delivered a brief decision which dismissed the charges of Sabbath-breaking against John Sloman, who was arrested on June
7 because he was selling score cards in the grandstand of an East New York baseball field. . . . Magistrate Furlong delivered himself of his decision in the case as follows:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">”The defendant is charged with Sabbath-breaking. Entertaining as I do most profound respect for a decent observance of the Sabbath Day, I am unable to find that there is any sufficient
evidence which, in my opinion, would warrant the belief that the defendant, Sloman, is guilty of violation of section 265 of the Penal Code. There is express testimony by the prosecution in this case that there was absolutely
no interruption of the repose and religious liberty of the community. To hold otherwise under such circumstances would be to relapse into the narrow groove of Puritanical belief, wholly inconsistent with the enlightened spirit
of the present age.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 19, 1903, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But despite the apparent victory, the win was not as broad as the headlines claimed. The presiding judge may have let these defendants go, but his reasoning was limited to the facts of the
particular case. “Sabbath breaking” was still a crime - a misdemeanor punishable by not less than $5.00 and no more than $10.00, or by imprisonment not to exceed five days, or both. And what might constitute
a “public sport” and what might constitute “serious interruptions of the repose and religious liberty of the community” were still up for debate. Players and organizers were still subject to arrest
and charges at the whim of pro-Sabbath activists or neighbors who might lodge complaints, or local police and prosecutors looking to score political points.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Despite the general ban on collecting gate receipts, many amateur teams devised schemes that replaced ticket sales with other forms of revenue, most commonly by selling scorecards. Although
a scorecard is not necessarily a “ticket,” if people were required to buy one to enter the grandstand, there was essentially no difference. But while the scorecard gimmick was an obvious ruse, local authorities
initially looked the other way or gave organizers the benefit of the doubt. And in any case, most people didn’t file complaints, so the games simply went on without resistance.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">With amateurs free to play the game on Sundays, and frequently profiting from their games by selling scorecards in exchange for admission, it was only a matter of time before the professionals
looked for a slice of the Sunday baseball pie. </span></p><p>
</p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHSbAudvZgC12xynp3hsxVeCKVuAA0cHPdB6DUZxfU_NLAaL0V_aoAuHihmDmkMb48jnmhpsmhixR_H21qfjG_dRlMZL42T0v2zn1wEbTcRvaGKNyztCwmW7i-TMpZesx_wfswkbdwwpq-I6g69NW8_11I-sH8KN26LJoOT3zSfzFGuzg82XF1I74h/s1551/ny%20tribune%20jul%205%201903%20illustrated%20supplement%20page%208%20baseball%20game%20combined%20sunday%20baseball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1551" data-original-width="1312" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHSbAudvZgC12xynp3hsxVeCKVuAA0cHPdB6DUZxfU_NLAaL0V_aoAuHihmDmkMb48jnmhpsmhixR_H21qfjG_dRlMZL42T0v2zn1wEbTcRvaGKNyztCwmW7i-TMpZesx_wfswkbdwwpq-I6g69NW8_11I-sH8KN26LJoOT3zSfzFGuzg82XF1I74h/w339-h400/ny%20tribune%20jul%205%201903%20illustrated%20supplement%20page%208%20baseball%20game%20combined%20sunday%20baseball.jpg" width="339" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<p class="tm6" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“Sunday Ball Games Draw Big Crowds,” </span><em><span class="tm8">New York Tribune</span></em><span class="tm7">, July 5, 1903, illustrated supplement, page 8.</span></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm10"> <br /></span></p><p></p><p>
</p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">1904</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Change was in the air again, as 1903 turned into 1904. In January of 1904, New York’s newest major league team, the American League Hillmen, Highlanders, Hilltoppers or, occasionally
already, the “Yankees,”<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> announced their intent to play Sunday baseball that season. But they would not play at their home stadium in Washington Heights.
They secured the use of an old American Association filed, Ridgewood Park, in the Brooklyn-adjacent Ridgewood neighborhood of Queens, squarely in the backyard of a longer-tenured major league team, the Brooklyn Superbas,
Bridegrooms, Trolley Dodgers or Dodgers.<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> The announcement threatened to renew tensions between the two major leagues who had only been playing nice with each
other for one season. It also set the stage for a renewed battle for Sunday baseball.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Announcement that the New York Americans will play Sunday ball at Ridgewood Park next season has stirred up more trouble in the National League. . . . [major league commissioner] Garry Herrmann’s
feast last week to his baseball colleagues, commemorative of the [two-league] peace agreement, had not properly digested in their boilers before a vigorous protest reached them against the American League playing Sunday ball
on the preserves of the Brooklyn club. When President Ebbets heard that the New York American League club had secured Ridgewood Park and would increase the seating capacity to 25,000 for Sunday games, he got busy and wired
Chairman Herrmann, of the National Commission, asking if the peace compact wasn’t strong enough to hold the Americans to their own territory in Manhattan. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Sunday ball is a good card in New York and the American League club in that city should reap a rich financial harvest out of the 14 games to be scheduled at Ridgewood Park next season.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Buffalo Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, January 10, 1904, page 20.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">When the baseball season started in earnest in New York City, the amateurs started up right where they left off the previous season - Sunday baseball was breaking out all over.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="tm19">Sunday Baseball Games.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">In addition to two games of baseball today at Ridgewood, Sunday baseball will be opened at the St. George Cricket Grounds, Hoboken, and at Van Ness, on the Catholic Protectory grounds. The
game on the Protectory diamond will be between the Cuban Giants and the Emeralds. Hoboken and Poughkeepsie will meet on the St. George cricket field. The first game at Ridgewood will be between Ridgewood and Central Islip,
the respective batteries being O’Hearn and Duffy and Williams and Gillen. The Brooklyn Field Club and the Empires will meet in the second game.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">New York Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 3, 1904, page 19.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">That first weekend apparently went off without a hitch, with teams looking to schedule more Sunday games the following week. Judge Furlong, who had handed down favorable decisions in the
Sunday baseball cases the previous season, was even invited to throw out the first ball.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Brighton Athletic Club will open the season next Sunday at Brighton Park. Cleveland and Pitkin avenues. The team will meet the crack Empires, which the Brooklyn Field Club played last
Sunday at Ridgewood, and was unable to beat. Judge Furlong will toss out the first ball.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Times Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 7, 1904, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">On the following Sunday, the New York Americans (Yankees) made good on their promise to play Sunday baseball, beating up on a local amateur team called the Ridgewoods, 14-2, at Ridgewood Park.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="tm19">Americans Outclassed Ridgewood.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">NEW YORK, April 11. - The New York American league baseball team defeated the Ridgewoods at Ridgewood park. The attendance was estimated at about 10,000. The weather was raw and a bit too
cold for the American players, but they easily outclassed the local team, winning by a score of 14 to 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Plain Speaker</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Hazelton, Pennsylvania), April 11, 1904, page 2.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Not to be outdone, Brooklyn’s owner, Charles Ebbets, decided to play regular season league games on Sundays. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaOpVu6P480jInBU4ZSM2Qc1t9se_OD_tgraFFGygRNu5OAXrN8wvvhFK55gmEevBnnEsLSAf4e0yJRjNM-0mUPGxNo30cHPzetZRKDoVKr2JI0BMXRq2DGe_9TNIQ1PhhpvsDsqKMlqsJFI44krr_aT4NJU69RrDQMGHqmB29ifxkjnLd7QYRpIFY/s633/standard%20union%20april%2012%201904%20page%208%20brooklyn%20to%20play%20sunday%20ball%20clip_76585883.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="633" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaOpVu6P480jInBU4ZSM2Qc1t9se_OD_tgraFFGygRNu5OAXrN8wvvhFK55gmEevBnnEsLSAf4e0yJRjNM-0mUPGxNo30cHPzetZRKDoVKr2JI0BMXRq2DGe_9TNIQ1PhhpvsDsqKMlqsJFI44krr_aT4NJU69RrDQMGHqmB29ifxkjnLd7QYRpIFY/s320/standard%20union%20april%2012%201904%20page%208%20brooklyn%20to%20play%20sunday%20ball%20clip_76585883.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">President Ebbets of the Brooklyn Baseball Club, made the following statement last night:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“Other clubs are playing Sunday ball right under our noses, and there is no reason why we should not do so. At any rate, we have resolved to make the attempt. Of course National League
teams cannot play exhibition games between themselves, and we have partly decided to play championship games.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Standard Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 12, 1904, page 8 (Note: in the parlance of the day, the expression, “championship games,”
here refers to regular season league games that count toward winning the season’s championship pennant race).</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But although people generally seemed to enjoy Sunday baseball, not everyone was happy with professionals playing on that day - especially the amateur teams, who saw their share of the Sunday
baseball “scorecard” market dwindle, and feared a general backlash against all Sunday baseball if the professionals were to start making money on the Sabbath.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85vsNTb5CSaQ6oSg5Ik5aSBcd558-rmNDDsHxLQZIv-J4vWjalqeAXQahOg35l8B9VLjVx5uo0d5FXDQDRXXQUFsqVDW2iB4Pq8IVOZX-0VMZTS_pUPK00SlFAsGrxkLXlRLtbCnFQk-aiGhGYp1eA8nyI_IC2Oz8Z_5vWtAAgebEoQeHjhNP7Fw9/s1758/pittsburgh%20press%20april%2014%201904%20page%2014%20-%20amateurs%20protest%20pros.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1052" data-original-width="1758" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg85vsNTb5CSaQ6oSg5Ik5aSBcd558-rmNDDsHxLQZIv-J4vWjalqeAXQahOg35l8B9VLjVx5uo0d5FXDQDRXXQUFsqVDW2iB4Pq8IVOZX-0VMZTS_pUPK00SlFAsGrxkLXlRLtbCnFQk-aiGhGYp1eA8nyI_IC2Oz8Z_5vWtAAgebEoQeHjhNP7Fw9/s320/pittsburgh%20press%20april%2014%201904%20page%2014%20-%20amateurs%20protest%20pros.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">New York, April 14. - A protest against Sunday ball playing in New York on the part of the big league teams has come from a source least expected - the amateur and semi-professional clubs,
many of whom are writing The Globe in answer to the statement of President Ebbets of Brooklyn that he intends changing the schedule so as to arrange National League games in this vicinity for the first day of the week. . .
.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Ebbets evidently got worked up over the success of last Sunday’s game at Ridgewood Park, where more than 12,000 spectators saw the Yankees drub Ridgewood at 25 cents per score card.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Legal experts point out that the law in New York State against charging admission to Sunday ball is such that President Ebbets could never even get away from the post if he combated it.
His only other recourse would be to evade the law by putting a price on the score cards, the ruse now in vogue at Ridgewood Park, Murray Hill, and half a hundred places where fans gather for Sunday’s entertainment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">But what would be the result? Instead of regarding the violation with kindly eye, some malcontent, upon hearing 20,000 persons splitting the welkin and drowning the echo of church bells
about Washington Park, would immediately open a crusade, placing a kibosh not only on big league teams but all others.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">This is what the amateurs fear. . . .</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 14, 1904, page 114.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Yankees both played games on Sunday, April 17</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. Brooklyn played a league game, while New York played another exhibition. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcE6iLdl7yY6orZu0n0oGyvivF7dsx0PcwT7L71_DBpJDJjdqteJ9JAEc-YXKzyyvWeq6zQLkOBMOH3I1qbbvJ4OEriGztDtV-xXOvrpZbHlFUw9CrmO41XNC8y1fmhlv1rhMSOuUd94ksVxDWQVaUyLzi0KRsOLrXSIT6IoCNnSXL2_jAdGWmdqm/s912/chicago%20tribune%20april%2018%201904%20page%208%20-%20headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="912" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcE6iLdl7yY6orZu0n0oGyvivF7dsx0PcwT7L71_DBpJDJjdqteJ9JAEc-YXKzyyvWeq6zQLkOBMOH3I1qbbvJ4OEriGztDtV-xXOvrpZbHlFUw9CrmO41XNC8y1fmhlv1rhMSOuUd94ksVxDWQVaUyLzi0KRsOLrXSIT6IoCNnSXL2_jAdGWmdqm/s320/chicago%20tribune%20april%2018%201904%20page%208%20-%20headline.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 18, 1904, page 8.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p><span class="tm10">Brooklyn defeated the Boston Nationals 9 to 1, in a National League match-up at Washington Park, in front of a crowd of 14,000. “There was no interference by the authorities, although
Police Captain James P. White of the 46</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10"> precinct was on hand with a number of plainclothes men and a squad of bluecoats.” Brooklyn “adhered strictly
to the letter of the law, so President C. H. Ebbets declared, by selling scorecards for 75, 50 and 25 cents each, entitling purchasers to seats on the bleachers or in the grandstands as the case might be.”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a>
The official record of the game records it as a “</span><u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404170.shtml"><span class="tm10">schedule change</span></a></u><span class="tm10">” from a game originally scheduled for April 18</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a> </span>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The New York Americans played an exhibition at Ridgewood Park, Queens, the same day, this time against the Brooklyn Field Club. There were no disturbances or arrests during the game, but
two men had been arrested earlier, “for selling tickets of admission to the field stands,” during the early game on the same field, between the Cuban X-Giants and the Ridgewoods.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The arrests may have spooked the Yankees’ management. Before the next Sunday rolled around, they announced that they would no longer play Sunday games.<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a>
They would, however, play one more Sunday home game that season, a 3-1 league win over the Detroit Tigers on July 17</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. But that game was played in Newark, New Jersey, where Sunday baseball was legal. The game was a make-up game for a rain-out of a game originally scheduled for May 19</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Charles Ebbets and the Brooklyn Dodgers, on the other hand, continued the fight. And before their next Sunday game, it even seemed as though the path would be legally clear. The the New
York City Police Commissioner announced that week that he would not stop Sunday baseball, at least not in Brooklyn, even under threat of indictment for refusing to enforce the law.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">NEW YORK, April 23 - Although he was emphatically told today that he can be indicted unless he enforces the law against Sunday baseball, Police Commissioner McAdoo still sticks to his decision
announced yesterday, and there will be games tomorrow both at Ridgewood, in Queens, and Washington park, in Brooklyn. The commissioner let it be inferred that he would welcome indictment and would not fear the consequences.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">While allowing ball across the East river, he says he will not permit it in New York. When asked the reason for this discrimination the commissioner replied that the ball grounds in Brooklyn
are in sparsely settled districts, where residents would not be annoyed by the crowd. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Mr. McAdoo’s position on Friday was, apparently, that as no complaints against the games played in Brooklyn last Sunday had been received, there was no need for the police to interfere.
He did not have this excuse today, as emphatic protest was made to him through his secretary by the Kings county Sabbath observance association and the New York state Sunday observance association, of which Rev. Dr. David
J. Burrell is president. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">When the commissioner was told of these statements, he said that his position remained unchanged and that his actions would not be influenced by them.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 24, 1904, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">He was true to his word - the games went on, but not without police action which resulted in several statistical anomalies in the box score. Brooklyn seemed surprised - but Philadelphia sensed
something was amiss, inserting a lead-off batter whose name was not on the original lineup.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hsrQFhuWMZmmX64K5n3d_XDneY9wC6igZkf6eTGwgPmGHuk2HxFAxrPap_dySeLouR2CxmAWgXut7jn4rEZZ9GG3c8UzydU9daUnwc2TjAqRDLGlLhJ7Lz1AWyFfF_Z-Z2bmCuQ6QBN3I74XEv92WqkJyu4SAkqREGaf86HMEhruA4d3auSmpcS4/s909/new%20york%20times%20april%2025%201904%20page%2014%20headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="909" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hsrQFhuWMZmmX64K5n3d_XDneY9wC6igZkf6eTGwgPmGHuk2HxFAxrPap_dySeLouR2CxmAWgXut7jn4rEZZ9GG3c8UzydU9daUnwc2TjAqRDLGlLhJ7Lz1AWyFfF_Z-Z2bmCuQ6QBN3I74XEv92WqkJyu4SAkqREGaf86HMEhruA4d3auSmpcS4/s320/new%20york%20times%20april%2025%201904%20page%2014%20headline.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Despite his announcement on Friday last that he would permit Sunday baseball playing in Brooklyn, though not in Manhattan, Police Commissioner McAdoo changed his mind yesterday, and by ordering
the arrest of three players and three programme sellers at the game between the Brooklyn and Philadelphia teams, at Washington Park, proposes to put the matter up to the courts to say whether playing shall proceed on the Sabbath.
After the arrests the game proceeded without interruption.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The men who sold the programmes for 75, 50, and 25 cents, which entitled the holder to admission to the grand stand, open stand, or “bleachers,” were the first to be arrested.
With the man at the 50 cent turnstile the cash and programmes were taken by the officer to the station house. Subsequently the cash was returned, but not the programmes.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The big crowd within the park, numbering more than 13,000 persons, was not aware that anything had occurred on the outside, but when policemen slowly walked from the grand stand to the home
plate immediately after the first man had gone to bat, shouts and other manifestations of excitement were heard all over the field.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">It was while Frank Roth, one of the catchers of the Philadelphia Club, but whose name did not appear on the programme, was at the bat, with “Ed” Poole pitching and “Fred”
Jacklitsch catching, that Capt. J. P. White, Sergt. Costello, and Policemen Roddy and Broderick, the Captain and the patrolman in plain clothes, stepped up to Roth and told him that he was under arrest. They did the same
thing to Poole and Jacklitsch. The three players walked to the clubhouse unattended, while Capt. White and his subordinates went to the bench of the Philadelphia players and took a bat and ball to place in evidence. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The programme sellers were charged with violating Section 267 of the Penal Code, which prohibits the sale or offering for sale such things on the Sabbath, and the players were charged with
violating Section 265 of the same code, which prohibits, racing, gaming, or other sports on the first day of the week. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Captain White further said that he had not received a single protest against playing Sunday games at Washington Park from any of the residents in the neighborhood or anywhere else.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Commissioner McAdoo, however, had received protests against his ruling of last Friday from the Kings County Sunday Observance Association, the Sough Brooklyn Ministers’ Association,
the Law Enforcement Society of Brooklyn, and other like organizations, and public statements denouncing his attitude were made by the pastors of several churches in the borough.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">President Ebbets of the Brooklyn Club said the proceeding of the Police Commissioner was a surprise to him. Secretary Shettsline of the Philadelphia Club, when asked why Roth was sent to
face the pitcher instead of Duffy, who was scheduled to bat first, said that when he saw so many policemen in the grounds he became suspicious, and fearing an arrest explained the situation to Roth, who was willing to have
the test made on him instead of Duffy.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">New York Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 25, 1904, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The game itself was a something of a statistical anomaly, even before it started. History records the game as a make-up game for a rainout of the game that hadn’t even taken place yet,
the game originally scheduled for April 28</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">And despite being jeered for making the arrests to start the game, the Commissioner was later considered a hero; not not for the arrests, but for letting the teams play the game. The game
was a good one, with the home team coming from six runs down half-way through the fourth inning, to win by a score of 8-6. The fact that it happened on a Sunday was icing on the cake.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Commissioner McAdoo is to-day a very popular man with Brooklyn baseball fans. If there ever was a beautiful game of baseball, from the standpoint of the admirers of the home club, it was
the one played at Washington Park yesterday afternoon. On paper a 1-0 game looks pretty, but the struggle between the Brooklyns and the Philadelphias yesterday was the kind the fans rave over, and because Mr. McAdoo let the
game go on he is the fans’ idol. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Whoever it was that permitted the playing of yesterday’s game is entitled to the everlasting gratitude of lovers of baseball. To the charge of making undue noise on the Sabbath the
fans can plead extenuating circumstances.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Can you imagine a game where the score stands 6-0 against the home team, and that same home team goes in and, by the grandest exhibition of batting, including solid drives for triples, doubles
and singles in rapid succession, wins out? Can you imagine what that crowd would do? Why, of course you can. You know that the crowd would go wild with delight and howl and shout with glee. Well that is just what happened
yesterday afternoon at Washington Park, and while the quietude of the Sabbath may have been rudely shattered for the time being, the circumstances were extraordinary and the outburst is at least a bit pardonable.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 25, 1904, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Despite the win, it was a big disappointment for Brooklyn’s starting pitcher, Eddie Poole. Poole had made two good starts that season, both losses, but through no fault of his own.
</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">There was a smile a mile wide on Eddie’s face as he walked into the box in the opening inning, for he looked forward to an easy victory. He got two strikes on Roth, the first batter,
when Police Captain White and another officer, together with William Howell, the secretary to the Police Commissioner McAdoo, walked on the field.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">When Poole learned that he was one of the parties placed under arrest, there was a look on his face which would indicate that he had just lost the last friend that he had in this world.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“Talk about your hard luck, well I guess this is the limit,” said Poole to Jacklitsch and Roth as the three accompanied Captain White to the Forty-sixth precinct station house.
“When a fellow loses two games through the worst kind of flukes, it is bad enough, but when the law steps in and stops you from winning a game, then it is time to wonder just where you’re at.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 25, 1904, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The three players who were arrested </span><u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404240.shtml"><span class="tm10">all appear in the box score</span></a></u><span class="tm10">,<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a> with zeroes across the board. In all later league games in which players were
arrested, the players do not appear in the box scores. It seems as though in some cases, the arrests were expected, and the teams put people in the game they knew would be arrested, and started the box score fresh after the
arrests were made.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Roth, Jacklitsch and Poole were arraigned in the Myrtle Avenue police court on Monday, April 25, represented by baseball Hall-of-Famer, John M. Ward, “at one time a famous short stop
and now a successful lawyer.” The case was adjourned until Wednesday.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">At the hearing on Wednesday, President Ebbets announced that there would no no Sunday game the following week, pending the outcome of the case.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn baseball club will not play any more Sunday games in Brooklyn until the court has decided whether or not such games are legal. We began these games n response to the great demand
of the baseball public of Brooklyn, and under the belief that we were entirely within our legal rights.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 28, 1904, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The case was adjourned until Tuesday. On Tuesday, May 2, Justice Gaynor of the Supreme Court of Brooklyn (in New York state, the “Supreme Court” is a lower trial court, not the
highest appellate court, as they are commonly called in most jurisdictions), the judge dismissed the case against all of the defendants as a matter of law, apparently with not taking of evidence. “The question,”
the judge said, “is whether playing a game of baseball on Sunday is in and of itself a crime or whether it is a crime only when it interrupts the repose and religious liberty of the community.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But the problem with the case may have been a technical one of pleading and proof, on the part of the police and District Attorney. Justice Gaynor explained the decision in a later case in
which he refused to dismiss the charges against Poole for playing in another Sunday game later that summer. In this first case, according to Gaynor, “the complaint was simply that the defendants played a game of baseball
on Sunday. There was no allegation that the game was a public one, or that it disturbed the peace of the day by noise. The complaint presented nothing but the case of ordinary private games of baseball . . . which have long
been allowed unmolested in his city. . . , and which are not prohibited by the statute . . . .”<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The complaint in the later case, on the other hand, was “of a public game of baseball: i. e., of a game held out to the public, i. e., of a game to which the public were invited, and
to which an admission fee was charged.” Such a game, Gaynor held, was prohibited by statute. The judge refused to grant the defendants’ motion to discharge, setting the case for trial on the merits at a later
date. This later game appears to have stemmed from Brooklyn’s home Sunday baseball game played on May 29, 1904, after which Poole and Frank Dillon were arrested.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The New York Giants also played Sunday baseball in 1904, but not at the Polo Grounds. They were Brooklyn’s opponents on Sunday May 29</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">, in a game that resulted in arrests after the fact. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzkbSGCsJif32H2rL5SRejOesf--aUQZlm789j9dSzH3Oh5Kq0ypAyAnrIH1jJ_tvbA08fdXmhoum_gl_v0OHk7BXL0VE7HDe0WmChk9xDEF87G1WzNfVDWkMjfh_nL5t4M-tdwECCM1-xMLKRtw8NHViX-80OKRkPfaUpgSYHh7Z247vNg0EZAlhf/s968/brooklyn%20times%20union%20may%2030%201904%20page%205%20-%20brooklyn%20giants%20sunday.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="968" data-original-width="663" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzkbSGCsJif32H2rL5SRejOesf--aUQZlm789j9dSzH3Oh5Kq0ypAyAnrIH1jJ_tvbA08fdXmhoum_gl_v0OHk7BXL0VE7HDe0WmChk9xDEF87G1WzNfVDWkMjfh_nL5t4M-tdwECCM1-xMLKRtw8NHViX-80OKRkPfaUpgSYHh7Z247vNg0EZAlhf/s320/brooklyn%20times%20union%20may%2030%201904%20page%205%20-%20brooklyn%20giants%20sunday.jpg" width="219" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Times Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, May 30, 1904, page 5.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><br /></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Giants won the game 7-3 without any police interference. Poole, the losing pitcher, walked away from the game a free man this time. But his bad luck would return. One week later, a
judge issued a warrant for his arrest, and for the arrest of Brooklyn’s first baseman, Frank “Pop” Dillon.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigEwuu_g-eVbkqplwMWqljXHKVo0jOL1P7EITOCgDAnriy88DWpRzZ9mpThiDzDjchIIQN14RPrPfiNJnAqvU-utAz_9JGhKXg6zI6Qe1-4pyjii7ZSS5xsVrzNpkrEUfLRe2F3Lz10ti1sAQcLbdDayfjbxAdR4OW4JeiAJ0nI4pgUKp1o6yC24cn/s942/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%206%201904%20page%203%20-%20may%2029%20warrants%20arrests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="942" data-original-width="679" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigEwuu_g-eVbkqplwMWqljXHKVo0jOL1P7EITOCgDAnriy88DWpRzZ9mpThiDzDjchIIQN14RPrPfiNJnAqvU-utAz_9JGhKXg6zI6Qe1-4pyjii7ZSS5xsVrzNpkrEUfLRe2F3Lz10ti1sAQcLbdDayfjbxAdR4OW4JeiAJ0nI4pgUKp1o6yC24cn/s320/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%206%201904%20page%203%20-%20may%2029%20warrants%20arrests.jpg" width="231" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“That on Sunday, the twenty-ninth day of May, 1904, at an enclosed baseball field in the Borough of Brooklyn, County of Kings and State of New York, said Frank Dillon and Edward Poole
did play and perform, exhibit and take part in, and did aid and abet in the exhibition and play of a public sport and game known as baseball between the Brooklyn Baseball Club and a contending club known by the name of the
New York Baseball Club, to which the public was admitted, and that fifteen thousand persons at said enclosed field witness the said game. That the said game continued nine innings, and during the whole game the two defendants
continued in said game as players.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm21" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“James P. White.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm21" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“Sworn to before me this sixth day of June, 1904. W. J. Gaynor, J. S. C.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 6, 1904, page 3.</span></p><p class="tm9" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Dillon and Poole were cleared of all charges on September 12</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">, when the court ruled the prosecution had failed to prove their case.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKhHE2lH7do8nm3CZ7ejqWkDuCO8wXN1bYce7FgofrLLa7bNRRUbGpY-i1edeOVYrh3Ag4C94fiqynpJCTgHXL8U8i2T66UwghIEf0Lbu1805uUO8cC6n_b2_11na7xFkT43-uck8qH--ljw9y-PLrd8854Gk_Ipyx1HD351qcp0pZ0xeGzgz00lzn/s1016/brooklyn%20times%20union%20september%2012%201904%20page%202%20-%20charges%20dropped%20-%20no%20case.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="668" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKhHE2lH7do8nm3CZ7ejqWkDuCO8wXN1bYce7FgofrLLa7bNRRUbGpY-i1edeOVYrh3Ag4C94fiqynpJCTgHXL8U8i2T66UwghIEf0Lbu1805uUO8cC6n_b2_11na7xFkT43-uck8qH--ljw9y-PLrd8854Gk_Ipyx1HD351qcp0pZ0xeGzgz00lzn/s320/brooklyn%20times%20union%20september%2012%201904%20page%202%20-%20charges%20dropped%20-%20no%20case.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Times Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, September 12, 1904, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="tm9"></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">With one legal victory and charges still pending against Dillon and Poole, Brooklyn played three more Sunday games that season without incident; June 5 versus Pittsburgh, June 12 against the
St. Louis Cardinals, and June 19 again versus the New York Giants. Brooklyn’s June 19</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10"> game against the Giants had no police action, and very little other action, at least by the home team. A reporter marked the game with the sarcastic claim that no Sunday baseball had been played that day, at
least not by Brooklyn, in the 11-0 loss.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSjoHXvmaCUPJuefNVoSvuFD4YdEWKbu-yTAlstD32En2KKpFee1y81cRP8xoU-ADa61zZ96HhgXVTlZxOb0cP7cFzwEjjWqGsNKvp13FE2-HHzqJrz3u-NW5lS6uJXxM8fziS9m1X6Ta2lvn7Nhll-NyYAy-M-Tpqikw-7yAyeKFFUq1yM7fcr9R/s936/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%2020%201904%20page%205%20no%20baseball%20played.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="679" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSjoHXvmaCUPJuefNVoSvuFD4YdEWKbu-yTAlstD32En2KKpFee1y81cRP8xoU-ADa61zZ96HhgXVTlZxOb0cP7cFzwEjjWqGsNKvp13FE2-HHzqJrz3u-NW5lS6uJXxM8fziS9m1X6Ta2lvn7Nhll-NyYAy-M-Tpqikw-7yAyeKFFUq1yM7fcr9R/s320/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%2020%201904%20page%205%20no%20baseball%20played.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">If Justice Gaynor can prove it was a baseball game, he can accomplish something that the supposed experts could not do.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 20, 1904, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">But the good times would not last. The coup de grace for professional Sunday baseball in New York City, at least for the remainder of the 1904 season, came in a game on Sunday June 26, versus
Boston. That game featured one more strange event that would have been one more Sunday baseball-related statistical anomaly if it had been memorialized in the box score. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">On Sunday, June 26</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">, Brooklyn’s catcher, Jacklitsch, and pitcher, Oscar Jones, were arrested after walking the lead-off
batter on a count of five balls and two strikes, in a game against the Boston Beaneaters at Washington Park. One might assume the umpire would have been arrested for not sending the batter to first after the regulation four
balls - but that’s not what happened.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SNySj4l7gu6FJ0R7uex03lILJB0slWx4_VIsj6bje6LYA974YHc3HGj3NxR75vGsCNOoYbsr12Ak3NSDlfiGgH49_1S62WFGDTsDjyLMMl4TGv2lPLvIEe6p6saVymId5I79EEI96FaJfCgV3JOgX7i5Lwt24gzs5DTK_O8I5quhko2pQlKwEJBH/s869/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20june%2027%201904%20page%206%20clip_76589871.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="670" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SNySj4l7gu6FJ0R7uex03lILJB0slWx4_VIsj6bje6LYA974YHc3HGj3NxR75vGsCNOoYbsr12Ak3NSDlfiGgH49_1S62WFGDTsDjyLMMl4TGv2lPLvIEe6p6saVymId5I79EEI96FaJfCgV3JOgX7i5Lwt24gzs5DTK_O8I5quhko2pQlKwEJBH/s320/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20june%2027%201904%20page%206%20clip_76589871.jpg" width="247" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 27, 1904, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><br /></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The anomalous five-ball walk occurred because of a misunderstanding. The teams (and umpire, apparently) expected the arrests to happen after a few tosses back and forth between the pitcher and
catcher. The police captain on the scene, however, waited for someone to reach first base. Accounts differ as to whether the delay was because the police arrived late, or because they made that decision without informing
the teams. </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">For some reason or other the police were late getting to the grounds, which brought about a laughable incident. It was understood that one or two of the players would be arrested, so Reidy
had two pitchers and two catchers warm up. Jones and Jacklitsch were trotted forth as the battery for the Hanlonites [(Brooklyn)], although it was understood that their part in the game would consist of a ride around to the
police station.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Jones pitched four balls and two strikes to Geier, the first Boston batsman, but there was no sign of the police. Jones pitched another ball, which made five balls and two strikes, and then
Geier was instructed to go to first. At this point Captain White, reinforced by Sergeants Ruddy and Maloney, walked on the field and place Jones and Jacklitsch under arrest. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Brooklyn Citizen, June 27, 1904, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">It was evident that Mr. Johnstone [(the umpire)] had been tipped off regarding the expected visit of the police. The programme apparently was that Oscar Jones and Fred Jacklitsch were to
toss a couple of balls back and forth, whereupon Captain White and his two wardmen, who had been provided with choice box seats in close proximity to the home plate, were to swoop down on the diamond, figuratively speaking,
gather in the unfortunate battery and then the game was to proceed officially with Garvin and Ritter in the points.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The first break occurred immediately after the bell rang, when Johnstone announced Garvin and Ritter as the battery, although Jones and Jacklitsch were already in the positions. He corrected
himself in response to the clamor from the crowd, but his blush was as fiery as his hair at the mistake, which gave the whole snap away.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">It was apparent a moment later that the police had not let the base ball people into the secret as to when the psychological moment would arrive. Johnstone believed that the arrests would
be made with the pitching of the first ball. [Police] Captain White, however, had decided to wait until a man reached first base. As a result a new feature of the latter day game was introduced, in that Geier, the first
Boston batter up, was not sent to the base until five balls had been called.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">At the third ball Johnstone gazed insinuatingly at the box occupied by Captain White, but the latter gave no sign. At the fourth Johnstone looked decidedly worried, but he persisted in keeping
Geier at the bat despite the protest of that worthy and the coacher. It was apparent then that the preliminaries to the arrests did not count in the game.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Finally, at the fifth ball Geier was sent to first and then the minions of the law moved. They did not swoop, but walked ponderously across the field. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Captain Dillon was apparently the man the police wanted, but the first baseman intimated that he had been arrested before and that Jones was just aching for the experience.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 27, 1904, page 7.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Boston’s lead-off batter, Phil Geier, wanted in on the fun, asking, “Why don’t you arrest me, too. I’d rather go along with you than stay here and work.” The
police declined the offer; leaving him behind to finish the game. This time, however, the game was restarted after the arrests, so unlike the game on April 24, the box score does not list the arrested players, and does not
record Geier’s lead-off, five-ball walk. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">One other statistical anomaly from that game, however, still remains on the books. A player named Jack White suited up for the Boston Beaneaters that day, playing the entire game in left
field, going 0 for five, scoring one run, and making two put-outs with one assist. Those stats are not so unusual, but they are unusual when compared to his states in games the day before and after Boston’s Sunday game
in Brooklyn. On Saturday, June 25, White had two hits in five at-bats in 8-5 win, and on Monday, June 27, he went 0 for five in a 6-2 loss. Those two games were not, however, played for Boston. In both of those games, he
played for Toronto, of the Eastern League, in games against Eastern League opponents, Jersey City and Providence, respectively.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Jack White was pressed into service because Boston’s captain, Fred Tenney (1b), refused to play baseball on Sunday. Short of players, Boston planned ahead, securing White’s services
for one day. White sandwiched the gig in between games in Jersey City and Providence. Boston’s manager, Buck Buckenberger, put White in left field and moved their regular leftfielder, “Doc” Carney, to first
base for the day. Jack White’s game for Boston on Sunday, June 26, 1904, stands as White’s one-and-only major league appearance.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">It was also Brooklyn’s last Sunday home game of 1904. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">1905</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">New York City’s Sunday baseball experiment resumed again the following spring. The New York Highlanders (Yankees) and Giants scheduled exhibition games for Sunday April 9</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. The Yankees were to play the Ridgewoods at Ridgewood Park, but “Captain Aloncie, of the 77</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10"> Precinct, occupied the field with a squad of policemen, and positively refused to allow the game to be played. Neither team appeared in uniform, and the crowd went home disappointed.”<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> The Giants played the Emeralds on the grounds of the Catholic Protectory, at Van Nest in the Bronx. The game was allowed to begin, and play continued uninterrupted until the third inning.
“John O’Neill, a substitute pitcher for the Giants, was at the bat, while William Cunningham, pitcher, and Charles Williams, catcher, made up the Emerald battery. These three players and Manager E. McLaughlin
of the Emerald team were arrested, charged with violating the Sunday laws.” Several hundred fans who had paid 50 cents per scorecard followed the police and their prisoners to the station. The prisoners were promptly
bailed out, and “then they went back and played out the game.”<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The scene may have looked something like this illustration from a 1904 short story about political opportunism and hypocrisy in the enforcement of Sunday baseball laws.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevPz-dOQfr_-JikTHh3oXkG89EYKbM1SRqGMBwT7On8H6nhWFoyrPh7Wy91jN1o3ZKGkswH6fUwT3CTltyRbuPboA9tdHrdOXa2gTCYDKCMo0plT19wrj3vNxjE7UMO1EP3rKyC6ObVuCYwVgb99kQvBi291SBeTTaT2LgYoAelbKuX8zXePFBhxp/s1608/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1608" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgevPz-dOQfr_-JikTHh3oXkG89EYKbM1SRqGMBwT7On8H6nhWFoyrPh7Wy91jN1o3ZKGkswH6fUwT3CTltyRbuPboA9tdHrdOXa2gTCYDKCMo0plT19wrj3vNxjE7UMO1EP3rKyC6ObVuCYwVgb99kQvBi291SBeTTaT2LgYoAelbKuX8zXePFBhxp/w400-h196/pearsons%20volume%2011%20no%206%20june%201904%20sunday%20baseball%20pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">Illustration from, “Pat Weldon, Reformer,” Edwin J. Webster, </span><em><span class="tm14">Pearson’s Magazine</span></em><span class="tm10">, Volume 11, Number 6, June 1904, page 551.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Neither the Yankees nor the Giants would play a league home game that season. Brooklyn, on the other hand, was up for the fight.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8gy_DMNGoDaZBPbestsH7MA2tY8nGxhzXOupH0mUBuKpLU20kUxbyrT-DtSQ9bKT7-kTqAiYd0G92oqfk615O27Fj0yDyHmwJirF5Ftp24Q7ON3WlG_blhsiY0wx5_s0Cmpz-8HgvcDqC6E3ocg_kuZ86qbclqMIytTHw69Uf-5FGlnxSxX7m0NsU/s1226/evening%20world%20april%2022%201905%20page%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="968" data-original-width="1226" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8gy_DMNGoDaZBPbestsH7MA2tY8nGxhzXOupH0mUBuKpLU20kUxbyrT-DtSQ9bKT7-kTqAiYd0G92oqfk615O27Fj0yDyHmwJirF5Ftp24Q7ON3WlG_blhsiY0wx5_s0Cmpz-8HgvcDqC6E3ocg_kuZ86qbclqMIytTHw69Uf-5FGlnxSxX7m0NsU/s320/evening%20world%20april%2022%201905%20page%206.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">The Evening World</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 22, 1905, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn Superbas played five home games on Sunday during the 1905 season, April 23 versus Boston, April 30 against the Giants, May 7 with the Phillies, May 14 against Pittsburgh and May
21 versus the Chicago Colts (Cubs). Ebbets used the scorecard ruse again, offering “free” admission without having to purchase a “ticket,” while requiring purchase of a scorecard to gain admission.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">There was a large police presence at the first Sunday game against Boston on the 23</span><sup><span class="tm10">rd</span></sup><span class="tm10">, but the game went off without a hitch. The acting police Captain at the game said he “had no orders to stop the game or arrest anybody. His instructions were simply
to get the names of the players, programme sellers, and some persons as witnesses and turn the information over the District Attorney.”<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The game may have taken place without incident, but the players were not necessarily off the hook. News leaked out two days later that the police had filed their official report on the game
with the District Attorney, and that he “would be ready to proceed in a magistrate’s court in a day or so.”<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Making good on the threat, the police arrested Brooklyn’s pitcher and catcher from the previous Sunday’s game before a game to be played on Thursday. They were quickly bailed
out and both would play in the game that day.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Just previous to the game Eason and Ritter, who composed the battery in last Sunday’s game, were arrested and taken around to the Bergen street station. They were promptly bailed out.
Notwithstanding the arrests a game will be played next Sunday.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 28, 1905, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Dodgers played the Giants without incident the following Sunday. Well, almost without incident. The only police action was against a crowd of young boys who knocked down a fence to get
into the game without participating in the scorecard ruse.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="tm19">The Sunday Crowds.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Sunday baseball seems to be a fixture over in Brooklyn. The trolley dodgers pulled off another game over there last Sunday and there was not the slightest hint of interference from the police.
That Sunday baseball is popular with a goodly portion of our citizens was attested in the fact that Washington Park has never before held such a crowd of “friends.” The small boy was also largely in evidence,
and the Sunday-schools of many Brooklyn churches must have suffered badly in consequence, not that the kid saved Sunday-school money to get into the game, for they did nothing of the sort. The average Brooklyn boy does not
believe in paying for this sort of pleasure. He knows of a way that appeals more strongly to him. At the Sunday game there was a crowd of at least half a hundred of them that formed a “flying wedge” against the
eastern fence and it went down in a heap, admitting not less than five hundred youngsters before the police could reach the breach and stop the inflow of self-made “deadheads.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Democrat and Chronicle </span></em><span class="tm10">(Rochester, New York), May 3, 1905, page 6.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">While Sunday baseball case made its way through the courts, Brooklyn continued playing Sunday baseball with no further arrests. They took down the Phillies 4-2 on Sunday May 7, land let the
Pirates steal one from them by the score of 5-1 on May 14.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn Superbas/Bridegrooms/Trolley Dodgers lost to the Chicago Colts (Cubs), 11-2, on May 21</span><sup><span class="tm10">st</span></sup><span class="tm10">. Although a positive outcome in the pending Sunday baseball case, later that week, made it seem as though Sunday baseball might be here to stay, it would prove to be their
last home Sunday game of the year. </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Malcolm W. Eason, pitcher, and Louis Ritter, catcher, of the Brooklyn baseball club, who were arrested three weeks ago at Brooklyn for playing baseball on Sunday during a contest open to
the public, have been discharged by Magistrate Dooley. Magistrate Dooley said in discharging the men: “I am following the decision of the court of special sessions, which ruled a year ago that the men were not violating
the law in a similar case. I feel bound to accept the superior court’s judgment.” Magistrate Dooley’s decision in he matter means that Sunday ball may be played in Brooklyn in the future without any interference
from the police authorities. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Sedalia Democrat</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Sedalia, Missouri), May 21, 1905, page 8. </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Within days of the decision, Brooklyn’s Corporate Counsel, Delaney, submitted an extensive written opinion on the legality of professional Sunday baseball and the scorecard ruse to the
Police Commissioner, who announced plans to enforce the law consistent with the opinion - it was illegal, and law enforcement officers would stop it, regardless of one’s personal opinion of the the law.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">[In the opinion of Brooklyn Corporate Counsel Delaney] “It may be regarded as settled that a public game on Sunday for which admission is charged, and which is advertised, is a violation
of the Penal Code. If baseball is so played as to be a misdemeanor, it is not only the right but the duty of any police officer to arrest the persons guilty of this misdemeanor without waiting for a warrant.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“I will issue orders to the police force to make arrests for every violation of the law where baseball is played on Sunday as an advertised game, and to which an admission fee is charged,
directly or indirectly,” Mr. McAdoo said yesterday. “Without regard to what my own personal feelings may be on this subject, either from a moral, religious or legal standpoint, I will act upon the advice given
me by the Corporation Counsel and will order the police to suppress Sunday baseball playing under the conditions mentioned. This means that professional games are clearly barred.”</span></p>
<p><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">New York Tribune</span></em><span class="tm10">, May 24, 1905, page 10.</span> <br /></p><p> </p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The threat would work. Brooklyn would not play another Sunday baseball game that season.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">1906</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn Dodgers were back on the Sunday baseball bandwagon to start the 1906 season, this time with a new scheme - “free” admission with contribution boxes. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqQD07g3wHLNzTzVA-iugQxqUf-bEVfQQpP7BMQOOZ98xdyNV9eum-Sdl5T8qVU74WV8DmXraeMmiKzbsEp5bK6YtJqtfDi75t8n7ts8HIGcUFEGXJwzzWkpwfiEtIqPpH6rAgV9-NCN7bzODgBFG1dQ0QnhRvpM57PLPJ-pU4y-sDot0rffqScxjz/s677/brooklyn%20citizen%20april%2014%201906%20page%201%20-%20contribution%20boxes%20headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="677" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqQD07g3wHLNzTzVA-iugQxqUf-bEVfQQpP7BMQOOZ98xdyNV9eum-Sdl5T8qVU74WV8DmXraeMmiKzbsEp5bK6YtJqtfDi75t8n7ts8HIGcUFEGXJwzzWkpwfiEtIqPpH6rAgV9-NCN7bzODgBFG1dQ0QnhRvpM57PLPJ-pU4y-sDot0rffqScxjz/s320/brooklyn%20citizen%20april%2014%201906%20page%201%20-%20contribution%20boxes%20headline.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Sunday baseball in Brooklyn by National League teams will undoubtedly be a fixture this summer. The first game will be played at Washington park to-morrow. Boston and Brooklyn will be the
contenders. There will be no police interference, as no admission fee will be charged. Neither will the old subterfuge of selling programmes be resorted to. There will be, however, contribution boxes, conveniently located,
in which anyone who feels so disposed may drop a quarter, half or seventy-five cents. In no case will any person who is unwilling to so contribute be denied admission to the park.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 14, 1906, page 1.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The scheme seemed to have cracked the Sunday baseball code - at least initially.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The use of contribution boxes apparently has solved the problem of how to play baseball on Sunday at Washington Park, Brooklyn, without violating the law. The Brooklyn Club instituted the
scheme in the championship game between the Boston and Brooklyn teams yesterday, and, according to Deputy Police Commissioner Arthur J. O’Keefe, who was present, he observed nothing in the way that visitors gained entrance
to the grounds that could be construed as an evasion of the statute.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Long tin boxes used for the reception of tickets at games were placed conspicuously at the various entrances, and it was clearly understood that a person entering the grounds was not compelled
to give the usual price demanded for various locations, but could drop in the boxes the amount he wanted to. Of the estimated crowd of 3,500 persons present yesterday not one was turned away or not having a sufficient contribution.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">New York Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 16, 1906, page 18.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Brooklyn would play three more Sunday games at home without incident before it all blew up in their faces. Ebbets, perhaps emboldened by his initial success, announced changes to the remaining
season’s schedule, penciling in a number of Sunday games. The early Sunday games are all listed in the official record as “schedule changes.” It might have worked if they had continued letting in fans regardless
of how much they donated. But they had apparently started to deny admission to people who didn’t want to donate, or who donated too little. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Authorities announced their intent to crack down on the practice before a game against Chicago scheduled for Sunday June 10</span><sup><span class="tm10">th</span></sup><span class="tm10">. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4K5DW3_pnuhz6fWUcZY5XmRQPLsrFZFbX8LTYlBC8JKOGKprHzeP0BsBEq07OBppXY4V6Se77c_UcnYoAPER3Ne-vdvslp_HIF976QHLnmKBx-T3vUZUMer5ezMgDz_wRJwAY-1DhpNSiANnqt9g_BK4p9k-MoR9aZzpwCFSFVyDGjkPaFSI-rEFr/s1551/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%208%201906%20page%201%20crackdown%20announced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1551" data-original-width="1356" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4K5DW3_pnuhz6fWUcZY5XmRQPLsrFZFbX8LTYlBC8JKOGKprHzeP0BsBEq07OBppXY4V6Se77c_UcnYoAPER3Ne-vdvslp_HIF976QHLnmKBx-T3vUZUMer5ezMgDz_wRJwAY-1DhpNSiANnqt9g_BK4p9k-MoR9aZzpwCFSFVyDGjkPaFSI-rEFr/s320/brooklyn%20citizen%20june%208%201906%20page%201%20crackdown%20announced.jpg" width="280" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Baseball games scheduled for Sunday in all the boroughs are to be stopped by the police, that is, where contributions or money is passed in any form. This was announced to-day at the local
police headquarters by Deputy Commissioner Arthur J. O’Keeffe.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Mr. O’Keeffe attended a game last Sunday at Washington Park, and there he found a number of men protesting against being charged admission to the grounds. He notified the management
at the time that unless the protestants were admitted the game could not go on.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">There was a contribution box at the entrance, in which the people were required to deposit anywhere from 25 to 75 cents. This the deputy considered a direct violation of the law, and led,
so it is said, to his having a talk with Police Commissioner Bingham regarding the matter. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">President Pulliam of the National League recently changed the playing schedule of the Brooklyn team so that several games could be played here on Sundays instead of on week days. The Chicago
team, according to that schedule, was to play here this Sunday.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 8, 1906, page 1.</span></p><p> </p><p></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Deputy Commissioner O’Keefe said that, “if they live up to their own rule they will not be interfered with by the police,” but taking money wasn’t the only problem.
The Police Commissioner, Bingham, received complaints from clergy and civilians that “young men on the way home from the ball games generally took possession of the elevated and surface cars, and made it mighty uncomfortable
for passengers.” Moreover, Deputy Commissioner, O’Keeffe, believed that it is far from “agreeable to people on their way to church to see men playing baseball.”<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Chicago refused to play that Sunday, not wanting to deal with the fallout from any potential police or legal action. But the snit hit the fans hard the following Sunday in a game with Cincinnati
on Sunday, June 17. Police walked onto the field after two pitches to arrest Brooklyn’s pitcher, Eason, and Cincinnati’s batter, Charles Fraser, along with Charles Ebbets and the managers of both teams. The game
was restarted, and the box score shows nothing amiss, except for a notation indicating that the game was a make-up game for a rainout that hadn’t happened yet. Heavy rain did fall in New York City the following day,
so perhaps they were just trying to get the game in before the rains came.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The Brooklyn-Cincinnati game was not the only game raided that day. At least “thirty-seven players and managers of baseball were arrested” on Sunday June 17, 1906, for violating
the Sabbath laws. The Dodgers actually got off easily that day, having been allowed to finish the game. Other games were stopped summarily. Two amateur teams in South Brooklyn beat the system by putting sacrificial Patsies
in the game to be arrested early, after which the real players emerged to play an entire nine inning game.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A judge dismissed all of the charges against those arrested at the Brooklyn-Cincinnati game.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Sunday baseball playing at Washington Park will go on in the future without interruption from the police, according to a decision by Magistrate Naumer in the Myrtle avenue court today.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The charge of playing baseball on Sunday was made against President Charles Ebbets, “Ned” Hanlon, “Patsy” Donovan, “Mal” Eason and “Chick”
Fraser, who were arrested last Sunday afternoon at the Brooklyn-Cincinnati game, by Capt. Sylvester D. Baldwin and three of his plain clothes men.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“There was no serious disturbance at the game,” said magistrate naumer. “It was played in an enclosure and could not be seen from the streets. Therefore, taking into consideration
Sections 259 and 265 of the Penal Code and the fact that the peace was not disturbed, I dismiss the defendants.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm14">Standard Union</span></em><span class="tm10">, June 19, 1906, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Despite prevailing on the merits, however, there would be no more major league baseball played on Sundays in New York City until 1917.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">1917</span></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference">In 1917, the Yankees, Giants and Dodgers all took advantage of patriotic feeling accompanying the United States’ entry into World War I, playing one home Sunday baseball
game each as a fundraising benefit.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><strong><span class="tm22">Yankees. </span></strong></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Thirty thousand baseball enthusiasts performed part of their patriotic duty at the Polo Grounds yesterday afternoon while the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Browns played
the first major league championship game ever contested in Manhattan on the Sabbath. That the Yankees lost a bitterly fought game by a score of 2 to 1 really mattered little.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The game was played for the benefit of the Engineers’ Reserve Corps, and 21,000 spectators paid their way into the grounds. After all expenses were deducted approximately
$10,000 were donated to a fund for the support of the dependents of the boys in the corps who will soon take their place on the firing line in France.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">New York Tribune</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference">, June 18, 1917, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><strong><span class="tm22">Dodgers.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPngvr58-NDrJEyFQvGKtUpcBTAY9rjxgGY7ewPjVwKDEQcz6rQQlGsV5d_31yFy14UFfzu4kJVTwLXpUgR6Zk9M0J9qOQ1IbOOncI6HVdUSJR1vgeUujhuKrcdf3z2ULZFC01y2Wo2N0YrkcbXxow5tdY4jP6d6Hb7oK17cPqHcDMfOS7CZcUaevb/s736/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20july%202%201917%20page%202%20-%20summons%20for%20ebbets%20after%20benefit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="671" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPngvr58-NDrJEyFQvGKtUpcBTAY9rjxgGY7ewPjVwKDEQcz6rQQlGsV5d_31yFy14UFfzu4kJVTwLXpUgR6Zk9M0J9qOQ1IbOOncI6HVdUSJR1vgeUujhuKrcdf3z2ULZFC01y2Wo2N0YrkcbXxow5tdY4jP6d6Hb7oK17cPqHcDMfOS7CZcUaevb/s320/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20july%202%201917%20page%202%20-%20summons%20for%20ebbets%20after%20benefit.jpg" width="292" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Summonses which charge a violation of the Sunday law were issued by Magistrate Geismar in the Flatbush police court today, as a result of the baseball game which was played
at Ebbets Field yesterday afternoon in connection with the charity concert for the benefit of the Red Cross, the Militia of Mercy and other Brooklyn charities.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The baseball game was billed as a “free exhibition game,” on the back of the tickets of admission for the sacred concert. Ticket holders were directed to keep their
seats after the concert. The tickets stated that they were admissions to the concert, but that the “free” baseball game would follow.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference">, July 2, 1917, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><strong><span class="tm22">Giants.</span></strong></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFwmO6Tlf9mwvXGYNleKpncZGnQZsJbsh3wpdHbk_7CUzwcVqhKbvrfQCX9GxkAMQ2G8t55nZeUBbcKnTKnVStx0rq4r5YP-N7eA4UaXFywKTG2SF6nRv7ChfNr2jN9jZx9ILzXYQ06rgCamP-JWArbe6kObi0xcuJybYp8pv73wV5lF8tWrHHWSq/s2546/the%20sun%20august%2020%201917%20page%205%20notables%20at%20giants%20game.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1609" data-original-width="2546" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFwmO6Tlf9mwvXGYNleKpncZGnQZsJbsh3wpdHbk_7CUzwcVqhKbvrfQCX9GxkAMQ2G8t55nZeUBbcKnTKnVStx0rq4r5YP-N7eA4UaXFywKTG2SF6nRv7ChfNr2jN9jZx9ILzXYQ06rgCamP-JWArbe6kObi0xcuJybYp8pv73wV5lF8tWrHHWSq/w400-h253/the%20sun%20august%2020%201917%20page%205%20notables%20at%20giants%20game.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">The great baseball game at the Polo Grounds yesterday between the Giants and Reds for the benefit of the “Fighting Sixty-ninth Regiment” was remarkable for its enthusiasm
and attendance. The worlds of sport, finance, commerce, religion and law were represented by men notable in these and other fields, as show by the photograph.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">New York Sun</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference">, August 20, 1917, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Each of the games was played without interruption, but arrests were made following the Dodgers’ and Giants’ games. At least one additional planned benefit, in Brooklyn,
was canceled, and perhaps others that might have been planned at the Polo Grounds were never scheduled. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Not everyone approved. Earl Obershain of the St. Louis Sporting News wrote an opinion piece critical of the arrests, which may have reflected the general mood of the fanbase.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">[T]he Sunday ball fanatics in New York likely overplayed their hand in stopping the benefit games that were to have been played for the comfort fund of the army and navy. It
will be remembered that the program for Sunday games in New York City and Brooklyn, which were expected to net at least $100,000 for the soldiers and sailors, was blocked by the arrest of the Brooklyn club officials following
a game played on a Sunday at Ebbets field.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="Footnote_Reference">Old women in pants and petticoats cackled with glee when the authorities haled the baseball men into court and stopped the Sunday games. They gave praise to the gods of their
sour imaginations that the sacred Sabbath had been preserved from desecration. But now they find they have a more serious fight on their hands before the succeed in making the world as blue as their noses, for their action
has aroused a public too long indulgent in its rationalism, and a concerted movement has begun to secure repeal of the sixteenth century laws that prevent the playing of baseball on the ‘Lord’s day.’</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">Daily Times</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Davenport, Iowa), August 9, 1917, page 9.</span></p><br /><p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference">A New York magistrate also disagreed with the arrests, dismissing the charges against the Giants’ manager, John McGraw, and Cincinnati’s manager, Christy Mathewson.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HYiwMCsJ8WdNoY4pSLFRSt2zZJZczC5IQzMY3IS13WSi7LK0DOMwzN6vud00Z6CWffeJ8n3lZnlXjgWnCVAiPmFFt6Fxu3uJL5fuJ4czHvsLqaZDYnOkYSVN_tp1OzeyGp9a2DQXNPXrRQX-l-07kqXqtOD0TPo0nJ-J2W1kKdNM4v27YZUBAcHR/s856/star%20gazette%20elmiara%20august%2023%201917%20page%202%20dismissal%20matthewson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="856" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HYiwMCsJ8WdNoY4pSLFRSt2zZJZczC5IQzMY3IS13WSi7LK0DOMwzN6vud00Z6CWffeJ8n3lZnlXjgWnCVAiPmFFt6Fxu3uJL5fuJ4czHvsLqaZDYnOkYSVN_tp1OzeyGp9a2DQXNPXrRQX-l-07kqXqtOD0TPo0nJ-J2W1kKdNM4v27YZUBAcHR/s320/star%20gazette%20elmiara%20august%2023%201917%20page%202%20dismissal%20matthewson.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Star Gazette</i> (Elmira, New York), August 23, 1917, page 2.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> On April 19, 1919, four days before opening day, New York’s Governor, Al Smith, signed a bill making Sunday baseball legal throughout New York, at least as a matter of
state law. Local jurisdictions retained the power to ban the game at their option. New York City took no action to ban the games, and all three major league teams in the city played a full slate of Sunday baseball games
in 1919. The Governor signed a Sunday movie bill on the same day.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1oPeyh590jJzQjrMteAzcfUgxGMiuW8lrKRToaxvWff5kdC1aRvDBMa_SZS6Txv4x_h2iEjNWYMVXVTJWyLUnahva2i6l0IJMISvpIciU6z49SGk6SFiyISxFZ7p_rEwwVLoT6imUSf6jI4tR9sXfOY6O1jdYbNaIcpBhGivg5CUegVWGb8wOsVL/s1662/ithaca%20journal%20april%2019%201919%20page%201%20-%20sunday%20baseball%20movie%20bills%20signed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="1662" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1oPeyh590jJzQjrMteAzcfUgxGMiuW8lrKRToaxvWff5kdC1aRvDBMa_SZS6Txv4x_h2iEjNWYMVXVTJWyLUnahva2i6l0IJMISvpIciU6z49SGk6SFiyISxFZ7p_rEwwVLoT6imUSf6jI4tR9sXfOY6O1jdYbNaIcpBhGivg5CUegVWGb8wOsVL/w400-h90/ithaca%20journal%20april%2019%201919%20page%201%20-%20sunday%20baseball%20movie%20bills%20signed.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">Ithaca Journal</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference"> (Ithaca, New York), April 19, 1919, page 1.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> </p>
<p class="tm9"><br /></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference">New York’s adoption of Sunday baseball left only three major league cities without Sunday baseball, Boston, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi722EsDI5CruoZ9d7IeZ7T45QYZ0iZyNisPzN1sLL4mQhyWsEBZ3D9_sCuNi34j80HU7pEeL0HAo6ISWWRZux5N-11_VhOKZC_kZTlm42nC4nqn1zxyB6TW3Gz9UK3Bc_JjOueackpdG7USUJAA-U892QAtW-0OPEu0sqSYFak_gy3urZLuLH0o4aq/s861/new%20york%20herald%20april%2020%201919%20page%2029.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="687" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi722EsDI5CruoZ9d7IeZ7T45QYZ0iZyNisPzN1sLL4mQhyWsEBZ3D9_sCuNi34j80HU7pEeL0HAo6ISWWRZux5N-11_VhOKZC_kZTlm42nC4nqn1zxyB6TW3Gz9UK3Bc_JjOueackpdG7USUJAA-U892QAtW-0OPEu0sqSYFak_gy3urZLuLH0o4aq/s320/new%20york%20herald%20april%2020%201919%20page%2029.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"></span><em><span class="tm23">New York Herald</span></em><span class="Footnote_Reference">, April 20, 1919, section 2, page 7.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><span class="Footnote_Reference">Other cities, states, jurisdictions, hamlets and burghs would continue fighting their own Sunday baseball battles here and there and various places and times. But in New York
City, the question had finally been decided. But nature abhors a vacuum. The “Blue Law” prohibiting Sunday baseball Sunday baseball was overturned just in time to make way for another, even more intrusive “Blue
Law” - nationwide prohibition under the 18</span><sup><span class="Footnote_Reference">th</span></sup><span class="Footnote_Reference"> Amendment to the United States Constitution, which went into effect in 1920.</span>
<p class="tm9"><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Buffalo Commercial</span></em>, April 23, 1903, page 1.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Times</span></em>, March 30, 1903, page 3; <u><a href="https://twitter.com/BaseballandLaw/status/1641037916196536321">@BaseballandtheLaw on Twitter</a></u>, March 29, 2023 (<u><a href="https://twitter.com/BaseballandLaw/status/1641037916196536321">https://twitter.com/BaseballandLaw/status/1641037916196536321</a></u> ).</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Brooklyn Times Union</span></em>, May 25, 1903, page 5.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> The story was about an opportunistic politician who curried favor with a minister to whip up anti-Sunday baseball fervor in order
to exact political revenge on a rival, not out of a deeply held religious conviction.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> For more on why the New York Americans were called Highlanders, Hillmen, Yankees and other names, see my earlier post, “Pinstripes
and Plaid - why the New York Americans became Highlanders and Yankees,” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2021/03/pinstripes-and-plaid-why-new-york.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2021/03/pinstripes-and-plaid-why-new-york.html</a></u>
.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> For more on why the Brooklyn Nationals were called Superbas, Bridegrooms, Trolley Dodgers or Dodgers, see my earlier post, “The
Grim Reality of the ‘Trolley Dodgers,’” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-grim-reality-of-trolley-dodgers.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-grim-reality-of-trolley-dodgers.html</a></u>
.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> The expression, “championship games,” as used here refers to what today is generally referred to as a “regular
season game,” “championship” referring to the fact that the outcome of the game counted in team’s record in the race for the league season championship.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Buffalo Commercial</span></em>, April 18, 1904, page 7.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404170.shtml">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404170.shtml</a></u>
</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Tribune</span></em>, April 18, 1904, page 9.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Detroit Free Press</span></em>, April 24, 1904, page 12 (“Neither of the Manhattan clubs, it has
already been decided, will be allowed to play the game on the Sabbath day, though Brooklyn, whose grounds are more remotely located, may continue the games that were begun last Sunday.”).</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404240.shtml">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BRO/BRO190404240.shtml</a></u>
</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette</span></em>, April 26, 1904, page 13.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><span class="tm18"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> </span> People v. Poole et al., <em><span class="tm17">New York Annotated Cases</span></em>, Volume 15, page 150 (44 <em><span class="tm17">Misc</span></em>. 118, 89 <em><span class="tm17">N. Y. Supp</span></em>. 773).</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Tribune</span></em>, April 10, 1905, page 4.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Tribune</span></em>, April 10, 1905, page 4.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> The story was about an opportunistic politician who curried favor with a minister to whip up anti-Sunday baseball fervor
in order to exact political revenge on a rival, not out of a deeply held religious conviction.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Times</span></em>, April 24, 1905, page 7.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em>, April 25, 1905, page 3.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><span class="tm18"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> </span> <em><span class="tm17">Brooklyn Citizen</span></em>, June 8, 1906, page 1.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em>, June 18, 1906, page 2.</p>
<br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-82823829059867546832023-03-17T17:55:00.002-07:002024-02-20T07:37:54.260-08:00Wash Racks and Automobile Laundries - a Cleaned and Polished History of the Car Wash<p style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A5N6LlhO4EFARiDUwZYVafRRIom_DXUUNIxuMVmY9j0acNTzvwfBvLlrTDkijYlCvN4PafYj7UUMjoE-xkNlTL8EMGLASGquZJlIPlCR6xR4h1bnYFFGl-bphxeKYgIHpMdguVTMcjChnzYkOic5YOYrk0_Y1nc-uHts8NYGn8J4Xs-5GcvynHus/s3427/project.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="3427" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A5N6LlhO4EFARiDUwZYVafRRIom_DXUUNIxuMVmY9j0acNTzvwfBvLlrTDkijYlCvN4PafYj7UUMjoE-xkNlTL8EMGLASGquZJlIPlCR6xR4h1bnYFFGl-bphxeKYgIHpMdguVTMcjChnzYkOic5YOYrk0_Y1nc-uHts8NYGn8J4Xs-5GcvynHus/w640-h138/project.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Car wash culture arguably reached its apotheosis with the 1976 release of </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB0aROCl530"><span class="tm8">the classic film, Car Wash</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, and its soundtrack album featuring </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB0aROCl530"><span class="tm8">Rose Royce’s funk classic, Car Wash</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. The film portrayed a day in the life of the “Dee-Luxe Car Wash” in Beverly Hills, as its owner, workers and customers, deal with a bomb plot, communists, an audition, a radio contest and an attempted
robbery. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The history of the car wash features equally colorful characters as advances in technology and new business models helped create the industry that one day would inspire those artistic successes
many decades later. Any many significant events in car wash history, appropriately enough, took place Beverly Hills-adjacent, in and around Hollywood.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The inventors, investors and entrepreneurs who built the car wash industry include crop sprayers, tour operators, horse-and-buggy livery stable operators, a successful lumber executive who
lost a fortune in the ice cream and candy business, a Hollywood cameraman, director and movie star, a former Mayor of San Diego, two people with two degrees of separation from President Ulysses S. Grant, the national director
of the Loyal Order of the Moose, and a man who developed amphibious landing tanks used in World War II. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The advances that drove the growth of the business include three major milestones; the assembly line-style, multi-station car wash (1912), the “semi-automatic” conveyor car wash
(1926), and the “fully-automatic” all-in-one car wash with automatic conveyor, sprayer, scrubber and drier (1946). </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The oldest known, purpose-built, multi-station assembly line car wash appears to have been built in Portland, Oregon in late-1911, and opened on New Year’s Day 1912. It may have been
the first one ever built, although the people who built it did not seem to be sure. Early accounts claimed merely that it was the “first time a concern of this kind has ever attempted to operate on the Pacific coast.”
But it was opened more than a year before the one that generally receives credit as being first, and no one has come up with evidence that one existed elsewhere before 1911.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Car wash historians, however, generally credit Frank McCormick and J. W. Hinkle with opening the first car wash in Detroit, Michigan in 1914.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
Contemporary news accounts, however reveal that their Detroit car wash opened in 1913, one year earlier than generally reported, but more than a year after one had already opened in Portland. And although contemporary news
accounts cited Frank McCormick’s name in association with the early Detroit car wash, J. W. Hinkle’s connection to the business (if any) is unclear.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">All signs to point to Portland as the home of the original (or at least earliest known) “car wash,” and to Detroit directly copying its business model, not merely coming up with
the same idea around the same time. When it opened in 1913, descriptions of Detroit’s car wash were nearly identical to those of one that had opened in Portland a year earlier. Some early reports of Detroit’s
first car wash even refer to it as “following the lead of a Pacific coast concern.” And it adopted the same name, “Automobile Laundry,” and slogan, “Everything back but the dirt,” as the
one in Portland. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first “semi-automatic” car washes, in which conveyor systems tow cars through the successive car wash stations, were developed in Los Angeles in 1925 and in operation there
by 1926. They were the brainchild of the former mayor of San Diego and a tour bus operator from San Diego’s U. S. Grant Hotel, and incorporated spraying technology developed by crop-sprayer manufacturers. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first “automatic” car wash, in which a car is automatically towed, scrubbed and dried, all by machine without human hands, opened in Detroit in 1946. Its inventor would
win a Horatio Alger award in 1950, the same year as Conrad Hilton (Hilton Hotels) and Charles Revson (Revlon Cosmetics).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And before and between the major car wash milestones, the car wash business was not stagnant. Many inventors and entrepreneurs continued to innovate car wash technology and business models,
laying the groundwork for kinds of car washes celebrated decades later in Rose Royce’s </span><i><span class="tm10">Car Wash</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm11"><span style="font-size: large;">Wash Racks</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Before there were “car washes,” as such, there were “wash racks.” For many, if not most people (then and now), washing one’s wagon or carriage involved simply
getting water, soap and a sponge, and washing it where it stood. The problem with doing that, however, was in many cases the lack of drainage created wet, unsanitary conditions. The solution was the “wash rack.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But in the late 1800s, as awareness of the importance of public hygiene grew, and public sewer drainage systems became more commonplace, people started constructing facilities, frequently
not much larger than a car, carriage or wagon, with slats or a “rack” above a concrete collection basin connected to a drainage system. Wash racks were installed in private and public horse stables, and later
in automobile garages.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUOdmgxiueANYpRwxj3jzZAwNaXzlyNLT9FNjEH106jHPG8asQCLbcHqhmO3YbJ7oSYoK978td34FjYGkY4ePgOofGCPA-YUuIo-WLn2r5puUqGTNdpf1IPf_1OeoICWz3tRLvstZRY6gjiXvotmbDJ2jmYmv29sMHJKVMPA_Hh6mGKwNeZ0DyDJLH/s544/sacramento%20bee%20aug%2011%201877%20page%202%20stables%20with%20wash%20rack.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="544" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUOdmgxiueANYpRwxj3jzZAwNaXzlyNLT9FNjEH106jHPG8asQCLbcHqhmO3YbJ7oSYoK978td34FjYGkY4ePgOofGCPA-YUuIo-WLn2r5puUqGTNdpf1IPf_1OeoICWz3tRLvstZRY6gjiXvotmbDJ2jmYmv29sMHJKVMPA_Hh6mGKwNeZ0DyDJLH/s320/sacramento%20bee%20aug%2011%201877%20page%202%20stables%20with%20wash%20rack.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm10">Sacramento Bee</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 11, 1877, page 2.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10"></span></i></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The carriage room, occupying the middle part of the stables, measures 72x140, is arranged so as to admit the maximum amount of light possible during the day and has a coral floor, one foot
in depth. The place is furnished with </span><span class="tm14">a concrete wash rack</span><span class="tm8">, the four sides of which slope toward the middle, allowing every drop of water to be carried off. This rids the
place of dampness and assists in the keeping up of an </span><span class="tm14">excellent sanitary condition</span><span class="tm8">.</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Evening Bulletin</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Honolulu, Hawaii), November 1, 1900, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As automobiles became more commonplace, old “wash racks” were put to new use as a place to wash cars, and people also started building car wash facilities on the old model, as
“wash racks” for automobiles. Wealthy owners built them into their garages, and garage owners and automobile dealers built them into their garages, workshops and showrooms. The availability of a “wash rack”
was a selling point to attract customers, and an added service to provide another source of income. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Des Moines, Iowa, Automobile Company has tendered members of the several automobile parties in Des Moines the use of a portion of its new building . . . for club purposes, and for a place
of safe keeping for their machines. The place designed is 50x44 feet, and will be fitted with necessary power machines for the automobiles, </span><span class="tm14">a wash rack</span><span class="tm8">, and lockers for members of the club.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Automobile Topics</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 4, Number 12, July 5, 1902, page 544.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Plans are being prepared for Lee A. Phillips for an elaborate auto stable on the Spanish style. The stable will have a capacity for three machines, including tool room, robe room, lockers,
</span><span class="tm14">wash rack</span><span class="tm8"> and a charging set.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Stockton Evening and Sunday Record</span></i><span class="tm8"> (California), March 15, 1904, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The East Side Auto Station, 200 Meeting street, Providence, R. I., occupies a two story brick building containing 12,000 square feet. The floor on the street level is of concrete, and, with
the exception of a small office and the </span><span class="tm14">wash rack</span><span class="tm8">, is used exclusively for the storing of cars . . . . For transients a nightly rate for storage, washing, etc. is &1.25
for small cars, and $1.75 for large cars. Nightly storage not including washing, etc., is 50 and 75 cents.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Horseless Age</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 17, Number 22, May 30, 1906, page 785.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGaJqvfbplXR_BD-Kd14VJa2IVIqJ6p8_cEukrgZ0TFDpDk0Bq5dsvpFEp9bMwFj6w3f0Qt9FTSg3cJMUco0vl9wgPh4FDKkrDZamsq4V5acr1P2ZuHf48ujR9t9q7LAhHUGIwbg4w4Yc5qjbciDJtznR1uvFdnAcqbys3lUca9jlFlqrKApxLXUMb/s586/buffalo%20news%20may%2016%201907%20page%2014.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="97" data-original-width="586" height="53" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGaJqvfbplXR_BD-Kd14VJa2IVIqJ6p8_cEukrgZ0TFDpDk0Bq5dsvpFEp9bMwFj6w3f0Qt9FTSg3cJMUco0vl9wgPh4FDKkrDZamsq4V5acr1P2ZuHf48ujR9t9q7LAhHUGIwbg4w4Yc5qjbciDJtznR1uvFdnAcqbys3lUca9jlFlqrKApxLXUMb/s320/buffalo%20news%20may%2016%201907%20page%2014.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Buffalo News</span></i><span class="tm8">, may 16, 1907, page 14.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">At the time, driving was different (specialized knowledge), cars were different (generally uncovered), roads were different (generally unpaved), and homes were different (generally no garage).
An article from an automotive magazine about the business of operating a storage garage illustrates some of those differences, and stresses the importance of providing a wash rack for clients.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">The dearth of space in which to store machines has led the majority of car owners to depend on the garage, and this is causing an increasing number of garages to spring into existence. Most
of the automobile agents in large cities maintain a garage in connection with their salesrooms, and some have a livery feature added to this branch of the business. Apart from the agencies, however, in cities and towns garages
are constantly being established which are owned and maintained by men not interested in the sale of automobiles.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">The first essential for a successful garage is plenty of room. . . . Next to plenty of room the requirement of most importance is a wash rack. An automobiles had to be washed every day when
it is used regularly, and among most dealers the belief prevails that the average machine is damaged more in the wash room than it is on the road.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">As a rule, the man who attends to the washing knows little or nothing about starting or stopping an automobile engine, and in nice cases out of ten, according to the dealers, he will collide
with a post or one of the walls two or three times before the machine is safely on the wash rack. Some dealers, to avoid this difficulty, have had the whole of the floor space in their garage converted into a water-tight
surface so that the machines may be washed without moving them. The Chicago proprietor of what is claimed as the largest garage n the world has this arrangement, and he says it is a big improvement over the old method.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">Automobile Dealer and Repairer</span></i><span class="tm5">, Volume 3, Number t, August 1907, page 199.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In Texas, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/06/everything-is-bigger-in-texas-from-new.html"><span class="tm8">where every thing is big</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, they installed what they claimed was one of the first large-scale wash racks in a public storage garage, after one in Chicago. </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69-tWukVlaejMNwUqpoVWUEvCKEOw1W_GQFqiY3c48MngM6wi0_wiEclvzKl8VdHMPUIv2tJ0s1Wa2X4VnbBhGtsQ3p34XrWpp3ZVMGajfrwOsPSxJHUR0q9SI9XbbmzjMz1qmdhVKnFxZRXC5Rku-TnXuX1qSzHQaWOM1a0f1ZMpuSUFGb0qlAZJ/s951/Fort%20worth%20star-telegram%20march%2028%201909%20page%2034%20-%20new%20wash%20racks%20in%20garage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="831" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69-tWukVlaejMNwUqpoVWUEvCKEOw1W_GQFqiY3c48MngM6wi0_wiEclvzKl8VdHMPUIv2tJ0s1Wa2X4VnbBhGtsQ3p34XrWpp3ZVMGajfrwOsPSxJHUR0q9SI9XbbmzjMz1qmdhVKnFxZRXC5Rku-TnXuX1qSzHQaWOM1a0f1ZMpuSUFGb0qlAZJ/s320/Fort%20worth%20star-telegram%20march%2028%201909%20page%2034%20-%20new%20wash%20racks%20in%20garage.jpg" width="280" /></a><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One feature that will be entirely distinct and new in Texas will be </span><i><span class="tm10">the wash racks</span></i><span class="tm8">. Two wash racks will extend the full length of the building. The cars will be ranged in four rows, with a wash rack between each double row. This will make it possible to wash and clean the cars without the
necessity of moving them from place to place, and so avoiding all chance of accidents such as breaking lamps and fenders.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Only one other garage in the country has this feature, and that is a new garage just completed in Chicago.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 28, 1909, Sports Section, page 2. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first large automobile garage in Billings, Montana was equipped with a “commodious wash rack.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgItFj51yb1JpR3fbCtUdvZvzHqsIoXTeuMX-PiNCrKbc-v6GyrtHj5DrQJo2haIYQl7pn1bfUdMfX0VPahFKhe-L-3rXGcF3RsLZ-O7SHr34pNM_BoTsjSZmwPTFmIdNJE9o1QmSb2Eyl1pfyGMCjGo68zEKuJXrqWuPBTmWJBNsznQMe0hb5iLbBf/s2801/billngs%20gazette%20august%208%201909.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2452" data-original-width="2801" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgItFj51yb1JpR3fbCtUdvZvzHqsIoXTeuMX-PiNCrKbc-v6GyrtHj5DrQJo2haIYQl7pn1bfUdMfX0VPahFKhe-L-3rXGcF3RsLZ-O7SHr34pNM_BoTsjSZmwPTFmIdNJE9o1QmSb2Eyl1pfyGMCjGo68zEKuJXrqWuPBTmWJBNsznQMe0hb5iLbBf/s320/billngs%20gazette%20august%208%201909.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Public Motor garage . . . is supplied with </span><span class="tm14">a commodious wash rack</span><span class="tm8">; repair department; stock room supplied with a large stock of accessories, carrying especially a large number of the best makes of tires of all sizes.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Billings Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Montana), August 8, 1909, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One popular style of wash rack was a combined turn-table/wash rack, which were installed in commercial establishments and private homes.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The back sixty feet of the lower floor will be used for a public garage. He will have a capable man in charge and it will be equipped with the latest machinery. He is having built now a
turn-table and wash rack. by the use of this turn-table he will be able to store five or six autos instead of two.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Olathe News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Olathe, Kansas), September 15, 1910, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNf7JcYvGKgSL3oqGV8PLWpyvT4g5iiYeJcWGImQLdCdCCLq_mo0067DCa1iFN1LByMoaonT6-WkHAi4AFLyecg9SonPMK0-F9F6xBAcBsitAbJAboNGGBO-ChgMVYLc_JlQitEbbgARr7gbNAF971xbFt-jQGROFoTXA4XDUsSejgrfc94PGBqof/s2440/western%20architect%20vol%2015%20no%204%20april%201910%20page%2017%20-%20ernst%20turntabole%20washrack.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="2440" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNf7JcYvGKgSL3oqGV8PLWpyvT4g5iiYeJcWGImQLdCdCCLq_mo0067DCa1iFN1LByMoaonT6-WkHAi4AFLyecg9SonPMK0-F9F6xBAcBsitAbJAboNGGBO-ChgMVYLc_JlQitEbbgARr7gbNAF971xbFt-jQGROFoTXA4XDUsSejgrfc94PGBqof/w400-h141/western%20architect%20vol%2015%20no%204%20april%201910%20page%2017%20-%20ernst%20turntabole%20washrack.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Ernst Automobile Turn-Table and Wash-Rack</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Western Architect</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 15, Number 4, April 1910, page 17.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha72wr_-TwMjCN_dW5fy7njYGTcpOq5EKN5L0Ls2Na5j4tEJ_LCzNQtxOucOhYShJxhXBBv3bWbWUSRf7-mZVAFOHFCzXgUAs_zO4Zp5fYErBzChkqFFq0-2qFVvXiOFIGu18huFggn9C3I04VWCmjQl4duihd5f3jrl_kBpjDGZ44H7mbAMD5oaL3/s1949/club%20journal%20volume%205%20number%201%20april%2012%201913%20page%2024%20ernst%20turntable%20and%20wash%20rack.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1949" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha72wr_-TwMjCN_dW5fy7njYGTcpOq5EKN5L0Ls2Na5j4tEJ_LCzNQtxOucOhYShJxhXBBv3bWbWUSRf7-mZVAFOHFCzXgUAs_zO4Zp5fYErBzChkqFFq0-2qFVvXiOFIGu18huFggn9C3I04VWCmjQl4duihd5f3jrl_kBpjDGZ44H7mbAMD5oaL3/w400-h153/club%20journal%20volume%205%20number%201%20april%2012%201913%20page%2024%20ernst%20turntable%20and%20wash%20rack.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “Ernst” revolves with such ease that a Child can turn the heaviest car. The Ernst Combined Auto Turn Table and Wash Rack.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Club Journal of the Automobile Club of America</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, Number 1, April 12, 1913, page 24.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">One element still common in do-it-yourself car washes was invented during the 19</span><sup><span class="tm5">th</span></sup><span class="tm5"> century - the swiveling, overhead hose attachment, which allows the hose or cleaning attachment to move easily around the automobile. Patrick Ryan and Thomas Long patented one
such swivel-hose attachment in a patent issued from an application filed in 1899.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmT74S4EauTqw-N3t2nROcYjrquAQs15nNVjCEfyWZNWajZSYvORaZO5GmT7A478XLzrqW1p9uoIYhE0Ab0tZyHQiILbw-j4uzO24w1SzhoyRGPp6jc50NrnjKk-7DviSlJazwi8xcjO-CcG_x0t09HKkp7rb7bdZyxkUSv25p-uWz5-Tm05_XxPGw/s1335/US650483%20-%20overhead%20hose%201899%201900%20ryan%20long.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1335" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmT74S4EauTqw-N3t2nROcYjrquAQs15nNVjCEfyWZNWajZSYvORaZO5GmT7A478XLzrqW1p9uoIYhE0Ab0tZyHQiILbw-j4uzO24w1SzhoyRGPp6jc50NrnjKk-7DviSlJazwi8xcjO-CcG_x0t09HKkp7rb7bdZyxkUSv25p-uWz5-Tm05_XxPGw/s320/US650483%20-%20overhead%20hose%201899%201900%20ryan%20long.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Several models were available from different makers several years later.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmszLcxD6Sd1UKLITE8x_JYg6W2PVVmAwZ3DgVJ_11-Kp-0DnHa42I0K2H158jszQELuFy7sZ_aZWvGVxKgJTKSIcGkR-_qGdHngJZcr4lOl8zFkhWT3Znc1CZgbVuKVke268-WuEKMGR9y2YYxPg0js6ZkCzbrKUbGNn8ShLeI46p55oo8HHlHj4/s1522/automobile%20dealer%20and%20repairer%20vol%203%20no%205%20july%201907%20page%20175%20ryan%20and%20long%20overhead%20sprayer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1522" data-original-width="1134" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmszLcxD6Sd1UKLITE8x_JYg6W2PVVmAwZ3DgVJ_11-Kp-0DnHa42I0K2H158jszQELuFy7sZ_aZWvGVxKgJTKSIcGkR-_qGdHngJZcr4lOl8zFkhWT3Znc1CZgbVuKVke268-WuEKMGR9y2YYxPg0js6ZkCzbrKUbGNn8ShLeI46p55oo8HHlHj4/s320/automobile%20dealer%20and%20repairer%20vol%203%20no%205%20july%201907%20page%20175%20ryan%20and%20long%20overhead%20sprayer.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><br /> <i><span class="tm6">Automobile Dealer and Repairer</span></i><span class="tm5">, Volume 3, Number 5, July 1907, page 175.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQH5T1WlfSSHfhYeMemnSBXBqrk31OeLf_k8ofMnxNJ-KoonoBGvdgVHqsvcNyy3CkarmT18sHOc0d74GaVnsEbqgYl1oEQoJZLF0E1dY2dX40lxtIV6pu2_EUD-rMfHTES9c-5dbNWx058VGE3Q4CY8BveqcxngHGK2CROaJ8QgJLpv32kF01p-9K/s1594/automobile%20dealer%20and%20repairer%20vol%203%20no%205%20july%201907%20page%20167%20fiske%20overhead%20hoses.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1584" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQH5T1WlfSSHfhYeMemnSBXBqrk31OeLf_k8ofMnxNJ-KoonoBGvdgVHqsvcNyy3CkarmT18sHOc0d74GaVnsEbqgYl1oEQoJZLF0E1dY2dX40lxtIV6pu2_EUD-rMfHTES9c-5dbNWx058VGE3Q4CY8BveqcxngHGK2CROaJ8QgJLpv32kF01p-9K/s320/automobile%20dealer%20and%20repairer%20vol%203%20no%205%20july%201907%20page%20167%20fiske%20overhead%20hoses.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm6">Automobile Dealer and Repairer</span></i><span class="tm5">, Volume 3, Number 5, July 1907, page 167.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">As the second decade of the new century started, cars were generally washed standing in one place, on a wash rack, at home or in a garages. With more and more cars on the road every year,
the time was ripe for something new.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_BBOBDWK38P5WY1qADt_G3wEoZXO81Slrt3M2ZNipHefZXxLV6B-b0GkCUzGbs5ZK0ofu8I3Fzyf_tJ_v9g09c_O56Wbn3MnlfguCKw2bsWJrw1zp-pKrhnFin8FA0yqZ_gpp-neJfKQU1z3QtFEFnODFettIk_Tr-Sx_pcq_lYb6gjGtnCwPx7w/s6926/oregon%20daily%20journal%20portland%20dec%2031%201911%20section%204%20page%2010.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6926" data-original-width="5159" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd_BBOBDWK38P5WY1qADt_G3wEoZXO81Slrt3M2ZNipHefZXxLV6B-b0GkCUzGbs5ZK0ofu8I3Fzyf_tJ_v9g09c_O56Wbn3MnlfguCKw2bsWJrw1zp-pKrhnFin8FA0yqZ_gpp-neJfKQU1z3QtFEFnODFettIk_Tr-Sx_pcq_lYb6gjGtnCwPx7w/s320/oregon%20daily%20journal%20portland%20dec%2031%201911%20section%204%20page%2010.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Portland, Oregon), December 31, 1911, section 4, page 10.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Portland</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As 1911 came to a close, Portland, Oregon proved its “up-to-datedness” with the what may have been the first-ever, purpose-built, systematic car wash facility, or (as it was
then known) “Auto Laundry.” </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtNZcyIrhPLhjnAN1EaXwk0sBs3x-Zb-NbPnDcHCYLNurEGK1jI2M-LfaOmfNZOoxAKVOffPUWiGCwK2BXL87qIuSg_R15L8OzuM7bplwd9NxZEu0n4UQ7RsO6HJkLhhkO2Ubf-tKwg8vWNGecJryswpLzgW93vfD5ZnftGoT9rdroUw6T2i5Rjgi/s2214/Portland%20dec%2031%201911%20-%20automobile%20laundry.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1409" data-original-width="2214" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtNZcyIrhPLhjnAN1EaXwk0sBs3x-Zb-NbPnDcHCYLNurEGK1jI2M-LfaOmfNZOoxAKVOffPUWiGCwK2BXL87qIuSg_R15L8OzuM7bplwd9NxZEu0n4UQ7RsO6HJkLhhkO2Ubf-tKwg8vWNGecJryswpLzgW93vfD5ZnftGoT9rdroUw6T2i5Rjgi/w400-h255/Portland%20dec%2031%201911%20-%20automobile%20laundry.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Further proof of Portland’s up-to-dateness, and especially in the automobile line, is shown by the floor plan of the new automobile laundry that will open for business at Twenty-first
and Washington streets, January 1.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The management of the new Hi Lung Chang<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a> establishment will be in the hands of H. T. Barnhart, who will see to it that when
a patron sends his automobile through the house that will be known by the slogan, “Everything Back But the Dirt,” that he will get value received and that the machine will come from the wash and drying rooms looking
as near like a new car as it will be possible to make it look with the latest cleaning and drying improvements.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The name automobile laundry has been copyrighted, and means just what the words imply. You will be able to send your machine in one door in as dirty a condition as you care to let the machine
get, and in the course of 20 or 30 minutes it will come at the other side of the house, washed, dried and polished. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This is the first time a concern of this kind has ever attempted to operate on the Pacific coast, and Portland should lend her aid to establishing a new industry that will mean much to the
automobile enthusiast. The company backing this concern has gone to the expense of putting up a substantial concrete structure 60x125 feet, and have fitted it up for taking care of cars as promptly as good treatment will
permit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Portland, Oregon), December 31, 1911, section 4, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">During its first week the “Auto Laundry” appears to have made a big splash.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">H. T. Barnhardt, one of the proprietors of the new automobile laundry which opened New Year’s day at 175 Twenty-first street, says he has never seen the force of advertising so thoroughly
demonstrated as in the case of the opening of the new industry in Portland last Monday.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 7, 1912, Section 4, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Detroit</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">News of an “Automobile Laundry” in Detroit leaked out even before it was fully operational. Lew McCutcheon, Herbert Nelson and Frank McCormick organized the company with $10,000
capital. The new development was newsworthy enough to catch the attention of the automotive magazines. The story made a splash and was picked up and reported in dozens of magazines and hundreds of newspapers across the
country.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><b>Detroit to Have an Automobile Laundry. <br /></b></span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Automobile Laundry is the style of a company which just has been organized under Michigan laws . . . the character of which is only indirectly suggested by its title. The laundry work which it will perform will be the washing and polishing of automobiles and the cleaning of engines by compressed air. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The incorporators of the company . . . are Lew F. McCutcheon, Herbert F. Nelson and Frank D. McCormack. The system which will be applied provides for the entrance at one door of a dirty car which, after making
a complete circuit of the laundry, will make its exit through another door in spick and span condition, the process requiring only 15 to 20 minutes, different crews of men being employed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Motor World</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 34, Number 5, January 23, 1913, page 32.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><br />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ__OrgQUomQfEjLj_FIw_TgFFjIwH44U763RJHvj14rD-TBNonsD_QXC-vGkmafLn-8Rdf0lOODiwMDiJmUYDb2GXpkbxqiZ5VcV34X83Sd9TjF7I6ubbEm54BQvmDkDSStj4aoc-a0mwYbwd87dlCLGrMykJxOXhBQgVmtmMG4nQo6Rz4ebSRjH7/s1013/clip_114173643.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="1013" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ__OrgQUomQfEjLj_FIw_TgFFjIwH44U763RJHvj14rD-TBNonsD_QXC-vGkmafLn-8Rdf0lOODiwMDiJmUYDb2GXpkbxqiZ5VcV34X83Sd9TjF7I6ubbEm54BQvmDkDSStj4aoc-a0mwYbwd87dlCLGrMykJxOXhBQgVmtmMG4nQo6Rz4ebSRjH7/s320/clip_114173643.jpg" width="320" /></a><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Detroit autoists are loudly proclaiming their opinion that the Automobile Laundry, which made its bow in automobile row this week, is filling a want that has been long felt in Detroit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Cars can be driven into the garage or laundry at No. 1221 Woodward ave., through one doorway, left for 20 minutes and received through another doorway, perfectly clean. If the owner wishes,
only the body, top, chassis, etc., of the car is cleaned. If he wishes, however, he can have his engine cleaned also. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In the cleaning compressed air, water soaking, soaping, air drying and machine buffing are employed. The contents as well as the car itself are cleaned and the owner gets “Everything
back but the dirt,” as the laundry’s slogan says.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 15, 1913, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTobvpj1ih7bV2_-S28sYdxPTcZQ8y9FszvW2C_E7VdoSd0X0sEUCm0qGFwiHFGgToXZxFD_cXnMcGaN9SU9Ukh_MMwU74aCdQnnP8B74NIZEHJvCdrm93FPkb8DvseYcpsfYh-oqwzHUBCdwbuBzW-miEj99qX-M87b3p0eLcsPx7hC1zUNesopFe/s852/automobile%20laundry%20detroit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="852" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTobvpj1ih7bV2_-S28sYdxPTcZQ8y9FszvW2C_E7VdoSd0X0sEUCm0qGFwiHFGgToXZxFD_cXnMcGaN9SU9Ukh_MMwU74aCdQnnP8B74NIZEHJvCdrm93FPkb8DvseYcpsfYh-oqwzHUBCdwbuBzW-miEj99qX-M87b3p0eLcsPx7hC1zUNesopFe/s320/automobile%20laundry%20detroit.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Popular Mechanics</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 19, Number 4, April 1913, page 515.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Some reports acknowledged that Detroit’s automobile laundry was based on an earlier one out West.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Following the lead of a Pacific coast concern there has been organized a “laundry” for automobiles in Detroit, Mich. The company has leased a garage and has adopted as its slogan,
“Everything back but the dirt.” In the new establishment the whole process of washing and cleaning a car has been systemized in such a manner as to take but 20 minutes.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><i>The Buffalo Sunday Morning News</i> (Buffalo, New York), April 13, 1913, page 51.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And at least one report even mentioned Portland, by name.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is difficult to think of anything more unique than an automobile laundry, but Detroit claims to have the only one east of Portland, Ore., and now that it has proven a success in this city
others may take up the cudgels in other centers. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 21, 1913, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Comments in a profile of Frank D. McCormick, who managed the Detroit auto laundry, give a sense of the novelty of a systematic, dedicated car wash business at the time. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjabLQLwoLuweMPPX7t7HHABw8oVImFfwVN1UH9ltiAXOcrK86xMN4Xug8v0O3la7avvMjKJEqSAvuF8K9-G9wEOW4CcPF79j2kyQTAmeZTMJ0FzvJ2ndfH7fnf5zLM-OwduMxAkWmA8Ue-TrF7irUCiFWHhHQCQBPen0AzeuFFVXG5dvqMGQTQKGYU/s3031/clip_114172402.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1869" data-original-width="3031" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjabLQLwoLuweMPPX7t7HHABw8oVImFfwVN1UH9ltiAXOcrK86xMN4Xug8v0O3la7avvMjKJEqSAvuF8K9-G9wEOW4CcPF79j2kyQTAmeZTMJ0FzvJ2ndfH7fnf5zLM-OwduMxAkWmA8Ue-TrF7irUCiFWHhHQCQBPen0AzeuFFVXG5dvqMGQTQKGYU/s320/clip_114172402.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One does not necessarily need a microscope these days to cast his optics on something that may become essentially a part of the world of automobiling. Sometimes these things come and go like
the ever-perplexing will-o’-the-wisp, but quite often our horseless precincts are invaded by something strikingly unique and yet practical and beneficial.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Witness, the Automobile Laundry on North Woodward-ave. Comb the country from coast to coast and from Maine to the gulf and you will not see many institutions like it. It is probably natural,
though, that we have one in our midst - a sure-enough place where water and suds - or preparations that remind you of water and suds, hold full sway, because Detroit is looked upon as the leader in the auto world. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 21, 1913, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Creating Detroit’s first “auto laundry” was not the most interesting thing about Frank McCormick. He once had dinner with the pianist Padarewski and the daughter of the
painter Lawrence Alma-Tadema in Padarewski’s private rail car.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> Inspired, perhaps, by their dinner with Ignacy, his wife helped organize Detroit’s
first professional string quartet a few weeks later.<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Paderewski was likely not interested in him, so much as in his wife. Ella Mae Hawthorne-McCormick’s father was a world traveler who had been a shipbuilder in Montreal and hotelier
in London, Ontario.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a> She spent 50 years in journalism, was “one of the first women reporters in Detroit”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a>
and sometime move critic. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOGn16KdKN8FrrqCNyjlQFNDaXva33qw3SEvRFw5M3txxYNGy8q07oXElF6GGG_a7SOV1BK9FPHsKqQ0T_5JB4-j7RsQ3m7OrsYIlhfnKsrzRotLygnKY687P_oABpQa3sQVL6tO4pCau1XbZC2yms6uaJ8i4up9NI33P74LdwYUPIwELeBTUvqQsa/s581/detroit%20free%20press%20oct%207%201930%20page%2022%20hells%20angels%20hawthorne%20mccormick.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="581" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOGn16KdKN8FrrqCNyjlQFNDaXva33qw3SEvRFw5M3txxYNGy8q07oXElF6GGG_a7SOV1BK9FPHsKqQ0T_5JB4-j7RsQ3m7OrsYIlhfnKsrzRotLygnKY687P_oABpQa3sQVL6tO4pCau1XbZC2yms6uaJ8i4up9NI33P74LdwYUPIwELeBTUvqQsa/s320/detroit%20free%20press%20oct%207%201930%20page%2022%20hells%20angels%20hawthorne%20mccormick.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8">She was also a pioneer in the radio business. She was the first manager of what is now Detroit’s WJR newstalk radio station. She worked for the the Detroit Free Press when they started
the station, and they selected her to be manager.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Her husband’s car wash was not his first business and not his last. He and his father had previously been successful lumber exectives. They are said to have cleared more than $100,000
in their lumber business, of which they sank nearly $70,000 into their next project, the Lorraine, a “De Luxe” ice cream and candy palace in downtown Detroit.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQho2G9hH1fuWpVltQKvAxzXhqqOW57FJxcxW5HE9bRUDI-1hbkCfw6fiw2HTIZtLIgRrJZ3kDTnABXHn6PssP17E5zOqJRnAUyf3Xz-JTyVpl-T3hN9pLcfuEK2HjhqaSFERD9iV5MZfUc_kj6qXtFUDXMp2XbEsc3IQKW_SC5WGLM_blzM2b1mSm/s1140/detroit%20free%20press%20june%209%20page%2043.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="1140" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQho2G9hH1fuWpVltQKvAxzXhqqOW57FJxcxW5HE9bRUDI-1hbkCfw6fiw2HTIZtLIgRrJZ3kDTnABXHn6PssP17E5zOqJRnAUyf3Xz-JTyVpl-T3hN9pLcfuEK2HjhqaSFERD9iV5MZfUc_kj6qXtFUDXMp2XbEsc3IQKW_SC5WGLM_blzM2b1mSm/s320/detroit%20free%20press%20june%209%20page%2043.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 9, 1907, page 43.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Loraine was an artistic success (“The soda fountain, a magnificent combination of marble, mahogany, German silver and French plate glass”), but a dismal business failure.
Frank McCormick blamed the people of Detroit - apparently they weren’t up to the “highest English and New York standards.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“How do I account for it?” said Frank McCormick in response to a similar query. “The simple truth is that Detroit is not ready as yet to support an establishment conducted
on the lines of The Loraine. It was too high grade. The Loraine was an experiment, and a more costly one than we had figured on.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 16, 1909, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Detroit may not have been ready for a fancy ice cream parlor, but they were apparently ready for an “auto laundry.” Following the early success of their first location, McCormick
and his Detroit car wash investors quickly set their eyes on Cleveland - taking their </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZt-pOc3moc"><span class="tm8">Portland grunge</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> removal system from </span><i><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-nw7MEquQg"><span class="tm10">Detroit Rock City</span></a></u></i><span class="tm8"> to </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeNfw6XLI10"><span class="tm8">“Hello Cleveland.”</span></a></u></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrcG0mYpiwBlx_eZAuzfXziVC5QT3wxMs3o1Vpn0IVRepB9W2GXXuFJpItcXfdEY1VqEqY0h0BRh7Xy7HHPhS-q6qTbcDsopNfurVh1naUZHL05dq_V1KsKqESnZPvk5OhGYMO9Y5bv91lxDKUB72W1BzEuyTYh2dKGt2tQKgZ8Hrt0XWcZvTJEmse/s2312/clip_114226162.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2312" data-original-width="2012" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrcG0mYpiwBlx_eZAuzfXziVC5QT3wxMs3o1Vpn0IVRepB9W2GXXuFJpItcXfdEY1VqEqY0h0BRh7Xy7HHPhS-q6qTbcDsopNfurVh1naUZHL05dq_V1KsKqESnZPvk5OhGYMO9Y5bv91lxDKUB72W1BzEuyTYh2dKGt2tQKgZ8Hrt0XWcZvTJEmse/s320/clip_114226162.jpg" width="278" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 28, 1913, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An automobile laundry was </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFpdCwv6ao4"><span class="tm8">“Takin’ Care of Business” in Winnipeg</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, Manitoba by June of the same year.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie56zXal0QFYOSTqgUcPp1vzK3djCNRX_opIOjxow-oViv3kY6yqom89vAH5nPyJBzRQ6_cv2cDJUrIEMcTzv07HfcPLrEBbHqgKRGr5tb539vYg5cf35NWQasqUIa-o_HBWmBXWHI06KnX1y6ek5cG7dFvkc1S1uIuHUtM53y6RshxH-bUwiBy3VL/s712/uiug.30112111812134-seq_269.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="712" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie56zXal0QFYOSTqgUcPp1vzK3djCNRX_opIOjxow-oViv3kY6yqom89vAH5nPyJBzRQ6_cv2cDJUrIEMcTzv07HfcPLrEBbHqgKRGr5tb539vYg5cf35NWQasqUIa-o_HBWmBXWHI06KnX1y6ek5cG7dFvkc1S1uIuHUtM53y6RshxH-bUwiBy3VL/s320/uiug.30112111812134-seq_269.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Gas Power Age</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Winnipeg, Manitoba), Volume 9, Number 6, June 1914, page 25.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And there was one in </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiuSRQHLv88"><span class="tm8">“Uptown” Minneapolis, Minnesota</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> (at Hennepin and Lake) by November.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifS7ACQou9u_WCBzZMkXzL0Lz_Dspu2L6GI5ZPkbK1b0kVB2Kjw4qOZM8fEMi1qwWk0HqOF4iPX362Bxg4IZQEQUFL83wJyuEn-gAd5nTpJB24mcz907fErOs5Hsy9jZGKRu--6gMX_m6xUjx7WH95S09C5WlKjS114YxNEnlyUkoaoWEOPUqkyxVo/s718/clip_114173518.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="718" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifS7ACQou9u_WCBzZMkXzL0Lz_Dspu2L6GI5ZPkbK1b0kVB2Kjw4qOZM8fEMi1qwWk0HqOF4iPX362Bxg4IZQEQUFL83wJyuEn-gAd5nTpJB24mcz907fErOs5Hsy9jZGKRu--6gMX_m6xUjx7WH95S09C5WlKjS114YxNEnlyUkoaoWEOPUqkyxVo/s320/clip_114173518.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i><span class="tm10">Star Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Minneapolis, Minnesota), November 16, 1913, Third Section, page 12.</span><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One year after opening his first automobile laundry on North Woodward, Frank McCormick opened another business closer to the Detroit River. The Central Garage took up an entire block along
Jefferson Avenue, between Shelby and Woodbridge (Woodbridge, I believe, was one block south of Jefferson, running parallel to Jefferson, along the water). It had entrances on three levels, on Shelby, Woodbridge and Jefferson.
Each level offered different services. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The upper level, with entrances on Shelby Street, was for the storage of trucks and commercial vehicles. The main level, with entrances on Jefferson, was for the storage of pleasure cars.
The lower level, along Woodbridge, offered “washing of all kinds of motor cars, polishing, carbon cleaning, engine cleaning and in fact, the complete care of a machine.” They claimed to be the first garage in
Detroit with a checkin-in system system of cars, for security.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The convenient location of the Central will be appreciated by motor car owners who like to drive from their homes to offices and places of business, but are averse to leaving a machine standing
on the street. Such an owner may send his car to the Central, using his storage space there in exactly the same manner that he would his private garage, having the privilege of taking his car in and out as many times during
a day as he desires.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Detroit Evening Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 6, 1914, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Thomas Edison parked there (or so they claimed).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxplUkXVGgx2MkVFKkoP7nBkCAp6WPg925crcRgD2AQf9p4luiX8EHY-VsC5CvVjj-E8XnKQMdcftuz4PEZxLBQGeQFybnBw-8hCEPgwcYePibxyjAAJZTtxP9JLgamrmHN3K9qQV4VPaIDnllSqB2RGtLXTcuWZN5aRUoOuwpM8GLLvvlb8oMzERs/s1175/detroit%20free%20press%20oct%2025%201914%20page%2021%20edison%20central%20garage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1175" data-original-width="994" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxplUkXVGgx2MkVFKkoP7nBkCAp6WPg925crcRgD2AQf9p4luiX8EHY-VsC5CvVjj-E8XnKQMdcftuz4PEZxLBQGeQFybnBw-8hCEPgwcYePibxyjAAJZTtxP9JLgamrmHN3K9qQV4VPaIDnllSqB2RGtLXTcuWZN5aRUoOuwpM8GLLvvlb8oMzERs/s320/detroit%20free%20press%20oct%2025%201914%20page%2021%20edison%20central%20garage.jpg" width="271" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But despite the success of the business model, all was not well in auto laundry-land. One of the problems was that the name, “Automobile Laundry,” was ambiguous.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">The Name</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Before the first “automobile laundry” opened in Portland, a local newspaper said that the name “means just what the words imply.” News out of Detroit, however, suggested
“the character” of the company “is only indirectly suggested by its title.” People were supposedly unsure whether the “Automobile Laundry” was a laundry for cleaning cars or a clothing
laundry with an automobile.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">That the weather condition during the past month and a half has had a great deal to do with the discontinuance of the business at 175 Twenty-first street, known as the Automobile laundry,
cannot be denied. Many of the patrons of the place advance the idea that the name selected by the promoters of the enterprise did not convey to the public at large the true purpose for which the company was organized. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The name Automobile laundry did not impress the public with the fact that the company was in business for the purpose of washing and polishing automobiles in as clear a manner as it might.
It was necessary for the lessor of the property to the Automobile Laundry company to cancel the lease to that concern and take the property over in order to protect his interest in the property.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The name Automobile Laundry has disappeared from the sign over the door and instead the name Automobile Washing, Polishing and Engine Cleaning company, the name adopted by the lessor when
he took the property over.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is announced that the establishment will be kept open in future both night and day and that the trade will be taken care of by the new concern with as much dispatch and care as was given
by the old management. . . . This is a business enterprise that Portland has long felt the need of, and deserves better patronage than has been given it in the past. The prices for washing and polishing an automobile are
said to be very reasonable.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Portland), February 18, 1912, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The fact that the same words had previously been used to designate a laundry collection wagon reveals a real possibility of confusion.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx0-VRYUjfHV5awWdftIA7O7fqlhCFTHc4mAeMVGNK_DGvyORa7LWaoggkDspaxiRn3Q693pkxWg-jF0FQIeesQ1DX6HG358cxglJRS-S3waIU1p4ZZBoOkBzrKD62LnB4-BjvTDK-bTTLDEZAVkoblgp62EvbJt9dy1fWZoMt2tqcjUNg0YnTdspa/s841/clip_114256211.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="841" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx0-VRYUjfHV5awWdftIA7O7fqlhCFTHc4mAeMVGNK_DGvyORa7LWaoggkDspaxiRn3Q693pkxWg-jF0FQIeesQ1DX6HG358cxglJRS-S3waIU1p4ZZBoOkBzrKD62LnB4-BjvTDK-bTTLDEZAVkoblgp62EvbJt9dy1fWZoMt2tqcjUNg0YnTdspa/s320/clip_114256211.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The city steam laundry, owned and operated by J. J. Hunter and George Caldwell, two of the town’s enterprising and hustling business men, has put an automobile laundry wagon on the city
route. A large basket has been constructed on the rear of the Brush automobile and Monday morning it was making its first round. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Messrs. Hunter and Caldwell figure that the installing of the machine on the city route will work to the convenience of their patrons and will save expense for them. Deliveries can be made
quicker and with less cost than with the old gray horse and the wagon.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Weekly Democrat Chief </span></i><span class="tm8">(Hobart, Oklahoma), September 14, 1911, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But the success of the expression, “Automobile (or Auto) Laundry,” at least following the widespread reporting of the opening of Detroit’s first car wash in 1913, suggests
the early reaction may have been premature. Car washes were routinely referred to as “Automobile (or Auto) Laundry” into the 1950s. A car was industry magazine called </span><i><span class="tm10">The Auto Laundry News </span></i><span class="tm8">is still in publication today, with an online presence at </span><u><a href="https://carwashmag.com/"><span class="tm8">carwashmag.com</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Car wash” appears to have eclipsed “Auto Laundry” as the more common title sometime after World War II, although the transition was already underway in the 1920s,
when the “car wash” was one of the several services you could get at an “Auto Laundry.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCjTMTMDT_dBwb5DA3Jig4oteTFUhItvALwzrAqBRF62H_d5fA_ru-H0QOCuoBD9l864pMPxjXayh5OLTSIwmwkNCjn8dN4TDM8revbSzCI3QvrKDnyV7-7d5ixSt2CIwR-_ASwmVFiBJzu2VT0UF-vFMvHYmn09IYb2KK4aBWPh_jeuJQ6JQswQVP/s1310/clip_114257414.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1310" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCjTMTMDT_dBwb5DA3Jig4oteTFUhItvALwzrAqBRF62H_d5fA_ru-H0QOCuoBD9l864pMPxjXayh5OLTSIwmwkNCjn8dN4TDM8revbSzCI3QvrKDnyV7-7d5ixSt2CIwR-_ASwmVFiBJzu2VT0UF-vFMvHYmn09IYb2KK4aBWPh_jeuJQ6JQswQVP/s320/clip_114257414.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Atlanta Constitution</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 28, 1920, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The name, “automobile laundry,” was not the only expression associated with early car washes to do double duty in the traditional clothing laundry business - their slogan did
too.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">The Slogan</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The original Portland and Detroit “Automobile Laundries” both used the slogan - </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm11"><b>“Everything Back But the Dirt.”</b></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The slogan related back to traditional clothing laundries. It had been in regular use in association with laundries since at least 1902, and remained in widespread use through the 1930s,
and occasional use into at least the 1960s. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkrb_ez4TELLVb--VTIx6FlI_sV75YBO5TpUhgmPR0rugkzFwtgJiZybLscnqlIUBoDyFdOKrl_4KbJY9Q7xVCGIxG6AITFllhUFov6vWy0AJyFdzWYQJaM4BQ0ERn-VVDiStEugf2rmKuAx2ingf-D97VW6jNfhw-R6qZ5KhHsYMxA5ut4pM6KNuJ/s900/clip_114173699.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="693" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkrb_ez4TELLVb--VTIx6FlI_sV75YBO5TpUhgmPR0rugkzFwtgJiZybLscnqlIUBoDyFdOKrl_4KbJY9Q7xVCGIxG6AITFllhUFov6vWy0AJyFdzWYQJaM4BQ0ERn-VVDiStEugf2rmKuAx2ingf-D97VW6jNfhw-R6qZ5KhHsYMxA5ut4pM6KNuJ/s320/clip_114173699.jpg" width="246" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Marengo Republican </span></i><span class="tm8">(Marengo, Illinois), November 21, 1902, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjazxXHVvXEWcBXR1T7Q7gb_8d6IioBPIvkNEgGeihkTG-YzezkEYwNjs5FFT3oQ87Hxkhms6vwodsFhc6Pay7STZ6IC0jju21_xVqj98x1f5STX1e6iszvHQDwK9RFDppr4eWXPKH1xtsX7gnKeyN3EFBUa9_t3RI_Tlt_Z2URl7kmBXQRjqUr8xg6/s932/clip_114262028.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="932" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjazxXHVvXEWcBXR1T7Q7gb_8d6IioBPIvkNEgGeihkTG-YzezkEYwNjs5FFT3oQ87Hxkhms6vwodsFhc6Pay7STZ6IC0jju21_xVqj98x1f5STX1e6iszvHQDwK9RFDppr4eWXPKH1xtsX7gnKeyN3EFBUa9_t3RI_Tlt_Z2URl7kmBXQRjqUr8xg6/s320/clip_114262028.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Sioux City Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Sioux City, Iowa), May 1, 1905, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-1NbBfAkN0DmwTOgoc4DbQxaexdInBsjM4wbt__PnyED1wCIfIpElHRvWhBqMNgFvsqFTzI6dwTcRXZOMNP4UaAfYbnINizatXVktrfmTfeam6wmS4XZxd21V4TG80vx4VYWScTZkV_e1W_2ESdSovYQ2EnmG-cwd7kFfJcFJIx817jkqHVevGUUI/s1683/clip_114262133.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1683" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-1NbBfAkN0DmwTOgoc4DbQxaexdInBsjM4wbt__PnyED1wCIfIpElHRvWhBqMNgFvsqFTzI6dwTcRXZOMNP4UaAfYbnINizatXVktrfmTfeam6wmS4XZxd21V4TG80vx4VYWScTZkV_e1W_2ESdSovYQ2EnmG-cwd7kFfJcFJIx817jkqHVevGUUI/s320/clip_114262133.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Lexington Herald-Leader</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Lexington, Kentucky), March 2, 1906, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqxdKn1gxnu2lmusfREyBADX0pDOkxasS-_0tnyQcMBOF7bsWCEtGdzwB79PuY5NzBuDiIHVXgyRUgLbKctFtnz8qe2_44wkYXKiNNzaaoYwdvB_oRN5btMKxLJ5kv3F4yse9yQ9LU6Var4RIiIN4RUd5bHR6OcNYzGRNFLQMVMB2BnCNRWOaMq3jZ/s680/clip_114262235.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="680" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqxdKn1gxnu2lmusfREyBADX0pDOkxasS-_0tnyQcMBOF7bsWCEtGdzwB79PuY5NzBuDiIHVXgyRUgLbKctFtnz8qe2_44wkYXKiNNzaaoYwdvB_oRN5btMKxLJ5kv3F4yse9yQ9LU6Var4RIiIN4RUd5bHR6OcNYzGRNFLQMVMB2BnCNRWOaMq3jZ/s320/clip_114262235.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i><span class="tm10">The World</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Coos Bay, Oregon), November 24, 1908, page 4.</span><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Growth of the Industry</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The automobile laundry business continued to grow throughout the following decade, in lockstep with the expanding automobile market. Many of the familiar devices found in modern car washes
made their appearance during these early years.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There were dozens of patents issued to dozens of inventors for various types of brushes with water or soap suds running through them, frequently referred to as “fountain brushes,”
with rotating or other, various types of attachments, sponges or brushes at the end.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY9FBDsJxChljikhz-gOo_Z3rCWSeLphMGeEYtWSCNa_cWQn5eui6hTZJQKEHumS4d9eumI4A7OSURlTLsSmFsjwnr_xF_FuactS8vKtt5G5O5r9LQcLhobAzo9P_XzHMi6-gRv0i-gs75HkTwec_8d7ZwRPDUC9ivG8nfIRxg5QHY_12i6ElJBZjw/s2492/brushes%20combined.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1293" data-original-width="2492" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY9FBDsJxChljikhz-gOo_Z3rCWSeLphMGeEYtWSCNa_cWQn5eui6hTZJQKEHumS4d9eumI4A7OSURlTLsSmFsjwnr_xF_FuactS8vKtt5G5O5r9LQcLhobAzo9P_XzHMi6-gRv0i-gs75HkTwec_8d7ZwRPDUC9ivG8nfIRxg5QHY_12i6ElJBZjw/w400-h208/brushes%20combined.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several inventors received patents for various types of swinging or traveling overhead hose arrangements, which permitted the hose to be swung around the car without dangling directly onto
the car, the kind one might find today in a coin-operated, do-it-yourself car wash.<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEuDWpZeUaHX4WC4Bh53C1lhkhp70foDUpszUNeeFHn3ifNmN8nEpJf-IA4DOOenurJ3-z9FK1WQbFS-GrHkwOuROz4H7GrI6zbLpuoc9HZnp79c_5bhtK2efUtDNnFGzoKx3AXGORP4jEdmN7OeMA7sdm0TwV6fF2UsHTA-67uiXT9xE6uuW_hMa/s2668/US1158079%20saunders%20car%20washing%20apparatus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2668" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEuDWpZeUaHX4WC4Bh53C1lhkhp70foDUpszUNeeFHn3ifNmN8nEpJf-IA4DOOenurJ3-z9FK1WQbFS-GrHkwOuROz4H7GrI6zbLpuoc9HZnp79c_5bhtK2efUtDNnFGzoKx3AXGORP4jEdmN7OeMA7sdm0TwV6fF2UsHTA-67uiXT9xE6uuW_hMa/w400-h240/US1158079%20saunders%20car%20washing%20apparatus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3KojlmcqAgkoxTNhp2NiTTaC7TS_OktAVZbS4WcGEFjjOHzrutjt0mZ_PAx32aosOspc72drCfmlexx3kfeOQfmU3NIM5mdhpP3gLHrPX1tJiOUyp4hVZdYX77Peh7PSiwZpxzdl9lo_zr-o94odAq-EJ3hZWrx3e-NsOIUCqaIx_Rqj13vGOdyy/s2717/US1264962%20muller%201915%20overhead%20swinging%20hose%20attachment.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1656" data-original-width="2717" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3KojlmcqAgkoxTNhp2NiTTaC7TS_OktAVZbS4WcGEFjjOHzrutjt0mZ_PAx32aosOspc72drCfmlexx3kfeOQfmU3NIM5mdhpP3gLHrPX1tJiOUyp4hVZdYX77Peh7PSiwZpxzdl9lo_zr-o94odAq-EJ3hZWrx3e-NsOIUCqaIx_Rqj13vGOdyy/w400-h244/US1264962%20muller%201915%20overhead%20swinging%20hose%20attachment.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several people invented various all-around sprayer arrangements that could clean all sides of a car at the same time.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAubmCXsmBVc-yqkvzGLW4Ea8p9R4qol9uoVPuW0zokmdCiW2L8KARo3C9EUibYfbAHHprW3ntzaWspN3gez685YDMQ-VwRYAx_Ro0Kjb-zXj3dKIkJZtCqW2vade7X0117syzZzb8fmpp7VGoyKTLBfiQVZer9QpQa8ipyIX8Lsu2qFQRemLi9P7/s1833/US1183391%20Mason%20washing%20apparatus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="1833" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAubmCXsmBVc-yqkvzGLW4Ea8p9R4qol9uoVPuW0zokmdCiW2L8KARo3C9EUibYfbAHHprW3ntzaWspN3gez685YDMQ-VwRYAx_Ro0Kjb-zXj3dKIkJZtCqW2vade7X0117syzZzb8fmpp7VGoyKTLBfiQVZer9QpQa8ipyIX8Lsu2qFQRemLi9P7/w400-h297/US1183391%20Mason%20washing%20apparatus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm18">Washing Cars</span></b></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An advantageous arrangement for washing cars in the minimum of time consists of four spray nozzles on the floor of the wash rack with their jets pointed toward the under surfaces of the mudguards,
and a fifth nozzle fixed above the middle of the engine hood. This also is a spray nozzle, and spreads water over the forward section of the car. A single valve operates all the nozzles jointly. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">While the spray is working, the car washer has an opportunity to prepare his soap and water solution, which is applied with sponge to the body and brush to the running gear. The final rinsing
of the car is then started with the hose and finished with the fixed nozzles. With one wash rack equipped in this manner twice the number of cars can be washed in the usual length of time. - G. A. Luers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Lewiston Daily Sun</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Lewiston, Maine), May 29, 1922, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIOCgiP66Qagj3hKFUJS4lyEDOHJMxTvI3gMWmDhr2IwQirBTa87XeXTplYHDobfqPm1IY3L7n5FOngmOzzX322uCiH_G6apL4T0zhWaqIpxYKeCs65qb1tQOaVpcwex47j-gANg5TTur22INztyFE7JPk0rE8yti0QGRzvtXsBPpvC0rFdp043Sn/s2260/commercial%20appeal%20memphis%20oct%2022%201922%20page%2013%20automatic%20autombile%20laundry%20memphis%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2260" data-original-width="1598" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIOCgiP66Qagj3hKFUJS4lyEDOHJMxTvI3gMWmDhr2IwQirBTa87XeXTplYHDobfqPm1IY3L7n5FOngmOzzX322uCiH_G6apL4T0zhWaqIpxYKeCs65qb1tQOaVpcwex47j-gANg5TTur22INztyFE7JPk0rE8yti0QGRzvtXsBPpvC0rFdp043Sn/w283-h400/commercial%20appeal%20memphis%20oct%2022%201922%20page%2013%20automatic%20autombile%20laundry%20memphis%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="283" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Automatic Automobile Laundry Company of Memphis has just been incorporated to operate under the patents of J. S. Englerth, M. G. Hornaday and B. A. LaBundy<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a>
for the establishment of a new and high class method of washing, cleaning, polishing and special care of cars. The system is a decided innovation over the methods formerly used and it is intended to inaugurate in this connection
a high-class service without additional charge that will eliminate delays and wasted time. The above view shows one-half of the apparatus at work.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Automatic Auto Laundry as controlled by patentees, consists of washing with nine batteries of 12 water sprays each, automatically controlled and without use of soapy water. The drying
will be done by compressed air. Vacuum will be used for cleaning the inside of the car when desired and the car will be polished with a system of especially constructed rotary buffers filled with soft camel-hair, eliminating
the usual rubbing.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">The Commercial Appeal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Memphis, Tennessee), October 22, 1922, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Dske7iDBFHbfon668FhYyWZ2XtNkM-GFJi0w0-yUtPaDpuyMkC1do7cpOAiS4pTFMzYFPtXSI7viusH_TTeoOQuo4wlbKmjXpqbnjep9cDI_5x4VSo41L31SxYeAOqXkYZoLlnsRN7OYkonZebyoG1lWtcvZCDBVL4vwQ8SgS-8e8pWo7qzwQNXE/s3007/US1680796%20Costello%201922%20filed%201928%20allowed%20spray%20car%20wash%20system.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1848" data-original-width="3007" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Dske7iDBFHbfon668FhYyWZ2XtNkM-GFJi0w0-yUtPaDpuyMkC1do7cpOAiS4pTFMzYFPtXSI7viusH_TTeoOQuo4wlbKmjXpqbnjep9cDI_5x4VSo41L31SxYeAOqXkYZoLlnsRN7OYkonZebyoG1lWtcvZCDBVL4vwQ8SgS-8e8pWo7qzwQNXE/w400-h246/US1680796%20Costello%201922%20filed%201928%20allowed%20spray%20car%20wash%20system.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In December of 1922, a man named Edward H. Lostetter, of Cincinnati, Ohio, filed a patent for a similar car wash arrangement. Lostetter, the manager of the Quick Service Auto Laundry Company
at the corner of Court and Race streets in Cincinnati, in a building still occupied by an automotive-related company, a tire store and service station. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmiFTi9HLmx3wPVaUvYxYNFXG-EPxVrgqZ53yyCNGDKE1Nj4B1gudKFnpPBLBl44fnXt0u2bFqTVECuTmMkqdQupsWVk2EeBR627ivNMu7WpJZriZ6WQu2kq1PCyYzcVSkvRQG2stDbdWQXBVl-Pvsb5sHwyP5lRMx6Eee3XuRwJS_SFAkC7y_WdD/s1255/kentucky%20post%20and%20times-star%20covington%20dec%204%201923%20page%2018%20quick%20service%20auto%20laundry%20-%20lostetters.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="1255" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmiFTi9HLmx3wPVaUvYxYNFXG-EPxVrgqZ53yyCNGDKE1Nj4B1gudKFnpPBLBl44fnXt0u2bFqTVECuTmMkqdQupsWVk2EeBR627ivNMu7WpJZriZ6WQu2kq1PCyYzcVSkvRQG2stDbdWQXBVl-Pvsb5sHwyP5lRMx6Eee3XuRwJS_SFAkC7y_WdD/w400-h158/kentucky%20post%20and%20times-star%20covington%20dec%204%201923%20page%2018%20quick%20service%20auto%20laundry%20-%20lostetters.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Lostetter died before his patent issued, but not before he sold his patent rights.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a> He assigned his patent to a man
named Thomas F. Costello of Cincinnati. Costello had big plans. After securing the patent rights, he founded the National Quick Service Auto Laundries Company, with the intent to “operate quick service auto laundries
in the principal Eastern cities of the United States.”<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> He opened a location in Washington DC within weeks of that announcement.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkAKKsnHPu30ZECxcdeMcSkGs0n9UvFRRixQyiuadNz5bc7CX3ErOhn9nvzYmP8qsUYHIBca_h-vwbfRcwZaxP53iOiLZfsw0jE5ZOnKsCE_uGQ4EpzIQc6R2U0zW3mydq4oV1Q-rsTUShjOpbKl3W9AuatBrWdSRltLWH36bEG_3wHhIE0rPI_t7d/s766/evening%20star%20dc%20feb%206%201924%20page%2026%20national%20quick%20service%20auto%20laundries.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="766" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkAKKsnHPu30ZECxcdeMcSkGs0n9UvFRRixQyiuadNz5bc7CX3ErOhn9nvzYmP8qsUYHIBca_h-vwbfRcwZaxP53iOiLZfsw0jE5ZOnKsCE_uGQ4EpzIQc6R2U0zW3mydq4oV1Q-rsTUShjOpbKl3W9AuatBrWdSRltLWH36bEG_3wHhIE0rPI_t7d/s320/evening%20star%20dc%20feb%206%201924%20page%2026%20national%20quick%20service%20auto%20laundries.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br />Evening Star (Washington DC), February 6, 1924, page 26.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is not clear whether and to what extent Costello expanded his market reach. But he was not the only one with plans to market his car wash system to a broader region or nationwide. Others
succeeded where he may have failed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Spray Systems</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Other advances in car wash technology took the form of improved spraying systems. At least two such systems formed the basis of companies with national reach, the Klean-Rite system out
of Chicago, and the Gates system out of St. Louis.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">Klean-Rite</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1922, Jacob P. Nicholson filed the first of his two car-wash patents, which would form the basis of the Klean-Rite auto laundry system. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRIbyle_DPipO-nrxGLv7VGtkku9zZXd_vL3GUmga4RREka1UilJ1nIRRllJRrKP7czf8WosM5V9L4Gr-6eNwyzTxuOxBjQIEMV29N6PxvBdydLoqUK6dPa4lZaiq93xQDimqrdXAgmDDAOCojpWxmbwp4exUuOB8nuukRXTjT-ne_us2wWzyT2gw0/s1486/englewood%20economist%20-%20chicago%20-%20january%2023%201924%20page%203%20klean-rite%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1092" data-original-width="1486" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRIbyle_DPipO-nrxGLv7VGtkku9zZXd_vL3GUmga4RREka1UilJ1nIRRllJRrKP7czf8WosM5V9L4Gr-6eNwyzTxuOxBjQIEMV29N6PxvBdydLoqUK6dPa4lZaiq93xQDimqrdXAgmDDAOCojpWxmbwp4exUuOB8nuukRXTjT-ne_us2wWzyT2gw0/s320/englewood%20economist%20-%20chicago%20-%20january%2023%201924%20page%203%20klean-rite%20ad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Englewood Economist</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Chicago, Illinois), January 23, 1924, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Based in Chicago, the Klean-Rite system was adopted in automobile laundries across the country. The heart of the Klean-Rite system was Nicholson’s patented array of hot water, cold
water, soap and compressed air, alternately delivered through a single nozzle, and powered by high pressure air. His original patent also described the use of a pit, with the car suspended above the pit, so workers could
more easily clean the undercarriage of the car, and have more of the car at eye-level to make cleaning easier. He later received a patent for such a pit, having curbed runways for positioning the car over the pit. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXp4oGpSxC9KH97XOX0qcv1m1tJEMDa3ZclY1fE3-OWA7d8X8a4Xg3FHtwQvOdYHBb0DLOFbVC_tlzzjFxCb4T4uClU8QlDD2Nn87VZ6HuNXlnMZLSw4G-VQ1VampiulIdLnQ9twGHYrqn5JJEQuLhj-3WJP_y1n2Q8HmXbjIuBgNegojjNQo_8_9Y/s1973/US1502115%20Klean-rite%201922%20nicholson%20small%20combined%20figs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1973" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXp4oGpSxC9KH97XOX0qcv1m1tJEMDa3ZclY1fE3-OWA7d8X8a4Xg3FHtwQvOdYHBb0DLOFbVC_tlzzjFxCb4T4uClU8QlDD2Nn87VZ6HuNXlnMZLSw4G-VQ1VampiulIdLnQ9twGHYrqn5JJEQuLhj-3WJP_y1n2Q8HmXbjIuBgNegojjNQo_8_9Y/w400-h195/US1502115%20Klean-rite%201922%20nicholson%20small%20combined%20figs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtQk7sEnpR7lGKwAIzwAsz2ISJAVG7oF9TjXjSDSWcZWmsxlJtlXmtt_u13OVZOKZsDtSBsrAv1cfj3iSKTcAJ3wrtWUB1IVLtdt2p8kinodICxtrc-yncr6I79A1-ih1ZXknuo1LxYxABHC0y3ipiF8u7yhITj_iuePNPwhjWTBwYIuhkuS3xRzPk/s2422/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201541%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="2422" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtQk7sEnpR7lGKwAIzwAsz2ISJAVG7oF9TjXjSDSWcZWmsxlJtlXmtt_u13OVZOKZsDtSBsrAv1cfj3iSKTcAJ3wrtWUB1IVLtdt2p8kinodICxtrc-yncr6I79A1-ih1ZXknuo1LxYxABHC0y3ipiF8u7yhITj_iuePNPwhjWTBwYIuhkuS3xRzPk/s320/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201541%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In watching operations at the Klean-Rite Auto Laundry, we are reminded somewhat of the familiar scene in a tonsorial parlor. In this case, it is not the man but the car which is “next.”
A car to be cleaned enters the portals of the garage, and is checked. The owner or driver is politely offered a comfortable wicker chair in which to wait at ease while his automobile is undergoing the various cleansing stages.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkO5txj_NxFyCv--3Nkqf5kNDLaeNeBjSr0vcrnZdBYCbYl1fGRPrFlI1f95RElrthYgSlUkzp8KK8b8I0DYKHuYmlbkvf_6XPDmHuCV1E4dN1yWipdo8WBakwEuO40aEu0uaADMArlGCIrhMPjJBSRCRCl1TUWzYtRELuVFAYG1Gt8m6Tn99YNjEf/s1518/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201543%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1518" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkO5txj_NxFyCv--3Nkqf5kNDLaeNeBjSr0vcrnZdBYCbYl1fGRPrFlI1f95RElrthYgSlUkzp8KK8b8I0DYKHuYmlbkvf_6XPDmHuCV1E4dN1yWipdo8WBakwEuO40aEu0uaADMArlGCIrhMPjJBSRCRCl1TUWzYtRELuVFAYG1Gt8m6Tn99YNjEf/s320/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201543%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></span><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first step in the process is a thorough cleaning of the inside of the car by compressed air. The top is dusted by hand. The automobile is then rolled over a pit. . . . The washing of
the car is ordinarily done by two “pitmen”; but when business is brisk four men are engaged. At two points on each side of the pit four pipes converge and terminate in single connections. One of these pipes delivers
cold water . . .; another is a hot-water-feed pipe . . .; the third furnishes the soap solution; and the fourth pipe is the compressed air line. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">With two men to do the cleaning, only seven minutes are required from the moment the car is rolled over the pit until it is moved away to make room for the next one. . . . When the car in
hand has been pushed off the pit and rolled ahead about 15 feet, two men with hose lines are put on the job of washing it down with cold water at the ordinary pressure maintained in the city main. This rinsing takes two minutes.
With this done, the car is pushed a little farther ahead. Two men, known as “chamoismen,” now jump to do their part of the task. . . . When the chamoismen have finished, a nickel polisher comes along and gives
the machine the final touches.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgactyHySDyQ8x2fTHQFDXeoeZA67ZqnXpvz8xHtXY3wJbZZjlqsarL8qgnnB9Lh_6ODVk4VNEPsSD19iFWkxnFQtriulX4S1ScDkExArXxgsTq6hHGafeKZoJyvttsGloK_2efgG022WUXY6TlFP886MxKiwa3bVMtcoUzSh60me128gTPcA4t-WED/s2322/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201541.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1211" data-original-width="2322" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgactyHySDyQ8x2fTHQFDXeoeZA67ZqnXpvz8xHtXY3wJbZZjlqsarL8qgnnB9Lh_6ODVk4VNEPsSD19iFWkxnFQtriulX4S1ScDkExArXxgsTq6hHGafeKZoJyvttsGloK_2efgG022WUXY6TlFP886MxKiwa3bVMtcoUzSh60me128gTPcA4t-WED/s320/compressed%20air%20feb%201926%20p%201541.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Compressed Air Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 31, Number 2, February 1926, pages 1541-1543.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Klean-Rite operated under the franchise system; the system used under license, but locally owned.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of the outstanding successes in [the auto laundry] field is that of the Klean-Rite system, a chain operating in many cities under license from a central office at Chicago. The Klean-Rite
laundries are individually owned, but are kept to a general standard of service and in the major details, to a formulated method of procedure, which has been worked out from considerable experience and study by the head of
the system, J. P. Nicholson.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Petroleum Age</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 17, Number 5, March 1, 1926, page 28.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By 1927, there were Klean-Rite auto laundry systems operating in at least, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Washington DC, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Quebec,
South Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, California, and Hawaii.</span></p><span class="tm8">Klean-Rite may have been the biggest name in the business at the time, but they were not the only company to take their auto laundry business national. A man named William Gates started
in St. Louis, and later took his system to Southern California, where it may have inspired the next generation of car washes.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">Gates</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gates system involved first spraying a car with a grease solvent, generally kerosene, which would loosen accumulated grease, oil and grime, making it easier to then wash off with soap
and water. One of Gates’ investors held a patent in his own name, for a system for combining water with high pressure compressed air in a single stream, to do more cleaning with less water, which was said to be particularly
suited for use in regions where water was scarce and/or expensive. A third patent, also in Gates’ name, claimed an atomizer valve for used in a car was sprayer system, also said to be particularly suited to places where
water was scarce. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An automobile laundry is operated in St. Louis in which cars, no matter how dirty, are cleaned in 15 minutes. All this is accomplished through combinations of air and water, oil and water,
or oil and air under high pressure. The body, top, upholstery, engine and chassis are cleaned and dried through this system.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Pittsburgh Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 20, 1924, Automobile section, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">William J. Gates, of St. Louis, filed a patent application for his degreasing machine in February 1923.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a> He was the owner/operator
of the Gates Auto Laundry and Supply Company on Delmar Boulevard, which had been in business since at least 1921.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The place where your car will be laundered right,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Thoroughly cleaned inside and out,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Work is done within your sight,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is the place people talk about.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm18">Gates’ Auto Laundry</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm18">Delmar and Goodfellow Aves.</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Modern View</span></i><span class="tm8"> (St. Louis, Missouri), September 30, 1921, page 72.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By August of 1923, however, the Baderacco brothers, Louis and Joseph, had acquired Gates’ business, and also formed a new company, the Auto Laundry System Company. It is not clear
when they acquired Gates’ business, but the auto laundry business was on their minds by April of 1923, when Louis J. Badaracco filed a two patent applications, one for an “appratus for cleaning automobiles”
and another for a “method of cleaning automobiles,” using a combination of kerosene, compressed air and water. Both patents were assigned to the Auto Laundry System Company.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Badaracco brothers were saloon operators who were forced to find other sources of income following the start of national prohibition a couple years earlier. Coincidentally, they would
both die in bed of “heart disease” following acute episodes of “indigestion” or “gastritis.” Louis died at home in his own bed. Joseph, on the other hand, died scandalously in his secret
love-shack, where he was discovered by his girlfriend, Leona Ziegenhein, the wife of the son of a former mayor of St. Louis. When they died in the mid-1930s, they were associated with three, related car wash companies, the
Auto Laundry System, the Auto Laundry Company and the Gates Auto Laundry and Supply Company.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gates system’s suitability for arid climates made it a perfect fit for California. The brothers took advantage of that fact and were in business there by March of 1923. They
found a willing investor in Albert Wimsett, the national director of the Loyal Order of Moose.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLKxpfePRWrgPoflG9nyINPu77fKePr7iWHqv3MFe_pCp3yKCO9iRl0u7oDlRsHpZU1sGcFNPmHxUDoGF09oijJZY8OTXyixoWxyC_U7SbWP3EdwAs6CYicCqHz1hM98HqinhhkCRLAQY0UmwCTz4sUNW4nyNplaqSUoLCRmE7oWk5h-HU2WBfwbIs/s613/albert%20wimsett%20los%20angeles%20herald%20sep%2028%201915%20page%205.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="319" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLKxpfePRWrgPoflG9nyINPu77fKePr7iWHqv3MFe_pCp3yKCO9iRl0u7oDlRsHpZU1sGcFNPmHxUDoGF09oijJZY8OTXyixoWxyC_U7SbWP3EdwAs6CYicCqHz1hM98HqinhhkCRLAQY0UmwCTz4sUNW4nyNplaqSUoLCRmE7oWk5h-HU2WBfwbIs/s320/albert%20wimsett%20los%20angeles%20herald%20sep%2028%201915%20page%205.jpg" width="167" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Albert Wimsett, </span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 28, 1915, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRd4J6DgIS_g8S643cNHdUnke9gwMj4eK70X6OlqHhrs9sr4UsJxbdvbguv3GJ-giO8QcKPbWw-XcGWP9rX-HvjvPrSoKbVNKDMSJJs2F1wnjs0CQQb7xORz7FvXmlpyCDqQHdeFWebyOWmzT8--fOXbbxQZgUq6H_EwmOU7D5CGzs1tDI7PpLWXJ/s581/Los%20Angeles%20evening%20express%20march%2022%201923%20p%208%20gates%20laundry%20LA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="581" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLRd4J6DgIS_g8S643cNHdUnke9gwMj4eK70X6OlqHhrs9sr4UsJxbdvbguv3GJ-giO8QcKPbWw-XcGWP9rX-HvjvPrSoKbVNKDMSJJs2F1wnjs0CQQb7xORz7FvXmlpyCDqQHdeFWebyOWmzT8--fOXbbxQZgUq6H_EwmOU7D5CGzs1tDI7PpLWXJ/s320/Los%20Angeles%20evening%20express%20march%2022%201923%20p%208%20gates%20laundry%20LA.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An automobile washed, polished and cleaned in six minutes - that is the revolution in giving the motor car its weekly or semi-monthly bath that is promised by the introduction in Los Angeles
of an automobile laundry system, the first of which plants is now in course of construction at Vermont avenue and Frances [(sic, should be Francis)] street. A second plant is also under way on Vine street, between Sunset
and Selma.</span>
</p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Albert B. Wimsett, originator of the Wimsett system of industrial and financial organization, is at the head of the Gates-Wilshire Automobile Laundry, which will be in operation about April
15, and which plant will have a capacity of 225 cars every 24 hours. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gates system was introduced two years ago with great success in St. Louis, where the experimental station is located. The first plant has just began operation in Springfield, Ill., and
the second is now being established in Los Angeles. The third plant will be opened in Hollywood about April 20 and will have a capacity of 300 cars every 24 hours.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Wimsett controls the installation of the Gates system automobile laundries in seven western states, and he is confident that the systematic washing, polishing and cleaning of automobiles
will spread with great rapidity.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Evening Express</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 22, 1923, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqda42VE2w4D6WuCRE0ZPJK12q8VAEEYWmbBNszXfZvtGvPIiRLuNTgvinE88gzuc8rKreiNd23AbRSgcaA0oy_oyAlPAcufxCmBNYEKVh2q5k7DSkeWSYHC_htI9PgOAE6Zfq8g9SoiyNAXRkYNEGyom7_CsVLYYb-Am0EtDBS1LmovYI9IcIPe4/s3150/LA%20Times%20july%2012%201923%20page%207%20gates-wilshire%20wimsett%20system%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2184" data-original-width="3150" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqda42VE2w4D6WuCRE0ZPJK12q8VAEEYWmbBNszXfZvtGvPIiRLuNTgvinE88gzuc8rKreiNd23AbRSgcaA0oy_oyAlPAcufxCmBNYEKVh2q5k7DSkeWSYHC_htI9PgOAE6Zfq8g9SoiyNAXRkYNEGyom7_CsVLYYb-Am0EtDBS1LmovYI9IcIPe4/w400-h278/LA%20Times%20july%2012%201923%20page%207%20gates-wilshire%20wimsett%20system%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 12, 1923, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Albert B. Wimsett, who at one time served as the national director of the Loyal Order of Moose, was also the founder the the “Wimsett System” of banking, which made possible
the creation of community-based savings and loan institutions. In Los Angeles, however, the Gates system of car washing was frequently referred to as the “Wimsett System,” based on Wimsett’s local financial
backing.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3t6Lx93woT6um8Jw3KLzggghyfMdtVG8bs7aoZUy13IH3Qefga55Os9Z_O63Do6503Oen08U66yAGrTDpMwU7MNorxLn-lYuKzEHLJ_BGsZN_f5JhxiGHXrK8ZifR9G0D6rsZrTTnMLmQMt5e0unm6BoSKKySThduDz905jKmwAaQDEbZTdJnQyaG/s3150/LA%20Times%20july%2012%201923%20page%207%20gates-wilshire%20wimsett%20system%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2068" data-original-width="3150" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3t6Lx93woT6um8Jw3KLzggghyfMdtVG8bs7aoZUy13IH3Qefga55Os9Z_O63Do6503Oen08U66yAGrTDpMwU7MNorxLn-lYuKzEHLJ_BGsZN_f5JhxiGHXrK8ZifR9G0D6rsZrTTnMLmQMt5e0unm6BoSKKySThduDz905jKmwAaQDEbZTdJnQyaG/w400-h263/LA%20Times%20july%2012%201923%20page%207%20gates-wilshire%20wimsett%20system%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 12, 1923, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8">Gates et al. did not settle for simply building their own auto laundries, they were also in the business of selling equipment to small-time, individual operators, like service station owners
with a wash rack.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Howard M. Moore built his new Motor Service Station with one idea in mind - to render the most efficient service possible.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm22" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">For Wash Rack Equipment of course, he chose</span></p>
<p class="tm22" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">GATES AUTO LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gates is the only equipment efficiently employing air and water alone. Cleans rapidly without injury to the finest finish.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPyMNjQqWqSNnqG4vUNeOLYyBatDbGNU61BElCkkobs0mk3LDER_ZcR8fYO0IQzkWeo3FuQMVbawglUWQInINsGwR261cw2sVsmJp7UIdRlHH3NGk-ntl0Y2aP1XvZi7jyRVc0vA5fZlCw7RSlIXFM-2kKeCkit4AQaSbeK1x7Kp7vjum8Is4_JgJi/s1131/los%20angeles%20evening%20citizen%20jan%2029%201926%20page%206%20gates%20auto%20laundry%20equipment%20company.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="1131" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPyMNjQqWqSNnqG4vUNeOLYyBatDbGNU61BElCkkobs0mk3LDER_ZcR8fYO0IQzkWeo3FuQMVbawglUWQInINsGwR261cw2sVsmJp7UIdRlHH3NGk-ntl0Y2aP1XvZi7jyRVc0vA5fZlCw7RSlIXFM-2kKeCkit4AQaSbeK1x7Kp7vjum8Is4_JgJi/s320/los%20angeles%20evening%20citizen%20jan%2029%201926%20page%206%20gates%20auto%20laundry%20equipment%20company.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Evening Citizen News </span></i><span class="tm8">(Hollywood, California), January 29, 1926, page 6.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Presumably, the Badaracco brothers were also selling equipment through one of their various car wash companies back in St. Louis. </span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gates/Badaracco/Wimsett companies were not the only people selling car wash equipment to small operators. At least two companies with extensive experience in the crop-spraying industry
adapted their technology to enter the stand-alone car wash market, selling to garage and service station owners. And both of those companies, the Hardie Manufacturing Company and the John Bean Manufacturing Company, would
later join forces with pioneering car wash companies in Los Angeles, to provide the sprayers for the first large-scale, “semi-automatic” car wash systems, in which the cars were moved through the car washes by
conveyor systems.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">Bean <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJjpZ1F7VkmJcW5peheYVTV8-eZWGD4Bs5PNU9eAmKhgXLlB4IgNC_oZvilqkVkuIYgJWq4597thgljgJawWkV5f1kSkE3SBEt6kiKQlxDKB2xWPAuTbq7rUL2MFzcs6wn2TLzB4cXTZsA6xLyDuQH_NtOLKXBWpi9LUMt4e4sH16Bn1EtS60c0qk/s1237/john%20bean%20sonoma%20west%20times%20and%20news%20feb%2017%201917%20page%208%20john%20bean%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="1237" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJjpZ1F7VkmJcW5peheYVTV8-eZWGD4Bs5PNU9eAmKhgXLlB4IgNC_oZvilqkVkuIYgJWq4597thgljgJawWkV5f1kSkE3SBEt6kiKQlxDKB2xWPAuTbq7rUL2MFzcs6wn2TLzB4cXTZsA6xLyDuQH_NtOLKXBWpi9LUMt4e4sH16Bn1EtS60c0qk/w400-h171/john%20bean%20sonoma%20west%20times%20and%20news%20feb%2017%201917%20page%208%20john%20bean%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Sonoma West Times and News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Sebastopol, California), February 17, 1917, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">John Bean founded the Bean Spray Pump Company in 1883. They were a “a pioneer in developing power spray pumps and dusting machines for protecting deciduous and citrus fruit orchards
from insects and diseases and in building pumps for irrigation.”<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a> They later expanded into machines for protecting field crops and for washing
fruits and vegetables before marketing.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_oM5iSd1qNLhUoCrB36-RXVeDrBReApG_n8j_ghmXDol7FVllBEXfSvU69NDGFs8C85sEu6zNq79FllmEtp-ErnTjy815mcoyxjErtbqVesTFbIGREzxY2jrl0Dt9XP2tmRXqKbBReiuuYAw_z6RoY6Tbp_Z1YoTXCgVu92lF3IGcOprznxaRA6y4/s1831/clip_114305948.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1831" data-original-width="1365" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_oM5iSd1qNLhUoCrB36-RXVeDrBReApG_n8j_ghmXDol7FVllBEXfSvU69NDGFs8C85sEu6zNq79FllmEtp-ErnTjy815mcoyxjErtbqVesTFbIGREzxY2jrl0Dt9XP2tmRXqKbBReiuuYAw_z6RoY6Tbp_Z1YoTXCgVu92lF3IGcOprznxaRA6y4/s320/clip_114305948.jpg" width="239" /></a></span></div><p></p><i><span class="tm10">Lynden Tribune </span></i><span class="tm8">(Lynden, Washington), February 2, 1911, page 2.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A former Bean employee named Vernon Edler,<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a> whose company was Bean’s Southern California distributor,<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a>
applied Bean sprayer technology to washing cars sometime in the mid-1920s. The date is not certain, but a stock offering issued in 1928 said the “new use of spray pumps for washing automobiles was discovered several
years ago.”<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a> Initially, Edler sold “small, one-man car washing plants.”<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a>
He was so successful that by the mid-1920s, there were hundreds of people </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB0aROCl530"><span class="tm8">“Workin’ at the Car Wash”</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> in Los Angeles, helped by new advances in car-wash technology by Bean Spray Pump Company car wash units, sold by Vernon Edler. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzF4_8-fJRah02UoomiwmOOFYCMxUZ2T06ywCnTb3AL2lKA4Kzt7FOZuCO9BC_t3hI6RJNKatuq-mvTSpoploAzea5HAhsmSH2vxEhgT48DjCWNnp-Gzmo3QKvHjNvPseBbEGOM9SMSc2CgnSbJvZHWKKd9mrRiQTNjmGOBMCaSQC2K86X9yovZsv3/s1342/clip_114258520.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1342" data-original-width="1303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzF4_8-fJRah02UoomiwmOOFYCMxUZ2T06ywCnTb3AL2lKA4Kzt7FOZuCO9BC_t3hI6RJNKatuq-mvTSpoploAzea5HAhsmSH2vxEhgT48DjCWNnp-Gzmo3QKvHjNvPseBbEGOM9SMSc2CgnSbJvZHWKKd9mrRiQTNjmGOBMCaSQC2K86X9yovZsv3/s320/clip_114258520.jpg" width="311" /></a></div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Your car should have a weekly bath to keep it clean, bright and new.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seventy thousand cars washed per month by three hundred up-to-date service stations and garages in and about Los Angeles, using this System.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Fleet owners should investigate - big savings in time and a better washed car or truck. No steam, no injurious sprays used. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">VERNON EDLER CORP. . . . Los Angeles, Calif.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A product of BEAN Spray Pump Company, San Jose, Calif.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 27, 1927, part 6, page 2.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler, president of the S. E. S. Company, developers of the Bean system of car washing, has given this very important subject of automotive upkeep long and careful study. He has overcome
many objectionable practices. . . .</span>
</p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14" style="color: red;">The Bean system</span><span class="tm8"> is purely hydraulic, the idea being through the use of a high-pressure pump to develop a fine velvety mist, so fine and penetrating
that it softens the caked mud, flushes out inaccessible crevices and flows the dirt off like magic.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 24, 1926, part 6, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtgy2URI0-IJnTi2RqwjjS3YhiSPyaEmLc24e15hFgVD6UmI5d9Kdpo5TmWkJpKJXYLZYYk56HZBsh3UEyVvccKUvKXYsrInv0xo1q_u8DLhsw4ewOrkBOUhX3e3BgVlMtyHOutTivKd1CAka5iEAQxv7NXuek_niv_7rs7N2707U3lNjANqwxN6d/s1339/LA%20Times%20April%203%201927%20part%206%20page%209%20bean%20system.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1339" data-original-width="1316" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtgy2URI0-IJnTi2RqwjjS3YhiSPyaEmLc24e15hFgVD6UmI5d9Kdpo5TmWkJpKJXYLZYYk56HZBsh3UEyVvccKUvKXYsrInv0xo1q_u8DLhsw4ewOrkBOUhX3e3BgVlMtyHOutTivKd1CAka5iEAQxv7NXuek_niv_7rs7N2707U3lNjANqwxN6d/s320/LA%20Times%20April%203%201927%20part%206%20page%209%20bean%20system.jpg" width="315" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br /></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 3, 1927, part 6, page 9.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm23">Have New System for Washing Cars</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">California is setting the pace for the nation in the development of a new system of car washing which is unsurpassed in leaving a shiny finish, according to Vernon Edler, of the Bean Spray
Company. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ed Tarver and Bert Moundson, proprietors of the local station, known as the “Midway Wash and Grease Rack,” are long experienced and capable men in their line. They have in their
time tried about all makes of car washing systems known. But of all systems </span><span class="tm14">Bean Rapid Car Washer</span><span class="tm8">, has given them the best results.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">Ventura County Star</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Ventura, California), April 30, 1927, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIZyFEF3qFHntnpXKbcDQBrWTT8cE395NZSGLudjbS-tlIYVYnLCrakpjMrwovCxFUj_eayCN6zNgRi1BKHEVplv1YOsqqU4M8Y3BQdDAekVsvlAbJ6WpuJYG0MBR1MHSkFL7FAp1yq8bnry3WWsdPTIJ6B2B5BpdfSKKHPbgKJ1NruUh7oPQkwFZ/s4500/Screenshot%202023-03-16%20at%2010-08-15%20American%20Blacksmith%20Auto%20&%20Tractor%20Shop%20-%20Google%20Books.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2255" data-original-width="4500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIZyFEF3qFHntnpXKbcDQBrWTT8cE395NZSGLudjbS-tlIYVYnLCrakpjMrwovCxFUj_eayCN6zNgRi1BKHEVplv1YOsqqU4M8Y3BQdDAekVsvlAbJ6WpuJYG0MBR1MHSkFL7FAp1yq8bnry3WWsdPTIJ6B2B5BpdfSKKHPbgKJ1NruUh7oPQkwFZ/w400-h200/Screenshot%202023-03-16%20at%2010-08-15%20American%20Blacksmith%20Auto%20&%20Tractor%20Shop%20-%20Google%20Books.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">J. J. Henry operates the Brite-Lite Garage, Inc., at 4939 York Road, Philadelphia. . . . Until Henry installed his washing system, </span><span class="tm14" style="color: red;">a Bean two-gun outfit</span><span class="tm8"> of high pressure hydraulic type, electrically operated, he had averaged only between $33 and $40 a month from washing his customers’ cars. He did not install
the device until the latter part of September. In August, the last month he employed hand washing, he took in at the stand just $37.50.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In October, the first complete month in which he used the mechanicl car washing system, his revenues from the wash stand amounted to $209.75 in cash . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">American Garage and Auto Dealer</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 17, Number 7, July 1927, pages 12-13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Bean’s orchard sprayers looked very similar to those made by another sprayer company that would enter the car wash-spray business, Hardie Manufacturing Company’s “Orchard
Gun.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizZ2eC3amQ1j10lrFnUP9IzFJsg3YmfspTd0m7JzSzZZKFU9VjzgwgVyA_rI4s8gmJTC1PPa6W5J49IqUq5SKvUFVP9-qMtxQrugNgnGTkzGbGOpwJV4HGqwgOAAsOYnXAlIsz_d7wmj2t7bGpIMUgsWP3tVIqhmvq6cF0nDIg0CnX0uMAwMApdTWX/s2078/hardie%20bean%20comparison.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="2078" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizZ2eC3amQ1j10lrFnUP9IzFJsg3YmfspTd0m7JzSzZZKFU9VjzgwgVyA_rI4s8gmJTC1PPa6W5J49IqUq5SKvUFVP9-qMtxQrugNgnGTkzGbGOpwJV4HGqwgOAAsOYnXAlIsz_d7wmj2t7bGpIMUgsWP3tVIqhmvq6cF0nDIg0CnX0uMAwMApdTWX/w400-h156/hardie%20bean%20comparison.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">California Citrograph</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 4, Number 4, February 1919, page 95; </span><i><span class="tm10">Citrus Leaves</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 8, Number 5, May 1928, page 34.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">Hardie</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Henry H. Hardie started the Hardie Manufacturing Company in Hudson, Michigan in the early 1900s. The date is uncertain. An advertisement from 1916 says they had “12 years experience,”
and an advertisement from 1918 says it had “18 years” experience, which would place their founding in either 1904 or 1900. The earliest patent found in a search of an online patent database dates to 1901, issued
to a Francis Robert Hardie, for a “spray pump,” and assigned to the Hardie Spray Pump Company of Detroit, Michigan. An “H. H. Hardie,” presumably Henry H. Hardie, signed as a witness to that patent.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH8KVIyyoCkfNAxILjIo5sV-wpUuURcKy-iBxxi5AZ1ts2Fp0mEfBmPhAOG0O7R8627kEteGMM5mszt9VcNftMEMX3ZHlYsf76DVUI4mGHoERL7f2qeFsQq3RcdfZByO6F-LDzFb4nNDWHGYPVDRAyJPU13hvhPg421hopXHtsWtky-Sb2mdv8LiFb/s1667/smyrna%20times%20delaware%20feb%2014%201906%20spray%20pump%20hardie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1667" data-original-width="1501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH8KVIyyoCkfNAxILjIo5sV-wpUuURcKy-iBxxi5AZ1ts2Fp0mEfBmPhAOG0O7R8627kEteGMM5mszt9VcNftMEMX3ZHlYsf76DVUI4mGHoERL7f2qeFsQq3RcdfZByO6F-LDzFb4nNDWHGYPVDRAyJPU13hvhPg421hopXHtsWtky-Sb2mdv8LiFb/s320/smyrna%20times%20delaware%20feb%2014%201906%20spray%20pump%20hardie.jpg" width="288" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Smyrna Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Smyrna, Delaware), February 14, 1906, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Between 1911 and 1917, Henry H. Hardie would receive at least three patents, all assigned to the Hardie Manufacturing Company of Hudson, Michigan. One was for a “tree-spraying device,”
one for a “nozzle,” and one for a “fruit grader” (sorter). When he died in 1935, it was said that he “commenced his career with the development of the first power sprayers known and was an outstanding
figure in the history and development of spraying equipment during the last 50 years. Hardie was founder and president of the Hardie Manufacturing company.”<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By 1926, Hardie was in the business of selling car washing spray units.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR9CXKNZJHPSoo_K1b90lIWG1LGaZ8rdTd58gdSU-UdaTQoKZ0vI01wTyoyos2cvSHlE8YuaN0ieZ7Ka7fHDSdXUF4Sdh1NjHwF6KJLypA3rYEswz_nx6eh5YHupmk4EVWPQxD0KlyKujR9aHXXlGr755Ppf3dmIelUatGxsvuOHOzKALxwfmMzzh9/s1516/commercial%20car%20journal%20vol%2031%20no%202%20apr%2015%201926%20page%2050%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1516" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR9CXKNZJHPSoo_K1b90lIWG1LGaZ8rdTd58gdSU-UdaTQoKZ0vI01wTyoyos2cvSHlE8YuaN0ieZ7Ka7fHDSdXUF4Sdh1NjHwF6KJLypA3rYEswz_nx6eh5YHupmk4EVWPQxD0KlyKujR9aHXXlGr755Ppf3dmIelUatGxsvuOHOzKALxwfmMzzh9/s320/commercial%20car%20journal%20vol%2031%20no%202%20apr%2015%201926%20page%2050%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A high pressure car washing system is provided by </span><span class="tm14">the Hardie Car Washer</span><span class="tm8">. A pressure of 300 lb. is available at the nozzle to loosen accumulations of mud and grease from the under parts of the chassis. By a quarter turn of the handle of the gun the powerful stream can be cut down
to a fine spray that will cleanse a highly polished surface without injury.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The compactness of the Hardie machine is one of the features. The makers call attention to the fact that it can be installed in a corner of the garage or hung from the ceiling.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Commercial Car Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 31, Number 2, April 15, 1926, page 50.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Both Bean/Edler and Hardie would profit from the next big thing in car washes, the large-scale conveyor systems. Hardie and Edler would supply some of the earliest ones built, and Edler
would receive a patent on his own conveyor system, and later leverage his success in the car wash industry to merge with Bean, eventually becoming a major shareholder and executive with a large, multi-national conglomerate,
now FMC. But neither Edler nor Hardie were the originators of the conveyor car wash system. That honor belonged to the former mayor of San Diego and a hotel tour bus operator. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: medium;"></span><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Semi-Automatic</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Louis J. Wilde and Bleeker K. Gillespie reportedly developed the idea after long study.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As Henry Ford turns out a completed car every minute by moving platform process - the new Automatic Circular Laundry cleans any automobile, inside and out, bottom and top, turning out a thoroughly
cleaned car every minute in the day by the new patented circular moving platform system. It is fool-proof and does the work.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The patent was secured through Munn & Co., Patent Attorneys, and publishers of the “Scientific American,” and is owned by two Los Angeles men, who have spent many months -
East and elsewhere - compiling data and mechanical effects to perfect this ingenious Super-Service Station. Los Angeles is to have the first circular automobile cleaning plant built in America. Work will start on the new
building immediately.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 31, 1925, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">The Inventions</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “patent” discussed in this article was likely at the time just a patent application. Louis J. Wilde and “Bee” K. Gillespie (as he styled himself) had filed two
patent applications earlier that year. The first-filed patent was for a circular car wash, with a rotating platform that carried cars through various stations. Their second-filed patent was for a straight-line car wash,
with two linear conveyor belts carrying cars in opposite directions, with a turntable at the end to swing the cars around from the end of one conveyor to the beginning of the next one.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7PwFgko8KjDanV6X6H2h5vCY3lZDZes82fpa78Q1k_TOZoZE0b0eXuDOkINOpsrLSZVG1txiPFS0bbyGcXGFWq6MHYKyzuITDPciBXwg9wlQwqJFbwzsQz3Yf6PNar8m625LGAHJRpoi1tL5aBLo0ntNWWfdxDGZljkr2wEr8GltzIVK6bdhubKJd/s1819/Gillespie%20early%20patents%20combined.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="1819" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7PwFgko8KjDanV6X6H2h5vCY3lZDZes82fpa78Q1k_TOZoZE0b0eXuDOkINOpsrLSZVG1txiPFS0bbyGcXGFWq6MHYKyzuITDPciBXwg9wlQwqJFbwzsQz3Yf6PNar8m625LGAHJRpoi1tL5aBLo0ntNWWfdxDGZljkr2wEr8GltzIVK6bdhubKJd/w400-h194/Gillespie%20early%20patents%20combined.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">From its inception, the Wilde-Gillespie system appears to have had all of the earmarks of a modern semi-automatic car wash.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At intervals around the movable platform are arranged suitable apparatus for manipulation by the operators to effect a thorough cleaning and polishing of an automobile so that during the travel
of an automobile from the discharged end of the stationary platform to the receiving end thereof it is successively subjected to the several cleaning and polishing operations.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">US1613213.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_yOYLJKBqRsC88ULTVghOMpfvEEyl0hr_MpknTYuBIJ0Bcvce_G14lau9RZLWNdcdTcOjB9rYm_PcCOTrJIEVJL0XxVSh3JpqOvUtebjMOU9cXNHWynYtruiJhkRDYOOPrPIZ1-chwNJfZXyxdw_ryu_NvUt5QHfa9e7WJ1ec9LrsjQvd9zLWlEJf/s1599/wilde%20b%20k%20gillespie%20patents%20combined.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="958" data-original-width="1599" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_yOYLJKBqRsC88ULTVghOMpfvEEyl0hr_MpknTYuBIJ0Bcvce_G14lau9RZLWNdcdTcOjB9rYm_PcCOTrJIEVJL0XxVSh3JpqOvUtebjMOU9cXNHWynYtruiJhkRDYOOPrPIZ1-chwNJfZXyxdw_ryu_NvUt5QHfa9e7WJ1ec9LrsjQvd9zLWlEJf/w400-h240/wilde%20b%20k%20gillespie%20patents%20combined.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gillespie later filed a third patent application, in his name alone (filed December 1927), for a modified rotating platform. A third inventor, Samuel J. Silverman of Portland, Oregon, filed
a patent application which he assigned to the Gillespie Auto Laundry System, Inc. (filed December 1927), which replaced the rotating or moving platform with a continuous chain, with hooks that engaged with a car’s axle
to pull the car through the various stations of a car wash, which significantly reduced the size and cost of the machinery necessary to power a semi-automatic car wash. </span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vJbNFMhE5mG_AX_m5UGpX_URFBp9IPgyQwVWxP5lV4YYCKSGZnuVzpFMnr9s5zWh1OOIHxVzwx8JenhhL8VlCopOPRI6bpxixaQXkf8xJ_Hn0R5eTa-5R0P0Pr3m1Hlm_PYZDA-Xl4CPkCWQqw3O5ltc-N0wO2pqXQktqNT7dHthg0BmM5M1Nst9/s1623/gillespie%20silverman%20combined.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1623" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vJbNFMhE5mG_AX_m5UGpX_URFBp9IPgyQwVWxP5lV4YYCKSGZnuVzpFMnr9s5zWh1OOIHxVzwx8JenhhL8VlCopOPRI6bpxixaQXkf8xJ_Hn0R5eTa-5R0P0Pr3m1Hlm_PYZDA-Xl4CPkCWQqw3O5ltc-N0wO2pqXQktqNT7dHthg0BmM5M1Nst9/w400-h248/gillespie%20silverman%20combined.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span><span class="tm8">B. K. Gillespie also received a patent (filed December 1927) on a system with rotating brushes, similar to those still used in car washes today. In his version, the brushes were apparently
only intended for the roof of the car. Gillespie did not invent the rotating brush system, however. When he filed his patent, similar devices had already been in use for decades in the railroad industry to clean locomotives
and rail cars. Gillespie’s patent may be the earliest such patent with specific application to automobiles.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigO7rvwBvhHw-Tzr0NklE_70xXAThFE4oX7pc6T6Oa7iDIdcck-qUWtX1SPo9s6tw9TwtAR6vCGNfVsPL9bHhbNdPpy_Ph1uuw2Q7E7It90SZziU6HUjJJ4IYrqFETxzkUdjDVgeaEv0W-xFyFB3m1FHTU7-_KpxmSwyiVbpFOvKsK-GEe3veSfdP7/s1251/US1827887%20Gillespie%20treat%20top%20of%20cars%20brush%20rollers.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="1251" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigO7rvwBvhHw-Tzr0NklE_70xXAThFE4oX7pc6T6Oa7iDIdcck-qUWtX1SPo9s6tw9TwtAR6vCGNfVsPL9bHhbNdPpy_Ph1uuw2Q7E7It90SZziU6HUjJJ4IYrqFETxzkUdjDVgeaEv0W-xFyFB3m1FHTU7-_KpxmSwyiVbpFOvKsK-GEe3veSfdP7/w400-h321/US1827887%20Gillespie%20treat%20top%20of%20cars%20brush%20rollers.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br />Vernon Edler also received at least two semi-automatic car wash patents. He received a Canadian patent for a straight-line, semi-automatic car wash system using a continuous chain-drag
conveyor, and a US patent for a specific type of chain-drag hook release, but both of his patents were filed after those of Wilde, Gillespie or Silverman.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgU3Rp0-_sPI42lCi2qjyK9x1rWbxPSHfQ8ygtz70ZE2Cb0yElzXSkM1k4nkQPXwfyFi2Z0ws49geb2y4gSswOw0koAIirnceCWtYSDyOWP3lFul-Dp-AQslGNytAJj4fLE85e_ByCjj7k3reiqz4C5h-9ha1Xvk6OxUOewxJmNYweBJay62ETzGLI/s3176/Edler%20Combined%20us%20canadian%20patents.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2270" data-original-width="3176" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgU3Rp0-_sPI42lCi2qjyK9x1rWbxPSHfQ8ygtz70ZE2Cb0yElzXSkM1k4nkQPXwfyFi2Z0ws49geb2y4gSswOw0koAIirnceCWtYSDyOWP3lFul-Dp-AQslGNytAJj4fLE85e_ByCjj7k3reiqz4C5h-9ha1Xvk6OxUOewxJmNYweBJay62ETzGLI/w400-h286/Edler%20Combined%20us%20canadian%20patents.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">The Inventors</span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tRN9Ei0uBU1a1sUmpk8Qkn_DMbL1XACdPxWjsmEFqEyM_Z5tByBrXzX0Xqf_Q3oN71Qz68wmJJlbxZMXSWtnOUfK5avwH_GwnNwnIHMZnS5tbhCugoEDymSC6iGMlDOAWrqXRx_0FvEQmpZmsHxGAWKC2O8YNOuwJ3CWNEb7R9WYppmL-T3sfESG/s1693/wilde%20out%20west%20magazine.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1693" data-original-width="854" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4tRN9Ei0uBU1a1sUmpk8Qkn_DMbL1XACdPxWjsmEFqEyM_Z5tByBrXzX0Xqf_Q3oN71Qz68wmJJlbxZMXSWtnOUfK5avwH_GwnNwnIHMZnS5tbhCugoEDymSC6iGMlDOAWrqXRx_0FvEQmpZmsHxGAWKC2O8YNOuwJ3CWNEb7R9WYppmL-T3sfESG/w201-h400/wilde%20out%20west%20magazine.jpg" width="201" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Out West Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 1912, page 264.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"></p><br /><p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm24">Louis J. Wilde</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">From newsboy to banker is the boast of Louis J. Wilde, San Diego promoter.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Muskogee Times-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Oklahoma), September 12, 1913, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Louis J. Wilde was an inventor, entrepreneur, banker, real estate and oil investor, and former mayor of San Diego when he entered the automobile laundry business in about 1925. It is not
clear how, when or why he took an interest in car washes, but, coincidentally, he had been in Portland, Oregon, facing charges of embezzlement, when the first “automobile laundry” opened its doors in January 1912.
The charges stemmed from the sale of Omaha Home Telephone bonds and his allegedly “splitting” his commission with a cashier of the bank. He was acquitted of any wrongdoing.</span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig7CQsUJ5ESPwxHIGYokAau5RKSfLpkW47zNgWW7N0fB4pTcxoUwgr3C2ENQSyxlJMRNVoiQUsXyJy4XMjRl-g0QI_xpQbMAH2U8r7l-be89F2fLbJ5oHTMB9b9MsuDsOIFHnsFngdKI-x4wTjBRQm2G27Zcb7U1TQKWQvI91TjtcHjsYbevy8WSpQ/s1612/oregon%20daily%20journal%20july%202%201911%20page%208%20indictment%20and%20pic%20wilde.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1612" data-original-width="758" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig7CQsUJ5ESPwxHIGYokAau5RKSfLpkW47zNgWW7N0fB4pTcxoUwgr3C2ENQSyxlJMRNVoiQUsXyJy4XMjRl-g0QI_xpQbMAH2U8r7l-be89F2fLbJ5oHTMB9b9MsuDsOIFHnsFngdKI-x4wTjBRQm2G27Zcb7U1TQKWQvI91TjtcHjsYbevy8WSpQ/s320/oregon%20daily%20journal%20july%202%201911%20page%208%20indictment%20and%20pic%20wilde.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm10">Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 2, 1911, page 8.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8">Interestingly, during his trial, Wilde’s name appeared on the same page as an unrelated reference to a local attorney named Samuel J. Silverman. More than a decade later, Silverman
assigned his own car wash patent to Wilde’s business partner, B. K. Gillespie. It seems likely that his relationship or acquaintance with Wilde began in Portland. Although it’s not clear how, when or why he became
interested in the car wash business, it is known that he drove a car. In September of 1920, Silverman was arrested, along with forty-eight other drivers, for “cutting corners,” in a crackdown on dangerous drivers.<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfk2bBe_IsOsC4Kcq6rjd5Hf4LeTrxNYZFYWrf_aghDff4hII05SkTFxg4aUKrm5clyISr5FEYG0kcLjdwz8kSXxn7C0eL08cwZHYZz7xUQP4i1mkz4cIRlQjvuSRO58hkSpt2-jQEQLdvrGG0qM2abQvlSOMRDJL9IJE6qUSDfaTuxC9m8L9q0bYz/s1596/SAmuel%20j%20silverman.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1596" data-original-width="819" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfk2bBe_IsOsC4Kcq6rjd5Hf4LeTrxNYZFYWrf_aghDff4hII05SkTFxg4aUKrm5clyISr5FEYG0kcLjdwz8kSXxn7C0eL08cwZHYZz7xUQP4i1mkz4cIRlQjvuSRO58hkSpt2-jQEQLdvrGG0qM2abQvlSOMRDJL9IJE6qUSDfaTuxC9m8L9q0bYz/s320/SAmuel%20j%20silverman.jpg" width="164" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm10">Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Portland), March 23, 1914.</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><span class="tm8">Curiously, for a man who was so important to the growth and governance of a major American city, there is very little easily available information about him or his life before he arrived
in San Diego. Digging through newspaper archives and piecing together a sketch of his life as told through public comments about him suggests he may have been something of a scoundrel. But you wouldn’t know that from
this brief, sanitized sketch of Wilde’s biography, written in 1912, after he had been in San Diego for nearly a decade and was thought of highly there. </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde, Louis J., Banker, San Diego, Cal., was born in Iowa City, Ia., July 16, 1865, the son of John and Lucina Wilde. He married Frances E. O’Brien, daughter of James O’Brien,
former county auditor of St. Paul, Minn, in that city, and to them there have been born four children, Donald E., Richard E., Jack D., and Lucille B. Wilde.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Wilde was educated at Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Ia., and at Hyatts Academy, Iowa City, Ia.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He left his native city in 1884 and went to Los Angeles, Cal., and for the succeeding years was a resident of that city, where he worked at various occupations from elevator boy up. He was
in the real estate and insurance business about the time of the boom, 1893, after which he moved to St. Paul, where he was in the brokerage business for nine years more. At the end of that time, or in 1903, he moved to San
Diego, Cal., there to make his permanent home.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Press Reference Library, Notables of the Southwest</span></i><span class="tm8">, Los Angeles, Los Angeles Examiner, 1912, page 456.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The questions start at the beginning. Where was he born? He is frequently said to have been born in Iowa City, Iowa, although widely circulated reports of his death gave the place of birth
as Marshalltown, Iowa. Curiously, an item in the Marshalltown </span><i><span class="tm10">Times-Republican</span></i><span class="tm8"> in 1914 refers to “Louis J. Wilde, a former Iowa City merchant,”<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a> and his obituary in the Iowa City </span><i><span class="tm10">Press-Citizen</span></i><span class="tm8"> in 1926 refers to him as “a native of Marshalltown, Iowa.”<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But wherever he was born, the 1880 US Census shows his family in Le Mars, Iowa, his father John Wilde listed as a “retired merchant,” though only 47 years old. The same census
gives Louis’ age as twelve, which casts the suggested 1865 birth year into question. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Wildes’ connection to Le Mars is corroborated by comments made in 1941 by an old-timer from Monrovia, California, who recalled having being met at the station in Los Angeles by
“old Le Mars, Iowa, friends,” including John Wilde, when he arrived there in 1887.<a href="#footnotexxvii"><sup>xxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiback"></a> The old-timer was a man named J. F. Sartori, who in
1941 was the Chairman of the Board of the Security-First National Bank in Los Angeles. He also recalled that John Wilde was one of a small group of men who petitioned the Comptroller of the Currency for permission to organize
the First National Bank of Monrovia. Years later, in advertisements for various investment schemes, Louis J. Wilde would claim to be a former bank officer of that bank. Years later, Louis J. Wilde would petition the Comptroller
of the Currency for permission to open the National Bank of San Diego. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">His family living in Le Mars is also consistent with a comment made in an article about Louis J. Wilde in a newspaper in 1885, which said his “father lives in northern Iowa”
(Le Mars is in the northwest corner of the state). That same article also raises questions about his supposed education at Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa, and his matrimonial history. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The article appeared in the </span><i><span class="tm10">Rock Island Argus</span></i><span class="tm8">, of Rock Island, Illinois. It recounts an exciting “race for a wife” that had taken place the day before, across the River from Davenport, Iowa, between two rivals for the affection of “a handsome
young lady named Mamie E. Shackley,” a “dudine<a href="#footnotexxviii"><sup>xxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiiback"></a> of the first water” who “used to make the boys’ hearts palpitate as
she glided around like a swan at the skating rink” (the “skating rink” comment was not merely poetic license; Mamie had won a roller skating contest the previous year<a href="#footnotexxix"><sup>xxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxixback"></a>).
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mamie was a typesetter for the Davenport </span><i><span class="tm10">Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8">, who had winnowed her choices of a man down to two. One of them, however, had moved to Minneapolis, while the other one stayed in Davenport. The “Davenport dude” believed that he had the inside
track, and was surprised when the “Minneapolis youth” returned, bought a marriage license, married Mamie and returned to Minneapolis, all in one day. The victor?</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">His name is Louis J. Wilde. His father lives in northern Iowa, and last summer sent him to the Davenport Business college, but he spent most of his time in having fun with the boys. He was
employed for a while on the Herald, and was ruled out of the editorial room on account of the over abundance of perfume he daily poured on himself.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Rock Island Argus</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 17, 1885, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is not clear what Wilde was doing in Minneapolis at the time, but whatever it was got in some hot water - although he beat the rap.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">CRIMINAL MATTERS.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The case f the State vs. Louis J. Wilde, indicted for obtaining money under false pretenses was dismissed by Judge Koon.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Saint Paul Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 18, 1885, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two years later, the Quad City Times of Davenport, Iowa reported that, “Louis J. Wilde, who left this city about a year ago for the far west, is located at Monrovia, California, engaged
in real estate.”<a href="#footnotexxx"><sup>xxx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxback"></a> And for the following several years, Louis J. Wilde’s name, and his fathers, appear in reports of numerous real estate transactions,
mostly in and around Monrovia, east of Los Angeles. The name, “Wilde,” even appears in connection with a real estate development apparently named after their former hometown of Le Mars.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcI3G-cN1ko9DQg071xKJu9ToubkFF2QJtGNdJRjSi8BQKl0-mjCM7ngrNhnGp7x6TIeYfPMhbPxK7cqhetUERJhlbJ7F8KO0H3u93KfT-1d3dC1Ql0C8xp1ymPTROUciL5VgXxAFMeo_djJauRFo_Vc6qm1DZTtrL4d9RND5jZT0Xq5Q78bleW_sG/s2187/LA%20Times%20feb%2025%201888%20page%203.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1239" data-original-width="2187" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcI3G-cN1ko9DQg071xKJu9ToubkFF2QJtGNdJRjSi8BQKl0-mjCM7ngrNhnGp7x6TIeYfPMhbPxK7cqhetUERJhlbJ7F8KO0H3u93KfT-1d3dC1Ql0C8xp1ymPTROUciL5VgXxAFMeo_djJauRFo_Vc6qm1DZTtrL4d9RND5jZT0Xq5Q78bleW_sG/s320/LA%20Times%20feb%2025%201888%20page%203.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 25, 1888, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In September 1889, he advertised a desire to trade 40 acres of farmland in Monrovia for city property. At about the same time, he began advertising numerous lots for sale within the city
of Los Angeles. In November of 1889, he showed up in Topeka, Kansas, looking to exchange southern California real estate for “anything” in Kansas.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">After 1889, Louis J. Wilde’s name disappears from southern California newspapers, although his father’s and mother’s names continued to appear regularly in reports of real
estate transactions, mostly in Monrovia. The name, “Louis J. Wilde” pops up again in connection with St. Paul, Minnesota in 1891, but not in a good way. If this refers to the same Louis J. Wilde who later served
as Mayor of San Diego, perhaps he was a scoundrel.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Reliable information was received by The Inter Ocean correspondent to-day of the whereabouts of Louis J. Wilde, the defaulting cashier of the St. Paul Loan and Trust Company. Wilde, who has
a weakness for loud English style clothes, formerly lived here, where at one time he was cashier of the National Exchange Bank. He left St. Paul last summer for his vacation, and came to this city. During his absence the
company found him short in his accounts several thousand dollars, and detectives started out in search of him. He mysteriously disappeared and all trace of him was lost. He is now at Paddington, England, but what his occupation
is is not known. He evidently skipped the country immediately after his defalcation was discovered.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Inter-Ocean</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Chicago), January 10, 1892, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Chicago and St. Paul would be two places Wilde would eventually return to, before moving to Southern California for good in about 1903. But no other information about this alleged embezzlement
could be found. There were, however, at least two more frauds committed by someone identified as Louis J. Wilde during this period. In Cincinnati in 1891, someone he induced to become his business partner claims a Louis
J. Wilde absconded with the money shortly after misrepresenting the value of the merchandise to be sold.<a href="#footnotexxxi"><sup>xxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiback"></a> A nearly identical accusation popped up in St.
Louis, Missouri at the end of 1892.<a href="#footnotexxxii"><sup>xxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is impossible to say whether this was the same person. But when that person showed up again, it was in the form of someone possibly selling shares in something that may or may not have
panned out. He would repeat the pattern several times. In each case, there was a lot of hyperbole while the money was being raised, and little or no news of any success after the fact.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1897, the name of Louis J. Wilde, of New York, pops up as an “expert mining engineer,” the public face of the Klondike-Alaska Gold Mining, Transportation, and Trading Company
of Illinois, organized to profit from the recent Klondike gold rush.<a href="#footnotexxxiii"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Louis J. Wilde, vice president of the Klondyke-Alaska Gold Mining, Transportation and Trading Company, claims that his concern has “struck it rich” in the gold fields. His party
is expected to start in a few weeks and join the staff of prospectors that has already been sent into the interior.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Chicago Chronicle</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 14, 1897, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde claimed to have hired a chemist with a secret “process by which ice may be melted chemically in about one-tenth of the time usually employed.”<a href="#footnotexxxiv"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxivback"></a>
Wilde was said to be set to leave Chicago on September 5</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8">, “in company with a number of other experienced prospectors and men who will be useful. They will
proceed as rapidly as possible to the gold fields and commence systematic prospecting.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Among the party which will leave Chicago September 10 under the leadership of Louis J. Wilde, vice president of the Klondike-Alaska Gold Mining, Transportation & Trading company, will
be a man learned in the habits of molecules, atoms, gases, etc., and in the handling of the same. According to Mr. Wilde, their chemist knows of a means of getting through snow and ice by the use of a chemical compound which
costs very little and nearly all of its ingredients can be procured in Alaska.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The News Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Tacoma, Washington), August 14, 1897, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde left Chicago on time, but he did not head to Alaska. He went to Rochester, New York. His wife died soon after their arrival, leaving her husband with two children.<a href="#footnotexxxv"><sup>xxxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxvback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He was now Louis J. Wilde, of “New York and Chicago; ex-vice-president Alaska Transportation, Mining and Trading Company,” now the President of the newly-formed Alaska Milling,
Mining and Trading Company. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The company has been fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Louis J. Wilde, of the Alaska Transportation Company of Chicago. His personal knowledge of Alaskan affairs, mining, engineering
and transportation enables him to render valuable services to this company.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Democrat and Chronicle</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 3, 1897, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The company took out several full-page advertisements in Rochester newspapers, hyping the opportunity to invest in the company for $1 per share. He appears to have been actively planning
some sort of expedition. News items reported on a trip to New York, and a trip to Washington DC to examine maps and surveys of Alaska in preparation for the expedition. Wilde appeared in Seattle in December, with two other
members as an advance party, and gave a lengthy interview to a local reporter on their preparations and plans. The main party left Rochester in February 1898,<a href="#footnotexxxvi"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviback"></a>
and the the company established an office in Victoria, British Columbia.<a href="#footnotexxxvii"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">No more references to the company have been found anywhere after the initial fund-raising and departure. No more references to Louis J. Wilde show up in newspapers until 1899, when his
name shows up as a recent registrant at a resort hotel near Minneapolis, the Hotel Lake Park. Over the next two years, his name appears in numerous reports of real estate transactions in and around Minneapolis, and in classified
ads, seeking to trade real estate for a stock of goods or jewelry. As he had done several years earlier in Los Angeles, he sometimes advertised property in Kansas.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Beginning in April of 1901, and for about the next two years, Wilde was in the Texas oil business, reportedly purchasing 200 acres near Beaumont. Shortly afterward, he started advertising
the sale of shares in oil drilling ventures. The shares were hyped in print advertising similar to that used a few years earlier to sell Klondike gold-rush shares, with full-page advertisements and breathless hyperbole about
the value and success or potential of their wells, or planned wells. His father, referred to as “Redondo’s pioneer fisherman,” reportedly left southern California that summer to work with his son on the
project.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde first offered shares in the St. Paul & Texas Oil Company of Beaumont, Texas. </span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNZLriQhqLtAaTjI9CNlfNvAraYtFvs-NWVrIO2IH1Fwa8pyTyUBPuM9dakraSSWtVJkfWpq9C63eXHg0G0j_5kn016ZUY-2qG-CKZtc4t_63P4UYxlpCSP_afSvQIHIdPfKY-spisbTALExPpqzgXfRzToF5KqZeJ1QvU7-2mHns4qShIDqID574/s2486/saint%20paul%20globe%20june%209%201901%20page%2014%20st%20paul%20texas%20oil.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2486" data-original-width="1848" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNZLriQhqLtAaTjI9CNlfNvAraYtFvs-NWVrIO2IH1Fwa8pyTyUBPuM9dakraSSWtVJkfWpq9C63eXHg0G0j_5kn016ZUY-2qG-CKZtc4t_63P4UYxlpCSP_afSvQIHIdPfKY-spisbTALExPpqzgXfRzToF5KqZeJ1QvU7-2mHns4qShIDqID574/s320/saint%20paul%20globe%20june%209%201901%20page%2014%20st%20paul%20texas%20oil.jpg" width="238" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm10">Saint Paul Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 9, 1901, page 14.</span>
</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Soon afterward, he shifted to the United States Fuel Oil Company, with assets in the same region. And again, similar to what he had done in advertising his second gold-rush company, he
touted as one of his qualifications that he was the “ex-Vice-president of the St. Paul and Texas Oil Co.” His father’s name appeared in some advertisements as treasurer of the company, citing as one of his
credentials that he was the “ex-Vice President First National bank, Monrovia, Cal.”<a href="#footnotexxxviii"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTROFsKJMZcDZwa6xF1W9jZmOmn3Ci5Z-UZpbYAk3faGOm2rmlESaq0hC3BpW6OrqSyEnJb0Bcc-FEliqkYIcbHKFfGAK9qxk6X1fUT_17E6vucIAZKoEGxpv2SdzJ1O7Yht8FMrsjUflBRzniIpqUUpjH7chnRiPvDiWck8Bg5eBIS6O3ezg5LMI/s4581/minneapolis%20journal%20aug%2024%201901%20page%203%20united%20states%20fuel%20oil%20co%20smaller.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4581" data-original-width="2144" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTROFsKJMZcDZwa6xF1W9jZmOmn3Ci5Z-UZpbYAk3faGOm2rmlESaq0hC3BpW6OrqSyEnJb0Bcc-FEliqkYIcbHKFfGAK9qxk6X1fUT_17E6vucIAZKoEGxpv2SdzJ1O7Yht8FMrsjUflBRzniIpqUUpjH7chnRiPvDiWck8Bg5eBIS6O3ezg5LMI/w188-h400/minneapolis%20journal%20aug%2024%201901%20page%203%20united%20states%20fuel%20oil%20co%20smaller.jpg" width="188" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Minneapolis Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 24, 1901, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><span class="tm8">And yet, despite all of the hype, a newspaper closer to the source, the </span><i><span class="tm10">Beaumont Enterprise</span></i><span class="tm8">, reported that as of August 20, 1901, the company had no active well, and none being drilled, on their 192 acres of land.<a href="#footnotexxxix"><sup>xxxix</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The following year, Wilde was selling shares in Kintla Oil, with oil drilling rights in Montana.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsBQBbKTVC5NSEan-QEyMf397Cz02HQzBmBVf-WRQf3LSQvefN9DjFK1FslNaDMa1LAcqDuNF2ZE7ZQbAEn0Ij2GAlZB0TkLZ1lS_JaVB9f9Ppt3Fz_m1N6Dc6BIu_ycHBvimLWcSV-CHRZSfeDOpufJw9dFZDk7-VAgZtrb-p8bNtwFLA2InC3fIp/s1834/anaconda%20standard%20montana%20march%2030%201902%20page%2011.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1834" data-original-width="1543" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsBQBbKTVC5NSEan-QEyMf397Cz02HQzBmBVf-WRQf3LSQvefN9DjFK1FslNaDMa1LAcqDuNF2ZE7ZQbAEn0Ij2GAlZB0TkLZ1lS_JaVB9f9Ppt3Fz_m1N6Dc6BIu_ycHBvimLWcSV-CHRZSfeDOpufJw9dFZDk7-VAgZtrb-p8bNtwFLA2InC3fIp/s320/anaconda%20standard%20montana%20march%2030%201902%20page%2011.jpg" width="269" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm10">Anaconda Standard</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Anaconda, Montana), March 30, 1902, page 11.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In early 1903, there was a report that Wilde had sent representatives to Mexico to look after his interest in some gold fields. A few months later, he started selling off all of his St.
Paul and Minnesota holdings. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKjekATh5YJOrE1hXEsshhdRzKQIXBTTZLsYR5GVDvRlID6PU8imMgjdyRxriJ7BFSDWMuW5YRwZBIb9u3BiyOIBlKTRo4jerV9--H6HxBl5310yOnUKas1xH6mrMPzd6NCY3wSZLfI-8eI7TLAaTJTpE8cgfUNSWgvDadI2PYK20B04Ca94koLCrR/s922/st%20paul%20globe%20aug%205%201903%20page%209%20-%20going%20south%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="922" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKjekATh5YJOrE1hXEsshhdRzKQIXBTTZLsYR5GVDvRlID6PU8imMgjdyRxriJ7BFSDWMuW5YRwZBIb9u3BiyOIBlKTRo4jerV9--H6HxBl5310yOnUKas1xH6mrMPzd6NCY3wSZLfI-8eI7TLAaTJTpE8cgfUNSWgvDadI2PYK20B04Ca94koLCrR/s320/st%20paul%20globe%20aug%205%201903%20page%209%20-%20going%20south%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidanF9OSpqPY6RqhkkJCBbyxWx2b0IKiWv31m9-rSuenf9bKedaEkZvd9GrcRm8QHUMVK7DfLEqHY1-dEn476dcoUezHNdyPZvG4haYR6uV1FuDN8PviV5YpBZq3j804ERAAHsSB4k9RFnKvvA6Op9Trdipq_Vy6WEjvCL9Eg_6l9EiyUSZqIJ4WxN/s922/st%20paul%20globe%20aug%205%201903%20page%209%20-%20going%20south.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="922" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidanF9OSpqPY6RqhkkJCBbyxWx2b0IKiWv31m9-rSuenf9bKedaEkZvd9GrcRm8QHUMVK7DfLEqHY1-dEn476dcoUezHNdyPZvG4haYR6uV1FuDN8PviV5YpBZq3j804ERAAHsSB4k9RFnKvvA6Op9Trdipq_Vy6WEjvCL9Eg_6l9EiyUSZqIJ4WxN/s320/st%20paul%20globe%20aug%205%201903%20page%209%20-%20going%20south.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></p><span class="tm8">Louis J. Wilde moved to San Diego in late-1903 or early-1904. By May, the United States’ Controller of Currency had approved Wilde’s application, made with partners including
Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., to organized the American National Bank of San Diego. It was the first of several San Diego area banks Wilde would start, including banks in Escondido, Ramona, National City, and Oceanside.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde invested in a streetcar line in National City and built the Pickwick Theater, among other local developments. In 1905, Wilde, U. S. Grant, Jr. and others announced their intention
to build the U. S. Grant Hotel in San Diego. That same year, a syndicate bought land to erect the hotel on property formerly called the Gay Ranch.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Their private funding would ultimately fail, but efforts to secure public funding for the project eventually panned out. Wilde led fundraising efforts and Grant, Jr. oversaw construction
of the hotel. Completed in 1910, the U. S. Grant Hotel is still in operation today. Louis J. Wilde donated the fountain, that still graces its grounds, as a “monument to the spirit and enterprise of San Diego.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde ran for mayor of San Diego in 1917, on the “smokestacks not geraniums” platform. He promised to prioritize business interests over beautification projects. He won, served
two terms, and left office in 1921. He moved to Los Angeles at some point in about the mid-1920s, where he pursued oil and real estate interests.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Louis Wilde and Bleeker Gillespie appear to have been well acquainted long before they filed their car wash patents. In 1922, for example, Wilde appeared in the same photograph with Gillespie’s
wife at the christening of a sixteen-inch drill at the “spudding in” of a new oil well.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYGTwcBf5id-qY3oICRvqq20RmzL5hdtJnCAAVl8WjvZu_DNKFBREPZbSicq_L3nYV4aMCdn0oz4WapR7lZrgMBB_AvbJJRDpb3OS-e-Buuc1lRzdPyc3x07YYco1BVot4CgZiBu-gWQjSsI_AvjXq8gunMXisEzivYF8ID0K_uMmMuJE9Ml6ty1J/s1934/la%20times%20march%2015%201922%20part%202%20page%2012.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1934" data-original-width="1273" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYGTwcBf5id-qY3oICRvqq20RmzL5hdtJnCAAVl8WjvZu_DNKFBREPZbSicq_L3nYV4aMCdn0oz4WapR7lZrgMBB_AvbJJRDpb3OS-e-Buuc1lRzdPyc3x07YYco1BVot4CgZiBu-gWQjSsI_AvjXq8gunMXisEzivYF8ID0K_uMmMuJE9Ml6ty1J/w264-h400/la%20times%20march%2015%201922%20part%202%20page%2012.jpg" width="264" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Gazing upward is . . . former Mayor Louis J. Wilde . . . . At the extreme left is Mrs. B. K. Gillespie.” </span>
</div><p class="tm13" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 15, 1922, part 2, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde’s interest in the car wash business may have been related to his oil interests, since car washes were a natural point of sale for petroleum products. At the time, automobile
laundries and service stations with a wash rack generally provided other maintenance services, including gas, lubrication and oil changes, and in some cases using kerosene as a cleaning agent. In 1923, Louis J. Wilde filed
for a trademark for “Red Devil” and logo, for “lubricating oil, gasoline, kerosene and sump oil.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXGIZhH6C-KmL3fkdAlrupFTUFk27lce2t0bPoSyhGweU_IUbtMPYLQ6SehMM25PIxBBxbCIjSQsvFHNoIS8ou-EtT4ahkesgciC3Al3xGvQ8yDIUfNvhyRHhqI3HHwQ4VmBeKoQvl7y8rY15JkMAWUmlMaNlQUk9s_fRlXufwLS_JJO0C61dCIpD7/s986/wilde%20red%20devil%20trademark%201923.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="924" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXGIZhH6C-KmL3fkdAlrupFTUFk27lce2t0bPoSyhGweU_IUbtMPYLQ6SehMM25PIxBBxbCIjSQsvFHNoIS8ou-EtT4ahkesgciC3Al3xGvQ8yDIUfNvhyRHhqI3HHwQ4VmBeKoQvl7y8rY15JkMAWUmlMaNlQUk9s_fRlXufwLS_JJO0C61dCIpD7/s320/wilde%20red%20devil%20trademark%201923.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br />Louis J. Wilde was also a real estate developer. He sub-divided and developed a neighborhood in Glendora, California (near his old stomping grounds in Monrovia), bounded by Foothill Boulevard,
Carroll Avenue, Barranca Avenue (then apparently called Ben Lomond) and Valencia Street.</span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgxXkqSHOZZEZdzUX8ObJpTYPDl3HfJ6FB9_BL24QJ0Uj6etGxYXJF1C6_Iz3ZUoDHxXffz0dAmhz4t9QUR_uDw9w6hW6V1JJ-WIrMQ7cTTUyOBPP29Myz6XRWDcxdrgzOIugJXO9T1jmpi9ckZbObgXh9e56gVP7fc8K5XFhBFN8vYg9ApLX9afr/s2465/LA%20times%20november%2018%201923%20part%202%20page%2019.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="2465" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgxXkqSHOZZEZdzUX8ObJpTYPDl3HfJ6FB9_BL24QJ0Uj6etGxYXJF1C6_Iz3ZUoDHxXffz0dAmhz4t9QUR_uDw9w6hW6V1JJ-WIrMQ7cTTUyOBPP29Myz6XRWDcxdrgzOIugJXO9T1jmpi9ckZbObgXh9e56gVP7fc8K5XFhBFN8vYg9ApLX9afr/s320/LA%20times%20november%2018%201923%20part%202%20page%2019.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 18, 1923, page 19.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In January 1926, Wilde purchased “income property” in Los Angeles, a “twenty-four-room-flat building at Fourth street and Rampart Boulevard,”<a href="#footnotexl"><sup>xl</sup></a><a id="footnotexlback"></a>
on the southeast corner.<a href="#footnotexli"><sup>xli</sup></a><a id="footnotexliback"></a> That building, said to have been built in 1920, is now the eight-unit apartment building located at 400 South Rampart.<a href="#footnotexlii"><sup>xlii</sup></a><a id="footnotexliiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wilde also planned to build a hotel in Los Angeles, “a $1,000,000 hotel for workingmen, something on the order of the </span><u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_House_No._1"><span class="tm8">Mills Hotel in New York City</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.”<a href="#footnotexliii"><sup>xliii</sup></a><a id="footnotexliiiback"></a> In 1924, Wilde took out a 100-year lease on </span><u><a href="https://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/367/"><span class="tm8">the Arcadia Block</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, at the corner Los Angeles Street and Arcadia Street, with the intent of building the hotel there.<a href="#footnotexliv"><sup>xliv</sup></a><a id="footnotexlivback"></a>
The hotel was never built, and the Arcadia Block was demolished in 1927. The reason the building was never built may be his death, following an operation in April 1926,<a href="#footnotexlv"><sup>xlv</sup></a><a id="footnotexlvback"></a>
at about the same time his first automobile laundry became operational. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although the earliest reference connecting Wilde to his car wash partner, B. K. Gillespie, appeared in Los Angeles in 1922, chances are that the pair knew each other in San Diego at least
a decade earlier, where Gillespie had managed the auto livery and tour bus concessions at the U. S. Grant Hotel.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUrXud10s_jwpN2PBt14d_9prinCQxr8MdeQaf5RhiAGyLkKSMiKa-aSO2oZnDKa8H0xnHSjuDGUy7-N2uzZp18hfnEq3qz8FB2tdIqamYTV-TviUy6u4joY3a2j5mW8kHOC0FxW_nhsoNOrYQOJ3s8aMSOwz0ebW2wlbKT36tHev0ByAcRgR7teR5/s1485/clip_114311877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1485" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUrXud10s_jwpN2PBt14d_9prinCQxr8MdeQaf5RhiAGyLkKSMiKa-aSO2oZnDKa8H0xnHSjuDGUy7-N2uzZp18hfnEq3qz8FB2tdIqamYTV-TviUy6u4joY3a2j5mW8kHOC0FxW_nhsoNOrYQOJ3s8aMSOwz0ebW2wlbKT36tHev0ByAcRgR7teR5/s320/clip_114311877.jpg" width="162" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">B. K. Gillespie, <i><span class="tm10">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 12, 1928, page 12S.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm24"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bleeker K. Gillespie</span></span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of the best known and most widely popular men in San Diego is B. K. Gillespie, owner of the U. S. Grant Hotel Auto Livery and manager of the San Diego Sight-Seeing Company. He was born
in Bryan, Ohio, February 15, 1881, and is the son of R. H. and Mary F. Gillespie. After attending the public school he completed the course at Rio Grande College and in 1906 came to San Diego, where he started in the auto
livery business.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">San Diego County California, a Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress and Achievement</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume II, Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913, page 217.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Bleeker K. Gillespie, who styled himself “Bee” K. Gillespie, and was frequently referred to as B. K. Gillespie, came to California from Ohio to California in the early 1900s.
In 1904, he purchased property in Fruitvale Glen in Alameda. He married Bessie L. Northrop in Los Angeles in 1906, and was still listed as a Notary Public in Alameda County in 1907.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He appears to have been in the automobile business in San Diego by 1908, when an item in a Los Angeles newspaper reported that “B. K. Gillespie of San Diego” had recently purchased
some Oldsmobiles at a local dealership.<a href="#footnotexlvi"><sup>xlvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexlviback"></a> In 1909, he purchased some seven-passenger Oldsmobiles from another Los Angeles dealer.<a href="#footnotexlvii"><sup>xlvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexlviiback"></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is not clear his relationship with the U. S. Grant Hotel began, but by 1911, the year after the hotel was finished, he was doing well enough to build a “two-story mission residence”
at 1510 29</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Street in San Diego. A San Diego city directoy lists him as running an “auto livery” out of his home address in 1912, and a report of a
tourist trip to San Diego from the same year refers to his company, the San Diego Sight-Seeing Company, as picking up travelers from the train station and bringing them to the U. S. Grant Hotel. An advertisement for the San
Diego Sight Seeing Company in 1914 gives its office address as the “main entrance U. S. Grant Hotel.” A 1915 city directory lists him as being associated with both the U. S. Grant Hotel Auto Livery and the San
Diego Sightseeing Company.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1NbS_PyBqcw8HZ2wFMxmDdyLxKLcfZdA0ik2flH8dOyoi18qEhzL7Zl3HF5z0jTgNey-vvKbpugucMeBOuSHga17NQLxmbQ2jy7jAXcnIkUHIsmA5qo3F0SaG_P_IViVJkB8S47_1fbBdYrZlwP10xwVBPYeKajO3pv8mIx0Y_Q0Wkc-HJDEwovQ3/s1615/san%20diego%20sight%20seeing%20co%20ad%201914.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1615" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1NbS_PyBqcw8HZ2wFMxmDdyLxKLcfZdA0ik2flH8dOyoi18qEhzL7Zl3HF5z0jTgNey-vvKbpugucMeBOuSHga17NQLxmbQ2jy7jAXcnIkUHIsmA5qo3F0SaG_P_IViVJkB8S47_1fbBdYrZlwP10xwVBPYeKajO3pv8mIx0Y_Q0Wkc-HJDEwovQ3/w400-h206/san%20diego%20sight%20seeing%20co%20ad%201914.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">See it All With Us, Point Loma . . ., Tia Juana, Old Mexico . . ., Seeing San Diego . . ., San Diego Mission . . ., A Bay Trip . . . . San Diego Sight Seeing Co. Office: Main Entrance U.
S. Grant Hotel.</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Standard Guide to Los Angeles, San Diego and the Panama-California Exposition</span></i><span class="tm8">, San Francisco, North American Press Association, 1914, page 88. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gillespie did not simply run a tour bus operation, he embraced automobile touring as a pioneer RV camper in a converted tour bus, tricked-out as a “Luxe Bungalow Auto.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLL9PQl2yuD5qjqt4vvbBu0P2-0OoMcCKa6AeFaYeekH1gqPw1MxMOORFH8kJikakVDvU8oMcwMn7W2irbAamLIyqvmAwLMdxILpjmuvtd1faHKmmuzSsyn-5rYLP621aS0slSTbJf7Op90VQTome-aigw2g_wmdeOvt39Iq5E_CWpwZuXezWVezQ/s701/san%20bernardino%20county%20sun%20aug%2022%201913%20page%205%20rv%20camping.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="701" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLL9PQl2yuD5qjqt4vvbBu0P2-0OoMcCKa6AeFaYeekH1gqPw1MxMOORFH8kJikakVDvU8oMcwMn7W2irbAamLIyqvmAwLMdxILpjmuvtd1faHKmmuzSsyn-5rYLP621aS0slSTbJf7Op90VQTome-aigw2g_wmdeOvt39Iq5E_CWpwZuXezWVezQ/s320/san%20bernardino%20county%20sun%20aug%2022%201913%20page%205%20rv%20camping.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Traveling in a bungalow palace car, a de luxe addition of one of the San Diego sight-seeing automobiles, B. K. Gillespie and party reached this city yesterday on a tour over the southern end
of the state. They pitched camp near the corner of Mr. Vernon avenue and Mill street for the night.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gillespie is manager of the San Diego company and conceived the idea of fitting up one of the autos. The improved body is 26 feet long and much wider than the average machine. There is a
kitchen, living room and observation room, while in the rear there are places for four spring bunks, while the whole traveling house is fitted up with every convenience for living on the road.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">San Bernardino County Sun</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 22, 1913, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Twenty years later, following the success of his car wash business, he and his wife traveled around in a white leather-lined trailer.</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38OrCDS6gUqVWfimwSl-2broyzEEEwPCkcpPUwNP8Laa2mMRhm2wo6dF33N16htD1tvpcF5PfaL6ZO0VwO9Eyp6b3BQea5uCY3l9h2l2gyoPBDxyzpn5XT2GFBKYpyQXR9LPwyHhO9au5HOOwS_DYe26J-vKyTNNnFywB87cwjTVZd66MQBCUrCA1/s1448/spokesman%20review%20aug%206%201936%20page%206%20gillespie%20trailer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="1097" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38OrCDS6gUqVWfimwSl-2broyzEEEwPCkcpPUwNP8Laa2mMRhm2wo6dF33N16htD1tvpcF5PfaL6ZO0VwO9Eyp6b3BQea5uCY3l9h2l2gyoPBDxyzpn5XT2GFBKYpyQXR9LPwyHhO9au5HOOwS_DYe26J-vKyTNNnFywB87cwjTVZd66MQBCUrCA1/s320/spokesman%20review%20aug%206%201936%20page%206%20gillespie%20trailer.jpg" width="242" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mrs. B. K. Gillespie is shown in her trailer, designed by Mr. Gillespie, and built at a cost of $6,000. The picture shows a portion of the interior, which is lined with white leather, has
deep blue hand-woven rugs, blue drapes and chromium-plated fixtures. The Gillespies, residents of Los Angeles, plan to tour Europe and Asia in their de luxe house on wheels, which has been attracting much attention here.
. . .</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Spokesman-Review </span></i><span class="tm8">(Spokane, Washington), August 6, 1936, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When he pulled into Palm Springs with the trailer in 1938, a local reporter alluded to its large size by referring to it as a “dreadnought” and naming it the “Queen Mary,”
after the then-new Queen Mary ocean liner. When informed that the interior was upholstered in white kid leather, the reporter exclaimed, “If true - quite the ‘snazzy.’”<a href="#footnotexlviii"><sup>xlviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexlviiiback"></a></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">RV travel is not the only hobby Gillespie took up after leaving the day-to-day operations of his car wash empire. He enrolled in the University of Southern California film school. He is
behind the camera in this image of a student film production at USC in 1933.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqAFmHsFUqlkj2wwG_l426qBlLgb8ioGxeSSbjMIqK2H-8wO61ykGosgrKTtNvgvsbMf7cS_2PvZZCEILxQRYLWrCqQp8U79-VL9TOms1mHiGQmhJdSN6ucsfjqXN3xkVd0VcmJEJQfH6SPqPf0LTxWWvwlR3oPbUt8atZuYYk6J-wjNe74kLwLjmm/s1843/filmotopics8910bell_0087%20gillespie%20cameraman%20in%20student%20production.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1509" data-original-width="1843" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqAFmHsFUqlkj2wwG_l426qBlLgb8ioGxeSSbjMIqK2H-8wO61ykGosgrKTtNvgvsbMf7cS_2PvZZCEILxQRYLWrCqQp8U79-VL9TOms1mHiGQmhJdSN6ucsfjqXN3xkVd0VcmJEJQfH6SPqPf0LTxWWvwlR3oPbUt8atZuYYk6J-wjNe74kLwLjmm/w400-h328/filmotopics8910bell_0087%20gillespie%20cameraman%20in%20student%20production.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A production scene during the filming of “The Pledge’s Plight,” a recent photoplay creation of the University of Southern California Cinema Club. Notice the use being made
of reflectors to cast light into too-deep shadows. The man behind the Filmo 70-D Camera is B. K. Gillespie, a retired business man who is so enthusiastic a movie maker that he owns practically everything in the Filmo line
and, when this picture was taken, was attending the photographic school at the University.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Bell & Howell Filmo Topics</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 9, Number 2, Summer 1933, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gillespies had their camera equipment with them on an RV trip to the Northwest, with plans to take “pictures of the mountains, streams and backwoods peoples of the northwest.”<a href="#footnotexlix"><sup>xlix</sup></a><a id="footnotexlixback"></a>
But “three cameras and a number of lenses and other photographic accessories valued at $2,500” were stolen from the trailer while they were parked in Vancouver, Canada. No word on whether they recovered any of
it.<a href="#footnotel"><sup>l</sup></a><a id="footnotelback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">B. K. Gillespie died in 1945; his wife in 1972. They were both interred in the Greenwood Memorial Park, San Diego.<a href="#footnoteli"><sup>li</sup></a><a id="footnoteliback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqr4bnUTjCNCuKfzVd_6wo8Yn76X06VDFh3FT3wtJFkau7DA0LuZ1xK_uV1zVMtO6QroMyzh0EtHs2fbYUdcKLAMXvXXmecp3w8_WRJ59Kp6zxaVu_rPwL263dxzy0z2VP8p25bhwJ_-g6SF1GLnZGUT1O9uhQMB0A5xHgGyzp3lVOTZPpKxdrHLuS/s640/clip_114271639.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="348" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqr4bnUTjCNCuKfzVd_6wo8Yn76X06VDFh3FT3wtJFkau7DA0LuZ1xK_uV1zVMtO6QroMyzh0EtHs2fbYUdcKLAMXvXXmecp3w8_WRJ59Kp6zxaVu_rPwL263dxzy0z2VP8p25bhwJ_-g6SF1GLnZGUT1O9uhQMB0A5xHgGyzp3lVOTZPpKxdrHLuS/s320/clip_114271639.jpg" width="174" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm23">Vernon Edler</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An article published in 1927, following the initial success of Edler’s car wash business, described him as a “former Los Angeles school boy.”<a href="#footnotelii"><sup>lii</sup></a><a id="footnoteliiback"></a>
It’s true that he had once lived in Van Nuys during his childhood, but he had also lived in several other places. His father was a well-known scammer who moved from place to place after each of several crises brought
on by his own doing, and miraculously, before the information age, he always seemed to land on his own two feet again, regardless of his shady past. The Los Angeles Times described the elder Edler as a “Poet-Doctor-Lawyer-Financier.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler’s father, August Benedotte Edler, was born in Utah in about 1871 to a Swedish father and Danish mother. He was trouble from an early age. In 1889, he was arrested for
literally stabbing someone in the back three times during a political squabble. He was admitted to the bar in 1894, and figuratively stabbed his own mother in the back in 1896, absconding with $300 after fraudulently transferring
her home to his name and mortgaging the property for $400.<a href="#footnoteliii"><sup>liii</sup></a><a id="footnoteliiiback"></a> A warrant was issued for his arrest, but the charges may have been dropped, as he continued
working as a lawyer. Perhaps his mother forgave him, or wanted him to start off his married life on strong financial ground. Days after reports of the alleged embezzlement and disappearance, he was married to Isabelle Maggenetti
- “The mother of the groom, who caused his arrest a few days ago, on the charge of defrauding her of a piece of property, was present.”<a href="#footnoteliv"><sup>liv</sup></a><a id="footnotelivback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A. B. Edler’s passion for politics continued after his initial brush with the law. He was active in local Democrat party politics in Salt Lake City during the 1890s and the Social
Democrat party in 1900,<a href="#footnotelv"><sup>lv</sup></a><a id="footnotelvback"></a> and by 1902, was active in the Socialist Party.<a href="#footnotelvi"><sup>lvi</sup></a><a id="footnotelviback"></a> He represented
striking miners during the Carbon County miners’ strike of 1903, during which time he was arrested for criminal libel.<a href="#footnotelvii"><sup>lvii</sup></a><a id="footnotelviiback"></a> He may even have represented
the labor activist, “Mother” Jones, during the affair.<a href="#footnotelviii"><sup>lviii</sup></a><a id="footnotelviiiback"></a></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Despite the arrest, Edler was later offered an appointment from the state of Utah to be the official reporter of decisions of the Supreme Court of Utah. He complained about a statutory
cut in his wages in 1908, and left Utah in 1909 - but not without being surrounded by scandal. He may have been innocent of wrongdoing (this time), but it didn’t look good.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Shortly after Edler left town to move to California, a new tenant in Edler’s old rooms died of arsenic poisoning. Edler had lived in separate apartments in a home he shared with his
mother. When Edler left, his wife gave all of her kitchen supplies to her mother-in-law, who did not bake. Edler’s mother, in turn, some the hand-me-down kitchen supplies to the new tenants, including a container believed
to be “baking powder.” The wife made some dumplings, and her husband died. An autopsy showed the death to be due to arsenic poisoning, and an investigation discovered arsenic in the “baking powder.”
In the end, it was determined to have been an accident, but at the time, it appeared that Edler may have been plotting to kill his mother, who had recently refused to sell her home at the request of her son.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A. B. Edler, now in Escondido, California, became a chicken rancher, poultry financier, and forger of land deeds. He was twice arrested for fraud in 1912, and others of his frauds remained
undiscovered for many years. But somehow, even after all that, he got himself admitted to the bar in California. They lived for a time in Van Nuys, earning for Vernon the name of “former Los Angeles school boy,”
and later in Fresno.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler’s name first appears in newspapers in Fresno, as an amateur actor and as the manager of a bakery in 1917. He was employed by the Bean Sprayer Company the following year,
soon making a name for himself, and leaving the company to sell Bean products as an outside salesman.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By the mid-1920s, Vernon Edler had helped establish the car wash sprayer market in Los Angeles. He partnered with Wilde and Gillespie to open the first large-scale, “semi-automatic”
auto laundry in Los Angeles, and later sold auto laundry equipment under his own name. He was so successful that the Bean company bought him out, and he became an executive with the new company. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1929, the Bean corporation, reorganized as Food Machinery Corporation, acquired the Vernon Edler Corporation and several manufacturing companies. Unlike the other companies involved
in the deal, Edler was not a manufacturer, merely a a distributor for Bean products. The only assets listed for his company in a report of the deal were his “auto laundry patents.”<a href="#footnotelix"><sup>lix</sup></a><a id="footnotelixback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although Vernon Edler came to car washing through his work with water sprayers, he apparently took his automobile driving seriously as well. With his colorful father as his attorney, he
appealed a minor traffic citation to the California Supreme Court. The question on appeal was not whether he was guilty, but whether the judge who found him guilty had been properly assigned to hear the case. The case hinged
on the interpretation of section 1a of article VI of the Constitution of California, which read that “no justice of the peace, police court judge, or judge of any other inferior court now existing or which may hereafter
be provided by law shall sit or act as a judge in any municipal or superior court or court of higher jurisdiction on the trial or hearing of any cause or question.” </span><i><span class="tm10">Vernon Edler v. C. E. Hollopeter</span></i><span class="tm8">, 214 Cal. 426, December 18, 1931 (</span><i><span class="tm10">en banc</span></i><span class="tm8">). He lost.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When Food Machinery Corporation acquired the Peerless Pump Company in 1933, Vernon Edler was referred to as the “manager” of Food Machinery. A few years later, and for the rest
of his career, he would be Vice President and General Manager of the Peerless division of Food Machinery Corporation (the company is still in business as FMC Corporation, with headquarters in Philadelphia). In that role,
he helped win World War II. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">LOS ANGLES, Jan. 13 - (AP) - Engineers of the Peerless Pump division, Food Machinery Corp., have literally beaten their pumps into “Water Buffalo” amphibian tanks and have done
it so successfully that these water-land vehicles are now playing a major part in the war.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This was revealed today by Vernon Edler, vice president of Food Machinery Corp., in charge of the Peerless Pump division, Los Angeles, where the tanks were designed and became a reality.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Carlsbad Current-Argus </span></i><span class="tm8">(Carlsbad, New Mexico), January 13, 1944, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvI_RrBE7HiUnfmiGpEyTq2ieMjxBZWmyvUATFP7tTogLgbVaXZVBkX_Ki_F7Q_FkrPkW11rQ63FxCEWMnNxzTb9woOra5cbLYGXjPUi4T8OhdYmskVZdSjYNI5kvdUmDSHVDf_-I6fjMcfD8NRLGnm9CCC4iUnNXCaIE0NibF7qpnQ0u93OSaDdi/s2953/baltimore%20evening%20sun%20april%2018%201945%20page%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2953" data-original-width="2198" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvI_RrBE7HiUnfmiGpEyTq2ieMjxBZWmyvUATFP7tTogLgbVaXZVBkX_Ki_F7Q_FkrPkW11rQ63FxCEWMnNxzTb9woOra5cbLYGXjPUi4T8OhdYmskVZdSjYNI5kvdUmDSHVDf_-I6fjMcfD8NRLGnm9CCC4iUnNXCaIE0NibF7qpnQ0u93OSaDdi/w298-h400/baltimore%20evening%20sun%20april%2018%201945%20page%2017.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Baltimore Evening Sun</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 18, 1945, page 17.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler died a few months after the announcement. At the time of his death, on May 1, 1944 at the age of 47, he lived in a home located at 5604 Holly Oak Drive in the Hollywood Hills.
The home is valued at over $4 million today.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">If Vernon Edler helped win World War II, his son, Vernon Edler, Jr. may have helped win the Space Race and the Cold War. Like his father, he made nozzles, but unlike his father, they were
not for agricultural or car wash sprayers, they were for “nozzle assemblies and exit cones for various U. S. missiles, including the Minuteman and the Titan.”<a href="#footnotelx"><sup>lx</sup></a><a id="footnotelxback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler, Jr. and his brother Don formed Edler Industries in 1950. By 1964, they were a “principal supplier of inert missile components to prime contractors throughout the country,”
making parts for the lunar lander and other space probes for NASA, and components for the Polaris, Minuteman and Titan missiles.<a href="#footnotelxi"><sup>lxi</sup></a><a id="footnotelxiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And like his grandfather, August Edler, Vernon Edler, Jr. was arrested, tried and convicted - twice (the first conviction was overturned), for selling missile secrets to the French.<a href="#footnotelxii"><sup>lxii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxiiback"></a>
He later repaid his debt, in part, as a government informer and key witness in the trial of two men accused of bid-rigging on a U. S. Navy Trident II missile project.<a href="#footnotelxiii"><sup>lxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm11" style="font-size: medium;">The Auto Laundries</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first “semi-automatic” car wash, in which a conveyor system moved cars through various station, opened in Los Angeles in 1926, as the El Patio Auto Laundromat, 260 South
Vermont Avenue. Louis J. Wilde, Bee K. Gillespie and Vernon Edler were all involved.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm23">New Washing System for Car Developed</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">California has developed another automotive service, a new system of washing automobiles that has gained national popularity. Through the use of the Bean system of car washing it is now possible
to retain that beautiful finish and luster found on new automobiles today. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">B. K. Gillespie, owner of the El Patio Auto Laundry, the largest auto laundry west of Chicago, has just invested $90,000 in his plant and equipment. This plant washed over 185 cars last Saturday.
. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The El Patio Auto Laundry is modern in every respect. It only requires fifteen minutes to completely wash a car, including chassis, body, top, windows and windshield. The car rotates on
a revolving track 100 feet in diameter. Each operator (there are twenty in number) performs his certain duty, such as washing a wheel, washing a portion of the body, cleaning the windows, cleaning the top, etc. The El patio
Auto Laundry is now washing a car every two minutes and in the near future expect to double their production.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 24, 1926, part 6, page 16.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcrgpKPHn_QmvQ1cNutKkLfYydAj64_EASBRDRDIVY_RpYYQ1j0gPerWRikwPY8N0cEDPsG0KAHvYlnVcsjZw5_x5ftRZSyhfF9ZRxI0UQtLIbGqDfN7b_rmDAMsD28Udsy9TlhrTo30MgVL4_hZe9K-Jn3smN4W05J9gXf4gy0cewO0PUYG6hZLBJ/s1733/el%20patio%20south%20vermont%20hollywood%20daily%20citizen%20june%2015%201927%20page%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1371" data-original-width="1733" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcrgpKPHn_QmvQ1cNutKkLfYydAj64_EASBRDRDIVY_RpYYQ1j0gPerWRikwPY8N0cEDPsG0KAHvYlnVcsjZw5_x5ftRZSyhfF9ZRxI0UQtLIbGqDfN7b_rmDAMsD28Udsy9TlhrTo30MgVL4_hZe9K-Jn3smN4W05J9gXf4gy0cewO0PUYG6hZLBJ/s320/el%20patio%20south%20vermont%20hollywood%20daily%20citizen%20june%2015%201927%20page%2017.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">El Patio auto laundry, which introduces a novel system whereby automobiles may be completely washed in 15 minutes. The machines are washed on a circular moving platform, under the Gillespie
system, and 47 men help in washing each car. The plant has a capacity of 60 cars an hour.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Hollywood Daily Citizen</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Hollywood, California), June 15, 1927, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGD88EVT9a6zLCtclsr-Vef8meB4s4e0fL8Vr-xvZsF35TBI1sJMbRQk9l9ul-FexQR-4fdlLnw6MG4QGcRN8-p2zJx2pkKlfzqE6jnjZEPEZo8NhkrtAnWa33eiU2wDT1Q1dRt5ASnZrN5ky_revURrr4hk22W5oNPAlJKj8vjo1soJq2HcUa8-f5/s2368/los%20angeles%20evening%20citizen%20january%2015%201927%20page%2011%20el%20patio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2368" data-original-width="1756" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGD88EVT9a6zLCtclsr-Vef8meB4s4e0fL8Vr-xvZsF35TBI1sJMbRQk9l9ul-FexQR-4fdlLnw6MG4QGcRN8-p2zJx2pkKlfzqE6jnjZEPEZo8NhkrtAnWa33eiU2wDT1Q1dRt5ASnZrN5ky_revURrr4hk22W5oNPAlJKj8vjo1soJq2HcUa8-f5/s320/los%20angeles%20evening%20citizen%20january%2015%201927%20page%2011%20el%20patio.jpg" width="237" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Hollywood Daily Citizen</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 15, 1927, page 11.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although not a named inventor of the conveyor system, Vernon Edler apparently supplied the Bean spray system to the El Patio. His sprayers received some of the credit for the success of
the new venture.</span></p><br />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-l3hV7ecOvKF-MI4fAis2lV4ovxSYFtEkoxKJ3Nd3qOl48qJyTKfK979nDkQxnlp54V6K2QCDfRUkk2xYgfGuNoXGOzb05matkAHS8JPbCdQ3rZVm1Pwnp5LpEPv9V7yH73GIkh8NZG07yYK2KPUTu5nDY5b6FcsD9Z68ddFIEprN6DGlWV7X6D8/s658/clip_114271639%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="658" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-l3hV7ecOvKF-MI4fAis2lV4ovxSYFtEkoxKJ3Nd3qOl48qJyTKfK979nDkQxnlp54V6K2QCDfRUkk2xYgfGuNoXGOzb05matkAHS8JPbCdQ3rZVm1Pwnp5LpEPv9V7yH73GIkh8NZG07yYK2KPUTu5nDY5b6FcsD9Z68ddFIEprN6DGlWV7X6D8/s320/clip_114271639%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Within a period of less than six months a large new industry, affiliated with both the automobile and the oil business, has grown to full stature in Los Angeles. And, like so many other ideas
created in the metropolis, it is spreading to other cities and to other States.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The new industry is the auto laundry, designed to wash cars quickly, economically and efficiently. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A former Los Angeles school boy, today a leading young business man, is chiefly responsible for the auto laundry business in California, because of his inventive genius, vision and business
initiative. He is Vernon Edler, president of the Vernon Edler Corporation, manufacturers and distributors of auto laundry equipment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For several years Mr. Edler had been distributor for a manufacturer making small, one-man car washing plants. Two years ago he had come to the realization that larger plants for volume washing
must be perfected. His first opportunity to put theory into practice, came with the construction of the pioneer auto laundry established a year and a half ago by B. K. Gillespie on Vermont avenue. Edler’s equipment
and general plans were adopted, although the circular track was Gillespie’s invention.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm10">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 30, 1927, part 6, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler continued supplying car wash equipment to numerous other auto laundries.</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrkk_BzOiM07ZeOmn-uO4Y9rsD0e0dWel4AviPo2Mvrs0jBjQ4Ka_2mUMb7yWJ9KOBplNcd8uGzrpicoMhXCDuj9ZiqS-wk6jyE_WqQWXa41vUjpWDpZq3y9PR1qG74CYdT8M1pNpnJGJmfEjS90iF40Irscn-xK5-RatPt4aL882fl3l7qJY0MVv/s1555/clip_114273049.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1555" data-original-width="1281" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrkk_BzOiM07ZeOmn-uO4Y9rsD0e0dWel4AviPo2Mvrs0jBjQ4Ka_2mUMb7yWJ9KOBplNcd8uGzrpicoMhXCDuj9ZiqS-wk6jyE_WqQWXa41vUjpWDpZq3y9PR1qG74CYdT8M1pNpnJGJmfEjS90iF40Irscn-xK5-RatPt4aL882fl3l7qJY0MVv/s320/clip_114273049.jpg" width="264" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 27, 1927, part 6, page 24.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8">Following Edler’s success, the Bean Spray Pump Company reorganized in 1928 as The John Bean Manufacturing Company, and entered into a partnership with Edler and others to build, manufacture
and market a line of car wash equipment. </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[T]he Company has now established an automotive division to handle the merchandising of auto laundries. A working arrangement has been completed with the Baker-Hansen Manufacturing Company
and the Vernon-Edler system of car washing, and this now gives the Company a most complete line of auto laundry equipment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The San Francisco Examiner</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 14, 1928, page 25.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Meanwhile, B. K. Gillespie was expanding his own car wash empire. He opened one in Pasadena. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDBg_4NHBD0j7KSX-yxzQD-I1MRm8xalMeLX1cLHIaOIv8V4lf8052Vb630GyS4PG6foL_rdY18UZUEtNQ-_nmgphBv9_Iqj7MMYarSBBfAAfbOFipAbphDw41NocReMRn4s9tOFbO5IpDsZo4xEyfAY2LS5hQnxXmYNNWLiWI9NQ2ezBJz46a3H5E/s1770/clip_114257604.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1277" data-original-width="1770" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDBg_4NHBD0j7KSX-yxzQD-I1MRm8xalMeLX1cLHIaOIv8V4lf8052Vb630GyS4PG6foL_rdY18UZUEtNQ-_nmgphBv9_Iqj7MMYarSBBfAAfbOFipAbphDw41NocReMRn4s9tOFbO5IpDsZo4xEyfAY2LS5hQnxXmYNNWLiWI9NQ2ezBJz46a3H5E/s320/clip_114257604.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">On the giant track that carries the car are found many men awaiting the car. First, a high-pressure hose is trained on the springs and under parts of the chassis, removing quickly all the
foreign matter from that part of the car. . . . This operation is swiftly concluded, and then the body is washed, these men leaving to make way for those who handle the vacuum cleaners. And so the process is carried through
until the car leaves the entrance again, to be rolled off the track and out into the parking space, unless there is greasing and polishing to be done.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . B. K. Gillespie, patentee and director . . . . Mr. Gillespie is also president of the Gillespie System, Inc. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Pasadena Evening Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 11, 1927, Automotive Section, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And when opened one in Oakland, also called the El Patio, he reportedly used sprayers supplied by the Hardie Manufacturing Company, not Bean or Edler.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Hardie Car Washer employed by El Patio is the last word in machinery of this type. Using a vaporized soft water stream under pressure the washer strips the car of all accumulation of
dirt and grease in record time. As the car starts its trip around the moving circular track, the first operation - that of cleaning the chassis and wheels - is accomplished by four men armed with nozzles attached to the Hardie
car washing machinery. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Oakland Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 28, 1927, Automotive Section, O-9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gillespie eventually expanded into a “national chain of similar establishments,”<a href="#footnotelxiv"><sup>lxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxivback"></a> with additional locations
in at least, Long Beach, California,<a href="#footnotelxv"><sup>lxv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxvback"></a> Atlanta, Georgia,<a href="#footnotelxvi"><sup>lxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotelxviback"></a> Tulsa, Oklahoma,<a href="#footnotelxvii"><sup>lxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxviiback"></a>
and St. Louis, Missouri.<a href="#footnotelxviii"><sup>lxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxviiiback"></a> His major investors included John Hertz, who founded Hertz Rent-a-Car, and Will Hays, the “movie czar,” who
gave his name to Hollywood’s Hays Code.<a href="#footnotelxix"><sup>lxix</sup></a><a id="footnotelxixback"></a></span></p><span class="tm8">One aspect of the Gillespie system, as implemented in at least two locations, is something the screenwriter of </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cINFeXqwbDo"><span class="tm8">the 1967 film, Cool Hand Luke</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, might have suggested.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One feature of interest is that the [Gillespie] system uses girls entirely for window washing.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Tulsa World</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Oklahoma), November 4, 1928, section 2, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The lower photo shows the car just before it emerges from El Patio. The girls swarming over it are cleaning the glass inside and out.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis52NAWuQ58u_sJzkCfnkqwPFuznsjc7JBrG5Atv1DhJwqn0014evvFBd1_gZHiutf6sohrslePUqJMaQhg4us3763wPHHN2hWNoQAab8CooaZLgLNfvI02_xvcvuazmsxXYA-kYRBIL7RcD53opBQ3vspL7hglWOazf4HrQe8cjO8I8eMQfcWPuNz/s1494/oakland%20tribune%20august%2028%201927%20girls%20windows%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="1494" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis52NAWuQ58u_sJzkCfnkqwPFuznsjc7JBrG5Atv1DhJwqn0014evvFBd1_gZHiutf6sohrslePUqJMaQhg4us3763wPHHN2hWNoQAab8CooaZLgLNfvI02_xvcvuazmsxXYA-kYRBIL7RcD53opBQ3vspL7hglWOazf4HrQe8cjO8I8eMQfcWPuNz/w400-h225/oakland%20tribune%20august%2028%201927%20girls%20windows%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Oakland Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 28, 1927, Automotive Section, page 1.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler continued to improve his version of the assembly line car wash system. He abandoned Gillespie’s circular track, in favor of an endless chain hooked to the cars to tow
them from station to station. Freed from the need for building and turning a large, heavy rotating platform, construction and operating costs were lower. Edler received a Canadian patent for his entire system, a US patent
related to the continuous moving chain system, and a US patent related to hydraulic lifts of the sort found in mechanics’ garages.<a href="#footnotelxx"><sup>lxx</sup></a> As described in
his Canadian patent, all of the washing steps were performed manually by workers standing alongside the cars; the only automated aspect of his system appears to have been the chain. </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “Bean-Edler” system became a selling point for auto laundries.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJv0nEcQ54Elu8SaIPj7yLbDKxnjZWFlMG0qC-RK7__Nwey6hLyu4eAummbJbMIlwB8qijtcrUo8jvR5pM89B1S7j1VTYk-4i9X-ynckf6iOBDT0w9yfX9CcH7wuWXj9T0faneaMZRErcR-vLJPTbFXC8K6xIjcEJnlStGU77YqVmohc6DiusMP2V/s701/clip_114508083.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="690" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJv0nEcQ54Elu8SaIPj7yLbDKxnjZWFlMG0qC-RK7__Nwey6hLyu4eAummbJbMIlwB8qijtcrUo8jvR5pM89B1S7j1VTYk-4i9X-ynckf6iOBDT0w9yfX9CcH7wuWXj9T0faneaMZRErcR-vLJPTbFXC8K6xIjcEJnlStGU77YqVmohc6DiusMP2V/s320/clip_114508083.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Vernon Edler Corporation has just completed the installation of the Bean system of auto washing for the Reel Auto Laundry, Beverly and Juanita, Los Angeles. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 16, 1927, part 6, page 14.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjla97TI2fHBQSYWBXBeZlA7O2AbiGzJJ7A9hq1Pi1AuvgqN5-qYg76n9ZN4YoT8AxqvdnqhA3X4fyJVV5U17hQCdSPk57Hn-02FN2Upz43zSX9W9Ub_rTpNUFN80IbTdAhu4CiGb8TP7zA5aUWkKXZL8Lt-wvyxHlb5va0tfVIGjqaJ8_bJEVTamPj/s1745/clip_114265951.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1519" data-original-width="1745" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjla97TI2fHBQSYWBXBeZlA7O2AbiGzJJ7A9hq1Pi1AuvgqN5-qYg76n9ZN4YoT8AxqvdnqhA3X4fyJVV5U17hQCdSPk57Hn-02FN2Upz43zSX9W9Ub_rTpNUFN80IbTdAhu4CiGb8TP7zA5aUWkKXZL8Lt-wvyxHlb5va0tfVIGjqaJ8_bJEVTamPj/s320/clip_114265951.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Sacramento Bee</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 26, 1928, page 23.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxm5ptJldi_mBfJuTfskhFP1EomEIszlEput5b7t1uz_pO9n4F5vKE1q0Jzjok5ym3Sg0r-VAr_MNT5c18yd6zfas2iJwdNQ8QCJtG6ktk1mYaJYUeIJKSP5TgzuitVrDYKgklZ9vfTBfD9wME_MBSP7wS6hhqhxBiL8nWWM_VGMUIyaHKJNSJ64C/s3563/clip_114257677.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2091" data-original-width="3563" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxm5ptJldi_mBfJuTfskhFP1EomEIszlEput5b7t1uz_pO9n4F5vKE1q0Jzjok5ym3Sg0r-VAr_MNT5c18yd6zfas2iJwdNQ8QCJtG6ktk1mYaJYUeIJKSP5TgzuitVrDYKgklZ9vfTBfD9wME_MBSP7wS6hhqhxBiL8nWWM_VGMUIyaHKJNSJ64C/s320/clip_114257677.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Salt Lake Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 22, 1930, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCDMiv-qwVZVyA5U0djogVA10sYT0knXkWEWRDCCoGfNknl0lsPQbkvUSw8TWdMnPeEV2Cc67tjgE8pIVtfYEJ6AhLchQ3nW7zuVeg0WYK48LCtwGL3lQZ2xGb5a8YsifLqHxYp5Drh3cuFYq8rsMD3gJNQT3znkEEV1gaDrTpJx-UyRFhYStB98dZ/s1997/edler%20system%20sacramento%201928.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1480" data-original-width="1997" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCDMiv-qwVZVyA5U0djogVA10sYT0knXkWEWRDCCoGfNknl0lsPQbkvUSw8TWdMnPeEV2Cc67tjgE8pIVtfYEJ6AhLchQ3nW7zuVeg0WYK48LCtwGL3lQZ2xGb5a8YsifLqHxYp5Drh3cuFYq8rsMD3gJNQT3znkEEV1gaDrTpJx-UyRFhYStB98dZ/s320/edler%20system%20sacramento%201928.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Cross section of our laundry showing the famous Edler System.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Sacramento Bee </span></i><span class="tm8">(Sacramento, California), September 26, 1928, page 23</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYja2nSSvFi3rzRE7rplgAibmB0TwaJFk0RWNiqaNMitOwPR6spp05FrUe4z9uArkH2uIr10Py12zIV966SB1QDaqfLZ5zNtoLD5c3bqvtR6fABgpHUdsR8xdV9DyG3hdjp8OF9u9dvDd1l0g5D3gyaLqp20o0kzl7OHv3vFpnL_6lw328Qzz5HYrM/s3349/hartford%20courant%20march%2028%201929%20page%2015.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1802" data-original-width="3349" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYja2nSSvFi3rzRE7rplgAibmB0TwaJFk0RWNiqaNMitOwPR6spp05FrUe4z9uArkH2uIr10Py12zIV966SB1QDaqfLZ5zNtoLD5c3bqvtR6fABgpHUdsR8xdV9DyG3hdjp8OF9u9dvDd1l0g5D3gyaLqp20o0kzl7OHv3vFpnL_6lw328Qzz5HYrM/s320/hartford%20courant%20march%2028%201929%20page%2015.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySjzhTz1_aX_iG9xsFT3tPrtumQ-0Qlm9DswIjyyfLYXQoPy9ErHLsskbUZvxpULJ_9y7uuiPmb5-SRAxUu4EiLP_LfGUol9u652ODwYJxleDcS-F-UQYmWY4NUKRpfrSq0r0NokOCVWYk6u20xScWRFb5oC_GY9aHdDWP4ldnyW4Meo3hRuy17af/s4921/hartford%20courant%20march%2028%201929%20page%2015%20text.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1751" data-original-width="4921" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySjzhTz1_aX_iG9xsFT3tPrtumQ-0Qlm9DswIjyyfLYXQoPy9ErHLsskbUZvxpULJ_9y7uuiPmb5-SRAxUu4EiLP_LfGUol9u652ODwYJxleDcS-F-UQYmWY4NUKRpfrSq0r0NokOCVWYk6u20xScWRFb5oC_GY9aHdDWP4ldnyW4Meo3hRuy17af/s320/hartford%20courant%20march%2028%201929%20page%2015%20text.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Hartford Courant</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Hartford, Connecticut), March 28, 1929, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Vernon Edler also provided the equipment for the Pacific Auto Laundry, the “World’s Largest Auto Laundry,” located near Hollywood<a href="#footnotelxxi"><sup>lxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxiback"></a>
and co-owned by the film director, William Beaudine (</span><i><span class="tm10">Billy the Kid Versus Dracula</span></i><span class="tm8"> and </span><i><span class="tm10">Jesse James Meets Frankenstein’s Daughter</span></i><span class="tm8">) and silent film star, William Russell (</span><i><span class="tm10">Danger Patrol</span></i><span class="tm8"> and </span><i><span class="tm10">Girls Gone Wild</span></i><span class="tm8">).</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfZQz_AcwhAB7VXMS414WbB-m_A6dTZTsrKb_2Yy5EEIadZDnywR-MudZi5_NOPiwBhEudDCtat2BJT1kDgUwVA5R75yqLPgY1X3kEgc0ykV9Ka32bowGIs1oSuAwxYTc7_kIc5kUcy9Tgrmjoej85tofGZXsre9vYy-OcyOsv2-aI5YWRZt3rWOD/s1713/hollywoodvagabon01vaga_0283.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1713" data-original-width="1285" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfZQz_AcwhAB7VXMS414WbB-m_A6dTZTsrKb_2Yy5EEIadZDnywR-MudZi5_NOPiwBhEudDCtat2BJT1kDgUwVA5R75yqLPgY1X3kEgc0ykV9Ka32bowGIs1oSuAwxYTc7_kIc5kUcy9Tgrmjoej85tofGZXsre9vYy-OcyOsv2-aI5YWRZt3rWOD/s320/hollywoodvagabon01vaga_0283.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Hollywood Vagabond</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 1, Number 26, September 8, 1927.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ8YSInxyrMJdLH_fWu5dr8HE75Y7W-DrOEFAf7CDmDCN14T1jhffnIbOcNnKMKbg1mDaeuOoYZn8wWoqpBtMOYgNrIq7uphf44MjqcZjI0Z4F9iLv3gp9d0aN4g7D9AaeN8F_ZpVrK-JypKkiwAPVFWKiw9MwQigeqA5eEapbRylST2BNpuI1OfgU/s1279/clip_114286265.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="1279" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ8YSInxyrMJdLH_fWu5dr8HE75Y7W-DrOEFAf7CDmDCN14T1jhffnIbOcNnKMKbg1mDaeuOoYZn8wWoqpBtMOYgNrIq7uphf44MjqcZjI0Z4F9iLv3gp9d0aN4g7D9AaeN8F_ZpVrK-JypKkiwAPVFWKiw9MwQigeqA5eEapbRylST2BNpuI1OfgU/s320/clip_114286265.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 11, 1927, part 6, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpeJEVK7IgsNxc9SpMYu6qo9TTqxHYu2uzFDYB5euTJrQWaRwRFqgPOAuTGJq99Ohttm-JPGIrEbLamrawIBwMsaNHQm9RunpVxsy-BeyqIDQg4DW3BvjjY-M7bPMT7A1LneShMNDcWrMGP_Ffy_8bfFH8ghbk5dFbTwe55eypQZQk8IHXkdoClZJo/s1926/newmoviemagazine02weir_0366.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1658" data-original-width="1926" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpeJEVK7IgsNxc9SpMYu6qo9TTqxHYu2uzFDYB5euTJrQWaRwRFqgPOAuTGJq99Ohttm-JPGIrEbLamrawIBwMsaNHQm9RunpVxsy-BeyqIDQg4DW3BvjjY-M7bPMT7A1LneShMNDcWrMGP_Ffy_8bfFH8ghbk5dFbTwe55eypQZQk8IHXkdoClZJo/s320/newmoviemagazine02weir_0366.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">New Movie Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 2, Number 3, September 1930, page 92.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One of the reasons why most of the cars one sees on the streets of Hollywood shine until they dazzle the eye, is the Pacific Auto Laundry located on Vine Street, a short distance below the
famous Brown Derby. The PAL, as it is called, is owned by William Beaudine, First National director, and is one of the most successful establishments in Hollywood. All day long it is filled with cars waiting to be washed,
greased, polished and otherwise made pretty, a sight that brings a smile to Bill’s face, when he can find time from making pictures to look it over. the late William Russell was also part owner of the PAL, his share
now forming part of his estate.</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">New Movie Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 2, Number 3, September 1930, page 91.</span></p> <p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVQGPXzP0ErBHQcoNdBNXZCxXbF-0SplND293PjW3R7mxScszcFONaFRLoKW-O_glTax5uHq4hFH52zPyef2UTrWR8EaUuJqz8o28FzEJnJhrRe2JEWn5NqdWvElxlE7-DwqMqiyCUMGn0nI3gtIZDcZ6hSQz8bjTbd1hZdUkRrmPf7ONJ_1YveSGr/s4718/clip_114328130.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4718" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVQGPXzP0ErBHQcoNdBNXZCxXbF-0SplND293PjW3R7mxScszcFONaFRLoKW-O_glTax5uHq4hFH52zPyef2UTrWR8EaUuJqz8o28FzEJnJhrRe2JEWn5NqdWvElxlE7-DwqMqiyCUMGn0nI3gtIZDcZ6hSQz8bjTbd1hZdUkRrmPf7ONJ_1YveSGr/s320/clip_114328130.jpg" width="320" /></a><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm10">Hollywood Daily Citizen News</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 1, 1927, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The owners of the Pacific Auto Laundry had big plans. Their manager planned on taking a scale model of their plant on a tour of the Midwest and East Coast to gauge interest. “The
‘P-A-L’ system will shortly be introduced in every large city in the United States, according to Russell, who is already optioning ground leases in the West.”<a href="#footnotelxxii"><sup>lxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxiiback"></a></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gillespie, Bean-Edler and “P-A-L” systems were all semi-automated, in that only the conveyor system was automated. The next big advancement in car wash technology arrived
nearly two decades later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Full Automation</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first fully automated car wash systems, with automatic spray, wash brushes and dryers, were put into service in 1946. They were the brainchild of Leo J. Rousseau, an “ex-machinist”<a href="#footnotelxxiii"><sup>lxxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxiiiback"></a>
and “foundry executive.”<a href="#footnotelxxiv"><sup>lxxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxivback"></a> In 1947, they were put into mass production and sold all over the country. Rousseau’s rise was so great
that in 1950, he was awarded the Horatio Alger Award for “Getting to Top the Hard Way.” Conrad Hilton (Hilton Hotels) and Charles Revson (Revlon cosmetics) received the same honor the same year.<a href="#footnotelxxv"><sup>lxxv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYwe8ux1HoNIHGokkhBR8d9ELy8HJ7nPMwv5SN3wRjydRQ5aTeKkwA5vZRiMH-G8_0yJLGct9RALXXIMtFoNxC1yL7tAm-PoPak653y-_cBwGJo3A-etRF-5mPeQXaxVwkHFGeASR69wT_RNqRgXEyqT1iczhflmdIrRwVFtf4Ccr5sPKLZ16-IzaA/s682/rousseau%201943%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="477" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYwe8ux1HoNIHGokkhBR8d9ELy8HJ7nPMwv5SN3wRjydRQ5aTeKkwA5vZRiMH-G8_0yJLGct9RALXXIMtFoNxC1yL7tAm-PoPak653y-_cBwGJo3A-etRF-5mPeQXaxVwkHFGeASR69wT_RNqRgXEyqT1iczhflmdIrRwVFtf4Ccr5sPKLZ16-IzaA/s320/rousseau%201943%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="224" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Leo Rousseau in 1943 (NOT </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6TtCyKwNAE"><span class="tm8">Don Knotts as The Incredible Mr. Limpet</span></a></u><span class="tm8">).</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Leo J. Rousseau was a machinist working in a foundry and machine company when he came up with the idea to wash automobiles with belt-driven rotating brushes, inspired, reportedly, by a long
wait at a car wash.<a href="#footnotelxxvi"><sup>lxxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxviback"></a> He started filing patent applications for automatic brushing and drying components in 1944.<a href="#footnotelxxvii"><sup>lxxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxviiback"></a>
He built and sold his first working model in 1946, and went into mass production with nationwide franchising in 1947.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4OpW5oYz5T7zIvOF2mtQLkkDxpnUugmGxi5QeiYcEJIX3HQLJHQdRF0KUSh4p4WRDrWbVeAqxLIqoWfGat2vsR_UbJqADyaAUbibT9ySNc5TFfSHT6oqEbfzZXfyMAxE-J-zybqxY6Omodn8joexgMUoFWwb9uQ9CiBpAphg_ua8ldX8_Ab-gq26B/s3212/us%202440157%20dryer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1981" data-original-width="3212" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4OpW5oYz5T7zIvOF2mtQLkkDxpnUugmGxi5QeiYcEJIX3HQLJHQdRF0KUSh4p4WRDrWbVeAqxLIqoWfGat2vsR_UbJqADyaAUbibT9ySNc5TFfSHT6oqEbfzZXfyMAxE-J-zybqxY6Omodn8joexgMUoFWwb9uQ9CiBpAphg_ua8ldX8_Ab-gq26B/w400-h246/us%202440157%20dryer.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Top and side automatic drier.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4C69mwcA7NvpXMfePvl3GREYp1g6EiHqsYuruQQRBbXBH-fAJAZWBysh9-UbWCZ9nLoZrdQ2rKLr6clRXRstfeoyyGze5XvNN4nvwvbiPoHvAC0PUpybbKgqa7AkDmpomQNo9G_-ly1oQHKc2MqbOruAXh7izhnfIM2L-_0c65Lc761gJPkGH6Pf/s3000/us%202579866%20-%20two%20figs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="2165" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4C69mwcA7NvpXMfePvl3GREYp1g6EiHqsYuruQQRBbXBH-fAJAZWBysh9-UbWCZ9nLoZrdQ2rKLr6clRXRstfeoyyGze5XvNN4nvwvbiPoHvAC0PUpybbKgqa7AkDmpomQNo9G_-ly1oQHKc2MqbOruAXh7izhnfIM2L-_0c65Lc761gJPkGH6Pf/w289-h400/us%202579866%20-%20two%20figs.jpg" width="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Top and side whirling scrubbers.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">That much of the story is true, but the rags-to-riches angle may have been overblown. He may have been a machinist, but he was also an executive in the company, the Commerce Pattern Foundry
and Machine Company of Detroit. It was no small company. When the company’s factory was put up for auction in 1949, estimates placed the value of the factory at $3,000,000 with an inventory of $100,000. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And it was a family business of sorts. Someone named “M. A. Rousseau” (relationship unknown) was one of three named principals in the company when it was incorporated in 1922.<a href="#footnotelxxviii"><sup>lxxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxviiiback"></a>
His father, Onesime, and two brothers, Ernest and Raoul, were also executives in the company; Ernest as “founder and president”<a href="#footnotelxxix"><sup>lxxix</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxixback"></a> and Raoul
as “vice president.”<a href="#footnotelxxx"><sup>lxxx</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxback"></a> His father had been a “pioneer Michigan settler,”<a href="#footnotelxxxi"><sup>lxxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxiback"></a>
arriving in Detroit from Quebec in 1878,<a href="#footnotelxxxii"><sup>lxxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxiiback"></a> who had had a long career as a patternmaker (making forms used to make molds for the casting of metal parts)
for the Gray Motors pattern shop in Detroit, before joining his sons in management of the business.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Leo J. Rousseau’s role or title in the company hierarchy is unclear, but he was said to have been an “executive”<a href="#footnotelxxxiii"><sup>lxxxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxiiiback"></a>
or “involved in management” in some way. In about 1946, Leo broke away from the foundry and machining business, establishing a separate company, “Minit-Man, Incorporated,” to make and sell automatic
car wash machines. A trademark filing from 1948 suggests that his previous company had, at one time, had an interest in “Minit-Man,” but had assigned its interest to the new company. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is difficult to piece all of the elements of the story together, but for his part, Leo Rousseau apparently invested a substantial, personal sum of money to establish the new car wash
company. The story of his capital investment suggests a double-meaning of the company’s name, relating both to the speed of the car wash and to the means by which he funded his new enterprise - War Bonds.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Rousseau said that, “the ‘Minute Man’ built Minit-Man,” referring to Revolutionary Militiaman portrayed on advertisements for United States War Bonds. Had had been
a participant in the Payroll Savings Plan, through which participants purchased bonds with a portion of each month’s paycheck. After failing to find investors for his new car was company, he remembered his accumulated
bonds, cashed them in, and the rest is history. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_-jR5hK8NbfMScfxTEGueecizuD-R2zfqfRQ6ISN17nDHGThyJK6nYjJo4bVu1sh0Yxdxu4K-V9grTyMX3oF0xyVrq5j-rlsfUzU2d3qBTr_qPj7Z28WFW6VUIc78B8JDtUrIkaU0Argn6bboUjZuy9imP9J21v2LXimUb93mP6XbBUBfmL6yA45P/s445/war_bonds.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="343" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_-jR5hK8NbfMScfxTEGueecizuD-R2zfqfRQ6ISN17nDHGThyJK6nYjJo4bVu1sh0Yxdxu4K-V9grTyMX3oF0xyVrq5j-rlsfUzU2d3qBTr_qPj7Z28WFW6VUIc78B8JDtUrIkaU0Argn6bboUjZuy9imP9J21v2LXimUb93mP6XbBUBfmL6yA45P/s320/war_bonds.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Rousseau referred to his bonds as “Opportunity Bonds,” and was eager to spread the good news about the benefits of investing in government bonds. He arranged for a pamphlet
telling his story and the value of investing in bonds in the front seat of every car passing through one of his car washes. He called the campaign, “Put Opportunity in the Driver’s Seat.”<a href="#footnotelxxxiv"><sup>lxxxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxivback"></a>
He even borrowed the image of a minuteman used for selling War Bonds as part of the trademark for his own company.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5bHnBTBn4iPaGhiHU4-O25DnHU2lcBlcV60JSPkauBt-cVcJ5IGxQh4u0g8Qwguf0JLmJ6u5eiFVTcnK6eDa6ogDsbyzxolPXaL48l9cS7DDUPi4vVYhQJvl5bOYQRLfpSdFGgryMyvq5hSwTk-Stfu-Ia2msgpVbPZG2GEu8c489Yd9cNVwiIm1/s981/wu.89042765669-seq_334.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="981" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5bHnBTBn4iPaGhiHU4-O25DnHU2lcBlcV60JSPkauBt-cVcJ5IGxQh4u0g8Qwguf0JLmJ6u5eiFVTcnK6eDa6ogDsbyzxolPXaL48l9cS7DDUPi4vVYhQJvl5bOYQRLfpSdFGgryMyvq5hSwTk-Stfu-Ia2msgpVbPZG2GEu8c489Yd9cNVwiIm1/s320/wu.89042765669-seq_334.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Rousseau sold the equipment and franchises to form a nationwide chain of car washes. By 1952, thee were 204 in the United States and nine foreign franchises, including one in Paris.<a href="#footnotelxxxv"><sup>lxxxv</sup></a><a id="footnotelxxxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Legacy</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Everyone likes a clean car, but all of those people who contributed to the invention, growth and success of the car wash industry would have been particularly proud after the release of
</span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB0aROCl530"><span class="tm8">the film </span><i><span class="tm10">Car Wash</span></i></a><i></i></u><i></i><span class="tm8"> and its soundtrack album by Rose Royce, featuring </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB0aROCl530"><span class="tm8">their funk classic, </span><i><span class="tm10">Car Wash</span></i></a><i></i></u><i></i><span class="tm8"> - the apotheosis of car wash culture. But, on the other hand, they might have had second thoughts
about their place in pop-culture history if they had known that the </span><i><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2JrFcTJo6g"><span class="tm10">Brady Bunch</span></a></u></i><u><a><span class="tm8"> and Rip Taylor</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> would kill (or did they “kill it”?) the song in a </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2JrFcTJo6g"><span class="tm8">bizarre mash-up of </span><i><span class="tm10">Car Wash</span></i><span class="tm8"> with the </span><i><span class="tm10">Wizard of Oz </span></i><span class="tm8">on the </span><i><span class="tm10">Brady Bunch Variety Hour</span></i><span class="tm8"> TV show in 1977</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Leo J. Rousseau lived until 1979. He may have been the only one of the early “auto laundry” pioneers to live long enough to see both, or even one of those classic performances.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOpg_5Fj_2L0X1Tm9OfdXrdtvbpANcaQwqBLncxsMo3x823MtJwqLNH3R3PohyWk-XDvZWdEVQNCVACmDiYpOEw8cE5PA0Vs6m64eyPQYobJ02eU94b1oYhu_5cHqmQy44IKPS-nUAJsyOn1Q0EX0ntPljpEHQrMdU9uy3VLGEhUpg92AclZYMQryD/s2350/oakland%20tribune%20oct%2021%201928.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="2350" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOpg_5Fj_2L0X1Tm9OfdXrdtvbpANcaQwqBLncxsMo3x823MtJwqLNH3R3PohyWk-XDvZWdEVQNCVACmDiYpOEw8cE5PA0Vs6m64eyPQYobJ02eU94b1oYhu_5cHqmQy44IKPS-nUAJsyOn1Q0EX0ntPljpEHQrMdU9uy3VLGEhUpg92AclZYMQryD/w640-h344/oakland%20tribune%20oct%2021%201928.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><hr style="text-align: left;" />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> See, for example, <i><span class="tm9">Wash Talk</span></i> (Podcast), Episode 46, Meagan Kusek, <u><a href="https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing">https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing</a></u> ; “A Brief History of American Carwashing,” Meagan Kusek, <i><span class="tm9">Professional Carwashing & Detailing</span></i>, December 2017, reprinted at <i><u><a href="https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/"><span class="tm9">Carwash.com</span></a></u></i> (<u><a href="https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/">https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/</a></u> ); “Car Wash: 100 Years of Brushes,
Soap, Wax Shine and Elbow Grease,” <i><u><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876"><span class="tm9">NBCNews.com</span></a></u></i> (<u><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876">https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876</a></u>
); “Car Wash History Until the Present Day,” <i><u><a href="https://blog.tommycarwash.com/car-wash-history"><span class="tm9">Tommy Car Wash Systems Blog</span></a></u></i>, June 15, 2015 (<u><a href="https://blog.tommycarwash.com/car-wash-history">https://blog.tommycarwash.com/car-wash-history</a></u> ); “What is the History
of the Car Wash?” Tobias Holm, <i><u><a href="https://techhistorian.com/history-of-the-car-wash/"><span class="tm9">TechHistorian.com</span></a></u></i> (<u><a href="https://techhistorian.com/history-of-the-car-wash/">https://techhistorian.com/history-of-the-car-wash/</a></u> ), May 22, 2022; “The History of the Car Wash Industry,” Andrew Sheldon, <u><a href="https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/cars-trucks/auto-history/history-of-the-car-wash/">Northeast AAA Magazine online</a></u> (<u><a href="https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/cars-trucks/auto-history/history-of-the-car-wash/">https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/cars-trucks/auto-history/history-of-the-car-wash/</a></u>).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> A local man named J. Ward HInkle, or J. W. Hinkle, was “treasurer” (<i><span class="tm9">Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, May 12, 1914, page 1) or “general manager” (<i><span class="tm9">Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, January 14, 1915, page 11) of Oakview Cemetery in 1914 and 1915,
respectively. It’s possible he worked at the car wash in 1914, but he does not appear to have been one of the principles in the company. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> US824632, Charles K. Ernst, June 26, 1906 (filed April 30, 1906); US970857, Elmer F. Smith, September 20, 1910 (filed May 19, 1910).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> “Hi Lung Chang” here appears to be a reference to the Chinese politician, military officer and diplomat, Li Hung Chang,
whose name is now more commonly spelled Li Hongzhang. The use of a Chinese name likely an allusion to the fact that many traditional clothing laundries were then run by ethnic Chinese, an image that persisted into the 1970s
(<u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMjYgqFrrQ">see, for example, “We need more Calgon!”</a></u>). I have previously written about Li Hung Chang, in connection with the “Li Hung Chang” coat,
claimed to have been designed by James Waldere Kirk, the last of the “Kings of the Dudes.” See my earlier post, <u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMjYgqFrrQ">“Kings of the Dudes Part III - Western Dudes - J. Waldere Kirk and others.”</a></u> <u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMjYgqFrrQ">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMjYgqFrrQ</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, April 17, 1908, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, May 16, 1908, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 8, 1905, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> “Well-Known Reporter, Mrs. McCormick, Dies,” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 22, 1949, page 27.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> “Well-Known Reporter, Mrs. McCormick, Dies,” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 22, 1949, page 27.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> “Detroit Not Ready for De Luxe Place,” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Evening Times</span></i>, April 16, 1909, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> Not pictured, Apparatus for Use in Washing Vehicles, US1148690, Frank Klingensmith, August 3, 1915 (filed September 19, 1914). Pictured,
Apparatus for Washing Automobiles and Other Vehicles, US1158079, William F. Saunders, October 26, 1915 (filed September 22, 1914), Vehicle Washer, US1264962, Edward Muller, May 7, 1918 (filed June 8, 1915), Vehicle Washer,
US1504038, Richard L. Geaslen, August 5, 1924 (filed May 11, 1923).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> Englerth and LaBundy were in the plumbing and heating business; Hornaday was involved in construction and asphalt. Although the
article mentions their patents, a search of an online patent database failed to located those patents. It is possible that they licensed patents to someone else, but it is not clear which patents those would be. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Kentucky Post and Times-Star </span></i>(Covington, KY), April 26, 1926, page 6 (“Services for
Edward H. Lostetter, 57, manager of the Quick Service Auto Laundry Co., who died Sunday of heart disease, will be held Tuesday . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i>, January 1, 1924, page 38.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> US1526908, William J. Gates, February 17, 1925 (filed February 5, 1923).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Modern View </span></i>(St. Louis, Missouri), September 30, 1921, page 72.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> US1540743, Louis J. Badaracco, June 9, 1925 (filed April 14, 1923); US1540744, Louis J. Badaracco, June 9, 1925 (filed April
21, 1923).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">San Francisco Examiner</span></i>, September 14, 1928, page 25.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> “Spraying Demonstration in Valley Orchards,” <i><span class="tm9">The Van Nuys News</span></i> (Van Nuys, California), December 12, 1919, page 4 (“How to spray for California peach blight and shot-hole of the apricot were particularly dealt with. Vernon Edler, representative
of the Bean Spray Co., was in charge of the demonstrations, which were witnessed by many interested fruit growers of the valley.”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, September 13, 1929, page 14 (“The Vernon Edler Corporation has been the
distributor of the “Bean” products in Southern California for a number of years. . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">San Francisco Examiner</span></i>, September 14, 1928, page 25.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Los Angeles Times</span></i>, October 30, 1927, part 6, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Herald-Palladium</span></i> (Benton Harbor, Michigan), October 17, 1935, page 12.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Oregon Daily Journal </span></i>(Portland), September 10, 1920, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Evening Times-Republican</span></i> (Marshalltown, Iowa), July 21, 1914, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Iowa City Press-Citizen</span></i>, April 19, 1926, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiback"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Monrovia News-Post</span></i>, May 9, 1941, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiiback"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> NOTE: “Dudine” was a gender-specific term for a female “Dude,” dude, at the time, referring to
someone who wore ostentatiously fashionable or trendy clothes. See my post,<i><u><a href="https://a-dude-a-day.blogspot.com/2021/04/dudess-dudine-dudette-or-dudelet.html"><span class="tm9"> Dudess, Dudine, Dudette or Dudelet - a Feminine Dude by any other name would “Swell” as Sweet</span></a></u></i>. The word “dude” had only recently been coined, in 1883. See my post,
<i><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2015/02/dudes-dodos-and-fopdoodles-history-and.html"><span class="tm9">Dudes, Dodos and Fopdoodles</span></a></u></i>.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxixback"><sup>xxix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Morning Democrat</span></i> (Davenport, Iowa), February 12, 1884, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxx"></a><a href="#footnotexxxback"><sup>xxx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Quad City Times</span></i>, June 30, 1887, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiback"><sup>xxxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i>, May 21, 1891, page 12.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiback"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe-Democrat,</span></i> December 11, 1892, page 20.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiiback"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, August 7, 1897, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxivback"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Boston Evening Transcript</span></i>, August 10, 1897, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxvback"><sup>xxxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Democrat and Chronicle</span></i> (Rochester, New York), September 19, 1897, page 15. The report of her
death lists her name as “Mary E.,” as opposed to “Mamie E. Wilde.” It is not clear whether that was a typo, an alternative or indicative that it was someone else altogether, although circumstances suggest
it was the same family.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviback"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Buffalo Courier</span></i>, February 26, 1898, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiback"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Henderson’s British Columbia Gazetteer and Directory, and Mining Companies for 1898</span></i>,
Volume 5, Victoria and Vancouver BC, 1898, page 705.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiiback"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Minneapolis Journal</span></i>, October 23, 1901, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxxixback"><sup>xxxix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Beaumont Enterprise</span></i>, August 20, 1901, page 6 (“Wells - none and none drilling.
Holdings: Own in fee simple 192 acres . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexl"></a><a href="#footnotexlback"><sup>xl</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, January 24, 1926, part 5, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexli"></a><a href="#footnotexliback"><sup>xli</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, January 31, 1926, part 5, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlii"></a><a href="#footnotexliiback"><sup>xlii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.zillow.com/homedetails/400-S-Rampart-Blvd-Los-Angeles-CA-90057/2107738569_zpid/">https://www.zillow.com/homedetails/400-S-Rampart-Blvd-Los-Angeles-CA-90057/2107738569_zpid/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexliii"></a><a href="#footnotexliiiback"><sup>xliii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Evening Citizen News</span></i>, March 29, 1924, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexliv"></a><a href="#footnotexlivback"><sup>xliv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, March 30, 1924, part 5, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlv"></a><a href="#footnotexlvback"><sup>xlv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Evening Post-Record</span></i>, April 19, 1926, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlvi"></a><a href="#footnotexlviback"><sup>xlvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, May 10, 1908, part VIII, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlvii"></a><a href="#footnotexlviiback"><sup>xlvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, November 21, 1909, part VIII, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlviii"></a><a href="#footnotexlviiiback"><sup>xlviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Desert Sun</span></i> (Palm Springs), January 7, 1938, page 9.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexlix"></a><a href="#footnotexlixback"><sup>xlix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Spokesman-Review</span></i> (Spokane, Washington), August 6, 1936, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotel"></a><a href="#footnotelback"><sup>l</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Vancouver Sun </span></i>(Vancouver, British Columbia), August 25, 1936, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteli"></a><a href="#footnoteliback"><sup>li</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/">https://www.findagrave.com/</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelii"></a><a href="#footnoteliiback"><sup>lii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Los Angeles Times</span></i>, October 30, 1927, part 6, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteliii"></a><a href="#footnoteliiiback"><sup>liii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Tribune</span></i>, April 26, 1896, page 7.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteliv"></a><a href="#footnotelivback"><sup>liv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Tribune</span></i>, May 1, 1896, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelv"></a><a href="#footnotelvback"><sup>lv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Tribune</span></i>, October 16, 1900, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelvi"></a><a href="#footnotelviback"><sup>lvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Tribune</span></i>, September 2, 1902, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelvii"></a><a href="#footnotelviiback"><sup>lvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Herald</span></i>, December 10, 1903, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelviii"></a><a href="#footnotelviiiback"><sup>lviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Sun-Advocate</span></i> (Price, Utah), September 9, 1909, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelix"></a><a href="#footnotelixback"><sup>lix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Los Angeles Times</span></i>, September 13, 1929, page 14.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelx"></a><a href="#footnotelxback"><sup>lx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, July 14, 1976, part 2, page 1. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxi"></a><a href="#footnotelxiback"><sup>lxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, May 3, 1964, section J, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxii"></a><a href="#footnotelxiiback"><sup>lxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i>, October 19, 1976, page 17.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxiii"></a><a href="#footnotelxiiiback"><sup>lxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Evening Sun </span></i>(Hanover, Pennsylvania), January 16, 1986, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxiv"></a><a href="#footnotelxivback"><sup>lxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Atlanta Constitution</span></i>, May 13, 1928, page 3B.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxv"></a><a href="#footnotelxvback"><sup>lxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Long Beach Press Telegram</span></i>, June 16, 1928, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxvi"></a><a href="#footnotelxviback"><sup>lxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Atlanta Constitution</span></i>, May 13, 1928, page 3B.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxvii"></a><a href="#footnotelxviiback"><sup>lxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Tulsa World</span></i>, November 4, 1928, page 39.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxviii"></a><a href="#footnotelxviiiback"><sup>lxviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe</span></i>, August 12, 1928, page 12S.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxix"></a><a href="#footnotelxixback"><sup>lxix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe</span></i>, August 26, 1928, page S9.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxx"></a><a href="#footnotelxxback"><sup>lxx</sup></a> CA 302426, US 1720785, US 1719538.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxi"></a><a href="#footnotelxxiback"><sup>lxxi</sup></a> Other sources state that the “first automatic conveyor carwash opened in Hollywood, California, in 1940.” This is
not accurate, as one opened in Hollywood in 1927, and it was not even the first one. See, for example, “A Brief History of American Carwashing,” Meagan Kusek, <i><span class="tm9">Professional Carwashing & Detailing</span></i>, December 2017, reprinted at <i><u><a href="https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/"><span class="tm9">Carwash.com</span></a></u></i> (<u><a href="https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/">https://www.carwash.com/brief-history-american-carwashing/</a></u> ); “Car Wash: 100 Years of Brushes,
Soap, Wax Shine and Elbow Grease,” <i><u><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876"><span class="tm9">NBCNews.com</span></a></u></i> (<u><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876">https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/car-wash-100-years-brushes-soap-wax-shine-elbow-grease-n70876</a></u>
). </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxiiback"><sup>lxxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm25">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm26">, September 11, 1927, part 6, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxiiiback"><sup>lxxiii</sup></a> “The Alger Boys of 1950; Seven Business Leaders Honored for Getting to Top the Hard Way,” <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i>, July 30, 1950, page 3G. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxiv"></a><a href="#footnotelxxivback"><sup>lxxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i> (Iowa), April 13, 1947, section 2, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxv"></a><a href="#footnotelxxvback"><sup>lxxv</sup></a> “The Alger Boys of 1950; Seven Business Leaders Honored for Getting to Top the Hard Way,” <i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i>, July 30, 1950, page 3G. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxvi"></a><a href="#footnotelxxviback"><sup>lxxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i> (Iowa), April 13, 1947, section 2, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxvii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxviiback"><sup>lxxvii</sup></a> “Drier for Motor Vehicle Washing and Cleaning Apparatus,” April 20, 1948 (filed August 19, 1944) ; “Motor
Vehicle Cleaning Apparatus Having Rotary Brush Mounted on Pivoted Carrier,” December 1951 (filed August 3, 1944). He would eventually have about ten patents for various aspects of car wash technology.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxviii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxviiiback"><sup>lxxviii</sup></a> “New Michigan Corporations, Week Ending July 8, 1922,” <i><span class="tm9">Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record</span></i>, Volume 30, Number 3, July 15, 1922, page 22 (“Commerce pattern, Foundry & Machine Company, Detroit . . . M. A. Rousseau . . ., Frank R. Kirchhoff
. . ., H. W. Myler . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxix"></a><a href="#footnotelxxixback"><sup>lxxix</sup></a> Obituary of Ernest J. Rousseau, <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, June 3, 1965, page 14.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxx"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxback"><sup>lxxx</sup></a> Obituary of Raoul J. Rousseau, <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, June 16, 1962, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxxi"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxiback"><sup>lxxxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">Michigan Through the Centuries</span></i>, Willis Frederick Dunbar, New York, Lewis Historical Pub.
Co., 1955, page 328 (in a biography of Leo J. Rousseau’s son, Charles).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxxii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxiiback"><sup>lxxxii</sup></a> “Golden Wedding Mass is Sung for Couple in St. Anne’s,” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, December 3, 1933, page 8 (in a story about the golden wedding anniversary of Leo Rousseau’s parents, Onesime and Azelie).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxiiiback"><sup>lxxxiii</sup></a> “‘Minit-Man’ Inventor Thanks ‘Minute Man,’” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, August 10, 1949, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxxiv"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxivback"><sup>lxxxiv</sup></a> “‘Minit-Man’ Inventor Thanks ‘Minute Man,’” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, August 10, 1949, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotelxxxv"></a><a href="#footnotelxxxvback"><sup>lxxxv</sup></a> “Car-Wash Chain Crosses Seas,” <i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, November 21, 1952, page 14.</p>
<br /><br /><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div>Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-68091856547386923942023-03-02T13:07:00.003-08:002023-03-02T13:07:35.233-08:00Rewriting Pulp Fiction - an Unabridged History of Paper Cups<p style="text-align: left;"> <br />
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> “To the victor go the spoils.” </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“History is written by the victors.” </span></p>
<p class="tm10"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">To the extent these maxims are true in global political history, they may also hold true along the trivial margin of pop-culture history. Case in point - paper cups. Dixie Cup won the
battle for paper cup market supremacy, and the history of Dixie Cups, specifically, is frequently given as the history of paper cups, generally. But Dixie Cup is not the whole story - close, but there were predecessors and
contemporaries who made significant contributions to the technological and marketing success of paper cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Most sources say that Lawrence Luellen invented paper cups in Boston, based on his earliest-filed paper cup patent,<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> which was
filed in May of 1908 and issued in July 1912.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> At about the same time, Luellen and his brother-in-law, Hugh Moore,<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a>
created the first of a succession of predecessor companies, which would become the Dixie Cup Company more than a decade later. It’s presented as though Luellen woke up one day and decided to invent a paper cup and the
rest is history.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But even on its own terms, Luellen’s cup patent does not claim to be the first paper cup. His first-filed paper cup-related patent (filed in April 1908<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a>)
is for a vending machine, not a paper cup, and it describes the cups used as the “ordinary frusto-conical type and of some light material such as paraffin or other waterproof paper.” And his earliest paper cup
patent stresses that “the method of making” the cup did not play a part in the invention. If the cup had been new, he would have had to explain how to make it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The only distinctive thing about his cup was an “an annular flange” or “a continuous flange” at the lip of the open end of the cup, as described in his first-filed
vending machine patent and his earliest paper cup patent, respectively. The flange played a functional role in his vending machine, providing a point of leverage for the vending machinery to separate the last cup from the
stack for delivery to a customer. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen may have invented a specific form of a cup that could be used in his vending machine, but he did not “invent” the paper cup. In fact, when his cups first hit the market
in the spring of 1909, there were already “half a dozen forms of drinking cups on the market.”<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Four years earlier, for example, the “Aseptic Drinking Cup Co., Boston, distributed samples of their ‘aseptic’ drinking cup in envelopes, the cup being made of paraffined
paper and claimed to be ‘germ proof, cheap and compact.’”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> Those cups, designed by a man named John J. Shea, were sold flat, in envelopes,
and could be unfolded for use, refolded and saved in the envelope for later use. The cups were also sold to the public later that year, and widely marketed over the following few years. And in 1907, the Union Paper Cup Company
(organized in 1905) could churn out 2,000 paper cups a day, using paper cup manufacturing equipment patented by Henry R. Heyl, who also </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html">invented the stapler and the “Chinese” takeout container</a></u><span class="tm8">. The cups, patented by James C. Kimsey, were frusto-conical, tapered and stackable, like a standard paper cup. (Note: “frusto-conical” is a fancy word meaning, like a cone, but with the pointy end
cut off - in other words tapered with a flat bottom - a standard paper cup). </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">To be fair, it’s not Dixie Cup’s fault that their founders get more credit than they deserve. The history of Dixie Cup Company is well documented by the “Hugh Moore Dixie
Cup Company Collection,” held by Lafayette University, Easton, Pennsylvania. The history of the company as told through the collection appears to be a true and accurate history of the Dixie Cup company. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other sources, however, mischaracterize their history as the history of paper cups in general, naming Luellen the “inventor” of the paper cup. Doing so gives him too much credit.
It also overlooks the contributions of earlier paper cup pioneers, like Shea, Heyl and Kimsey, and ignores innovations by contemporary competitors, like Henry Nias, who developed Lily Cups, and Harriet Hill, who developed
Tulip Cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen deserves much of the credit he receives, but not for inventing the paper cup. He received patents in all three general classifications of paper cups (two-piece, one-piece pleated,
and one-piece conical), but he was not the first in any of those categories. His true genius was in developing the dispensers and vending machines that made paper cups convenient and profitable. Luellen’s dispensers
and vending machines accelerated the widespread adoption of paper cups. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Since in the 1890s, health authorities had been advocating the use of individual paper cups to stop the spread of disease, even suggesting the use of paper cup vending machines. At the
time, it was typical to have a tin cup on a chain at public water coolers or other drinking water sources, which was shared by anyone and everyone who needed a drink. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But change was slow. And even as the public became more generally aware of the dangers of germs and other hidden dangers lurking in the shared drinking cup, the lack of a practical alternative
made imposing change difficult. The availability of Shea’s collapsible paper cup after 1905, and the manufacturing capabilities of the Union Paper Cup Company at about the same time, did nothing to change the situation.
People who wanted them could get them, but they were not easily available at the water source.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen’s machines appear to have changed the equation. Shortly after his vending machines, dispensers and cups were available, state after state started banning the use of common
drinking cups on railroads and in other public places. The first state to impose such a ban was Kansas, Luellen and Moore’s home state, where their contacts may have helped grease the skids. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Once the Kansas domino fell, it triggered a wave of similar laws and policies by other state and local governments, as well as private industries, to do away with the public drinking cup
in favor of individual paper cups. And frequently, if not usually (at least in the early days), when government agencies or companies announced the ban, they specifically adopted Luellen’s system. Several competitors
soon threw their hats - or cups - into the ring, but it was the Luellen’s vending machines, dispensers and cups that created the market, by making it convenient and profitable to provide paper alternatives where they
were needed. For that he should get credit - but not for “inventing” the paper cup.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5yKkoY9roYJ_l_PW8rvqmJ-L9Zt1dgkYMAyPWxxT7QFwC1dxwIgm0qdXFi_8BSytEKzG8uwzzUwuV0-c_E15Ib564TNmGQK1-8El8rkJvARdIlWEDeBD5lYrulpRFq6Mjg6IS5JFBpfpv3OEfRnY1g107eXKJUcMq30VLxk4rdK3Urx3c2IvHC5n/s2017/popular%20mechanics%20vol%2011%20no%202%20feb%201909%20page%20138%20luellen%20vending%20machine%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2017" data-original-width="1004" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5yKkoY9roYJ_l_PW8rvqmJ-L9Zt1dgkYMAyPWxxT7QFwC1dxwIgm0qdXFi_8BSytEKzG8uwzzUwuV0-c_E15Ib564TNmGQK1-8El8rkJvARdIlWEDeBD5lYrulpRFq6Mjg6IS5JFBpfpv3OEfRnY1g107eXKJUcMq30VLxk4rdK3Urx3c2IvHC5n/w199-h400/popular%20mechanics%20vol%2011%20no%202%20feb%201909%20page%20138%20luellen%20vending%20machine%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="199" /></a></span></div>
<p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pre-History of the Paper Cup</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Paper cups were apparently known in China more than two millennia ago,<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a> although the use does not appear to have been
continuous, and did not directly influence the modern development and use of paper cups. The modern invention of paper drinking vessels in Europe and the United States began with fits and starts, but does not appear to have
developed into a full-fledged industry until about 1905.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Paper cups were reported in Germany as early as 1863.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The </span><i><span class="tm14">Mercure Aptesien</span></i><span class="tm8"> states that a German has just </span><span class="tm15">invented paper cups</span><span class="tm8">, which may be used for drinking the hottest liquors, and the cost of which is only one centime!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Newcastle Daily Chronicle and Northern Counties Advertiser</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 8, 1863, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They reportedly used paper plates in Germany two decades later. A report about German paper plates published in American newspaper suggested the possibility of using paper cups as well,
to enable a to-go cup of coffee. <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Paper has gone into use in some of the restaurants in Berlin, as plates for dry or semi-dry articles of food. There is no reason why </span><span class="tm15">cheap paper cups</span><span class="tm8">, properly glazed should not be employed at railroad stations, so that passengers could take a cup of coffee along with them, instead of hastily drinking it at a lunch
counter.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Daily Cairo Bulletin</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Cairo, Illinois), December 11, 1881, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A few years later, humorous commentary about the many new uses to which paper had recently been put imagined a world with even more new paper products - including paper cups. If </span><i><span class="tm14">The Graduate</span></i><span class="tm8"> had been written a century earlier, perhaps Benjamin would have been encouraged to go into “paper,” instead of “Plastics!”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">But the end [of the Paper Age] is not yet. We are, in reality, only just entering upon the border, so to speak, of the genuine paper age. In a few short years, in our paper shirts and paper
trousers, we shall sit down to our paper tables, upon our paper chairs, and drink our coffee out of our </span><span class="tm15">paper cups</span><span class="tm8"> and eat our eggs with paper spoons. . . . . - </span><i><span class="tm14">New York Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Abbeville Press and Banner </span></i><span class="tm8">(Abbeville, South Carolina), October 28, 1885, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Meanwhile, they were already using “paper cups” to serve “ices” in England, although perhaps not for beverages.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-SkoYq9xPjtZp0cxvvYe-Z3671VGeDcyLbXi-pznMeaIvfBctthXC-eeauY8Q92XdFrM_jxZBYu6g3SlDBqRLnzhjW2BU28687fGHEugPoVkjnxbKP_eRN_vPikJ0ZMfCXyNgVSCgrot_3a47_9ZxA71HKg8K38ujCz6reCB7kGQ3ckK-_rDIXEK/s732/western%20mail%20cardiff%201874%20paper%20cups%20ices.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="732" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-SkoYq9xPjtZp0cxvvYe-Z3671VGeDcyLbXi-pznMeaIvfBctthXC-eeauY8Q92XdFrM_jxZBYu6g3SlDBqRLnzhjW2BU28687fGHEugPoVkjnxbKP_eRN_vPikJ0ZMfCXyNgVSCgrot_3a47_9ZxA71HKg8K38ujCz6reCB7kGQ3ckK-_rDIXEK/s320/western%20mail%20cardiff%201874%20paper%20cups%20ices.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Western Mail </span></i><span class="tm8">(Cardiff, Wales), July 11, 1874, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Europeans were not the only ones making paper vessels of one kind or another. Paper “milk pails and water pails” were advertised for sale in the United States as early as 1872.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A New York firm advertises paper milk pails and water pails - in short a very large variety of household utensils made from paper, and we can readily believe they are light, convenient and
artistic, and not liable to “go to staves,” or to break when let fall by the “hired help.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Wisconsin State Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Madison, Wisconsin), November 7, 1872, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1876, John Stevens filed for a patent on an “Improvement in Dies for Pressing Paper Vessels” (US203670; filed June 1876, granted May 1878). The invention related to “open
vessels, such as wash-basins, milk-pans, &c., from pasteboard.” These products do not appear to have been designed for drinking, but it does show the early use of paper for vessels intended for use with liquids.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The year 1876 was the same year in which another, now-famous, “water tight” paper product was first patented - the folded “Chinese” takeout container. See my earlier
post, “</span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html">Chinese Food, Staplers and Oysters - Unboxing the Mani-fold History of the ‘Chinese’ Takeout Container</a></u><span class="tm8">.”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1881, Alphonso G. Williams patented “a new and useful Improvement in Paper Bottles” (US250469). The so-called “bottle” was rectangular, and likely more like what
we might call a carton today. It was said to be designed as a “receptacle for liquids or solids or dry substances, such as baking and other powders.” The claimed advantage of paper bottles was that a “bottle
of this class is lighter than and cannot be broken as easily as one of glass, and is cheaper than glass, wood, or tin.” Williams did not invent the paper bottle, but made improvements. His claimed improvement related
to a “thicker paper-board top” with an opening to receive a stopper.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">By 1887 , the American Paper Bottle Company, with offices in Chicago, New York and London, was making and selling “paper bottles” for “ink, blacking, dyes, paints, polish,
blues [(laundry whitener)], gum, sanitary and disinfecting preparations, and numerous other objects.” Their business appears to have been built around patents granted to Levi H. Thomas of Chicago, Illinois. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Levi Thomas was a medical doctor, serial inventor and entrepreneur. He was born in Vermont in about 1836.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a> He received
his medical degree from Castleton Medical College in 1859,<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> and set up a practice in Waterbury, Vermont. Thomas built a better bear trap, receiving a patent for
it in 1865 (US49174). The trap was of the classic “bear trap” style that opens into a circle and closes onto the leg. His version had a levers designed to make it safer and easier to set the trap.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXikJ00LcDZKZSHD9PgopS0GSKVabohXwczs4q9i_-BJ_A89SJaUl1iRWQbaFrfnNFb_1DwAW-q43_cMDUteVxnRdckIzpe69hR_gpNvOazbRKRHBAfq1KERzVL-Uadfs_PmeuCPojGMsEI8f3ps-snvl2pUG9KDhuzbj_ce2QCPeXLxWNLB3EUEM9/s2127/us49174%20levi%20thomas%20trap.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2127" data-original-width="1610" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXikJ00LcDZKZSHD9PgopS0GSKVabohXwczs4q9i_-BJ_A89SJaUl1iRWQbaFrfnNFb_1DwAW-q43_cMDUteVxnRdckIzpe69hR_gpNvOazbRKRHBAfq1KERzVL-Uadfs_PmeuCPojGMsEI8f3ps-snvl2pUG9KDhuzbj_ce2QCPeXLxWNLB3EUEM9/s320/us49174%20levi%20thomas%20trap.jpg" width="242" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Levi Thomas and a partner patented a “toy boat” in 1876 (US53787). The “boat” was a child’s riding toy. The boat was mounted in a base painted to look like
water, and rocked when propelled, to mimic the movement of a boat on water. It could be propelled by a set of “oars” attached to a ratchet-and-pawl mechanism that moved a set of wheels. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5A92dLIuR_DvaGgJLLLNdxmKDQ6lVjq_U-JMXa2n9I6ZOc9RZJLTgHvOf_bswhkcTndQ1eS4MjEED4Hx88OcZUupMQusljMCUyxlBcY0ZXlwayfvqqaNMe1s3Ii-IZmmkpaWAtHNyxmR1s2i2A2Zao50kQFTq-Gn0Wp_B27hyjFbOvgrj7Sc3AWRP/s2003/us53787%20levi%20thomas%20toy%20boat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2003" data-original-width="1828" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5A92dLIuR_DvaGgJLLLNdxmKDQ6lVjq_U-JMXa2n9I6ZOc9RZJLTgHvOf_bswhkcTndQ1eS4MjEED4Hx88OcZUupMQusljMCUyxlBcY0ZXlwayfvqqaNMe1s3Ii-IZmmkpaWAtHNyxmR1s2i2A2Zao50kQFTq-Gn0Wp_B27hyjFbOvgrj7Sc3AWRP/s320/us53787%20levi%20thomas%20toy%20boat.jpg" width="292" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1880, the United States Census listed Thomas him as a “manufacturer of ink,” living in Chicago. He was the assignee of an 1883 patent to a man named William Auble, for a
metallic ink bottle, with a protective inner coating to prevent corrosion caused by contact between the ink and the metallic housing (US286893). Thomas’ own variations on that patent would become the foundation of his
American Paper Bottle Company, which would make a variety of “paper bottles,” precursors to paper cups. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Levi’s contribution was to substitute paper for metal, and providing the paper interior with a “water proof” coating. He received two patents on the very same day in 1885;
one for a paper shoe polish bottle with a water-proof lining and paper bottom (US331842), one for a tubular paper ink bottle with a protective, water-proof lining with a bottom “of wood or other rigid material”
(US331843), and a third for a “package for laundry blueing,” of similar construction, but with water-proof interior coating and a paper bottom (US331844). The two patents with paper bottoms would easily have served
as a paper cups, if the tops were left off and if the market had recognized the value of disposable paper cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The selling-points for all of these inventions were lower costs of manufacture, lighter weight, and less likely to break than the glass, metal or wooden alternatives. The inventions appear
to have been successful. A third patent to a man named Crowell, issued in 1887 for a machine to apply the water-proof coating to the interior of the bottles (US360952), was assigned to the “American Paper Bottle Company
of New York,” although the company also had offices in Chicago.<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The American Paper Bottle Company also sought entry into international markets. When they organized the Paper Bottle Company Limited in England that same year, they touted “Thomas’s
Patent.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">THE PAPER BOTTLE COMPANY LIMITED</span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">(THOMAS’S PATENT).</span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Extract from the Times of May 7</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> 1887.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“PAPER BOTTLES. - A novel and important industry has of late sprung up in Chicago, whence it is spreading to other parts of the United States; and is now being introduced into England.
This is the manufacture of paper bottles by a process which is the invention of Mr. L. H. Thomas, of Chicago. These bottles are unbreakable,and of various shapes and sizes suited to the requirements of the trades and manufactures
using such articles. They are produced very much more cheaply than the ordinary bottles made of glass, stoneware, or tin.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Leeds Mercury</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Leeds, England), July 15, 1887, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The American Paper Bottle Company had an exhibit at the Centennial International Exhibition at Melbourne, Australia in 1888.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The company later added a paper lamp body to their line of products, which was also invented and patented by Levi Thomas in 1889 (US403400). The burner and lamp were of conventional metal
and glass, mounted on top of a paper fuel container. It was said to be cheaper, lighter and less likely to break. Despite the promising start, the company was dissolved in 1891, with all of the patents and machinery sold
at public auction.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Levi busied himself with other businesses as well. In 1888, for example, he patented some sort of fastener for a necktie. And he eventually returned to the ink trade, as director of the
Safety Bottle and Ink Company of Jersey City, New Jersey.<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> He received a patent for his first “safety” ink bottle stopper in 1895. The stopper,
intended for use in any ink bottle, had a perforated diaphragm through which a pen tip could pass to get ink, while minimizing the likelihood of spilling ink.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLBZaUVcEhdFnJne8TWWqLSFvFItvpfI5vlv2oQUcGRco-KIQ2hLuRcgEUrcGM1Lrk1Do-UMITp729hxgT05qORMcGgZ7ZjKvipAKnmYyW_BpknbHRK4YzInpreHKPNFrjYWbPP6mZglnky4Y78sGmX9Djz-u5H10OenrD1JObl7hUw1MivriumaL4/s1681/us542399%20l%20h%20thomas%20safety%20bottle%20and%20ink.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1681" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLBZaUVcEhdFnJne8TWWqLSFvFItvpfI5vlv2oQUcGRco-KIQ2hLuRcgEUrcGM1Lrk1Do-UMITp729hxgT05qORMcGgZ7ZjKvipAKnmYyW_BpknbHRK4YzInpreHKPNFrjYWbPP6mZglnky4Y78sGmX9Djz-u5H10OenrD1JObl7hUw1MivriumaL4/s320/us542399%20l%20h%20thomas%20safety%20bottle%20and%20ink.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">So-called “safety ink bottles” were apparently one of the great, yet overlooked inventions of the age.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Safety Ink Bottles.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The great inventions of the present age have been of such tremendous application and importance that progress along lesser lines has escaped the notice of many of the public. One invention
of this character which is of great benefit but is confined to a smaller use is a safety ink bottle. This invention consists of a shallow ink rubber stopper, perforated at the base and open at the top. This is so simple
that a person looking at it would wonder why it had never been thought of before. This ink bottle is non-spillable, preventing any danger from upsetting; it provides the least space exposed to air, thus preventing loss by
evaporation. These bottles are manufactured in various styles, with different styles of tops, and placed on desk stands of convenient and suitable size, and sell more reasonable than ordinary ink wells. Paul’s Safety
Ink wells have been adopted by the Federal and State Government departments and all the leading corporations. They are manufactured by the Safety Bottle and Ink Company, Jersey City, N. J.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Geyer’s Stationer</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 33, Number 794, January 23, 1902, page 23. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Again, despite apparent initial success, his investors (including the banker August Belmont) sold the company off as a going concern in 1903, to recover an outstanding debt.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">There was more progress made during the 1890s, involving two of the three general types of paper vessels, the one-piece pleated and two-piece, frusto-conical cup (“two-piece”
refers to the use of two pieces of paper - one for the sides, and one for the bottom). In 1889, for example, John L. Colhapp patented a pleated paper pail from a single piece of paper. Remove the bail from this paper pail
and whadya got? - but an over-sized paper cup.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6k44NFkVBT9KpXQXrkwyQdQ09IQWRkagGBvi2pl2hFz3WKlOHDrTPzD5jMNGJRO3WEJSQ9jpKMVJkrKiVKhnHbfSbKslLHBLL_qdZGNbzFyUGLRFq6wNWo9m7019cXd9Tnp-pj5-a4zdAQNdvuwsDif4Iwx7DpObqT_vfi0vMaJjMlyQZtvOTetL_/s2298/US396028%20colhapp%20paper%20pail%20pleats.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1895" data-original-width="2298" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6k44NFkVBT9KpXQXrkwyQdQ09IQWRkagGBvi2pl2hFz3WKlOHDrTPzD5jMNGJRO3WEJSQ9jpKMVJkrKiVKhnHbfSbKslLHBLL_qdZGNbzFyUGLRFq6wNWo9m7019cXd9Tnp-pj5-a4zdAQNdvuwsDif4Iwx7DpObqT_vfi0vMaJjMlyQZtvOTetL_/s320/US396028%20colhapp%20paper%20pail%20pleats.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8">In 1891, Matthew Vierengel of Brooklyn, New York, patented a “machine for making plaited boxes or similar articles.” His machine formed a circular piece of paper into a pleated
“box,” with most of the hallmarks of a modern pleated paper drinking cup. </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsHOgZkqv9MZjhMSmQVoLxpRjyrxgZQMomNBLU47zcHhX63MqTqmKRfebYQTzlDVWSrkm9wOmUWNMytzsZBN3cP6PcBTxohZEHCDpckmSgZLNAdUQ03gmU8cwzgrSu88WUJD4xYDX6dJOibCyf-pIUhlJUJgUCLlrFUB-d0PryQo7mW2XHhWSaak3/s2566/US463849%201891%20plaited%20paper%20cups%20vierengle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2566" data-original-width="1718" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsHOgZkqv9MZjhMSmQVoLxpRjyrxgZQMomNBLU47zcHhX63MqTqmKRfebYQTzlDVWSrkm9wOmUWNMytzsZBN3cP6PcBTxohZEHCDpckmSgZLNAdUQ03gmU8cwzgrSu88WUJD4xYDX6dJOibCyf-pIUhlJUJgUCLlrFUB-d0PryQo7mW2XHhWSaak3/s320/US463849%201891%20plaited%20paper%20cups%20vierengle.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">United States Patent 463849, M. Vierengel, November 24, 1891 (filed September 30, 1889).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The patent did not describe the use of such “boxes” for drinking, and that may have been the furthest thing from the inventor’s mind. Nevertheless, nearly twenty years
later in patent litigation related to Luellen’s patents, a court cited Vierengel’s patent in finding non-infringement of Luellen’s cup patent.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a>
The United States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit agreed with the lower court’s ruling, holding further that Luellen’s patent was not valid, for lack of inventiveness.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1896, Hervey Dexter Thatcher, of Potsdam, New York, invented a large paper vessel to carry something to drink, and for reasons similar to those that would ultimately motivate the development
and marketing of paper cups - hygiene. It was not, however, designed for single-serving portions. Thatcher intended his “paraffined pail” (US553794) for home milk delivery, providing cheap, uncontaminated, single-use
containers for milk. Single-use paper milk pails were intended to avoid the danger of contamination from poorly washed multi-use containers. Without its paper lid, Thatcher’s pail was essentially a giant paper cup
of the two-piece tapered variety. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhGDT8ouAesJNwO7CntXSlOoXOgmE2zzYptzN5yCpmdMdTbLLScVjYkZ35N4AZPlhIhKgkV0vIGca5rPIA2BqOw_Xxjp8-gHy9FtwKURBCZWngv0JqgAY63eKcT4Ha6d1fPlnXypPhfyRv6fVmGBj2r2BvkmwtVBCRElXue0rPQPGI4ah8UN5bd81/s2249/us553794%201896%20thatcher%20paraffined%20pail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1502" data-original-width="2249" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhGDT8ouAesJNwO7CntXSlOoXOgmE2zzYptzN5yCpmdMdTbLLScVjYkZ35N4AZPlhIhKgkV0vIGca5rPIA2BqOw_Xxjp8-gHy9FtwKURBCZWngv0JqgAY63eKcT4Ha6d1fPlnXypPhfyRv6fVmGBj2r2BvkmwtVBCRElXue0rPQPGI4ah8UN5bd81/s320/us553794%201896%20thatcher%20paraffined%20pail.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">United States Patent 553794, H. D. Thatcher, January 28, 1896 (filed June 24, 1895).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The transportation of milk from the producer to the consumer in a manner which shall avoid contamination has heretofore been very imperfectly accomplished. The glass jar is an improvement
over the old delivery systems; but its aggregate weight makes transportation between the producer and consumer expensive. There is also a constant loss arising from frequent breakages and failure to return the jars when emptied.
The most serious objection, however, is that the glass jar is not sanitary. The glass vessel in which milk is to-day delivered to an untidy family, or to one in which sickness prevails, may to-morrow carry infected food
to a healthy child in a home where every sanitary law is carefully observed. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US Patent 553794, H. D. Thatcher, January 28, 1896 (filed June 24, 1895).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1899, Will Kinnard, of Dayton, Ohio, patented an open-ended “Paper Vessel” in “the form of an ordinary pail, which shall be cheap to manufacture, strong to endure wear,
and tight to prevent leakage.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQLW6YqjEIjMXy4AW-WcPj3dMzO6n18xQf9jkaFFqzuQmpm5XOgckZ2gT9OHjxxpEZyl4x4RSA3b2j5ZspDS2vx6VoO-dMYJwjloVPKONomaq4fzyAjbep-FRwJwVKr50QicdaohdEI4L8gZ4WE5LEzlEP6JZ9C7iLPCJpp4JCKnvB3pZzJ1hfAQE/s2716/US634644%20kinnard%20paper%20vessel%20-%20pail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2716" data-original-width="2022" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQLW6YqjEIjMXy4AW-WcPj3dMzO6n18xQf9jkaFFqzuQmpm5XOgckZ2gT9OHjxxpEZyl4x4RSA3b2j5ZspDS2vx6VoO-dMYJwjloVPKONomaq4fzyAjbep-FRwJwVKr50QicdaohdEI4L8gZ4WE5LEzlEP6JZ9C7iLPCJpp4JCKnvB3pZzJ1hfAQE/s320/US634644%20kinnard%20paper%20vessel%20-%20pail.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">United States Patent 634644, W. M. Kinnard, October 10, 1899 (filed January 3, 1898).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The technology and idea of paper cups were in place before 1900. All that was needed was market motivation to resize the existing products and make small, single-serving paper cups. The
motivation came in the form of recommendations by respected health authorities, and later government mandates, especially the ban on the common, shared tin drinking cup available at most public water sources at the time.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hygiene</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although early suggestions of paper cups stressed convenience and cost considerations, the primary consideration that spurred the development and widespread use of paper cups was a growing
awareness of the benefits of good hygiene in fighting the spread of infectious disease. Prior to the hygiene movement in the early 20</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> century, shared drinking cups were common in public areas and on public transportation. Shared drinking cups caused more problems than just the spread of disease.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">New Orleans Picayune: An exchange says ice-water must be sipped slowly. That is what makes twenty thirsty people mad around the water-cooler in a hotel office where there is but one drinking
cup. Sipping ice-water slowly when a lot of bigger men are saying “Hurry up!” is not healthy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Austin Weekly Statesman</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Texas), August 4, 1887, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A story about two women holding up the line at the common water cooler, with a shared drinking cup, illustrated a similar situation. On the Staten Island Ferry, a line of sixty-two men
supposedly formed behind two women who took their time deciding who should drink first, how much they should drink, and how quickly.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMk2-eQev5PiT5tXHgxOz2zcKeZtsAdPwtcF4puD8xAfoAVVMlq--LYYb9AQBjQWJlLn3LcxFUd2L2MEWP8ZM6OG3V36MQxtKiVQZfLKSvOmoTv0DekIlEDvaLq-vbYnb8JNTyQPA4v609KBtN5pm-6LYaWyOIjeNsVz70jkTFOj5kH9KZxWek8XU-/s833/sunday%20leader%20wilkes-barre%20sep%209%201888%20page%203%20staten%20island%20ferry%20water%20cooler.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="796" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMk2-eQev5PiT5tXHgxOz2zcKeZtsAdPwtcF4puD8xAfoAVVMlq--LYYb9AQBjQWJlLn3LcxFUd2L2MEWP8ZM6OG3V36MQxtKiVQZfLKSvOmoTv0DekIlEDvaLq-vbYnb8JNTyQPA4v609KBtN5pm-6LYaWyOIjeNsVz70jkTFOj5kH9KZxWek8XU-/s320/sunday%20leader%20wilkes-barre%20sep%209%201888%20page%203%20staten%20island%20ferry%20water%20cooler.jpg" width="306" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> . . . “Oh, here’s our boat - hurry up or we’ll get left!” and then the dear creatures left the tin cup swinging at the end of the chain and rushed for the gate.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Then that crowd of men fought with one another, and surged around that water cooler, and those who were not too far gone with thirst made remarks short but deep’ and perhaps a quarter
of them managed to get a drink before the boat started. - New York Tribune.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Sunday Leader</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania), September 9, 1888, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A couple decades later, common drinking cups would be banned in many places and on some trains. If a traveler needed a drink of water and was not traveling with their own cup, they were
out of luck - no more common drinking cup. The resulting difficulties illustrate the need for having cheap paper cups available as an alternative, and demonstrate how and why the market for paper cups grew so rapidly after
the introduction of cup dispensers and vending machines. But apparently not everyone got the memo. An old-fashioned doctor wrote a letter to the editor to complain about the new laws. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Doctor Layton of Atchison writes to the Globe: “I was sadly reminded of the inconvenience of having no common drinking cup on a train as I came from Salina a few days ago, when an excursion,
a train load of hot and thirsty people, a dozen or two of whom stood around the water cooler in the train in vain endeavors to quench their thirst; crying children were there, also, wanting water, all on account of the foolish
fad of some highly imaginary doctors. What next? I suppose the hotels and depots will come next with their ‘no drinking cup,’ as well as ‘every man can furnish his towel at hotels.’ Well, in the case
I saw of the trainload of excursionists, one young lady put her mouth under the faucet of the water cooler and turned the faucet; others did the same, until some one took off the water cooler lid, held it under the faucet,
drew it full of water and passed it around, and all took a drink. How much better was that than a general drinking cup? Shall people suffer for want of water? Is that less deleterious to our health? We are too much inclined
to ‘strain at a gnat and swallow a camel.’ I could tell your readers what causes more disease than all the flies put together, and there would be no high-spun theories about it, either, if I wished to. Let us
be clean in the matter of water and food, but for heaven’s sake let us use some ‘good hard sense’ with our fads.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Barbour County Index </span></i><span class="tm8">(Medicine Lodge, Kansas), September 8, 1909, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An editorial cartoon from 1913 illustrates a growing public awareness of the hidden dangers of microscopic bio-organisms.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0pdpC7j0CNQiH_boQmDu3B4jt13TRDVpyTU9ou_JnkjrwQAeIfr2oOjDZwFyHt1oex8C6auoXuOGiOqXXV_hOEfAqJ9u-KCsP7upivtS3kjabbW0-7xOV-YPxlPqg6OM2dsk1hu-3unbUQhIpG0PKrC9MSXNS4TEilcqfzKNqs-pjtwHRRli82Mim/s4399/buffalo%20enquirer%20april%208%201913%20page%204%20-%20how%20men%20poison%20each%20other.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4399" data-original-width="3369" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0pdpC7j0CNQiH_boQmDu3B4jt13TRDVpyTU9ou_JnkjrwQAeIfr2oOjDZwFyHt1oex8C6auoXuOGiOqXXV_hOEfAqJ9u-KCsP7upivtS3kjabbW0-7xOV-YPxlPqg6OM2dsk1hu-3unbUQhIpG0PKrC9MSXNS4TEilcqfzKNqs-pjtwHRRli82Mim/w306-h400/buffalo%20enquirer%20april%208%201913%20page%204%20-%20how%20men%20poison%20each%20other.jpg" width="306" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm14">Buffalo Enquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 8, 1913, page 4.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="tm8">Agitation for change had begun years earlier. In 1900, the International Railway Surgeons’ convention approved hygienic suggestions made by a Dr. Hurby, and some railroads had already
agreed to comply. One of his suggestions was the use of “individual paper cups.”</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">They call for the removal from passenger cars of plush coverings, carpets, boxes over steam pipes, carved work, slat blinds and all other materials, fittings and ornaments that are likely
to catch or disseminate disease germs. Doctor Hurby said unpleasant things, too, about the tin drinking cups used by everybody, and advocated providing </span><span class="tm15">individual paper cups</span><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Kansas Agitator </span></i><span class="tm8">(Garnett, Kansas), November 2, 1900, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The national meeting of the American Public Health Association followed suit, adopting a similar list of recommendations. Their suggestions also included paper cups and paper cup vending
machines. The fact that the suggestions seemed radical or dubious at the time highlights how much the understanding of now-normal health and hygiene habits have changed. The editors appear to have been a little skeptical.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At the recent meeting of the American Public Health Association at Indianapolis the subject of sleeping cars received much attention from the physicians present. <br /></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">From what was said, it appears that travelers in sleeping cars run bout as much danger as soldiers in battle.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first paper presented was by Professor S. H. Woodbridge of Boston, which was the report of the committee on car sanitation. The following recommendations were reported in the paper:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . (6) The cleaning of cars should be frequent and thorough. (7) Floors and sanitary and lavatory fixtures should be frequently treated with a disinfecting wash. . . . . (10) Water and
ice should be obtained from the purest available sources. The use of tongs in handling ice should be insisted upon. (11) The water tank should be frequently cleansed and periodically sterilized with boiling water or otherwise.
(12) The public should be educated to use individual cups. </span><span class="tm15">Paper parafined cups</span><span class="tm8"> might be provided by a </span><span class="tm15">cent-in-the-slot device</span><span class="tm8">. . . . (14) The filthy habit of spitting on car floors should be dealt with in a manner to cause its prompt discontinuance. It should be punished as one of the
most flagrant of the thoughtless offenses against the public right to health. (15) Station premises should receive attention directed to general cleanliness of floors, furnishings, air, sanitaries, lavatories, platforms and
approaches, and should be plentifully supplied with approved disinfecting material. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The San Francisco Examiner</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 19, 1901, page 22.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Despite these early pronouncements, little changed over the following eight years. In 1909, however, Kansas became the first state to enact a ban on public drinking cups, with Michigan,
Mississippi following close on its heels, and New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania close to enacting bans by the end of the year.<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One of the chief proponents of the ban was also one of the people most likely to profit by the widespread adoption of the scheme; Lawrence Luellen’s brother-in-law and business partner,
Hugh Moore.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBAgPooxHywZVwgkpk2AYkHFvZ2RmFIhVqaKQqkg15DqJo9o6LnaEQwYG7B8AHWcvdZFjJ5iAI5GOTMxQB_4cV80vo8a3CDyVU6To-Jro1R565awK1fHPlYcXO82-5fkTnmka3q31iw9ChWTP1yYlkGDNC4TsqWe3R3YNJixqUqseTxDYQmeaOO0Qm/s1362/hugh%20moore%20paper%20cup%20advocate%20dec%2021%201909.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="1362" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBAgPooxHywZVwgkpk2AYkHFvZ2RmFIhVqaKQqkg15DqJo9o6LnaEQwYG7B8AHWcvdZFjJ5iAI5GOTMxQB_4cV80vo8a3CDyVU6To-Jro1R565awK1fHPlYcXO82-5fkTnmka3q31iw9ChWTP1yYlkGDNC4TsqWe3R3YNJixqUqseTxDYQmeaOO0Qm/s320/hugh%20moore%20paper%20cup%20advocate%20dec%2021%201909.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">New York, Dec. 21. - The anti-public drinking cuppers are the very latest in the way of reformers. Hugh Moore, of 115 Broadway, is at the head of the movement, and he declared today that
the crusade is rapidly becoming national in extent. “One public drinking cup,” asserted Mr. Moore, “spreads more disease in an hour than a board of health can eradicate in a year.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . . The little public cup, the cup of our fathers, the innocent cup to be found in all waiting rooms and public places, is filled to the brim with liquid death, although it contains nothing
but water, plus a few million germs, microbes, bacilli and other wiggles which are according to Mr. Moore and many physicians and health authorities, most prolific mediums for the spread of disease and pestilence, contagion
and death.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Webb City Register</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Webb City, Missouri), December 21, 1909, page 1 (wire story, widely circulated).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Moore and Luellen were said to have been inspired by a fellow Kansan, Dr. Samuel J. Crumbine, a pioneer sanitation crusader and head of the Kansas state board of health, the man behind the
public drinking cup ban. Crumbine is frequently credited with “inventing” or naming the “fly swatter” in about 1905. Like Luellen, however, he gets more credit on that score than he deserves. A man
named Robert Montgomery received a patent for a “fly killer” in 1900 (US640790) that looks exactly like what would now be called a “fly swatter,” and the expression, “fly swatter,” appears
in print as early as 1900 in reference to fly killing devices.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Whether inspired by Crumbine’s sincere concern with health, or the money to be made by filling a newly perceived need, Moore and Luellen combined their talents to bring convenient
paper cups to the masses. They were not the first out of the gate, however. They were beaten to the punch by John J. Shea and James C. Kimsey.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Both Shea and Kimsey had relevant paper cup patents and manufacturing facilities in place before Luellen filed his first paper cup-related patent. Shea had patents for two general types
of cups, the smooth-sided, tapered style and the single-sheet, pleated style. Kimsey had patents on two-piece cups. And Henry R. Heyl had already invented and built the machines to mass produce Kimsey’s cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Shea introduced his cups in 1905 and was mass-marketing them by 1907, years before Luellen’s first filing. And by 1907, the Union Paper Cup Company, organized in 1905, was using Heyl’s
machines to make James Kimsey’s paper cups, with a capacity of 2,000 cups a day. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">Early Paper Cups</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">With public health authorities advocating the use of individual paper cups as early as 1900, the stage was set for changes in hygiene practices. It was only a matter of time before someone,
anyone, would invent and successfully market a paper cup. Several people tried to meet the demand.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">John J. Shea</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">John J. Shea was a medical doctor from Beverly, Massachusetts. He was on the staff of Beverly Hospital and served on the Beverly Board of Health. Shea held several patents. Most of his
patents were related to paper cups. One of his early patents was for a “paper bottle” intended for milk delivery. Paper cups of his invention were in production and offered for sale as early as 1905, four years
before Lawrence Luellen sold his first cup.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Shea’s earliest-filed paper cup patents was for a pleated cup formed from a single blank of paper. It were designed to fold flat for convenient storage. The idea was that you might
carry one or several cups in a vest pocket, which could be removed, unfolded and used, then discarded or refolded for reuse by the same person. Although the body of the cup was formed from a single piece of paper, it could
be strengthened by folding a “separate strip e” over the lip of the cup.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-w5-we9AosJUentSsTjbDNvPlnPUTswiyMrS-hAOh_7duI4F7KJ9EVJyUkSHKELuArZ2KfLUL5_f5SZkH9eNjBN5byy3ejIvPUEUkv-mavSmufFvJvPBwTSmd5zVxujfCTknRdYHZpiAmF78lpiZNHU17KHIoBZ71d5_EyNar6YTQAOB7qpmxtAF/s1946/shea%20us%20772258%20images%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="1946" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-w5-we9AosJUentSsTjbDNvPlnPUTswiyMrS-hAOh_7duI4F7KJ9EVJyUkSHKELuArZ2KfLUL5_f5SZkH9eNjBN5byy3ejIvPUEUkv-mavSmufFvJvPBwTSmd5zVxujfCTknRdYHZpiAmF78lpiZNHU17KHIoBZ71d5_EyNar6YTQAOB7qpmxtAF/s320/shea%20us%20772258%20images%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The bottom b of the vessel is of elliptical shape and constitutes the central portion of the blank, the bottom being preferably folded along its major axis, as shown at 3, to retain the bottom
in a bulged or convexed position or to permit it to be folded inwardly within the circular wall, the bottom extending upward on the side at either end, creases 4 4 being formed at the point of connection of the circular wall
with the bottom.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US772258, John J. Shea, filed September 29, 1903, issued October 11, 1904.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Shea’s second-filed paper cup patent was for a cylindrical, smooth-sided cup, formed from a single paper blank, with a wire rim for added support; the wire could be extended to form
a cup handle. It was also designed to be folded flat for convenient storage between use.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr8ZKziZ558PCCSI7otkdZHtZAmb7WeBYcVLG5zHEZJTz3EEK4fF3PNKubp4nJjnW_f1mM5r6CxaXLlVyB-HLkVgukH_0TU4jtyJ_l-B9iz7ZI3UUnRLTbuD2Kyu4EBj39pyPV87qCQJ-s0Kl6jHJXgPnRw3yN06EXfmsb2_CeFbFuOgaeopVJglLj/s1896/shea%20us%20759029%20images.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1376" data-original-width="1896" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr8ZKziZ558PCCSI7otkdZHtZAmb7WeBYcVLG5zHEZJTz3EEK4fF3PNKubp4nJjnW_f1mM5r6CxaXLlVyB-HLkVgukH_0TU4jtyJ_l-B9iz7ZI3UUnRLTbuD2Kyu4EBj39pyPV87qCQJ-s0Kl6jHJXgPnRw3yN06EXfmsb2_CeFbFuOgaeopVJglLj/s320/shea%20us%20759029%20images.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This invention relates to improvements in aseptic drinking-cups; and it has for its object the prevention of the spread of diseases caused by promiscuous use of ordinary cups at public drinking-fountains,
hospitals, public conveyances, &c. It is intended to be used but once or by the same person and then destroyed. When not in use, it may be folded flat and carried in the pocket, preferably inclosed within an envelop,
card-case, or suitable closing device.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US759029, John J. Shea, filed January 16, 1904, issued May 3, 1904.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Paper cups according to this second patent were widely advertised for sale as early as 1905. They were sold by the Aseptic Drinking Cup Company, a Maine corporation with offices in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, the same city where Moore and Luellen lived and worked in 1908.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdxS9BL8fhHQLLZO-jkmp12b5KhXMaCkdPVrbEZiX3lsCsgN606TVmriVPa_Z4hQDoNwZOtwkdq5sXy5kkbsB4T1clQWvc2scwo5NPb9WDWi0rCFV66C5gXtoCxV8rmaTcQRbjQlT5wipasX0zanFEZ4hT0l42ViCwoqXNKvPoTqk0QsWroRpwh3Kn/s851/evening%20express%20portland%20maine%20apr%2012%201905%20page%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="851" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdxS9BL8fhHQLLZO-jkmp12b5KhXMaCkdPVrbEZiX3lsCsgN606TVmriVPa_Z4hQDoNwZOtwkdq5sXy5kkbsB4T1clQWvc2scwo5NPb9WDWi0rCFV66C5gXtoCxV8rmaTcQRbjQlT5wipasX0zanFEZ4hT0l42ViCwoqXNKvPoTqk0QsWroRpwh3Kn/s320/evening%20express%20portland%20maine%20apr%2012%201905%20page%202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Evening Express</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Portland, Maine), April 12, 1905, page 2.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ1Is_nf_31HuVO6GrZZX9yI4K_Pr6Ou3ifrZL1aD2IJTIcel8cfLPt0aKzT3xRfNcWmIX_NuZVWtUN9CUaRtbuUJe8col2wtNJ_d6jfGg_JrJUQntm7VxyWRmGDNn1l4alXYVdYhFxk4lqc_ij7fuXfJj6Mw2YkyLe--8itmW2Dw6ohPZNjUYV7Tc/s1149/washington%20post%20july%201%201905%20page%2012.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="1149" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ1Is_nf_31HuVO6GrZZX9yI4K_Pr6Ou3ifrZL1aD2IJTIcel8cfLPt0aKzT3xRfNcWmIX_NuZVWtUN9CUaRtbuUJe8col2wtNJ_d6jfGg_JrJUQntm7VxyWRmGDNn1l4alXYVdYhFxk4lqc_ij7fuXfJj6Mw2YkyLe--8itmW2Dw6ohPZNjUYV7Tc/w400-h151/washington%20post%20july%201%201905%20page%2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">Washington Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 1, 1905, page 12.</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3NqWSYKLyKBY6T8KQFRrdkDSoxC6Yvsbw-_SVDbC9zpR9C1yu4hdpK7uZC2pja-kJjnjAF-9w6k7vXwvQyp3tSPVoOecftLZ9cpiYq9ktOtn4KcwlqAr07XOX2TOE8fZlISrXQEhCzhDXWV7j0I46nzCa_-Betu034OCWRRpu-PbEWQKaeKy_xd0E/s1470/pst.000068357740-seq_50.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="987" data-original-width="1470" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3NqWSYKLyKBY6T8KQFRrdkDSoxC6Yvsbw-_SVDbC9zpR9C1yu4hdpK7uZC2pja-kJjnjAF-9w6k7vXwvQyp3tSPVoOecftLZ9cpiYq9ktOtn4KcwlqAr07XOX2TOE8fZlISrXQEhCzhDXWV7j0I46nzCa_-Betu034OCWRRpu-PbEWQKaeKy_xd0E/s320/pst.000068357740-seq_50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Colliers</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 37, Number 16, July 14, 1906, page 26.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmbxP0r2BRl6ehlvPsc5p72tE2_Rggtnu0oVp_EC82D7yE2LXVsQ5Cf4H3E3EoKX7PeITOSHYegjZingtn92qog5gxPgVwmPwcgIK8Oi6mL6qiy6N1cPN9a14A8EtUYcwi1JfBhlCCKaZNU7mq6OphPuyB-kgwxw4QrD7JzRW7ahPS5G-KkAO9We1/s977/purifold%20arizona%20republic%20sep%2017%201908%20page%207.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="977" data-original-width="676" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmbxP0r2BRl6ehlvPsc5p72tE2_Rggtnu0oVp_EC82D7yE2LXVsQ5Cf4H3E3EoKX7PeITOSHYegjZingtn92qog5gxPgVwmPwcgIK8Oi6mL6qiy6N1cPN9a14A8EtUYcwi1JfBhlCCKaZNU7mq6OphPuyB-kgwxw4QrD7JzRW7ahPS5G-KkAO9We1/s320/purifold%20arizona%20republic%20sep%2017%201908%20page%207.jpg" width="221" /></a></div><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Arizona Republic </span></i><span class="tm8">(Phoenix, Arizona), September 17, 1908, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">PURIFOLD </span></p><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Aseptic paper </span></p><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Drinking Cups</span></p><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There’s often danger in drinking from public cups.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In traveling be sure to have a Purifold Cup.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Can be folded up after using and replaced in small envelope.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Price for one in envelope 5c</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Price for two in pocket case 10c</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Berkshire Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Pittsfield, Massachusetts), June 22, 1911, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">For the budget-conscious shopper, the reusability of the PURIFOLD cup was apparently one of the selling points.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">For School Children.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Purifold Aseptic Paper Drinking Cup. This is not a cheap paper drinking cup to be used once only, and then thrown away. Use with a little care it will last many weeks.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Every school child should have them. Two for 5 cents at SNIDER’S.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Selma Times-Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Selma, Alabama), October 19, 1913, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “Burnitol” manufacturing company mentioned in one of these advertisements was part of the Aseptic Drinking Cup Company, not a rival company. “Burnitol” was a
registered trademark of the Aseptic Drinking Cup Company.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs_Al451ITG4v1CtjsjtRZiT0LLYPOK7kdQbQy0aC5QHcsN5TOPl4GKxnrYxdtpgsCOjXrM1VGzcBVD0X4vwcQk0muadYE9gaKLaVwWJJ9EQhmH_JZ_iWAlFZN0kyeg4K_yT36NOF43jcXpvc3-wa5r7a42-3YeRkhp_1gYYmT4Ws8CxjnrdrTidFT/s927/wu.89094999513-seq_333.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="927" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs_Al451ITG4v1CtjsjtRZiT0LLYPOK7kdQbQy0aC5QHcsN5TOPl4GKxnrYxdtpgsCOjXrM1VGzcBVD0X4vwcQk0muadYE9gaKLaVwWJJ9EQhmH_JZ_iWAlFZN0kyeg4K_yT36NOF43jcXpvc3-wa5r7a42-3YeRkhp_1gYYmT4Ws8CxjnrdrTidFT/s320/wu.89094999513-seq_333.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />BURNITOL became a leading brand-name for another type of paper vessel, sorta the opposite of a drinking cup, the “sputum” cup - the name suggesting the ability to burn the entire
container and its contents, to prevent the spread of disease.<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Aseptic Drinking Cup Company’s BURNITOL division developed their product line thanks, in part, to the wizardry of an inventor named Harry J. Potter. Harry J. Potter had a direct
connection to Lawrence Luellen, magically bridging the gap between Shea and Luellen. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Potter’s paper “sputum cup” patent (US920180), filed in 1906, was assigned to the “Burnitol Manufacturing Company, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a Corporation of Maine.”
Potter’s “hospital cup” patent (US909020) was assigned to the “Aseptic Drinking Cup Company, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a Corporation of Maine.” And, an “H. J. Potter” signed alongside
Luellen’s associate, Austin M. Pinkham, as a witness to Luellen’s “cup” patent application (US1032557); Luellen and Pinkham had offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Luellen’s company, the
Individual Drinking Cup Company, would later be incorporated in the state of Maine.<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> Being incorporated in the same state may be only a coincidence, caused
by the fact that Maine was a source of wood pulp for making the paper. But it may also be one more signal that Shea and Luellen’s groups were either one and the same, or had significant overlap in management or investors.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnvmphz7WHH0t6QqKkY0-wrcDIuMLAnsnaG9G0HNDJZBa3-y2XIioJ1XNzMyIOT1Pvqe-27gHlFNayOH8sXd2tXCX5P0AzgIw3qROQlJKQtUZo-b1BB98hI9GO5CVcPi4GJ9RIFq5jItJsvQrLinsdW_CBZ7qkXSSbC52FgdVkFk6Jnn7MKEodNk0/s1673/US920180%20harry%20j%20potter%20sputum%20cup%20assigned%20to%20burnitol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1291" data-original-width="1673" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnvmphz7WHH0t6QqKkY0-wrcDIuMLAnsnaG9G0HNDJZBa3-y2XIioJ1XNzMyIOT1Pvqe-27gHlFNayOH8sXd2tXCX5P0AzgIw3qROQlJKQtUZo-b1BB98hI9GO5CVcPi4GJ9RIFq5jItJsvQrLinsdW_CBZ7qkXSSbC52FgdVkFk6Jnn7MKEodNk0/s320/US920180%20harry%20j%20potter%20sputum%20cup%20assigned%20to%20burnitol.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /><p></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">James C. Kimsey</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">James Columbus Kimsey, a native of Henderson, Kentucky, had a long career as an inventor in Philadelphia, with many of his inventions relating to paper. He patented a Christmas tree holder,
several inventions related to women’s clothing and several architectural items, including a floorboard dust chute, a window, and a combined wardrobe/bathtub cabinet and a window. His paper inventions included a sheet
music holder, mailing tubes and shipping tags. The shipping tags were designed as a medium to carry junk mail into the home, hidden below the address tag and revealed when the tag was removed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In July 1903, Kimsey organized the American Paper Bottle Company, a Delaware corporation with offices on Market Street in Philadelphia, with capital of $200,000.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a>
The stated purpose of the company was to “manufacture paper bottles, boxes, mailing tubes, and kindred articles.” If the name of his company seems familiar, it was the same name as Levi Thomas’ long-defunct
paper ink bottle company, although the two seem to have been unrelated. Kimsey’s company would soon be defunct itself, at least technically. Its voluntary dissolution, with stockholder consent, was announced in July
of 1904.<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a> The company apparently reorganized at some point, but its manufacturing was turned over to a company called the Union Paper Cup Company<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a>
by 1905. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Kimsey and his “paper bottles” appear to have been the subject of an article written by an environmentalist and paper skeptic in 1903.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Another raid has been organized on our mountain forests, states the Brooklyn Eagle. As if the pulp mills were not already devastating the hillsides and drying up our water supply rapidly
enough a genius in Philadelphia has patented a paper milk bottle, and has ten machines which can manufacture 20,000 of these bottles each in a day. The paper milk bottle is to be made from spruce pulp and spruces grow at
the top of the mountains, the very sources of our streams. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The fact is that the Philadelphia man probably believes that he can make paper bottles cheaply enough to replace the glass ones that he merely uses hygienic arguments to bolster up a business
proposition. This is the age of paper as unmistakable as other ages were of bronze or gold. The making use of paper pulp are being extended continually and the addition of milk bottles would be only one item of increase
in the consumption. As long as newspapers continue to grow in popularity new materials for paper will have to be found. The use of wood pulp has gone far enough to show the urgent necessity of a far-reaching and effective
plan for reforesting hillsides stripped to feed pulp mills.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Altoona Mirror</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Altoona, Kansas), September 28, 1905, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Others gave his work a more positive spin.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepfdKjLP_aqtizkXsuzsC29zXy4ANqCy509cuAOM2UFEyllT2_LyoK3mqMElj6ZlWSib77c36fOHiVxRwAZ1oK6jLCX_ZER-5zcB2ceIutqki-zNAAfj5RuU3sVBK_jot9l6SCoCfhIK0mS-RQjralz5iISxq800o6YTL82zuyzryzHcrPAGEPdZo/s1042/new%20york%20tribune%20march%2019%201905%20part%204%20-%20page%201%20paper%20milk%20bottles%20review.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="1042" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepfdKjLP_aqtizkXsuzsC29zXy4ANqCy509cuAOM2UFEyllT2_LyoK3mqMElj6ZlWSib77c36fOHiVxRwAZ1oK6jLCX_ZER-5zcB2ceIutqki-zNAAfj5RuU3sVBK_jot9l6SCoCfhIK0mS-RQjralz5iISxq800o6YTL82zuyzryzHcrPAGEPdZo/s320/new%20york%20tribune%20march%2019%201905%20part%204%20-%20page%201%20paper%20milk%20bottles%20review.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Consumers of milk who have come to appreciate the value of purity and freedom from infection will be interested in an idea that originated in Philadelphia. . . . Some of the milk which is
bottled before distribution may be injured by a lack of thoroughness in cleaning the glass receptacles after previous use. It is against that particular piece of carelessness that it is now proposed to guard by discarding
the present style of bottle altogether and replacing it with another, which, like the cheap wooden plates sometimes provided for picnics, shall be used only once. . . . Dr. A. H. Stewart, bacteriologist of the Board of Health
in Philadelphia, conducted a series of tests with it, and reports approvingly upon its qualities.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">New York Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 19, 1905, part 4, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Kimsey received more attention for his “paper milk bottles,” but he and his associates recognized that his inventions applied generally to receptacles, vessels, tumblers, cups
or any number of other applications. Some of the items described and illustrated in his patents look more or less like a modern paper cup, and he describes them as cups in some patents.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguraWLMVwF2EhjXoYY1_b1s7R65ggkPoMeiL1ds8ZPQqqWutMLLxt7O8fuhxE7sBAkRW12k-2qxXYjXvP8yUd4cfgWD144VvUqYDH3u9gRzz9w2xB3vTNn5PBSTVx2m1W8iv4hqZAylYHrXEoB_SUvByXXQigG_6ewG5B43kcC5CFTMWX9CWM3diAI/s1680/Kimsey%20US%20809812%20paper%20cup.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="1680" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguraWLMVwF2EhjXoYY1_b1s7R65ggkPoMeiL1ds8ZPQqqWutMLLxt7O8fuhxE7sBAkRW12k-2qxXYjXvP8yUd4cfgWD144VvUqYDH3u9gRzz9w2xB3vTNn5PBSTVx2m1W8iv4hqZAylYHrXEoB_SUvByXXQigG_6ewG5B43kcC5CFTMWX9CWM3diAI/s320/Kimsey%20US%20809812%20paper%20cup.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYx3oSTO6zfoRFks9X1JSwVpRSH9-hA_yyMMyc88d1-SJws2PxpOtXsqHllSgGMnWQwL0n1EDGjB99RyfLXZqWGLHqh2anrHXcrrBY7VfwynbtJ33FjDbzqNFCtk9lep-DgW-gxlUjBIdIXma3yrnH9JMCVt5WxWyPIZgyC3rvRsEJZZNa9MiKoGE/s2808/Kimsey%20US%20811409%20process%20for%20making%20paper%20cups%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2808" data-original-width="1814" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYx3oSTO6zfoRFks9X1JSwVpRSH9-hA_yyMMyc88d1-SJws2PxpOtXsqHllSgGMnWQwL0n1EDGjB99RyfLXZqWGLHqh2anrHXcrrBY7VfwynbtJ33FjDbzqNFCtk9lep-DgW-gxlUjBIdIXma3yrnH9JMCVt5WxWyPIZgyC3rvRsEJZZNa9MiKoGE/s320/Kimsey%20US%20811409%20process%20for%20making%20paper%20cups%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="207" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgaB5YcvDLYWG1mbVF6Y5sCGHYnMu9HvuEefPTdw75gkV1UDIj8CA6I_5Ukb71NtYJvYBgAxfiZPGnZkKyRDnCKJv8mHQO-Axf-lP1icvJFmLoIFL70JW-sBX1UIHVmCVLgWRRe_TnmxauOn_66Rp0GVmWufWDXI7UrGH9pKHouD5AvLd1imAt7hm/s2532/Kimsey%20US%20833607%20paper%20receptacle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1428" data-original-width="2532" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPgaB5YcvDLYWG1mbVF6Y5sCGHYnMu9HvuEefPTdw75gkV1UDIj8CA6I_5Ukb71NtYJvYBgAxfiZPGnZkKyRDnCKJv8mHQO-Axf-lP1icvJFmLoIFL70JW-sBX1UIHVmCVLgWRRe_TnmxauOn_66Rp0GVmWufWDXI7UrGH9pKHouD5AvLd1imAt7hm/s320/Kimsey%20US%20833607%20paper%20receptacle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">When the Union Paper Cup Company was incorporated in August 1905,<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> its president was a man named Henry R. Heyl. Heyl
had previously invented the folded “Chinese” takeout container and the stapler (see my earlier post, “</span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html">Chinese Food, Staplers and Oysters - Unboxing the Mani-fold History of the ‘Chinese’ Takeout Container</a></u><span class="tm8">”). Heyl did not invent the paper cup, but he patented machinery used to make them. He was a co-inventor, with Kimsey, of machines for making “paper bottles, cups, or other containers,” for
which they submitted a patent application less than a week after Kimsey filed his “paper bottle or cup” patent. The patent (US809813, filed in January 1905) described the now-familiar tapered, nested paper cups.
Without the optional closure (E), it resembles a standard two-piece paper cup. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKPDJLuRE5wmPU5BiNh5UyC7mSoaM1KfdFQR519isQIW3yGXaDqSKjvt2a3Wf3Prxv5fTn6ko6Q11JyPzQGiqaPNzPlKg6FRGwzh_wQoPlHH8aR1p0zCWkK6FQKAyiw-OYDWYc89xonjgyP0kxe1e0tNPVkNsrRcRG78bWEvQXKlsOIPUlCB5yKVrL/s1972/US809813%20Kimsey%20Heyl%201906%20paper%20cups%20bottles.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1469" data-original-width="1972" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKPDJLuRE5wmPU5BiNh5UyC7mSoaM1KfdFQR519isQIW3yGXaDqSKjvt2a3Wf3Prxv5fTn6ko6Q11JyPzQGiqaPNzPlKg6FRGwzh_wQoPlHH8aR1p0zCWkK6FQKAyiw-OYDWYc89xonjgyP0kxe1e0tNPVkNsrRcRG78bWEvQXKlsOIPUlCB5yKVrL/s320/US809813%20Kimsey%20Heyl%201906%20paper%20cups%20bottles.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">In manufacturing paper bottles, cups, or other containers for the purpose for which our invention is intended they must be cheaply and accurately made, so that they will hold liquid or other
material, and yet be so cheap that the cup or bottle can be discarded when emptied. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">We preferably make the containers with a slight taper, as shown in Fig. 1, so that they can be nested in packing and shipping, and when desired a closure E may be used, as shown in Fig. 1.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Manufacture of Paper Bottles, Cups, &c., US809813, J. C. Kimsey & H. R. Heyl, January 9, 1906 (filed January 27, 1905).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl also held cup-manufacturing patents in his own name. He specifically contemplated several different sizes, with the smaller sizes suited to be used as drinking cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcV28bvk2-NSu_Rgm0-7wXPSQC5HE80bE_iNh1RLovDY2u6DLBK3FOF0WBS4kSVFCQlSkXiUO4F9lSbBACP479Rpwyu9GIxHrUycZb3j7ava3G0aSx9RDGTCKou5m9GrbAXsLMGwW_sAtTZQC91B0CG1C0-mDeShvc75tuJKfcZ_3yOtFEhwTbc1dB/s2822/US1018319%20heyl%20manufacture%20paper%20bottles%20filed%201909%20granted%201912%20heyl.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2822" data-original-width="2118" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcV28bvk2-NSu_Rgm0-7wXPSQC5HE80bE_iNh1RLovDY2u6DLBK3FOF0WBS4kSVFCQlSkXiUO4F9lSbBACP479Rpwyu9GIxHrUycZb3j7ava3G0aSx9RDGTCKou5m9GrbAXsLMGwW_sAtTZQC91B0CG1C0-mDeShvc75tuJKfcZ_3yOtFEhwTbc1dB/s320/US1018319%20heyl%20manufacture%20paper%20bottles%20filed%201909%20granted%201912%20heyl.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The bottle can be of any length or any diameter desired . . . The smaller sizes can be used as tumblers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Machine for Making Paper Bottles and Like Objects, US1018319, Henry R. Heyl, February 20, 1912 (filed October 9, 1909).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl also held a patent for a water-proofing machine, a “machine for coating articles with paraffin or other coating material” (US1042914). </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYD-885LW0arJmfvhkBNCF3xAVjVLJqLGQGjqtHrDPdz18cXerzEHLJSWMStJ89cZSlTZOUeDEUBpB5F-Ri3aA7EOnvqBbicH4iLNn-TsTBPqcSrIUCXHhM9cm4dJ8JIz1HKg7XXftP9vZVT1QavJYAYHo-_l4h3py6awSobPZNW_Vlwbh375Q9oh/s2702/US1042914%20-%20Heyl%20parrafin%20on%20cups%20filed%201909%20issued%201912.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2702" data-original-width="1904" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYD-885LW0arJmfvhkBNCF3xAVjVLJqLGQGjqtHrDPdz18cXerzEHLJSWMStJ89cZSlTZOUeDEUBpB5F-Ri3aA7EOnvqBbicH4iLNn-TsTBPqcSrIUCXHhM9cm4dJ8JIz1HKg7XXftP9vZVT1QavJYAYHo-_l4h3py6awSobPZNW_Vlwbh375Q9oh/s320/US1042914%20-%20Heyl%20parrafin%20on%20cups%20filed%201909%20issued%201912.jpg" width="225" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Machine for Coating Articles with Paraffin or Other Coating Material, US1042914, Henry R. Heyl, October 29, 1912 (filed August 23, 1909).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl’s Union Paper Cup Company was reportedly set to begin large-scale manufacture of cups in 1907. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A practical demonstration of making paper cups and bottles was given recently in the plant of the Union Paper Cup company at Trenton . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">James C. Kinsey [(sic)] of Philadelphia is the inventor of the paper cup bottle, as it is known. . . . The patent is issued in the name of the American Paper Bottle company. The bottles are
to be manufactured by the Union Paper company of Trenton. . . . The machinery for the making of the cups was designed by R. H. Heil [(sic)] of Philadelphia.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Inventor Kinsey says 2,000 cups can be turned out per hour, making 20,000 for a ten-hour workday, as contemplated.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm14">Asbury Park Press</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Asbury Park, New Jersey), December 14, 1907, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Despite their big plans and heavy investment in machinery, the business did not take off immediately. The reorganized American Paper Bottle Company and other investors sued the Union Paper
Cup Company in 1908 to recover certain debts. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Union Paper Cup plant was sold-off at auction in late-1908 for $24,950. At the time, a report claimed that “none of the patent bottles were ever put on the market although demonstrations
were given from time to time.”<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a> The business may have recovered a year later. In late-1909, the </span><i><span class="tm14">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> reported that prosperity had come to Trenton, as evidenced (in part) by the fact that “the Union Paper Cup Company has rented another factory and added more
men to its wage roll.”<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviback"></a> It’s not clear what they were manufacturing at that time, but their revival coincided with Luellen’s success.
Perhaps they were making cups for Luellen and his related companies by that time. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Whether Kimsey’s paper cup inventions were finally successful or not, it came too late for him to enjoy. James C. Kimsey died of tuberculosis at his sister’s home in Howell,
Indiana (now a neighborhood of Evansville) in April 1908.<a href="#footnotexxvii"><sup>xxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiback"></a> Ironically, his condition is said to have forced him to use his own invention - a paper
cuspidor (spittoon).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7DyzLe1BA0WZ-T9f2HJqr0A22HYJ0qzKr51gsAxlvi0Ovt1RFJ89MlPbmvllX3H1Rr4eFQiKDVM9dTWwdlUHbowQ1nqbvfp8jEQ7mv_yofKRaJ7q10QBlElrUj4gIMR9YFSnxugTK2zY7EhduG0kJKm-o-bSL0dA9Sts-EoyA-boJ1beKl8ZNMvPk/s1497/messenger%20inquirer%20owensboro%20ky%20apr%2023%201908%20page%202%20kimsey%20obit(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1497" data-original-width="758" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7DyzLe1BA0WZ-T9f2HJqr0A22HYJ0qzKr51gsAxlvi0Ovt1RFJ89MlPbmvllX3H1Rr4eFQiKDVM9dTWwdlUHbowQ1nqbvfp8jEQ7mv_yofKRaJ7q10QBlElrUj4gIMR9YFSnxugTK2zY7EhduG0kJKm-o-bSL0dA9Sts-EoyA-boJ1beKl8ZNMvPk/s320/messenger%20inquirer%20owensboro%20ky%20apr%2023%201908%20page%202%20kimsey%20obit(1).jpg" width="162" /></a></div><br /><i><span class="tm14">Messenger-Inquirer </span></i><span class="tm8">(Owensboro, Kentucky), April 23, 1908, page 2.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Lawrence Luellen</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxhiBQwEty-wxyf5W9EJ2kQm_o9AeiUTtcbU6rADRz0RFzX71F0Pd7R7cxMkapfG0dCNWTQVJCZTXGI09WfugqMtb_aRKiYqaSTduYhVJMXovdqS6ugWRiBGDrbQvYmsREBSgGSVQXTfqrrc42kA71nog8xkVyEoyvlVWeE8OqztLwNwfl9bkM1H-/s1290/topeka%20daily%20capital%20feb%2014%201901%20voting%20machines%20luellen%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="921" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxhiBQwEty-wxyf5W9EJ2kQm_o9AeiUTtcbU6rADRz0RFzX71F0Pd7R7cxMkapfG0dCNWTQVJCZTXGI09WfugqMtb_aRKiYqaSTduYhVJMXovdqS6ugWRiBGDrbQvYmsREBSgGSVQXTfqrrc42kA71nog8xkVyEoyvlVWeE8OqztLwNwfl9bkM1H-/s320/topeka%20daily%20capital%20feb%2014%201901%20voting%20machines%20luellen%20pic.jpg" width="228" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Lawrence Luellen, who is widely credited with “inventing” the paper cup, was raised in Olathe, Kansas. He apparently had a creative side and artistic talent. He wrote the “class
song” for his graduating class in 1898. He sang the song at graduation in a quartet that included his future wife, Sallie Moore.<a href="#footnotexxviii"><sup>xxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviiiback"></a> Reports
of their marriage four years later hinted at his inventive and mechanical, with mention of one of his earliest inventions. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Lawrence Luellen and Miss Sallie Moore were married at the home of the bride in Kansas City Tuesday. They will make their home in Boston, where Mr. Luellen is interested in the manufacture
of a voting machine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Kansas Patron</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Olathe, Kansas), January 2, 1902, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen filed the first of a series of about ten US patents on voting machines in 1899. At least three of those patents were issued before the wedding. It’s not clear who or what
company backed his invention, but there was apparently enough interest to bring him to Boston. Interest in his machines may have increased when the city of Boston voted to purchase voting machines.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBDM4_ona17bbXpSSazcrul1ILVTBQ6JeCKx_1h7V6qzIZsIbt1dFRjlF5cVLMlkIHt9pOTcDkxWDK346vKS2ktzwkw8BnQayCADUV8VqrlFeIFG1gZ7YwECYG0ZgKY3OdosSKpxM2udt6MP3pUZCkNVEfUxd_gC-DBTCTSD2UH98MBINoYOx2l-e8/s906/boston%20evening%20transcript%20august%202%201901%20page%201%20voting%20machines%20boston.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="906" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBDM4_ona17bbXpSSazcrul1ILVTBQ6JeCKx_1h7V6qzIZsIbt1dFRjlF5cVLMlkIHt9pOTcDkxWDK346vKS2ktzwkw8BnQayCADUV8VqrlFeIFG1gZ7YwECYG0ZgKY3OdosSKpxM2udt6MP3pUZCkNVEfUxd_gC-DBTCTSD2UH98MBINoYOx2l-e8/s320/boston%20evening%20transcript%20august%202%201901%20page%201%20voting%20machines%20boston.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">Boston Evening Transcript</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 2, 1901, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">After devoting several years to voting machines, Luellen turned his attention to women’s clothing and office furniture. Beginning in 1902, he received several patents related to fasteners
for use on women’s clothing, with his wife Sallie listed as a co-inventor on at least one of those patents. In 1904, he invented an office bookcase, with recessed doors that opened upward and slid backward above the
books. He did not file his first paper cup-related patent until 1908. And when he did, it was not for a paper cup, as such, but for a vending machine “for dispensing beverages or other fluids and containers therefor.”
And the idea was not his, he was apparently invited to lend his talents to the project by investors interested in marketing a vending machine.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">According to historians of the </span><u><a href="https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/">Hugh Moore Dixie Cup Company Collection</a></u><span class="tm8"> at Lafayette University in Easton, Pennsylvania, Lawrence Luellen “first became interested in an individual drinking cup in 1907, through a lawyer named Austin M. Pinkham, who shared the same business suite
on State Street in Boston.”<a href="#footnotexxix"><sup>xxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxixback"></a> Although the statement does not claim Luellen was an attorney, it is frequently misinterpreted by those who suggest
Luellen was an attorney himself. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XJUxSO_LSQiglHGjGK7DUsfvTQ1UocqBfDCALmzJ-vINvk-7L25g1akjwJBLouWhJnI3S8wZLcg85O7srKcvwcYVyhebmJjsVszpzMvnS5ABhMSE8JeNm3nDW3kuMJVAN1xUVDU02qSY3vTqrAW3pbOkRKmkKsRQ1iExwCAauWj-TysvFnjfHKYm/s1790/austin%20m%20pinkham%20pic%20and%20bio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1790" data-original-width="1014" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XJUxSO_LSQiglHGjGK7DUsfvTQ1UocqBfDCALmzJ-vINvk-7L25g1akjwJBLouWhJnI3S8wZLcg85O7srKcvwcYVyhebmJjsVszpzMvnS5ABhMSE8JeNm3nDW3kuMJVAN1xUVDU02qSY3vTqrAW3pbOkRKmkKsRQ1iExwCAauWj-TysvFnjfHKYm/s320/austin%20m%20pinkham%20pic%20and%20bio.jpg" width="181" /></a></div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Edwin M. Bacon, </span><i><span class="tm14">The Book of Boston: Fifty Years’ Recollections of the New England Metropolis</span></i><span class="tm8">, Boston, Book of Boston Co., 1916, page 473.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Pinkham’s signature appears as a witness on both of Luellen’s earliest paper cup-related patent applications in 1908. This was more than two years after the Aseptic Drinking
Cup Company began selling Shea’s collapsible paper cups, and at a time when they were selling their PURIFOLD cup all across the country. Paper cups were already widely available, and increasingly considered important
and useful. Whoever put Luellen on the job recognized the market and hoped to capitalize on it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Hugh Moore Collection’s history also suggests Pinkham’s investors were initially “interested in forming a company to manufacture a flat-folded paper drinking cup.”
Those cups may well have been Shea’s cups. Luellen was working with the same group of people who brought Shea’s cup to market. Harry Potter, the inventor of the sputum cup assigned to Shea’s Aseptic Drinking
Cup Company, signed alongside Pinkham as a witness to Luellen’s “cup” patent (US1032557). </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Both inventors clearly knew one another, and may have been working for the same group of investors seeking to capitalize on the newly perceived market for paper cups. Luellen rejected Shea’s
collapsible cup as not suited to use in a vending machine - the nested stack of cups was a crucial design element of the machines. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLujaqaOnIOLFh2UMDINjAdsB1zxFi3RUEhT2IRhd3kNFzRqTIK-dj6omMLtk1OtwspbHA7ZifTJoW4exxKq0hez1AtPsGtais8kI3Qk5yBfAfIz3LwJ2yFAuZJRuGeh050woRSDKX3RW0pjorN5HOE85Ua2Hp-uFxRQP6KBZBX9WTsPeUvvhF0eGo/s1072/US1032557%20Lluellen%20signature%20witnesses%20pinkham%20potter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1072" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLujaqaOnIOLFh2UMDINjAdsB1zxFi3RUEhT2IRhd3kNFzRqTIK-dj6omMLtk1OtwspbHA7ZifTJoW4exxKq0hez1AtPsGtais8kI3Qk5yBfAfIz3LwJ2yFAuZJRuGeh050woRSDKX3RW0pjorN5HOE85Ua2Hp-uFxRQP6KBZBX9WTsPeUvvhF0eGo/s320/US1032557%20Lluellen%20signature%20witnesses%20pinkham%20potter.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US1032557, filed May 23, 1908, issued July 16, 1912. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If Luellen had used Shea’s cups, perhaps he would have gone into business with him. But as things worked out, Luellen and Moore formed their own company, successfully launching Luellen’s
cup-vending machines in 1909. The following year, Shea filed his own patent applications for his own vending machine (US1037552) and his own style of stackable cups (US1018013). Shea’s cups had little tabs extending
from the lip of the cup, like little handles, which the machine used to separate the last cup from the stack and move it into position for delivery to a user, as opposed to Luellen’s machines which interacted with the
outwardly bent rim of his cups for the same purpose.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Using vending machines to dispense drinking water was not a new idea. As early as 1889, the American Automatic Water Supply Company placed vending machines in cities across the country,
dispensing water from the Hygeia spring in Waukesha, Wisconsin from water bottles that were six feet tall. These vending machines dispensed water, but without a cup, which had to be furnished by a user.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mvOHZHyLD-FWyG1oMdbVFlz0ppeYCchlVXZLyURbrMyVNsUUvvnD5UNIXFljxIsxgskJ90WEAt08-1eHV2d4ruucEzGgB6B8B64MxsGDwlxZrGa5tATkXyAT0ZAUduZWTL2S7-_4gkVToO4reTbrc2-JQxZtiGtAiawJYK2qwrV6-xPmtLOe62TA/s791/boston%20globe%20july%2016%201889%20page%202%20-%20water%20vending%20machines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="783" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mvOHZHyLD-FWyG1oMdbVFlz0ppeYCchlVXZLyURbrMyVNsUUvvnD5UNIXFljxIsxgskJ90WEAt08-1eHV2d4ruucEzGgB6B8B64MxsGDwlxZrGa5tATkXyAT0ZAUduZWTL2S7-_4gkVToO4reTbrc2-JQxZtiGtAiawJYK2qwrV6-xPmtLOe62TA/s320/boston%20globe%20july%2016%201889%20page%202%20-%20water%20vending%20machines.jpg" width="317" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 16, 1889, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But they may have been ahead of their time. Despite some ballyhoo upon their introduction in 1889, there is little information about vending machines for water until Luellen and his backers
entered the market a decade later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen and his associates were not the only people to see the financial possibilities of the paper cup market. An article in a magazine called </span><i><span class="tm14">The American Inventor</span></i><span class="tm8"> laid out the path, even down to the collapsible cups they had first considered. Perhaps Luellen or the backers had read the article.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><b><span class="tm18">Cup Vending Machine</span></b><span class="tm8">. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm17" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">On railroad trains and in other public places there is a need for a machine, which will automatically dispense sanitary drinking cups much after the fashion of the chewing-gum and candy vending
devices. Such a device could be equipped with a supply of paper cups treated to make them impervious to moisture and compactly folded in order to place a large number in a single machine. The cup could be made without the
use of glue by forming the seam on the side in a double fold and reinforced by a wire. By dropping a coin in the slot a perfectly clean cup would be delivered to the purchaser, and after it was used it would be thrown away.
This scheme would give all passengers, that desired them, an individual drinking cup at a small cost. The machine would be highly popular and the device would no doubt bring a large revenue.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The American Inventor</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 15, Number 3, March 1906, page 72. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen’s genius, perhaps, was in rejecting the folding cups that were already on the market, in favor of the nested, stacked, tapered paper cups, and having the mechanical know-how
to make a machine that would dispense them one-at-a-time for a fee. His earliest patent applications were not for the cups, as such, but were for the vending machines. His patent specifications described a machine that would
dispense a single cup from a stack of inverted paper cups, and deliver it upright to a customer. He also described filling the cup with water, although his patent was broad enough to cover both the single cup dispenser and
the machine that would also fill it with water.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen described the cups in his vending machine as “cups, of the ordinary frusto-conical type and of some light material such as paraffin or other water-proof paper” (frusto-conical
is a fancy word meaning tapered sides and flat, top and bottom, like an ordinary paper cup). The text itself is ambiguous as to whether “ordinary” here applied to the shape or the use of paper for the cup. But
he did not claim to have invented the paper cup, for which others have given him credit. He merely listed a type of cup already in existence that could be used in his vending machine.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The application, filed April 2, 1908, disclosed a machine that stored an upside down stack of tapered paper cups, filled the cups as it rotated the bottom cup into an upright position, and
dispensed the filled cup onto a platform to be retrieved by a user. That original application became two patents. The first, for a cup vending machine (US1081508), did not issue until December 16, 1913. The second, for
a beverage vending machine (US1210501), did not issue as a patent until January 2, 1917. A second application, filed August 24, 1908 and issued as a patent on January 11, 1910 (US946242), focused on the interaction of the
coin and dispensing mechanism to control the vending of the cup. Although all of these patents discussed models that could dispense liquid, they also disclosed variants in which only the cup might be dispensed. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVykElebLWtVBCX0BIJY3mybhC1QqsuAmRLBmkwkNH04-sqy4EcyjiWu-HmFm1Ud7oATnzBwL_kl8B2jXM0Pdl3-SGp9QbukGfJVnUmjdDrOxQEGFcIdOheaSuVon5f0gbWSRfyuRGp-QUe365DQ52e0hjNZes9fyOV-3RLAk5tfU8pNqDWoR_Ctcy/s939/US946242%20Luellen%20filed%201908%20granted%201910%20vending%20machine%20combined.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="939" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVykElebLWtVBCX0BIJY3mybhC1QqsuAmRLBmkwkNH04-sqy4EcyjiWu-HmFm1Ud7oATnzBwL_kl8B2jXM0Pdl3-SGp9QbukGfJVnUmjdDrOxQEGFcIdOheaSuVon5f0gbWSRfyuRGp-QUe365DQ52e0hjNZes9fyOV-3RLAk5tfU8pNqDWoR_Ctcy/s320/US946242%20Luellen%20filed%201908%20granted%201910%20vending%20machine%20combined.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The heart of the invention was the coin-operated cup flipper. Before a coin is inserted, the bottom-most cup of a stack of cups above the device drops into position within the flipper.
The lip at the top of the cup comes into play in helping separate the bottom cup from the stack. When a coin is dropped in, the handle is operated to flip the cup and drop it into the receiving platform; filling the cup
as it is turned if it is a drink vending machine, or simply making an empty cup available for a user if it is a cup vending machine. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In addition to his vending machine patents, Luellen received patents in each of the three general types of paper cups, two-piece frusto-conical, one-piece pleated, and conical. His first
cup-specific patent (US1032557) was filed a few months after his first vending machine patent, but did not issue as a patent until 1912. A lip at the top of the cup (“a projection which I prefer to furnish by a continuous
flange 12 integral with the wall 10”), which interacted with the vending mechanism to separate a cup for the stack for delivery to a customer. It applied to any cup of this general shape, without regard to whether it
was one-piece pleated or a two-piece cup.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTTDeYog3tHnXsp7g2w4AVGJmYw_D16wQx-HleMw3TeTlTIVd1RO7PX7Rs7QYi4TZitBXGfAyUhrZ3uNaqHmkg-4iitTBIzrH9bud1-Qm-lknAqJTb2Vk_rZqKqg_2nVLVqccn3etnYZlDzSLqCBmDrDuhhRNhlhLx3cCBwlCpma-OcHDdx4CmZwpv/s1680/US1032557%20Lluellen%20cup%20filed%20may%201908%20issued%201912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1680" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTTDeYog3tHnXsp7g2w4AVGJmYw_D16wQx-HleMw3TeTlTIVd1RO7PX7Rs7QYi4TZitBXGfAyUhrZ3uNaqHmkg-4iitTBIzrH9bud1-Qm-lknAqJTb2Vk_rZqKqg_2nVLVqccn3etnYZlDzSLqCBmDrDuhhRNhlhLx3cCBwlCpma-OcHDdx4CmZwpv/s320/US1032557%20Lluellen%20cup%20filed%20may%201908%20issued%201912.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">He later added other frusto-conical cup patents, related to different ways of assembling the cup, securing the pieces together, and forming the lip at the top of the cup.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_H-Snjls90pkxi_d_KbqcRh8GriQ6eqfla1N71FQAnbdVFwpcQZzvfyGFmmQxMCf5mURZmGJE08eQ9rlbnFQYFOArd8RprfygS0Kf9pd1nuYcarJJsMBoicc-ZOHbhxblgq2uEf4YVkxlyrAB05l6KAbhk5KAEO-5tUX_650NYqCi1ioB9kkPzsRR/s895/luellen%20two%20piece%20cups%20combined.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="895" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_H-Snjls90pkxi_d_KbqcRh8GriQ6eqfla1N71FQAnbdVFwpcQZzvfyGFmmQxMCf5mURZmGJE08eQ9rlbnFQYFOArd8RprfygS0Kf9pd1nuYcarJJsMBoicc-ZOHbhxblgq2uEf4YVkxlyrAB05l6KAbhk5KAEO-5tUX_650NYqCi1ioB9kkPzsRR/s320/luellen%20two%20piece%20cups%20combined.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen received a patent (US1308793) for a one-piece pleated paper cup in 1919, on an application filed in 1912. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3oQJR07uTRLvWP0K6aOsxShRa48kGXJRmw9VGLKEOdWo4JivPE1uMevz1xof3ov0i-_DZrvPno0Z0R0nCEVhvZoYgqA9zltI6v8-RPMvJHSbLjkDcCGldF782OpAioWXiAUI5JimDVpXjavK9IKXtudoQdtoB86mb4AyRziydZ5hlvLrqiPZHkcGS/s2147/US1654982%20Luellen%20pleated%20paper%20cup%20filed%201922%20issued%201928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1429" data-original-width="2147" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3oQJR07uTRLvWP0K6aOsxShRa48kGXJRmw9VGLKEOdWo4JivPE1uMevz1xof3ov0i-_DZrvPno0Z0R0nCEVhvZoYgqA9zltI6v8-RPMvJHSbLjkDcCGldF782OpAioWXiAUI5JimDVpXjavK9IKXtudoQdtoB86mb4AyRziydZ5hlvLrqiPZHkcGS/s320/US1654982%20Luellen%20pleated%20paper%20cup%20filed%201922%20issued%201928.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><span class="tm8">In 1931, he received a patent (US1809281) for a one-piece conical paper cup. A woman named Agnes M. Klin had previously invented a one-piece conical paper cup of different construction.<a href="#footnotexxx"><sup>xxx</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDRVXn4ME9kvat6T4Eihk9o04rjjBP0MMxNCNZSvlf1BBN5CyLgIwU9MwYUqqexWG1pDRMzbfycT6_OMtxk_mf24Z89uMPBZznCyS7jY70CFXOZFlgiFbcslAwoBMNdV8HTIk-ZSt-YmtVP0_5e2ykCga_yuRJuYRCzJqkPgyeTRtximv9sjkewcKl/s1860/us1809281%20luellen%20conical%20drinking%20cup%201931%20filed%201927%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1435" data-original-width="1860" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDRVXn4ME9kvat6T4Eihk9o04rjjBP0MMxNCNZSvlf1BBN5CyLgIwU9MwYUqqexWG1pDRMzbfycT6_OMtxk_mf24Z89uMPBZznCyS7jY70CFXOZFlgiFbcslAwoBMNdV8HTIk-ZSt-YmtVP0_5e2ykCga_yuRJuYRCzJqkPgyeTRtximv9sjkewcKl/s320/us1809281%20luellen%20conical%20drinking%20cup%201931%20filed%201927%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivr0rNRcYXoBhHpvALVKALx-434icIj-hazCo3AAFNHucNETelOBd18W-WNV8lguXv5xb3cxRfHy12m2c4FHxrkkBuLMNmoSS8_ra-79Wk-Ky4HolKJ2khrAGkBxNk4XbX3V_2Kns8D-SaygGGLjNSrnKbbHR5Z5JDrWXVDNIAmtWvTXT3Gn_QBFes/s1801/US1121259%20-%20agnes%20klin%20advanced%20conical%20cup%201914%20filed%201911%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="1801" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivr0rNRcYXoBhHpvALVKALx-434icIj-hazCo3AAFNHucNETelOBd18W-WNV8lguXv5xb3cxRfHy12m2c4FHxrkkBuLMNmoSS8_ra-79Wk-Ky4HolKJ2khrAGkBxNk4XbX3V_2Kns8D-SaygGGLjNSrnKbbHR5Z5JDrWXVDNIAmtWvTXT3Gn_QBFes/s320/US1121259%20-%20agnes%20klin%20advanced%20conical%20cup%201914%20filed%201911%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span class="tm8">In addition to vending machines and cups, Luellen designed free cup dispensers - the familiar tube dispensers from which a user can grab the bottom-most cup from a stack of cups stored in
the tube. Luellen filed his earliest free dispenser patent application (US1043854) in 1909 and another (US1264950) in 1912.</span><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQBp8TuEtUGKSLYqPbxQvR5Y6yt8qSBPtd3vkMaPgx6x391YzGUJIV8F49xuFhO_GTW81GFSofDZMBqeAxFeHEunoXxZXbPKkGRX5czEerLHHIOqTj6Ovk_iqybNWwtxPSz6e01ybttl2R1VieY3dsNbSBkVzSbjSC5INnDIZyPkdjGpf1Z4_wJIX/s1881/dispensers%20combined.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1338" data-original-width="1881" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQBp8TuEtUGKSLYqPbxQvR5Y6yt8qSBPtd3vkMaPgx6x391YzGUJIV8F49xuFhO_GTW81GFSofDZMBqeAxFeHEunoXxZXbPKkGRX5czEerLHHIOqTj6Ovk_iqybNWwtxPSz6e01ybttl2R1VieY3dsNbSBkVzSbjSC5INnDIZyPkdjGpf1Z4_wJIX/s320/dispensers%20combined.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br />The availability of a free cup dispenser, as much as anything, may have contributed to the success of the paper cup. Nevertheless, in at least one round of paper cup litigation, one court
found no infringement of US1043854, in part, because of the existence of an earlier “cork cabinet” of similar design.<a href="#footnotexxxi"><sup>xxxi</sup></a></span>
<p></p><p class="Normal"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfD2sWPeyfT9nsncve1QRR6Og8I2v7jwl2RzTv_OPDRgEum7cgLorl2g5RpKSDJKUX-_Rc9qggbFCMsfg2ZyuWuWX1BGgBz-biofp7fCFgETtij8aID-yIq4ya40SIotkd0eLBr2l4_7yBa3PCWZ0y6mhdgojUtShDxbKoF-BpHFvZ9nqAsYlp9_Nn/s1676/dispenser%20comparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="1676" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfD2sWPeyfT9nsncve1QRR6Og8I2v7jwl2RzTv_OPDRgEum7cgLorl2g5RpKSDJKUX-_Rc9qggbFCMsfg2ZyuWuWX1BGgBz-biofp7fCFgETtij8aID-yIq4ya40SIotkd0eLBr2l4_7yBa3PCWZ0y6mhdgojUtShDxbKoF-BpHFvZ9nqAsYlp9_Nn/s320/dispenser%20comparison.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><span class="tm8">Luellen was not content merely designing paper cups, dispensers and vending machines. Even after starting several paper cup-related companies based on his patents, he continued to pursue
patents in other fields. He invented, for example, a golf tee made of clear gelatin,<a href="#footnotexxxii"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> a “catameneal bandage” (menstrual pad)<a href="#footnotexxxiii"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a>,
and a paper serving tray with “several compartments in which the various viands constituting the meal may be separately contained.”<a href="#footnotexxxiv"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a> He
served as president of the Servadish Paper Plate Company,<a href="#footnotexxxv"><sup>xxxv</sup></a> which tried to do for dishes what his other companies did for cups.</span><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUo5yRswur2_KBcnp7LKXRMYr6wavYhdcY9X91y3anTeSzjYphtXYLdNosF_sXTicyUVY2Unswfgq-usyyg8Gvcg03elGrMglqVcV6GkZKY1NjJxUgai5OGnYjVubUn1uA0se-HYFpR5XRrlnyl79VW3nywOjkJYaMsdJZVhPsKOHHFxUpLrHqxxZs/s3614/courier%20news%20bridgewater%20nj%20june%2018%201924%20page%2013%20servadish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3614" data-original-width="2339" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUo5yRswur2_KBcnp7LKXRMYr6wavYhdcY9X91y3anTeSzjYphtXYLdNosF_sXTicyUVY2Unswfgq-usyyg8Gvcg03elGrMglqVcV6GkZKY1NjJxUgai5OGnYjVubUn1uA0se-HYFpR5XRrlnyl79VW3nywOjkJYaMsdJZVhPsKOHHFxUpLrHqxxZs/s320/courier%20news%20bridgewater%20nj%20june%2018%201924%20page%2013%20servadish.jpg" width="207" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br />He also offered his services to government during the run-up to the United States’ involvement in World War I. He designed a system of coastal defense involving railcar-mounted mobile
artillery.<a href="#footnotexxxvi"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0XryIhD4pSOoYc_IlHPi8SvQn5Vz6xds8XK4Rnzeq43XXg2Hf0RiQb2xdhGlE-i3ZPegm8rzZotU_OXr9232NibjElDKAqtkl_s7X6vdpvrsfRyiOtpn00yZ9QMwTz4tYKG79jUpvHBDWnBrmUA1WEr-8lTLKahgdrXpiE1BRmR9IZcBrwMRqZi8D/s1098/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery%20headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1098" data-original-width="662" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0XryIhD4pSOoYc_IlHPi8SvQn5Vz6xds8XK4Rnzeq43XXg2Hf0RiQb2xdhGlE-i3ZPegm8rzZotU_OXr9232NibjElDKAqtkl_s7X6vdpvrsfRyiOtpn00yZ9QMwTz4tYKG79jUpvHBDWnBrmUA1WEr-8lTLKahgdrXpiE1BRmR9IZcBrwMRqZi8D/s320/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery%20headline.jpg" width="193" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiGG1n1WbsI7_B65uTdzhgGhE5C-D89IWiPESLob3rWupfYd0-7Ryo6kkCy3cm2OAwRYghIRF3B4ymMXS1lzUvf4_bKrmeE6musqCzvy76Is5vZciUPsRvVWM9KTS9GGhYP75s0RsFLyjmwHV-8Jdp91IlUR1Ko0an-6xOdbMrrRqk20WdaRVxgib/s1272/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery%20drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1272" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiGG1n1WbsI7_B65uTdzhgGhE5C-D89IWiPESLob3rWupfYd0-7Ryo6kkCy3cm2OAwRYghIRF3B4ymMXS1lzUvf4_bKrmeE6musqCzvy76Is5vZciUPsRvVWM9KTS9GGhYP75s0RsFLyjmwHV-8Jdp91IlUR1Ko0an-6xOdbMrrRqk20WdaRVxgib/s320/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery%20drawing.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Washington, D. C., Feb. 12. - While Kansas is showing an apparent lukewarmness toward the question of preparedness, one of its prominent young inventors has presented to congress a most stupendous
idea for coast defense. This young man is Lawrence W. Luellen, of Olathe, Johnson county. His plan is the establishment of a mobile artillery system to take the place of present coast defenses.</span></div><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm14">Topeka State Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 12, 1916, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1911, Lawrence Luellen’s family were the first residents of a new housing development, which is now Mountain Lakes, New Jersey.<a href="#footnotexxxvii"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgVi030tgFgANbf0ZVvEoC0Jg_moBRQ1MjPlfBWaSOzS5B9FODhMXxV5Wu2FeyXc4zEyniBtaSR_UaHErUpMXPz6kbKU7UHq6xFjARhNEoQbJ3rGQjC0kyeGzugkhAifogf2G0EKq-Fiv8kqSfXTJFBu17bwRb_qasdv7SmKoSCzk2Muyb-3AHPoF/s994/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="648" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgVi030tgFgANbf0ZVvEoC0Jg_moBRQ1MjPlfBWaSOzS5B9FODhMXxV5Wu2FeyXc4zEyniBtaSR_UaHErUpMXPz6kbKU7UHq6xFjARhNEoQbJ3rGQjC0kyeGzugkhAifogf2G0EKq-Fiv8kqSfXTJFBu17bwRb_qasdv7SmKoSCzk2Muyb-3AHPoF/s320/topeka%20state%20journal%20feb%2012%201916%20page%204%20-%20luellen%20inventing%20mobile%20artillery.jpg" width="209" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">Selling the Cups</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen, Moore and their other financial backers formed a succession of various corporate entities to manufacture and sell their products, beginning with the American Water Supply Company,
followed in quick succession by the Public Cup Vendor Company and the Individual Drinking Cup Company. The Individual Drinking Cup Company sold “Dixie Cups,” by that name, as early as 1917. The Dixie Drinking
Cup Company was formed by 1919, with Hugh Moore as President and Lawrence Luellen as Vice President.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSOTlWUGMdk8xR3UZAZgG-Z1hCC0-mNDX9RH56rk2kYEW8AICuEDhdXSxVyvvnUJEreRp_F9ankdjjm_tA12IhpqLIxcQGrwAOI3Z1sj0kHMJ0c5jyeIEd9vZpV-h84-MGYVZD5hReIWGP7FnZkw3_JGGsPBwGTnycAN2g2ghtGt7sRnvfU-Eqj5do/s707/municipal%20journal%20and%20engineer%20vol%2026%20no%205%20feb%203%201909%20page%20211%20incorporation%20american%20water%20supply.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="707" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSOTlWUGMdk8xR3UZAZgG-Z1hCC0-mNDX9RH56rk2kYEW8AICuEDhdXSxVyvvnUJEreRp_F9ankdjjm_tA12IhpqLIxcQGrwAOI3Z1sj0kHMJ0c5jyeIEd9vZpV-h84-MGYVZD5hReIWGP7FnZkw3_JGGsPBwGTnycAN2g2ghtGt7sRnvfU-Eqj5do/s320/municipal%20journal%20and%20engineer%20vol%2026%20no%205%20feb%203%201909%20page%20211%20incorporation%20american%20water%20supply.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><i><span class="tm14">Municipal Journal and Engineer</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 26, Number 5, February 3, 1909, page 211.</span><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest public reports of their products appeared within days of incorporation in February 1909. The Commissioner of Health of New York City installed one of the first water-and-cup
vending machines.</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSjoZJ0MKcgG2M6qPSTwQOpqmoYBhZXKwS0HuMdQA5E_9-BkGX3DEtPVMe1NzLcw8EVLQHxSLGaB2M5gHxHv2NZ-cA9TpPc2bxSDKccHgBMwIocbZ4bJKBBhwjtEW5ozb9xH3Fo9Kx9hrCSs7r3Qx7g7pdBBhKOi0TIYdywB-V9Tnt249ajDLimKyu/s2017/popular%20mechanics%20vol%2011%20no%202%20feb%201909%20page%20138%20luellen%20vending%20machine%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2017" data-original-width="1004" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSjoZJ0MKcgG2M6qPSTwQOpqmoYBhZXKwS0HuMdQA5E_9-BkGX3DEtPVMe1NzLcw8EVLQHxSLGaB2M5gHxHv2NZ-cA9TpPc2bxSDKccHgBMwIocbZ4bJKBBhwjtEW5ozb9xH3Fo9Kx9hrCSs7r3Qx7g7pdBBhKOi0TIYdywB-V9Tnt249ajDLimKyu/w199-h400/popular%20mechanics%20vol%2011%20no%202%20feb%201909%20page%20138%20luellen%20vending%20machine%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="199" /></a></div></span><span class="tm8">A public spirited man in Boston has invented a very unique, simple, and practical piece of mechanism in the shape of a sanitary drinking fountain. . . . The fountain delivers for the sum
of one penny, a new clean paper cup filled with pure water. The cup is made of water-proofed paper or fiver, and can not be returned to the machine, thus insuring to every purchaser an absolutely clean cup. . . .</span><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The fountain has a very neat, clean and sanitary appearance, being made for the most part of white enamel. The paper cups are stored upside down in the long nickel-plated tube just above
the vendor, thus keeping them free from all dust, and therefore germless. . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A water vendor of this design has recently been installed in the office of the Commissioner of Health of New York City, and the International Tuberculosis Society have determined to use it
as one of their chief weapons in their battle against the extermination of the Great White Plague.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Popular Mechanics</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 11, Number 2, February 1909, page 138.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Within weeks, the first railroad installed one of their machines. This one, like most of their early machines discussed in print, was a cup-only vending machine, located next to a free
water source. Passengers could bring their own cup, or buy one for a penny.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Lackawanna [Railroad Company] has adopted another improvement in the sanitary line. On all first class passenger trains a penny-in-the-slot machine is placed near each ice water tank
where for a penny a passenger may secure a parafine paper drinking cup for use rather than to use the public cup attached to the water tank.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Star-Gazette </span></i><span class="tm8">(Elmira, New York), March 25, 1909, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Within a couple months after first use, a description and illustration of the machine appeared in numerous outlets, from Vermont to Los Angeles and Tacoma to Oklahoma.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhet2Gd7R8CuCEEXI6xyq5W2DearCAPruGp1cFVzxVoFQrJNfkVvSgdFgpv6NzRnLWhuP4sEM2uCwi2T-rgOTB_6AClrRiui6w2g2v5LlD3jtMdJhd7m6_CDqsd4EjRj9h61II-YnRZWZIWmiw-AK2Go02ltPv4obJxssxAp17z2iGFxv8kY0G73EBL/s1316/kentucky%20post%20and%20times%20star%20covington%20apr%2026%201909%20page%207%20first%20installation%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="669" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhet2Gd7R8CuCEEXI6xyq5W2DearCAPruGp1cFVzxVoFQrJNfkVvSgdFgpv6NzRnLWhuP4sEM2uCwi2T-rgOTB_6AClrRiui6w2g2v5LlD3jtMdJhd7m6_CDqsd4EjRj9h61II-YnRZWZIWmiw-AK2Go02ltPv4obJxssxAp17z2iGFxv8kY0G73EBL/w204-h400/kentucky%20post%20and%20times%20star%20covington%20apr%2026%201909%20page%207%20first%20installation%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="204" /></a></div><i><span class="tm14">Kentucky Post and Times </span></i><span class="tm8">(Covington, Kentucky), April 26, 1909, page 7.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Soon, other railroads adopted the system, said to be manufactured by the Public Cup Vendor Company.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Just press a little button to the side of the water tank and down comes a little wax-paper cup, absolutely sanitary. The old system of using the same cup for drinking purposes on railroad
trains will be eliminated in the near future on all Great Western trains, according to contemplations now under way. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Their invention dates back only two months when the first one ever used was placed on the Lackawanna road. They are manufactured by the Public Cup Vendor Co., New York. The cups are placed
in a large tube near the water tank and may be reached by pressing a small button which drops a new cup for each drink of water. No using the same cup twice.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Freeport Evening Standard</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Freeport, Illinois), June 16, 1909, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other reports credited the cups to the American Water Supply Company of New England. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The American Water Supply Company of New England manufactures individual aseptic paper drinking cups which are being used on some railroads and many public places.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Physical Training</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 7, Number 9, September 1910, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">By 1911, the Individual Drinking Cup Company of New York City was exhibiting and installing their “cup machine for use in railway cars.”<a href="#footnotexxxviii"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxviiiback"></a>
Which of the various corporate entities represented their interests, both the Individual Drinking Cup and the Public Cup Vendor companies were still in existence as late as 1916. Hugh Moore was listed as the treasurer and
director of the Individual Drinking Cup Company, and treasurer and general manager of the Public Cup Vendor Company; Luellen as a vice president and director of the Individual Drinking Cup Company, and president and director
of the Public Cup Vendor Company. A man named Hugh Leighton, was the president and a director of both companies. Leighton was also a director of a bank in Maine, which may relate back to other early paper cup connections
with Maine, or at least the lumber industry in Maine, the source of much of the pulp used in making paper. <a href="#footnotexxxix"><sup>xxxix</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxixback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The sale of paper cups started chugging along when railroads and other institutions adopted the individual cup system voluntarily, but they really built up steam when state and local governments
banned shared public drinking cups. The first state to take official action was Moore and Luellen’s home state of Kansas. Dr. Crumbine and the State Board of Health announced that as of September 1, 1909, public drinking
cups would be prohibited on all trains and public waiting stations, as well as in public schools and state educational institutions. They made the announcement on April 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8">, which may have contributed to many people not taking it seriously - at least at first.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A good many people thought the board was joking when it began talking about abolishing the drinking cups, but there is no joke to it. It is a cold fact.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Wichita Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 2, 1909, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The cups eventually did catch on, although the transition was not always smooth.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Paper drinking cup vending machines were installed at the Union depot yesterday afternoon and attracted much attention, but did not get much pay.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The patrons of the depot looked at the machines and when they discovered that it took a penny to get a paper cup, but that they could use one of the granite ware cups tied to a chain for nothing
and get the same grade of ice water, they did not hesitate.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A number of the paper cups were purchased as souvenirs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">The Wichita Beacon</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 10, 1909, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other states, railroads and businesses soon followed suit. In addition to the penny-a-cup vending machines, some chose to install free dispensers, providing cups for free to users in certain
places. In Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for example, the state government placed vending machines in public places and free dispensers in office spaces.</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRZwauSCJhYykaZzwvikM8DbuAygWzUPxUyuM16_JP13eiGJAVkvXRkhIZaFc0AWDN8i4KUFSDTXwKYq35OQUi9O7rx7c2pIrLCX3P5Ul9qhh7xrtmN1UyFIGN_cxh1ZglbRW29Mhmyr7pmgw1Vzu9GFHw5YyKA3qiNjlGOsm_7z5E2A6HIUrfBwg/s720/buffalo%20morning%20express%20may%2029%201910%20page%2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="663" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHRZwauSCJhYykaZzwvikM8DbuAygWzUPxUyuM16_JP13eiGJAVkvXRkhIZaFc0AWDN8i4KUFSDTXwKYq35OQUi9O7rx7c2pIrLCX3P5Ul9qhh7xrtmN1UyFIGN_cxh1ZglbRW29Mhmyr7pmgw1Vzu9GFHw5YyKA3qiNjlGOsm_7z5E2A6HIUrfBwg/s320/buffalo%20morning%20express%20may%2029%201910%20page%2015.jpg" width="295" /></a></div></span>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One is a public vending machine from which everyone athirst can get a sanitary cup for a cent. The other is a similar machine, which will distribute the cups free of cost. The cent-in-the-slot
type of machine is to be installed in the corridors adjacent to the public fountains; the free vending machines are to be placed in the departments for the use of the employees. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Buffalo Morning Express</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 29, 1910, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They also marketed paper cups to the medical and dental professions, and to soda fountains and restaurants.</span></p><p><i><span class="tm14"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm14"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qZzLVjd1fcOWOdigTEy9p6HO9J2vZ3P4sJLo9UKxKp6h71kyzrdyNg9biL0n0596MSo8xNJfTfME0Sr5p_d-ytqiLKYUyTTOkYTAyHGagWYx6fboqzoB8N9w3eqO2Lun8UpUj9TsJJfHrpEf-WSknFTnGR_SVSLUwV5Ot_Kym9pPqzfDc6t7sYq3/s1401/texas%20dental%20journal%201909%20page%2040%20american%20water%20supply%20paper%20cups.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1151" data-original-width="1401" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qZzLVjd1fcOWOdigTEy9p6HO9J2vZ3P4sJLo9UKxKp6h71kyzrdyNg9biL0n0596MSo8xNJfTfME0Sr5p_d-ytqiLKYUyTTOkYTAyHGagWYx6fboqzoB8N9w3eqO2Lun8UpUj9TsJJfHrpEf-WSknFTnGR_SVSLUwV5Ot_Kym9pPqzfDc6t7sYq3/s320/texas%20dental%20journal%201909%20page%2040%20american%20water%20supply%20paper%20cups.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></i></div><p></p><p><i><span class="tm14">The Texas Dental Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 29, Number 5, May 1911, page 40.</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioqMcV2h8bLI9ZJEJZooBJ7jwSuYm8YivbgEvwbDPyM6hCg4vzO7JpPJhppXl6zZyGlwEnaSNrMCa7YfBYN687uFzT0KoYqw35Gfc75l8K7veLxXB2aN9hYRpoHPmRL7785ZltncpaYvNpBgPFqM5T8NLh6CQ11Bva6euGqoKGi-tOw_5c0dnKcHMC/s1834/southern%20pharmaceutical%20march%201911%20american%20water%20supply%20paper%20cup%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1834" data-original-width="1032" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioqMcV2h8bLI9ZJEJZooBJ7jwSuYm8YivbgEvwbDPyM6hCg4vzO7JpPJhppXl6zZyGlwEnaSNrMCa7YfBYN687uFzT0KoYqw35Gfc75l8K7veLxXB2aN9hYRpoHPmRL7785ZltncpaYvNpBgPFqM5T8NLh6CQ11Bva6euGqoKGi-tOw_5c0dnKcHMC/w225-h400/southern%20pharmaceutical%20march%201911%20american%20water%20supply%20paper%20cup%20ad.jpg" width="225" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Southern Pharmaceutical Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 3, Number 7, March 1911, page 32.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">For many years, Luellen and Moore’s Individual Drinking Cup Company sold their cups under the name “HealthKup,” for use in pay-per-cup vending machines and free dispensers.
</span></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhas3H6MfeBFJ2cwkOnbKnZyfWi3HBj9wy4Z0M4WoD1iptZ7RN7g06ZighYPc22tUCruiLLwcxlljGaKtcXmMm5KtIuM8c2zJ3O2PWWaW6_I-r6vM7RSaMSEGWXMZ7SP_fQ2L1z_E1JcMJXc8l3DiJWVv_VpFIcfYev568Bn-9H26Exv11Hy3XbYSMX/s2531/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2010%201916%20page%2018%20dixie%20cup%20-%20health%20kup%20sell%20or%20vend.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2531" data-original-width="1761" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhas3H6MfeBFJ2cwkOnbKnZyfWi3HBj9wy4Z0M4WoD1iptZ7RN7g06ZighYPc22tUCruiLLwcxlljGaKtcXmMm5KtIuM8c2zJ3O2PWWaW6_I-r6vM7RSaMSEGWXMZ7SP_fQ2L1z_E1JcMJXc8l3DiJWVv_VpFIcfYev568Bn-9H26Exv11Hy3XbYSMX/s320/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2010%201916%20page%2018%20dixie%20cup%20-%20health%20kup%20sell%20or%20vend.jpg" width="223" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Two Ways of providing paper cups</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm17" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One Pays in Cash - Sell them from penny-in-the-slot Health Kup Vendors, 66% profit;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One Pays in Goodwill - Give them one at a time from Health Kup Dispensers 100% profit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i>P<span class="tm14">hiladelphia Inquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 10, 1916, page 18.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Beginning 1917, they sold them under the “Dixie Cup” name.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj59wMJBchz8a0YiAFve1n14l5L3v9JUgtQA6x7bbY8RPNe99XB8ccAhNpcQ-Jk0hb9pSr5QoWEmqSXIv6DXwiFDwnEDT60-NAWcFIIuxOLu8dVsdXBJ9U4X5ckvqOIrDJ-atCAQwRfdWx02EH1X9_jPikYYkP1QZfkl1pXuODgsdWM4gO8i-YzQS5n/s4028/indianapolis%20news%20jul%2026%201917%20page%209%20dixie%20cups%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4028" data-original-width="2706" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj59wMJBchz8a0YiAFve1n14l5L3v9JUgtQA6x7bbY8RPNe99XB8ccAhNpcQ-Jk0hb9pSr5QoWEmqSXIv6DXwiFDwnEDT60-NAWcFIIuxOLu8dVsdXBJ9U4X5ckvqOIrDJ-atCAQwRfdWx02EH1X9_jPikYYkP1QZfkl1pXuODgsdWM4gO8i-YzQS5n/s320/indianapolis%20news%20jul%2026%201917%20page%209%20dixie%20cups%20ad.jpg" width="215" /></a></span></div><i><span class="tm14">Indianapolis News</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 26, 1917, page 9.</span><p></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx1KVTdFZy2g0D56fMioqpRRw72IAWHVCf2SiMv4WJx-UGnk_SrttEEOh020QBPhrTGpkIdUVnhQVTLbuE7CrgWOWeChXDvBVt7JWb710bVv8JhdXorYOlP_RKWrLxiWv3JJJ6-3W3wlsxNV4tuzhELmq83-QXTS2JOQ8T6ITOI3WgWE6zvABg719L/s2780/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2016%201917%20page%205%20dixie%20cup%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2571" data-original-width="2780" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx1KVTdFZy2g0D56fMioqpRRw72IAWHVCf2SiMv4WJx-UGnk_SrttEEOh020QBPhrTGpkIdUVnhQVTLbuE7CrgWOWeChXDvBVt7JWb710bVv8JhdXorYOlP_RKWrLxiWv3JJJ6-3W3wlsxNV4tuzhELmq83-QXTS2JOQ8T6ITOI3WgWE6zvABg719L/s320/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2016%201917%20page%205%20dixie%20cup%20ad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 16, 1917, page 5.</span></p> <p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVrAEnWhZWH3HWLsyWNFY9AP5X3jh6BGu1Nqx1SAVdsbYQpnuDBW4zGTyCKW4VCx6g7SA_HonMQQdWTF1Ju91Vwdceyz_KMnSQqgYqELTtG1VOALjUz1Z47aTnU6jI3DF0rNBcs3UHCwsZquQa_zd6JW2jXeXi11QE57fzs3aWmhguIiA50FnVw-z/s3717/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2021%201917%20page%204%20health%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3717" data-original-width="1935" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVrAEnWhZWH3HWLsyWNFY9AP5X3jh6BGu1Nqx1SAVdsbYQpnuDBW4zGTyCKW4VCx6g7SA_HonMQQdWTF1Ju91Vwdceyz_KMnSQqgYqELTtG1VOALjUz1Z47aTnU6jI3DF0rNBcs3UHCwsZquQa_zd6JW2jXeXi11QE57fzs3aWmhguIiA50FnVw-z/s320/philadelphia%20inquirer%20aug%2021%201917%20page%204%20health%20ad.jpg" width="167" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 21, 1917, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although Luellen and Moore’s companies’ dispensers and vending machines appear to have jump-started the paper cup industry in 1909, they were not the only game in town. Several
other companies created successful cups of their own design and manufactured vending machines operated by different mechanisms. Their two biggest competitors appear to have been the manufactures of the “Lily Cup”
and of the “Tulip Cup.” </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjol6SbnEhtNmHVWXG9xx_2W7qGcDkzEd2kZrA-CK5uLgYM3MVroAus3mxzQbcZsgK7b3rOikyFuoVhrxIKgCcnoPkZ52ObOq3mPf2IVjwZuPls6cpp00GKgTiSgYZjIb7hJQqIKDlDpagq7rK_6tl8xzgZbgg5YP_O5sDREfbflbh5CIL4c29CXM0p/s2018/chicago%20tribune%20may%2024%201912%20page%2014%20-%20lily%20cup%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2018" data-original-width="1576" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjol6SbnEhtNmHVWXG9xx_2W7qGcDkzEd2kZrA-CK5uLgYM3MVroAus3mxzQbcZsgK7b3rOikyFuoVhrxIKgCcnoPkZ52ObOq3mPf2IVjwZuPls6cpp00GKgTiSgYZjIb7hJQqIKDlDpagq7rK_6tl8xzgZbgg5YP_O5sDREfbflbh5CIL4c29CXM0p/w313-h400/chicago%20tribune%20may%2024%201912%20page%2014%20-%20lily%20cup%20ad.jpg" width="313" /></a></span></div><p></p><i><span class="tm14">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 24, 1921, page 14.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Lily Cup and Tulip Cup were both of the pleated paper cup variety. The names were suggestive of their look - the pleats resembling petals of a flower. The primary difference between
the two cups was that Lily Cups were infused or coated with wax, whereas Tulip Cups were waxless. In Lily Cups, the wax prevented the pleats from unfolding; in Tulip Cups, a rolled lip prevented the pleats from unfolding.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The similar floral theme of their names gave rise to a claim of trademark infringement, among various patent infringement claims, in litigation between the two companies in 1925. Luellen
and Dixie Cup also joined the fray.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">“A Rose By Any Other Name.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Hearing was held recently in Brooklyn, N. Y., in the suit brought by the manufacturers of the Lily drinking Container Corporation. . . . In its complaint the Lily Company alleges that it
has made and sold billions of drinking cups of the familiar lily design for which it holds a patent, and that the Tulip cup is so nearly identical in appearance with the Lily as to infringe the patented Lily cup. “Tulip”
is a mere variation and infringement of the registered trade mark of the Lily cup. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Suit has also been filed by the Dixie Drinking Cup Company, of New York, against the Tulip Company, under the patent of L. W. Luellen, who claims to be the originator of the paper drinking
cup now so generally used.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">National Hotel Reporter</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Chicago, Illinois), April 20, 1925, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Lily Cup was a product of the Public Service Cup Company of New York, incorporated in 1911 by Henry Nias. The Public Service Cup Company built its line of products on several patents
to Henry A. House, including a “paper-plaiting device,” a “machine for making paper receptacles,” and a “drinking vessel,” filed in 1910, 1911 and 1912, respectively. Edward Claussen also
held several utility patents related to cup manufacture. Claussen also designed their distinctive flared-lip shape, claimed in a design patent, filed in 1911 and issued in 1912. Henry Nias himself held a patent to a “cup
dispensing device” of his own design, filed in 1911 and issued in 1913.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDckDlmsAMwm3VuqrDVQ9545v8ftf1zRQNyq2nJWWQefyqy-3Bnd3fvoZ8CWI588nhEfQz3rujJBPIv-u46QmltXkLidyLmBcxmQpd7qNrwYs_lKtmFIxnV1QJVoAMqoF_ceHrDsmRT64AqSa3nXWh11Ql5N_zSclH_x3T3J1ndnZRkT9GViufg_d6/s2345/cincinnati%20post%20apr%2015%201921%20page%2016%20lily%20cup%20cincinnati%20reds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2345" data-original-width="1322" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDckDlmsAMwm3VuqrDVQ9545v8ftf1zRQNyq2nJWWQefyqy-3Bnd3fvoZ8CWI588nhEfQz3rujJBPIv-u46QmltXkLidyLmBcxmQpd7qNrwYs_lKtmFIxnV1QJVoAMqoF_ceHrDsmRT64AqSa3nXWh11Ql5N_zSclH_x3T3J1ndnZRkT9GViufg_d6/w225-h400/cincinnati%20post%20apr%2015%201921%20page%2016%20lily%20cup%20cincinnati%20reds.jpg" width="225" /></a></div><i><span class="tm14">Cincinnati Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 15, 1921, page 16.</span>
<p class="tm21"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBTYMvJAwWvcA-fgF77jezjeE9cuv_Sx2jAV0hekAG7Tsl_X19dK6z3iOp91lixrBk8hfUyMhBZkA5CoBixOQDkQGTdBAYrrXE04fG3nI8q-Jf8KMJ_bNB5qBBvzil6sfPyhM2db_Q9MRBU9xgAl_J9ix51MdtM3scaL-bduS5p89HpOFoGik0N1/s1752/pharmaceutical%20era%20july%201914%20lily%20cup%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1752" data-original-width="1004" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBTYMvJAwWvcA-fgF77jezjeE9cuv_Sx2jAV0hekAG7Tsl_X19dK6z3iOp91lixrBk8hfUyMhBZkA5CoBixOQDkQGTdBAYrrXE04fG3nI8q-Jf8KMJ_bNB5qBBvzil6sfPyhM2db_Q9MRBU9xgAl_J9ix51MdtM3scaL-bduS5p89HpOFoGik0N1/s320/pharmaceutical%20era%20july%201914%20lily%20cup%20ad.jpg" width="183" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm21"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">The Pharmaceutical Era</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 47, Number 7, July 1914, page 349.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">The Tulip Cup was a product of the United States Drinking Cup Company. Their products were based, primarily, on patents to Harriet Hill. Harriet Hill held patents for a paper cup dispenser
of novel design, a free cup dispenser of novel design, and a one-piece pleated paper cup with a lip folded over on itself three times. The folded lip created a stronger one-piece, pleated cup, which could retain its shape
even without being treated with wax, which was one of their major selling points. Descendants of her design can be seen in all pleated paper cups in use today, like ketchup cups at most fast-food restaurants or rinse cups
in many dentists’ offices, which universally have rolled lips.</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0RxvfbosNPXT-jGBI7OpaXQplb_lUblCgRbWM2NUV3izaqq4BBuXn3-3KWzXRWlKJdJMbQCHx_SmUlM4PGa6m8d9FmQt9YU8ribEN8f_8Hbx1D3z-NoR3xwZ-hmZw6UpuHeMc-ZR3bFW-VuGruhO-yyqJsqie2kE1SJ4Do41xCjNO7Ad5tVcylFie/s2143/tulip%20cup%20international%20confectioner%20vol%2028%20no%204%20april%201919%20page%2023%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1209" data-original-width="2143" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0RxvfbosNPXT-jGBI7OpaXQplb_lUblCgRbWM2NUV3izaqq4BBuXn3-3KWzXRWlKJdJMbQCHx_SmUlM4PGa6m8d9FmQt9YU8ribEN8f_8Hbx1D3z-NoR3xwZ-hmZw6UpuHeMc-ZR3bFW-VuGruhO-yyqJsqie2kE1SJ4Do41xCjNO7Ad5tVcylFie/w400-h226/tulip%20cup%20international%20confectioner%20vol%2028%20no%204%20april%201919%20page%2023%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Tulip Soda cups are made on the principles that made the Tulip Drinking cup famous. One piece - no bottom to fall out. The Rolled top rim presents a smooth edge to the lips and being locked
does away with the necessity of using glue or other adhesives to hold it together. Therefore, there is no taste with Tulip cups. And the Tulip cup is a real cup.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">International Confectioner</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 28, Number 4, April 1919, page 23.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Harriet Hill ran the company with her children, Willoughby F. Hill, Jr. and Herbert Hill. She would eventually preside over at least three related companies, all headquartered in New York
City, the United States Paper Drinking Cup Company, the United States Paper Products Company, and the Tulip Cup Company. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Based on the records in the patent office Hill appears to have been the innovator who created the sturdy rolled edge. Reports of stolen trade secrets and a family squabble suggest that
the truth may be more complicated.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In May of 1913, a man named Alexander J. Lackner sued Harriet Hill and others connected with the United States Drinking Cup Company for stealing his trade secrets. Lackner was Harriet Hill’s
brother. He accused her, her sons, his brother John and a company employee named Richard Blazej of stealing his secret process for rolling the lip of a pleated paper cup, which sounds suspiciously like her patented process
for folding over the rim.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Alexander J. Lackner several years ago invented a paper drinking cup with a peculiar double band at the top which does not need to be coated with wax to make it serviceable. He attempted
to have it patented but was told that it was more desirable to keep the mode of manufacture a trade secret.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">He engaged his brother John Lackner of the John Lackner Company to manufacture the cups and his sister, Mrs. Harriet Hill, of the United States Drinking Cup Company to sell them. Former employees
allegedly learned the secret and are putting cups on the market.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i>B<span class="tm14">rooklyn Times Union</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 7, 1913, page 8. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A report of the case after trial describes the alleged “secret” in greater detail.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Lackner company manufactures paper boxes and novelties at a factory in Whitestone. The most important of its products s a paper drinking cup. This has a large vogue because a peculiar
turning over of the top edge in three turns which makes the cup very durable. The Lackner cup and one manufactured in England have this feature. In the Lackner cup this turn is made by a machine which has three separate
dies. In the English cup the turn has to be made by hand.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Alexander Lackner, inventor of the machine, engaged Blazej on the strict understanding that he would never reveal any of the secrets that he learned in the Lackner employ. In order to keep
the machine a trade secret the greatest secrecy has been maintained. The machine has been kept in an apartment into which only those who operate it have been admitted and no one operator completes an entire cup.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Brooklyn Times Union</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 3, 1914, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">When the case went to trial, there was only one defendant, Blazej. It is not clear how the claims against the other defendants were resolved. It is also not clear whether the “turning
over of the rim” is the same as the folded-over rim of Harriet Hill’s patent. The publication of her patent in March 1913 also raises the question of what was so secret when reports of the suit were published
in May 1913. It also raises the question of whether her patented invention was the same as his claimed trade secret. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">It is possible that she invented the fold, and that her brother invented the machine that did the folding. But if Alexander Lackner invented his folded rim “several years” prior
to 1913 (as claimed), why didn’t Harriet Hill file her patent application until June of 1912? In any case, the patent and the trade secret litigation raises questions about the details of the invention and its inventorship.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But regardless of those questions, it is clear that Harriet Hill retained control of the technology and of the company. She also received at least three more cup-related patents, one for
a vending machine and one for a free dispenser, both of novel design and working by mechanisms different from Luellen’s. The selling point of her free dispenser is that it was a paper tube, the same tube the cups were
packaged and sold in, which could easily be converted into a dispenser.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkESCUJOM_GJCYvm_PtrBq5S-WaMQEWX3moejiDqIIsGHi8o5gQDnGLSVWXdMsZDqv0KZv8ooqOkmo0zVxoqKYVZ9dHQ5ZfqMUmsjTqfsimCGoayMGooZtyaNmWDPAejNNl47aIyxDtRPOqRBvbrbWT6r0bXXBUofJwRM27ir9EeuT1E0vgy6Ay-H-/s2255/arkansas%20democrat%20aug%205%201919%20page%208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2255" data-original-width="1735" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkESCUJOM_GJCYvm_PtrBq5S-WaMQEWX3moejiDqIIsGHi8o5gQDnGLSVWXdMsZDqv0KZv8ooqOkmo0zVxoqKYVZ9dHQ5ZfqMUmsjTqfsimCGoayMGooZtyaNmWDPAejNNl47aIyxDtRPOqRBvbrbWT6r0bXXBUofJwRM27ir9EeuT1E0vgy6Ay-H-/s320/arkansas%20democrat%20aug%205%201919%20page%208.jpg" width="246" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Famous Tulip Drinking Cups - the cup with the rolled edge - will fill your need. They are not heavily waxed like others n the market, and therefore are not sticky and do not adhere together,
causing the use of two cups where only one is needed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Packed in Self-Dispensing Tubes</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">No Holder Necessary!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">These are just the thing to use on picnics. The tubes these cups come in are the tubes they dispense from. They are as effectual as an expensive holder, and as durable - lasting as long
as there are cups. May be attached to the wall by a nail.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">Arkansas Democrat </span></i><span class="tm8">(Little Rock, Arkansas), August 5, 1919, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Years after the trade secret litigation and her earliest rolled lip patent, Harriet Hill continued innovating. She patented a new style of rolled-lip cup in 1919.</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XS4u1FtOIjajGujgAOFpVROXUv4gvlngf3me-S_DWgZo_z3K8sXU7uiipRWZo7yM4UFxxo2ARdd3Fx6NaoC0wku-5Yz5Lz_1ExnRFSHAJFzDo4eZn_gTMSPKe77LE4W-LSWjOUa8zpfU2DgPVJNTk2eKm93ggtuOk278EE46CnFA9wPG_jmHUT5e/s1853/Hill%20combined%20rolled%20lip%20patents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1393" data-original-width="1853" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XS4u1FtOIjajGujgAOFpVROXUv4gvlngf3me-S_DWgZo_z3K8sXU7uiipRWZo7yM4UFxxo2ARdd3Fx6NaoC0wku-5Yz5Lz_1ExnRFSHAJFzDo4eZn_gTMSPKe77LE4W-LSWjOUa8zpfU2DgPVJNTk2eKm93ggtuOk278EE46CnFA9wPG_jmHUT5e/s320/Hill%20combined%20rolled%20lip%20patents.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><span class="tm8">Harriet Hill died in Grand Central Station of “heart disease” (a heart attack?) at the age of sixty in 1921. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mrs. Harriet Hill, inventor of the Tulip drinking cup machine, died recently of heart disease in the Grand Central Station, New York. She was sixty years old and lived at 301 Lexington avenue.
She was formerly head of a paper products manufacturing company.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">Geyer’s Stationer</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 71, Number 1806, June 16, 1921, page 30.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Harriet Hill did not live to see her company merge with the Lily Cup company, but her rolled-lip patent of 1919 may have paved the way for the merger. Her new patent was at the heart of
infringement litigation in 1928. Her patent prevailed, and shortly afterward the Tulip Cup Company would merge with the Public Service Cup Company, the manufacture of Lily Cups.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The litigation was between Tulip Cup and a company called the Ideal Cup Corporation, but there is reason to believe that Public Service Cup and Ideal Cup were somehow related. Both companies
leased space in the same building on the same day, with Ideal on the sixth floor and Public Service Cup on the seventh.<a href="#footnotexl"><sup>xl</sup></a><a id="footnotexlback"></a> And the president of Ideal Cup, Frederick
Ruhling, would become manager of Lily-Tulip Cup Metropolitan New York territory sales division in 1929, and years later, in 1944, would be elected to the board of Lily-Tulip.<a href="#footnotexli"><sup>xli</sup></a><a id="footnotexliback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An advertisement offering Lily Cups and Ideal Cups side-by-side seems to support the suggestion of a relationship between the two. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9h6jFdMXuIUJwYVIPiBT-azlQop_x2qwj3WRjGvmgm3Q7_hfqvI4ONeRlXRNO-pAN-W41iejqbgZHEcDBQl14QO-QKzogPoRL1JZmVkpEDCdXDXYXfjhBReqmwnJPn67wevG7gJgq4QyRqXUdyQZ94LqkVbxSyz9QcBo9xT1jM4IgfdnpTe-TDYb/s1513/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20may%2013%201929%20page%204%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1432" data-original-width="1513" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9h6jFdMXuIUJwYVIPiBT-azlQop_x2qwj3WRjGvmgm3Q7_hfqvI4ONeRlXRNO-pAN-W41iejqbgZHEcDBQl14QO-QKzogPoRL1JZmVkpEDCdXDXYXfjhBReqmwnJPn67wevG7gJgq4QyRqXUdyQZ94LqkVbxSyz9QcBo9xT1jM4IgfdnpTe-TDYb/s320/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20may%2013%201929%20page%204%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Lily Drinking Cup is made of a single circle of paper, waxed - one-piece construction prevents leaking. The triple pleat formation gives it triple strength and rigidity. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Ideal Paper Cup is non-collapsible and made of high-grade unwaxed bond paper with rolled edges, Lily cup shape.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 13, 1929, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1928, the Tulip Cup Company, now owned by a man named Simon Bergman, sued the Ideal Cup Corporation for infringement of Harriet Hill’s rolled-lip patent of 1919. The trial judge
ruled against Tulip and in favor of Ideal. Judge Moscowitz declared that the cups were an idea, not an invention. A report of the verdict gives a sense of the value of Harriet Hill’s patent.</span></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-LYnfyDrP5qY3SXf3VJQo5mnQV6INGf4EoCGHmhzEqp0jsqDkhoAihouPo8Ka2rjh4JfpuK5AWRIgjJ4oV419OE1pia0t_hpYbXAk2u_nkb_EecGsPmo4ueZ-NWqAlZgoRaluPl7h3TJlhkeUkhyI6CfB7KP58tYa0CSFJrVRLkahR2J85HjtA0y/s1016/New%20York%20Daily%20News%20february%2010%201928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="715" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-LYnfyDrP5qY3SXf3VJQo5mnQV6INGf4EoCGHmhzEqp0jsqDkhoAihouPo8Ka2rjh4JfpuK5AWRIgjJ4oV419OE1pia0t_hpYbXAk2u_nkb_EecGsPmo4ueZ-NWqAlZgoRaluPl7h3TJlhkeUkhyI6CfB7KP58tYa0CSFJrVRLkahR2J85HjtA0y/s320/New%20York%20Daily%20News%20february%2010%201928.jpg" width="225" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The cups were originated by Mrs. Harriet Hill, who sold the idea to the Tulip cup concern. Testimony in the trial showed that as many as 600,000,000 of the cups were made by that organization
in a single year, the receipts for which amounted to $1,458,000.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm14">New York Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 10, 1928.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">That decision was reversed on appeal to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This suit is for infringement of the Hill patent, No. 1,310,698, filed November 19, 1918, and granted July 22, 1919, on a pleated paper cup having a curled rim. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The reception of this cup by the public and its extensive sales indicates a preferment over other cups. The appellee has selected it because of its durability and cheapness. It has become
an infringer . . . . We hold the patent both valid and infringed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm14">Tulip Cup Corporation et al. v. Ideal Cup Corporation</span></i><span class="tm8">, 2</span><sup><span class="tm8">nd</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Circuit, 27 F2d 717-19. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Second Circuit’s decision in the case was handed down on July 2, 1928. Ideal appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of the United States, but their petition was denied in
November 1928. During the interim, in October of 1928, Henry Nias of the Public Service Cup Company and Simon Bergman of Tulip met for dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.<a href="#footnotexlii"><sup>xlii</sup></a><a id="footnotexliiback"></a>
The merger was arranged before the end of the year.<a href="#footnotexliii"><sup>xliii</sup></a><a id="footnotexliiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Whether Public Service Cup Company was directly involved in that litigation or not, the decision upholding Tulip’s rolled-lip patent may have been the paper straw that broke the paper
company’s back, motivating them to merge with Tulip, the company that Harriet Hill built.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">If You Can’t Beat ‘em, Join ‘em</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And in the if-you-can’t-beat-em-join-em department, Lawrence Luellen received his own patent for a waxless, pleated paper cup, similar to Harriet Hill’s (or Alexander Lackner’s)
in 1922. Luellen added an extra indentation to the folded-over lip for added strength. No news on whether Dixie ever faced off with Tulip or Tulip-Lily over their pleated cup.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Give credit where credit is due. Lawrence Luellen and Hugh Moore helped create the modern paper cup industry, but did not invent the paper cup. John Shea beat them to the punch by a few
years, and James Kimsey was poised to manufacture thousands of cups a day before his premature death in 1908. And other inventors had been making paper pails, buckets and cups for other purposes for several decades before
Luellen and Moore made their first cup. But the industry never really took off until after Hugh Moore started selling Luellen’s vending machines and dispensers in 1909. Their Dixie Cups would come to dominate the field.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">To the victor go the spoils.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “Cup,” US1032557, July 16, 1912 (filed May 23, 1908).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> The filing date of a patent application is closer to the date of “invention,” because the entire invention must be reduced
to writing by that date. The date of issue can be many months or years after the date of filing, and not be indicative of true first date of invention.</p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> </span> Lawrence Luellen, the named inventor on most of the company’s early patents, was married to Moore’s
older sister Sallie. They all attended the same schools in Olathe, Kansas. Lawrence and Sallie were in the class of 1898 together; Hugh Moore was five or six years behind them.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> “Vending-Machine,” US1210501, January 2, 1917 (filed April 2, 1908).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The Topeka Daily Capital </span></i>(Kansas), March 31, 1909, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The Pharmaceutical Era</span></i>, Volume 34, Number 13, September 28, 1905, page 305. Shea distributed samples
of his cup at a convention of the National Association of Retail Druggists held in Boston that year. Coincidentally, it was the same convention from which the earliest known reports of the “Banana Split” in print
appeared. The standard history of the time and place of the “invention” of the Banana Split is also in dispute; a topic for a later post.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> Joseph Needham, Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin, <i><span class="tm11">Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing</span></i>, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1985, page 122.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> The 1880 census lists the age of Levi Thomas of Chicago as 44.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Burlington Daily Times</span></i> (Vermont), June 28, 1859, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">A. N. Marquis & Co.’s Business Directory of Chicago 1887-8</span></i>, Chicago, A. N. Marquis &
Company, 1887, page 72.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888-9, Official Catalogue of the Exhibits</span></i>,
Volume I, Melbourne, M. L. Hutchinson, 1888, page 97.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The New York Sun</span></i>, February 10, 1891, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Directory of Director in the City of New York and Suburbs</span></i>, New York, Audit Co., 1901, page 872.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Dayton Daily News </span></i>(Dayton, Ohio), March 16, 1903, page 1 (“Receiver desired by creditors of
the Safety Bottle and Ink Company . . . . The application for a receiver was made by August Belmont and Charles R. Flint, stockholders, and creditors of the concern. . . . The company owes Belmont $36,000 and Flint a like
amount . . . .” ;<i><span class="tm11"> The Jersey City News</span></i>, August 1, 1903, page 1 (“Public Sale of the Plant of Safety Bottle & Ink Company, as a Going Concern”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Individual Drinking Cup Co. et al. v. Public Service Cup Co.</span></i>, Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, February 26, 1918, 250 Fed. 620.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Individual Drinking Cup Co. et al. v. Public Service Cup Co.</span></i>, Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, February 26, 1918, 250 Fed. 620.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Webb City Register</span></i> (Webb City, Missouri), December 21, 1909, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office</span></i>, October 23, 1906, page 2511.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> “<u><a href="https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/">Company History</a></u>,” Hugh Moore Dixie Cup
Company Collection, 1905-2008. <u><a href="https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/">https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The New York Times</span></i>, July 28, 1903, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The Evening Journal</span></i> (Wilmington, Delaware), July 2, 1904, page 7.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> The President of the Union Paper Cup Company was a man named Henry R. Heyl. Heyl invented the modern one-shot stapler and
the familiar “Chinese” takeout container, and also staged the first public showing of a “motion picture” in 1870. See my earlier post, “Chinese Food, Staplers and Oysters - Unboxing the Mani-fold
History of the “Chinese” Takeout Container.” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/chinese-food-staplers-and-oysters.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, July 31, 1905, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Trenton Evening Times</span></i> (New Jersey), September 16, 1908), page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">New York Times</span></i>, November 1, 1909, page 15.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiback"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Messenger-Inquirer</span></i> (Owensboro, Kentucky), April 23, 1908, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiiback"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The Olathe News-Herald</span></i>, May 12, 1898, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxixback"><sup>xxix</sup></a> “<u><a href="https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/">Company History</a></u>,” Hugh Moore Dixie
Cup Company Collection, 1905-2008. <u><a href="https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/">https://sites.lafayette.edu/dixiecollection/company-history/</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxx"></a><a href="#footnotexxxback"><sup>xxx</sup></a> Folding Paper Vessel, US1121259, Agnes M. Klin, December 15, 1914, filed June 16, 1911.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiback"><sup>xxxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Individual Drinking Cup Co. et al v. Public Service Cup Co</span></i>., 250 Fed. 620 (162 C. C. A. Reports
636), Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, February 26, 1918.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiback"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> US1152649</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiiback"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a> US1192439</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxivback"><sup>xxxiv</sup></a> US1440547</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxxvback"><sup>xxxv</sup></a> “Paper Plate Co. to Locate to Utica,” <i><span class="tm11">Paper Trade Journal</span></i>, Volume 82, Number 9, March 4, 1926, page 53.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviback"><sup>xxxvi</sup></a> US1244431</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiback"><sup>xxxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Daily Record </span></i>(Morristown, New Jersey), July 21, 1986, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxviiiback"><sup>xxxviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">The Tennessean</span></i> (Nashville, Tennessee), April 30, 1911, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxxixback"><sup>xxxix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm11">Directory of Directors in the City of New York</span></i>, New York, Directory of Directors Company,
1915-1916.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexl"></a><a href="#footnotexlback"><sup>xl</sup></a> “Bush Terminal Leases,” <i><span class="tm11">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i>, September 19, 1928, page 3 (Ideal Cup Corporation, Inc., for section of floor 6 in building 19; Public Service Cup Company for sections of floor 7 in building 19 and floors 6-7
in building 20.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexli"></a><a href="#footnotexliback"><sup>xli</sup></a> “Lily-Tulip Cup Elects Ruhling Board Member,” <i><span class="tm11">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i>, May 1, 1944, page 14.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexlii"></a><a href="#footnotexliiback"><sup>xlii</sup></a> “The Lily-Tulip Story - How it all Began,” <i><span class="tm11">The Daily Register</span></i> (Red Bank, New Jersey), April 23, 1963, page 15 (a reprint of a story which appeared in a booklet printed by the company on the occasion of its 25<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 1954).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexliii"></a><a href="#footnotexliiiback"><sup>xliii</sup></a> Advertisement for a Lily-Tulip Cup Corporation stock offering, <i><span class="tm11">The Buffalo News</span></i>, February 26, 1929, page 29, (“Lily-Tulip Cup Corporation . . . is to acquire as of January 1, 1929 . . . the business . . . and . . . liabilities of Tulip Cup Corporation .
. . and of Public Service Cup Company.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
<br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-29803431751522113952023-02-19T09:30:00.000-08:002023-02-19T09:30:14.647-08:00Squirting Flowers - a Surprising History<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYNxcWUuslSwtF7Q-M8WoaUg0M5kqrCSY5oi4fyEJ1KsXGVdkf1Sc6T-3nrXtpjvuU2eJpnD4GuT0u4KOqM4nMLxcil-wMqqc635BumMProZ53n38RF_hlzYeMTzSQlVxb_GHhGn9e0c58rFEQDcO7UXfYcjQqDOguE_OZLnV1Pp0y-sYxgy1IY-b/s776/puck%20vol%209%20no%20231%20page%20395%20surprise%20boutonniere%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="776" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYNxcWUuslSwtF7Q-M8WoaUg0M5kqrCSY5oi4fyEJ1KsXGVdkf1Sc6T-3nrXtpjvuU2eJpnD4GuT0u4KOqM4nMLxcil-wMqqc635BumMProZ53n38RF_hlzYeMTzSQlVxb_GHhGn9e0c58rFEQDcO7UXfYcjQqDOguE_OZLnV1Pp0y-sYxgy1IY-b/w400-h297/puck%20vol%209%20no%20231%20page%20395%20surprise%20boutonniere%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If slipping on a banana peels is the most hilarious thing ever, the second most hilarious thing ever may be the squirting flower boutonniere. Banana peel humor is old - dating to at least
the 1850s, but not as old as slipping-on-orange-peel humor, which is at least several decades older. (See my earlier post, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/12/a-slippery-history-of-banana-peel-gag.html"><span class="tm8">A Slippery History of the Banana Peel Gag - and the Orange Peel Gag</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.)</span></p><span class="tm8">Squirting boutonnieres are not quite so old, but may be older than one might expect. The “Surprise Bouquet” was new in 1881, when an advertisement pronounced it “just
out, and the best practical joke of the season.”</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeU6BhdBMnv8JzIFjl6tx7UUNsWsPT_SR42pQlFdiPADK1-ePdoDJq92maOnjPz9g220aS2eVKLJXTwkbMXTLXrn_5l8CzBAN3ykingWgtFl6EhsQNcA2_Zea7u8rM4unJByXpPrl57md0EmKFUzwyRogWNByXItvN2aZxKxuAcjaAHwLDfRh9nLS/s1760/puck%20vol%209%20no%20231%20page%20395%20surprise%20boutonniere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="1760" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDeU6BhdBMnv8JzIFjl6tx7UUNsWsPT_SR42pQlFdiPADK1-ePdoDJq92maOnjPz9g220aS2eVKLJXTwkbMXTLXrn_5l8CzBAN3ykingWgtFl6EhsQNcA2_Zea7u8rM4unJByXpPrl57md0EmKFUzwyRogWNByXItvN2aZxKxuAcjaAHwLDfRh9nLS/w640-h210/puck%20vol%209%20no%20231%20page%20395%20surprise%20boutonniere.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm10" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"> THE SURPRISE BOUQUET</span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Just Out, and the Best Practical Joke of the Season.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This beautiful Button-hole Bouquet is made of Artificial Flowers and Leaves, which so closely resemble natural flowers that not one person in a thousand would detect the difference. After
placing the Bouquet in your button-hole you call the attention of a friend to its beauty and fragrance. He will very naturally step forward and smell of it, when to his utter astonishment, a fine stream of water will be thrown
into his face. Where the water comes from is a mystery, as you can have your hands at your side or behind you, and not touch the Bouquet in any manner. You can give one dozen or more personas a shower bath without removing
the Bouquet from your button-hole, and after the water is exhausted it can be immediately refilled without removing it from your coat. Cologne can be used in place of water when desired. We have many funny things in our
stock, but nothing that equals this. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">EUREKA TRICK AND NOVELTY CO., Box 4614</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">7 Warren Street, New York.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Puck</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 9, Number 231, August 10, 1881, page 395.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">There is a common misconception that the squirting flower was invented by Soren Sorensen Adams, the inventor of the joy buzzer.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
Adams was born in 1880, however, which means he would have had to have been one year old at the time of the invention. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The gag was still going strong a decade and a half later. An article about making “fortunes in patents” claimed it netted annual royalties of $12,000 in 1895.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNGXeynRmGai2Rw7V2-mdZaNhzMUgF_3mUVJzmdWuxG7B_CqrteEKpdqfRFQ474WdrRTjXokOseM44xuWVi8eD0GXXW7lAkb87I4PHnDppI3UYgbs7GT9kNEO_9n4aRt8wFwAyfBhJa6C2TlSR30o38GoQj12lDpoMn-m1U6HUOfti-6B0MFeW-gH/s910/chicago%20tribune%20june%202%201895%20page%2028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="910" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNGXeynRmGai2Rw7V2-mdZaNhzMUgF_3mUVJzmdWuxG7B_CqrteEKpdqfRFQ474WdrRTjXokOseM44xuWVi8eD0GXXW7lAkb87I4PHnDppI3UYgbs7GT9kNEO_9n4aRt8wFwAyfBhJa6C2TlSR30o38GoQj12lDpoMn-m1U6HUOfti-6B0MFeW-gH/s320/chicago%20tribune%20june%202%201895%20page%2028.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL2vGKOBtHehwGPoxv8jhPwCYk74iYqkwafTbSPIl20FZlkp1oDn-sNXlZYYAMgB_dlapITL27FIxp1XoOJQPY5M1bnVNBjBNxUbWzT7uZrehjaw039bBC9DatrA9OO1kvXOdDp49SSTtQ0nW7OREv8lvAFk0pEa0CVd8GXxrie70jCItLre17Nlb0/s1169/Eagle%20river%20review%20july%2018%201895%20page%208%20squirting%20boutonniere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1169" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL2vGKOBtHehwGPoxv8jhPwCYk74iYqkwafTbSPIl20FZlkp1oDn-sNXlZYYAMgB_dlapITL27FIxp1XoOJQPY5M1bnVNBjBNxUbWzT7uZrehjaw039bBC9DatrA9OO1kvXOdDp49SSTtQ0nW7OREv8lvAFk0pEa0CVd8GXxrie70jCItLre17Nlb0/w350-h400/Eagle%20river%20review%20july%2018%201895%20page%208%20squirting%20boutonniere.jpg" width="350" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An automatic funnel was sold for $57,000; a knitting machine has earned millions; a squirt boutonniere brings royalties of $12,000 a year.</span>
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8">, June 2, 1895, page 28.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A practical and familiar invention mentioned in the same article is the lemon juicer.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizfi1_PH37I40ct3E8WJf-iSIidnP6NiNu6b7rcCmzwg3RFT5rRTNgCMzj6FWDfB8Pdv9umPfmIUXNhkpRvbyHIrtvp0z6_darHZ2ZSfu27D43v2dBU9dlydD3pBMGDbDut9oSkRecjD1KZlTe2ZDVPShC9krxBJH35OO1WCmDr4m4TnM9wvXEDr5E/s1035/lemon%20juicer%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1035" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizfi1_PH37I40ct3E8WJf-iSIidnP6NiNu6b7rcCmzwg3RFT5rRTNgCMzj6FWDfB8Pdv9umPfmIUXNhkpRvbyHIrtvp0z6_darHZ2ZSfu27D43v2dBU9dlydD3pBMGDbDut9oSkRecjD1KZlTe2ZDVPShC9krxBJH35OO1WCmDr4m4TnM9wvXEDr5E/s320/lemon%20juicer%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The glass lemon-squeezer, familiar to everybody, is one of the simplest of them all. It has the merit of working well, of being easy to keep clean, and never getting out of order. The purchaser
paid $50,000 for it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8">, June 2, 1895, page 28.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The practical “joke” was just as hilarious in 1916 as it had been in 1881 and still is today.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ3i5PvMefMzKu92j8UYObgBY388G_VHyoZLiGC08Y1XwofK0WL0qgF3jKPqDmak6xOXBWHkJlSjnFRj3PhpuMaTN38l0Z7iEsvuY8K9YvVwrGaw26fgfJl9nR4gJM7EJUYXyc_alBj_yFEUskmJbq0ovwFGq8LdLWD4-QsdnZ2zEf2NAxeOY3klU/s792/chicago%20day%20book%20july%2027%201916%20page%2017%20-%20squirting%20flower%20-%20edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="792" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ3i5PvMefMzKu92j8UYObgBY388G_VHyoZLiGC08Y1XwofK0WL0qgF3jKPqDmak6xOXBWHkJlSjnFRj3PhpuMaTN38l0Z7iEsvuY8K9YvVwrGaw26fgfJl9nR4gJM7EJUYXyc_alBj_yFEUskmJbq0ovwFGq8LdLWD4-QsdnZ2zEf2NAxeOY3klU/w400-h321/chicago%20day%20book%20july%2027%201916%20page%2017%20-%20squirting%20flower%20-%20edit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Heh! Heh! Heh! Wah-he! He!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Why all the merry guffawas, stupid?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We just can’t restrain ourselves from lawfing at the merry antics of the practical joker, he’s so clever and funny.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We think you should be spouting sympathy for this rummy instead of the tickle exhausts. He’s the feeble-minded Luke that wears the trick flower and tells you put your horn down and
smell it, then he presses a bulb that squirts rain up in your mush.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He’s the rummy that puts drinking water on the bookkeeper’s chair when he goes to answer the phone. Always has some clever little stunt where his victim is a full-bearded angora,
but when somebody changes the act and uses him for the nanny, Oh! His record rattles off thusly: “That’s a dirty trick. I don’t mind a joke, but that ain’t no joke; a joke’s a joke, but that’s
dirty,” etc.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Day Book </span></em><span class="tm8">(Chicago), July 27, 1916, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Funny or unfunny in real life, Harold Lloyd put the squirting lapel flower to “uproarious” comedic use in his </span><u><a href="https://youtube.com/clip/UgkxL_h7i2rzcx0ABLyPC-KlYbO8kmlOJdWN"><span class="tm8">1932 film, </span><em><span class="tm13">Movie Crazy</span></em></a><em></em></u><em></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtube.com/clip/UgkxL_h7i2rzcx0ABLyPC-KlYbO8kmlOJdWN" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1388" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghgkTjIpXRLOBZf0KR38ZXr-4OAmRoXUubbZmr5dhlEDrvPCI5zYR3cNz_ErGVig1J6_cAxCjFA1aWHq_gwPotrVUTe7xRhI2BbsNR7pcjiqduGsG1X_kr_25UBoURkNxGMN80DpyxgWcxRpgwVfbyt4oBXCUS4YImfV624JcvZNd8jqVPw19eaLD6/w400-h268/harold%20lloyd%20movie%20crazy%201932%20still.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">After many quarrels with the leading lady (Constance Cummings), he receives, accidentally, an invitation to one of the major social events. There, a valet gives Harold a magician’s
coat by mistake. The scenes that follow are not only funny, they’re uproarious. The coat yields, among other things, a rabbit, an egg with a live chick in it, a water-squirting lapel flower, a mouse, and a white pigeon.
. . . In actual tests at Hollywood, this scene drew 17 minutes of continuous laughter - a record.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm13">Asbury Park Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, August 29, 1932, page 4 (</span><u><a href="https://youtube.com/clip/UgkxL_h7i2rzcx0ABLyPC-KlYbO8kmlOJdWN"><span class="tm8">View clip here on YouTube</span></a></u><span class="tm8">).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But squirting flowers were not all fun and games. In 1939, for example, a twelve-year-old with a squirting flower triggered a chain of events that resulted in a fight, pulled hair, a gunshot,
hospitalization and an arrest. It happened on 45</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> street in Cleveland. “Smell it” she said. What could go wrong?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzb1y226EkbfLcHbNHgVCPYYYFyvg5U22-rR0S73sc8j5fwS8PtZTwflC-Vb5tJ8K2ghlmTyPZPDI7mkbZSAL7cKMrBPIaZV9fM2ZrWNze-KxlFGQirUTQEvZV2mVcrZYXaBx9kGdyy604xTKhAmBg8kkepWQL1ZRmi6Ms0e19yTBzARy--MbYV3i/s1191/news-journal%20june%2024%201939%20page%201%20-%20cleveland%20squirting%20flower%20chaos%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="1191" height="99" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzb1y226EkbfLcHbNHgVCPYYYFyvg5U22-rR0S73sc8j5fwS8PtZTwflC-Vb5tJ8K2ghlmTyPZPDI7mkbZSAL7cKMrBPIaZV9fM2ZrWNze-KxlFGQirUTQEvZV2mVcrZYXaBx9kGdyy604xTKhAmBg8kkepWQL1ZRmi6Ms0e19yTBzARy--MbYV3i/w400-h99/news-journal%20june%2024%201939%20page%201%20-%20cleveland%20squirting%20flower%20chaos%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">(By United Press) Cleveland - a tiny pebble, rolling down a mountain, strikes another and thus begins an avalanche. Just so did a heap of trouble descend on East 45</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> street.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Naomi Devese, 12, began it with one of those trick flowers that squirts water in your face.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Smell it,” she said to Dorothy Carter, 12. Dorothy smelled it and Naomi squeezed the bulb.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">News-Journal </span></em><span class="tm8">(Mansfield, Ohio), June 24, 1939, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Dorothy retaliated, Naomi pulled her hair, Naomi’s parents intervened, Dorothy’s uncle Dan (a pistol-packin’ preacher) took aim at Naomi’s father but struck her mother
instead, she was hospitalized, and Uncle Dan was hauled off to jail.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Some people just don't have a sense of humor.<br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “The Wet and Wild History of the Water Gun,” Amanda Green, <em><span class="tm14">PopularMechanics.com</span></em>, July 2, 2013. <u><a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gear/g1221/a-brief-history-of-the-water-gun/">https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gear/g1221/a-brief-history-of-the-water-gun/</a></u>
(“1906: Soren Sorenen Adams founds the Cachoo Sneeze Powder Company. The prettiest prank in his bag of tricks: the water-streaming lapel flower.).” <em><span class="tm14">The Popular Mechanics</span></em> article does not come straight out and say he invented the gag, but in the context of the article, placing it in a timeline of the history of the water gun, suggests that he
did, or at least that it was invented after the first water gun in 1896. Several accounts posting on the social media site, TWITTER, have unambiguously claimed he invented it.</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-26745120643171161972023-02-13T17:59:00.009-08:002023-03-02T14:28:52.742-08:00Chinese Food, Staplers and Oysters - Unboxing the Mani-fold History of the "Chinese" Takeout Container<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In February 2023, an international incident involving a surveillance balloon from China prompted some anonymous twitter user to post this meme of a Chinese take-out box suspended by a balloon.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgST06rKjLKs2N-f2XHYQwqvTTjDmvd09DA3sFDO4tyxWRUpZZaqjX5_1KIYgB9J8vbtYahyPYZYl8LROypjOwPCTdtm01mI0L53pj2bCoUkhXpbFa7AqRIHAbuGRF4JPYKGmsgCjHZaDJEVPVXNr5HTSPoYqtd4aaWcH2nPVmzmraJwQ1Ax77pKQW0/s918/balloon%20and%20box.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="715" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgST06rKjLKs2N-f2XHYQwqvTTjDmvd09DA3sFDO4tyxWRUpZZaqjX5_1KIYgB9J8vbtYahyPYZYl8LROypjOwPCTdtm01mI0L53pj2bCoUkhXpbFa7AqRIHAbuGRF4JPYKGmsgCjHZaDJEVPVXNr5HTSPoYqtd4aaWcH2nPVmzmraJwQ1Ax77pKQW0/s320/balloon%20and%20box.jpg" width="249" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The image plays off the origin of the surveillance balloon in Communist China. But the familiar take-out containers are not from China, Communist or not. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">According to Peter Kim, executive director of New York’s Museum of Food and Drink, the box is a “uniquely American Design” and “as American as Apple Pie.”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
He agreed with </span><i><span class="tm9">The New York Times Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, who had traced the origins of the box to Frederick Weeks Wilcox, of Chicago. Wilcox received a patent for a “Paper
Pail” in 1894 (US529053, November 13, 1894).<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Coincidentally, however, at about the same time the Chinese balloon incident was playing out in the news media, I ran across earlier references to what looked like “Chinese”
take-out-style containers from 1882 and 1884.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> I ran across the references while </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html"><span class="tm8">researching the history of ice cream scoops</span></a><a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a></u><span class="tm8"> - the paper containers being suited (according to their designers) for packing ice cream. Seeing the meme at about the same time prompted me to dig deeper. A quick search convinced me that I had stumbled across
new information. As I dug deeper, a more interesting story unfolded. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The history of “Chinese” take-out box is even more “American” than previously known. It has connections to early American history, as it was invented by a long-serving
Vice President of Philadelphia’s Franklin Institute, and was patented just in time for the United States’ Centennial in 1876. The story has drama, in-fighting, backstabbing, litigation and corporate squabbles.
And it is wide-ranging, touching on the history of other well-known, everyday objects - the stapler, paper cups and motion pictures.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Folded paper boxes made of a single sheet of paper are old. A patent issued in 1874, for example, described boxes “made complete from one piece of material by several folds”
as “very old.”<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> What was new and radical about about the style of box that would later be associated with Chinese take-out was that the arrangement
of folds made it basically water-tight, with no seams in the storage compartment where something might leak out.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest patent that embodies the general look and characteristics of the modern take-out box was issued on March 28, 1876 - just in time for the Centennial. The inventor was a man named
Henry Renno Heyl, from Philadelphia.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezpSoScuLng5lf9bjNaAZWtTqWOzMl6YdgRrQfR7FRVoSrHtVBKcKTMnsAyy8Jqx2HwrnLHWxdjVyUsxuOz8km5nCgz5gnnqS2Ckf41iORCJi--4lGxuyhjr7NOFQeL45Gxm5fYNpDOLJB9M921CyjDSkChKkgRt5RWjEgrEI_NG46fFL6fJ3loS6/s2213/US175456%20Heyl%201876%20similar%20to%20modern%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1604" data-original-width="2213" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezpSoScuLng5lf9bjNaAZWtTqWOzMl6YdgRrQfR7FRVoSrHtVBKcKTMnsAyy8Jqx2HwrnLHWxdjVyUsxuOz8km5nCgz5gnnqS2Ckf41iORCJi--4lGxuyhjr7NOFQeL45Gxm5fYNpDOLJB9M921CyjDSkChKkgRt5RWjEgrEI_NG46fFL6fJ3loS6/w400-h290/US175456%20Heyl%201876%20similar%20to%20modern%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">My box is made of a single piece of paper, cut and folded in such shape as to bring all the edges of the paper to the top of the finished box, so that there shall be no incisions in the paper
below the top of the box, thus rendering it water-tight.</span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Heyl also invented the single fastener on either side where a handle might be secured.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguaeeGbB5O8dmGBy8jLP2uXaG3EzlUZnjG83LOAFgeqkJiC4eG9B_-2vL8C2JQjveFquzbna2gkNNQM8VOc4_w8bRpcVyseMUkPiYlNSLJfSFdGgp46F7LuugasP4660GudGUyLWeg-Z1de7p5lUJS0NdCYcfELsacNbdEH5jF7TLQ5U5DNKBYMBq-/s2058/US175456%20Heyl%201876%20similar%20to%20modern%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1390" data-original-width="2058" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguaeeGbB5O8dmGBy8jLP2uXaG3EzlUZnjG83LOAFgeqkJiC4eG9B_-2vL8C2JQjveFquzbna2gkNNQM8VOc4_w8bRpcVyseMUkPiYlNSLJfSFdGgp46F7LuugasP4660GudGUyLWeg-Z1de7p5lUJS0NdCYcfELsacNbdEH5jF7TLQ5U5DNKBYMBq-/w400-h270/US175456%20Heyl%201876%20similar%20to%20modern%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I prefer to so proportion the folds and lap them at the sides that a single fastening at each side will serve to secure the folds themselves and a handle or ribbon or other material.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other than describing the box as “water tight,” Heyl’s original patent did not limit the types of things that might be carried in it, although it did mention its suitability
“ice cream, fruit, and most commodities for which the box is specially intended.” Later patents for similar boxes listed things like, “ice cream, oysters, and like substances of semi-fluid character,”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a>
“berries, oysters, ice-cream, and the like.”<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a> Paper pails along these lines would eventually be generically referred to as “oyster pails,”
regardless of use.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As recognizable as Heyl’s paper box design has become, it is only one of several innovations he had a hand in, and it may not be the most widely known or most important of his accomplishments.
Heyl invented the stapler, was president of one of the earliest paper cup companies, and staged the first-ever exhibition of a motion picture. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Henry R. Heyl, of Philadelphia, for many years vice-president of the Franklin Institute, and an inventor of note, was at the Strand on Sunday. Mr. Heyl is the inventor of wire stitching [(staplers)],
the first folding box and lately of the paper milk bottle. . . . The Union Paper Cup Co., of Trenton, of which Henry R. Heyl is president, are building a plant at Fernwod, near Trenton . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">Five Mile Beach Weekly Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Wildwood, New Jersey), September 12, 1906, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAnrwGte0nfYyhPjjKL7Kiw03LjG86_2amJQVLFD8x50x3NmhFcyeAvrX0sR0XHFU3IMKBMPC0Tad0yk43C9j04xNrd31gFg4LJiKnfbMeAlpXQxeUcHmRyTUirFG5WlPSY0Prg3G-8yFklq42a8bA0zuop_VkthxFnXxHUKTlNeRVqx7hrmVdT_V/s1749/scientific%20american%20june%205%201915%20page%20530%20-%20heyl%20moving%20pictures.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="1749" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAnrwGte0nfYyhPjjKL7Kiw03LjG86_2amJQVLFD8x50x3NmhFcyeAvrX0sR0XHFU3IMKBMPC0Tad0yk43C9j04xNrd31gFg4LJiKnfbMeAlpXQxeUcHmRyTUirFG5WlPSY0Prg3G-8yFklq42a8bA0zuop_VkthxFnXxHUKTlNeRVqx7hrmVdT_V/w400-h163/scientific%20american%20june%205%201915%20page%20530%20-%20heyl%20moving%20pictures.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The first moving pictures ever exhibited in public. They were made by Henry Heyl and were projected on a screen before 1,600 people in Philadelphia in 1870.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">Scientific American</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 112, Number 23, June 5, 1915, page 530.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8">Henry Heyl is frequently credited as the inventor of the modern staple. He did not invent the first staple, but he did invent the first stapler that could insert and bend the staple in
one shot. His design was not perfect, he used a second stamping action to better secure the staple, but it was a major innovation and generally considered to be the first “single shot staple” machine.<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a>
</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYgftEIIs6coT60pH_e3UifMW9y2OR52F9f6DsckDQ99Z2pc9RD1v5hYMLnD9ldoSvn2FzJ19YDpOfsdyaOhsivyiqNRXkAwvAcjZTozkp4cjd9KC-tUKhRjWAyXTdG54QNVTRxG3OfBXm3IYbiAPsB8-in-HHLObaVLd93KDI-0U9M0qbGTi02Bg4/s2824/US195603%20Heyl%201877%20stapler.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2824" data-original-width="1869" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYgftEIIs6coT60pH_e3UifMW9y2OR52F9f6DsckDQ99Z2pc9RD1v5hYMLnD9ldoSvn2FzJ19YDpOfsdyaOhsivyiqNRXkAwvAcjZTozkp4cjd9KC-tUKhRjWAyXTdG54QNVTRxG3OfBXm3IYbiAPsB8-in-HHLObaVLd93KDI-0U9M0qbGTi02Bg4/s320/US195603%20Heyl%201877%20stapler.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>Devices for Inserting Metallic Staples, US195603, September 25, 1877.<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8">Heyl’s one-shot stapler was not unrelated to his paper box. It may have been developed as a solution to problems associated with paper box making and book binding. Heyl had a succession
of patents, involving the use of staples, many of those with a co-inventor named August Brehmer. Their earliest such patent, from 1872, was for an “Improvement in Machines for Making Boxes of Paper.” Their early
stapling processes used two steps - insert the staple and then crimp them. Later patents described the use of such staples to make boxes and in the binding of pamphlets and books. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl’s and Brehmer’s designs won at least two awards. They were honored at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 (the Philadelphia World’s Fair). The Novelty
Paper Box Company (the assignee of most of their patents) received an award for their “wire stitching machines machines for books and pamphlets” (“wire stitching” in this context refers to stapling).<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a>
In 1882, the Franklin Institute awarded their “Scott legacy medal and premium of twenty dollars” to Henry R. Heyl and Hugo Brehmer for their “Book Sewing Machine.”<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl’s newly patented “paper box” may have been one of the first commercial uses for his newly patented stapling processes. His paper box patent describes the use of staples
to secure the folds and attach the handle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">I prefer . . . to fold these laps outside and around two opposite sides of the box, so that the two pairs of laps, together with the two ends of the handle of ribbon or tape, may be secured
by a single staple-fastening at each side . . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">These staples are readily made and applied by the improved machine described in another application for Letters Patent which I have executed of even date herewith.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Paper Box,” US175456, March 28, 1876, filed July 30, 1875.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Heyl did not invent the paper cup, but “was the inventor of the machines which make paper cups.”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a> In 1906 he
served as President of the Union Paper Cup Company of Trenton, New Jersey. That year is interesting because it is two years earlier than the earliest patents issued to Lawrence Luellen, who is generally given credit for inventing
the paper cup in 1908. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Union Paper Cup Company had connections to a man named James C. Kimsey, from Philadelphia, whose paper cup patents pre-date Luellen’s by several years. Kimsey’s main interest
was in making paper milk bottles for sanitary delivery of milk, but he also developed paper cups. A man named John J. Shea held paper cup patents which were even earlier than Kimsey’s; and Shea’s cups were available
for sale several years before Luellen filed his first patent application. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Luellen’s designs and and his company’s business model won the day. The company he and his partners founded would later become the Dixie Cup Company, the dominant player in
the market, but he did not “invent” the paper cup as frequently claimed.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And in another first, Henry R. Heyl of Philadelphia was the first person to project moving images of people onto a screen - the first “motion picture,” in an exhibition of the
“phasmatrope” at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia on February 5, 1870.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFAkAZMrH8zE71foFwH0HhcstAo8wC89cFVPUiwa55YvvkJD-erOi0MnpF12mxryof7EKf_n-GwlUDjhXe3E7Mphm7-P3k-N34QnP_0lrj1ppUNBFKKNQRglTmr6B6yrsMaalw04-ULd3xRr6wAZ_07kXgzCwMFr5b4v0jBBE97l0GWpsTIr6n7Pon/s2525/phasmatrope.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2525" data-original-width="2006" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFAkAZMrH8zE71foFwH0HhcstAo8wC89cFVPUiwa55YvvkJD-erOi0MnpF12mxryof7EKf_n-GwlUDjhXe3E7Mphm7-P3k-N34QnP_0lrj1ppUNBFKKNQRglTmr6B6yrsMaalw04-ULd3xRr6wAZ_07kXgzCwMFr5b4v0jBBE97l0GWpsTIr6n7Pon/s320/phasmatrope.jpg" width="254" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The brilliant conception was due to the ingenuity and photographic skill of Henry R. Heyl, of that city. The exhibition was repeated by him before the Franklin Institute March 16</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> following. These were the first exhibitions known to the writer of photographs to represent in motion living subjects projected by a lantern upon a screen.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">C. Francis Jenkins, </span><i><span class="tm9">Animated Pictures</span></i><span class="tm8">,</span><i><span class="tm9"> an Exposition of the Historical Development of Chronophotography</span></i><span class="tm8">, Washington DC, 1898, page 7. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The photographs were staged poses, not taken from people in motion. They represented six sequential positions of dancing couple waltzing. The six were repeated three times to fill in eighteen
frames on the wheel. The wheel repeated the same sequence of motion over and over as it was turned, so it was limited to showing brief, repetitive motions. An operator controlled the machine by hand, and synchronized with
a live orchestra, the images waltzed on the screen in time with the music - the first “motion picture.” He is said to have been one of the dancers who posed for the images.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As for Heyl’s paper box, now associated with Chinese take-out, it would remain basically the same for a century and a half. </span><span class="tm5">But Heyl’s company did not last that long. Heyl and Brehmer assigned their paper box and stapler patents to the Novelty Paper Box Company. Heyl’s “oyster pail”
was not their only product, but it may have been one of their most valuable. The Novelty Paper Box Company went out of business in 1894, just after his paper box patent expired (at the time, patents were valid for seventeen
years). Other patents were also expiring around the same time and earlier, so it may have been a cumulative loss of competitive advantage, without commensurate investment in innovation to maintain their competitive advantage.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_TX0N00Ixd5VblSZZyBbHLjlp6_qnthAnsREOkzTTOqVjx8Z8jTcKFy9q33MdumsjBT264w9q-LkhO6taUAq34Q5UDOnw96W_Fk0YkFFA91WJ3OPYnVjh78IJPjlvqUfnf_73_fifABdQpRLJySc3tp3gIHE2k-k_IbS3SLGWuF4CrKubuk-hqpI/s591/philadelphia%20times%20march%2025%201894%20page%203%20dissolve%20novelty%20paper%20box.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="591" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_TX0N00Ixd5VblSZZyBbHLjlp6_qnthAnsREOkzTTOqVjx8Z8jTcKFy9q33MdumsjBT264w9q-LkhO6taUAq34Q5UDOnw96W_Fk0YkFFA91WJ3OPYnVjh78IJPjlvqUfnf_73_fifABdQpRLJySc3tp3gIHE2k-k_IbS3SLGWuF4CrKubuk-hqpI/s320/philadelphia%20times%20march%2025%201894%20page%203%20dissolve%20novelty%20paper%20box.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">The reason for the dissolution of the company was given as “the existing conditions of trade, and particularly the competition affecting the business of the company.” The corporation
had valuable patents, which have just expired.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm7"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">Philadelphia Times</span></i><span class="tm5">, March 25, 1894, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /></p><p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">When Heyl died suddenly in 1919, due to injuries sustained in a streetcar accident, he was remembered as the inventor of the paper oyster pail. His name was still associated with at least
one style of pail. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">A mechanical engineer by profession, Mr. Heyl specialized in the design of special machinery, making articles constructed of paper, and wire. He was the inventor of the first machine for the
making of wire stitched boxes and paper oyster pails, one design of which still bears his name.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">Reading Times</span></i><span class="tm5"> (Reading, Pennsylvania), March 21, 1919, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">It is unclear whether his name was used as a trademark of the Kinnard Manufacturing Company, or as a generic term for a particular style. Oyster pails had been available under the name
since at least 1894. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggz3I4mOmvsrnvUMgOjPzEIXrxJqsfEP1mS6x0BqzYe61Fp8ZCzAoarEyh7msjqAQMrMYhi5AG7dlWjTEJagxjc0O3guJb9x70SVGlYrEYpRDLbIFxP9yDzGUBVZLD8EAuZx7mB5qk7s6v8KVz9_7hhIEF_ojKYn3tFZ798FC4xHDMEgagBfnYuFg1/s1003/merchants%20journal%20-%20topeka%20ks%20-%20dec%2029%201894%20page%2019%20heyl%20oyster%20pails.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="1003" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggz3I4mOmvsrnvUMgOjPzEIXrxJqsfEP1mS6x0BqzYe61Fp8ZCzAoarEyh7msjqAQMrMYhi5AG7dlWjTEJagxjc0O3guJb9x70SVGlYrEYpRDLbIFxP9yDzGUBVZLD8EAuZx7mB5qk7s6v8KVz9_7hhIEF_ojKYn3tFZ798FC4xHDMEgagBfnYuFg1/s320/merchants%20journal%20-%20topeka%20ks%20-%20dec%2029%201894%20page%2019%20heyl%20oyster%20pails.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">The Merchant’s Journal</span></i><span class="tm5"> (Topeka, Kansas), December 29, 1894, page 19.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqw7s2gEWsL-Y0hUNZI0hlHhU_qsSnFH0WPmujJBvVPAPZZiaaki7Cdm0fCMrRaqs59VnBoWZxDzcjjUA1Sl2TJs-WBVI4yJAwCJOlBMLftK_XX9fSPm4M18QP4bPHLXUCPu-PAJ8pRVFH8LpjsutGipi7iVROZoFoZPzgtBqKVDQXLb4Az7f765Xj/s1344/inland%20printer%20vol%2024%20no%201%20oct%201899%20page%20158%20kinnary%20letterhead%20heyl%20oyster%20pails%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="1344" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqw7s2gEWsL-Y0hUNZI0hlHhU_qsSnFH0WPmujJBvVPAPZZiaaki7Cdm0fCMrRaqs59VnBoWZxDzcjjUA1Sl2TJs-WBVI4yJAwCJOlBMLftK_XX9fSPm4M18QP4bPHLXUCPu-PAJ8pRVFH8LpjsutGipi7iVROZoFoZPzgtBqKVDQXLb4Az7f765Xj/w400-h163/inland%20printer%20vol%2024%20no%201%20oct%201899%20page%20158%20kinnary%20letterhead%20heyl%20oyster%20pails%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">The Inland Printer</span></i><span class="tm5">, Volume 24, Number 1, October 1899, page 158.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQQCTcjalOa1iJkZ29crP6OAnnVsgSBaCHPPbJrEcf1V9T3Fry01Nj5c38DWTBKGqAiCfOGuJibUdLtt7WA9i25ckyP7h2iWbi1uixNS_vLCYHfSKimotlVni1UU-Nu4uk39MO9iHb2D6AHP-teNZJqAjzg-10Zx-ISuYBCICCvS2-D8av-d50IoDL/s1148/dayton%20herald%20oct%2014%201899%20page%2010%20heyl%20oyster%20pails%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="782" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQQCTcjalOa1iJkZ29crP6OAnnVsgSBaCHPPbJrEcf1V9T3Fry01Nj5c38DWTBKGqAiCfOGuJibUdLtt7WA9i25ckyP7h2iWbi1uixNS_vLCYHfSKimotlVni1UU-Nu4uk39MO9iHb2D6AHP-teNZJqAjzg-10Zx-ISuYBCICCvS2-D8av-d50IoDL/s320/dayton%20herald%20oct%2014%201899%20page%2010%20heyl%20oyster%20pails%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="218" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm8">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="tm5"> (Dayton, Ohio), October 14, 1899, page 10.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm5"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p>Following in the footsteps of Heyl's first paper oyster pail, other <span class="tm5">inventors and manufacturers would improve upon the product, creating the competition that would eventually drive Heyl's Novelty Paper Box Company out of business. </span><span class="tm8">Numerous designers and inventors would make technical changes,
modifications and alterations over the years. Frederick Wilcox, for example, created a design in which the wire bail (or handle) did not poke through the interior wall of the container. His patent was at least the 25</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> improvement or modification to the paper oyster pail in the eighteen years following Heyl’s patent. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4yrEARRRKHOkgi0r3JKEqbzeOXrNqHlWXvF1g-JMhDGSSiyfoPd0q35chCt3Resj4ii--M9fT2EYoLCX9tSTwnB8NTZDShcNIjn0MsN1_96HLhBQWUQ3CFpwFLuP7qLn85VaXwhjA39ERP6KE5NsRbbvXhZ_X7JI5apAjB24HquJ4JJ2iLNU3i_xB/s2753/US529053%20Wilcox%201894%20bail%20not%20into%20box%20-%20flap%20retainer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2753" data-original-width="2074" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4yrEARRRKHOkgi0r3JKEqbzeOXrNqHlWXvF1g-JMhDGSSiyfoPd0q35chCt3Resj4ii--M9fT2EYoLCX9tSTwnB8NTZDShcNIjn0MsN1_96HLhBQWUQ3CFpwFLuP7qLn85VaXwhjA39ERP6KE5NsRbbvXhZ_X7JI5apAjB24HquJ4JJ2iLNU3i_xB/s320/US529053%20Wilcox%201894%20bail%20not%20into%20box%20-%20flap%20retainer.jpg" width="241" /></a></div><p></p><span class="tm8">Wilcox’s “paper pail” was only one small part of his long career in paper products.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Frederick W. Wilcox, a New York manufacturer and inventor of paper boxes, has died at St. Luke’s Hospital, in that city, of apoplexy and heart trouble. For nearly forty years he was
identified with the J. W. Wilcox Paper Box Company,<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> and was interested with his father in the inventions of the ice cream box, so generally used by confectioners,
the congress tie envelope for legal papers, the paper oyster pail and many other paper box inventions. He was widely known in the tea and coffee trade through his extensive trade in sample boxes. He was fifty-seven years
old.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Boston Evening Transcript</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 22, 1909, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The paper “oyster pail” seems to have been a profitable product, suggested by, if nothing else, the interest in innovation as evidenced by the large number of patents issued
in the field. And some of those patents were considered valuable, sparking infringement litigation among the various players. Some of the inventors went from partners to competitors and opposing parties in paper box patent
litigation, while others simply jumped ship from one company to the other.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMdz2_WQz9mLNLkERABOp9LW16eSdN9uSqifeYAW2xUuiZu-QmngbJhQD35MrT6fSA_XHdPWWEgVAHQCtQVLYqoWu-KM2N8PGjeN78lMPTZwyAVk7wuLdKz_7yFMnWG-UWOQGv-_6thh1a8lxRCrglcuGUAX2nGki0w2BtJTvtKmopunkjB0szYvY/s3000/Project%20oyster%20pails.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="2200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMdz2_WQz9mLNLkERABOp9LW16eSdN9uSqifeYAW2xUuiZu-QmngbJhQD35MrT6fSA_XHdPWWEgVAHQCtQVLYqoWu-KM2N8PGjeN78lMPTZwyAVk7wuLdKz_7yFMnWG-UWOQGv-_6thh1a8lxRCrglcuGUAX2nGki0w2BtJTvtKmopunkjB0szYvY/w294-h400/Project%20oyster%20pails.jpg" width="294" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Interestingly, most of the folded “oyster pail” patents between Heyl’s original patent in 1876 and Wilcox’s patent in 1884 were issued to inventors from Dayton, Ohio.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a>
Dayton was the home of the Wright Brothers and styles itself the “City of Inventors.” It was also the home to Aulabaugh, Crume & Company, later Crume & Sefton Manufacturing, later Carter-Crume Company,
which later became the Kinnard Manufacturing Company. Aulabaugh, Crume, Sefton and Kinnard all held patents in paper “oyster pails” at one time or another, as did several of their employees. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Coming one year after Heyl’s patent, Peter M. Aulabaugh 1877 design looks a bit different, with curved sides, but it is the earliest patent to disclose the wire bail still in use today.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqmssM4uk6nTwo7kqqrJvPkk1TMiuePQR3NMMiwwjERh9QfMoZqDLSkb7-32_4_n80n5jzF7Ze81nxxV4NgzMphMgOFmnqWng_ZRplgWFWBkoXnGxwrNt5py6HmxNV5-ZSCAJLAS3sOS35gzBJAHDhCgH4uV50NqFPTZ9jWDh-eTqpDjk126GLXDPi/s2775/US198332%20Aulabaugh%201877%20wire%20bail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2775" data-original-width="2077" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqmssM4uk6nTwo7kqqrJvPkk1TMiuePQR3NMMiwwjERh9QfMoZqDLSkb7-32_4_n80n5jzF7Ze81nxxV4NgzMphMgOFmnqWng_ZRplgWFWBkoXnGxwrNt5py6HmxNV5-ZSCAJLAS3sOS35gzBJAHDhCgH4uV50NqFPTZ9jWDh-eTqpDjk126GLXDPi/s320/US198332%20Aulabaugh%201877%20wire%20bail.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Improvement in Paper Vessels, US198332, December 18, 1877, Peter M. Aulabaugh, assignor to Aulabaugh, Crume & Co.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">James A. Weed’s 1880 design introduced, for the first time, the angular wire bail, bent into angles, as opposed to curved over the top as in a classic bucket. A later patent, to Theodor
H. Huewe (US262951, August 22, 1882), explained that the rectangular bail was functional; “I preferably make [the bail] of wire and of rectangular form, so that the weight of the vessel and its contents shall not tend
to draw the sides together when the vessel is carried by the bail.”</span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmtZn_AZVN_ZzRH_HwcjXWefekdvdiVF5qhrqVP9rxiX6-O_2P8TgeshexnIubvZzvcgvNoAHAV6ZxhNXRaiTlOJrlf4UAo-dUagGJ3OrLhEWvHqDsNwtsqLRRoj22qQOwp4Og9lJP8SCubOoRcGzbfAuc97GC1D1YpOjNUgOUuQT4Q7sTGQ6qmdjE/s2867/US230375%20Weed%201880%20angular%20wire%20bail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2867" data-original-width="1917" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmtZn_AZVN_ZzRH_HwcjXWefekdvdiVF5qhrqVP9rxiX6-O_2P8TgeshexnIubvZzvcgvNoAHAV6ZxhNXRaiTlOJrlf4UAo-dUagGJ3OrLhEWvHqDsNwtsqLRRoj22qQOwp4Og9lJP8SCubOoRcGzbfAuc97GC1D1YpOjNUgOUuQT4Q7sTGQ6qmdjE/s320/US230375%20Weed%201880%20angular%20wire%20bail.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></span><span class="tm8">An 1884 patent that looks very much like a modern take-out box, was the brainchild of two of the most important people in Chinese take-out box history, William E. Crume and Joseph W. Sefton,
both of Dayton, Ohio. Crume and Peter Aulabaugh were at one time partners in Aulabaugh, Crume & Co. of Dayton, the assignee of Aulabaugh’s earlier paper vessel patent. The two had also been co-inventors on a patented
“paper dish,” designed for grocers selling small quantities of bulk butter, lard or the like.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Sefton and Crume had a falling out at one point, and Sefton moved to Anderson, Indiana, another minor hotbed of folded box patents. At least six early folded paper box patents were issued
to inventors from Anderson, Indiana, or assigned to Sefton’s company in Anderson.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As early as 1882, Crume and Sefton were partners in the Crume & Sefton Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, makers of various paper products. But several years later, Crume and Sefton
went their separate ways - Crume continuing to run Crume & Sefton in Dayton, and Sefton running his own company in Indiana. The split resulted in litigation and an injunction. And both men later filed patents in their
own, individual names, assigned to their own rival companies.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlHIb_pZzXoRZRsYMUQskoJ0lkXyHJ48tag3cEIxtogt-QRniRTKv3aRr5qE_LkS_Ix4wu1zCXXYDElHgUwCL-SuCZb1bHpJUK6zkX0lKfYuhHVKl6mntD8ExChvf-ovgUeskDqx8L6n8yDrBP3INA5igh7E2H_X1zj8cG73VXMANDDnSkcse9X0z/s2145/US303216%201884%20Crume%20and%20Sefton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1703" data-original-width="2145" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMlHIb_pZzXoRZRsYMUQskoJ0lkXyHJ48tag3cEIxtogt-QRniRTKv3aRr5qE_LkS_Ix4wu1zCXXYDElHgUwCL-SuCZb1bHpJUK6zkX0lKfYuhHVKl6mntD8ExChvf-ovgUeskDqx8L6n8yDrBP3INA5igh7E2H_X1zj8cG73VXMANDDnSkcse9X0z/s320/US303216%201884%20Crume%20and%20Sefton.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Paper Vessel, US303216, August 5, 1884, William E. Crume and Joseph W. Sefton, assignors to the Crume & Sefton Manufacturing Company.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgvZwKXlW8APv8oAvvbBA33_A6lUA2bifBJeYkBPu4W12ey936RzbeQzY5fVMAn4TdspzBtRUowC2sgMRgTm0CYJ-ABxM4sZYdB1DD9JwtUmbikJrVzmGXrrHzNXTJNf0q3XnYSe8IB5NiuVrSoYmRyDTGXDifVjkM_x91F-vWA5EN4biOBWZbaIM/s827/dayton%20herald%20aug%2019%201882%20page%204%20-%20want%20ad%20crume%20sefton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="827" height="79" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgvZwKXlW8APv8oAvvbBA33_A6lUA2bifBJeYkBPu4W12ey936RzbeQzY5fVMAn4TdspzBtRUowC2sgMRgTm0CYJ-ABxM4sZYdB1DD9JwtUmbikJrVzmGXrrHzNXTJNf0q3XnYSe8IB5NiuVrSoYmRyDTGXDifVjkM_x91F-vWA5EN4biOBWZbaIM/w400-h79/dayton%20herald%20aug%2019%201882%20page%204%20-%20want%20ad%20crume%20sefton.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Dayton Herald, August 19, 1882, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Reorganization</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At a reorganization of the Crume & Sefton Manufacturing Company this morning the following directors were selected;</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">President - W. E. Crume . . . Board of Directors - W. E. Crume [and three others, not including Sefton)].</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 17, 1888, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Yesterday the reorganization of the Crume & Sefton Manufacturing Company was noted in the </span><i><span class="tm9">Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">. To-day it was learned that Mr. J. W. Sefton, retiring president, has sold his interests in the company and has temporarily retired from active business.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 18, 1888, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">NOTICE.</span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Dayton, Ohio, June 29, 1889.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The J. W. Sefton Manufacturing Company recently started into business at Anderson, Indiana, and engaged in imitating some lines of our goods and infringing our trade marks. We at once began
a suit in the U. S. Court, at Indianapolis, for an injunction against such infringement and for damages. . . . Respectfully, The Crume & Sefton M’f’g. Co.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 1, 1889, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The J. W. Sefton Manufacturing Company of Anderson, Indiana survived the legal attack. In 1916, the company sold for $3,000,000. One of their big successes came in 1900, hen “J.
T. Ferris of the J. W. Sefton manufacturing Company invented and built the first combination unit for making double-faced corrugated board by machinery”<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a>
- in other words, cardboard. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Joseph Weller Sefton moved to San Diego in 1890 due to failing health.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a><a id="footnotexixback"></a> When he died in 1908 “from heart failure,
induced by the grippe,” he was considered “one of the wealthiest men on the Pacific Coast.” Like Wilcox, Sefton died at the age of 57.<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> His
son, J. W. Sefton, Jr, a San Diego banker, famously married the movie star Minna Gombell, promising not to interfere with her career and signing a contract, “specifying that she could go out with unattached males between
3 p. m. and 1 a. m.” whenever they were separated due to business.<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The J. W. Sefton Manufacturing Company also made several contributions to the evolution of the paper oyster pail, with no fewer than six related patents filed between 1889 and 1898, one
to John L. Sefton (presumably related), two to James Knight of Anderson, Indiana, and three to a man named Ira W. Hollett, of Chicago, who assigned his inventions to the Sefton company.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Prior to contributing designs to Sefton manufacturing, Ira W. Hollett had been business in Chicago making different types of water-tight containers according to what may seem now like
an outlandish idea - metal seams. In 1882, Hollett patented the “metal seamed paper sack” (US261851). He filed the patent application in February 1882, and was one of the principals the Chicago Liquid Sack Company
was incorporated in March of the same year.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A “metal seamed paper sack” was exactly what it purports to be - a paper sack with seams formed by pressing the edges together with metal strips, instead of adhesives. It was
said to provide a “liquid-tight” seal, as opposed to bags sealed with adhesives, which might “leak by contact with the fluid.” He also claimed that the metal strips could be bent or folded at the top
to form a carrying handle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Hollett’s company was in direct competition with makers of “oyster pails” in the style of Heyl, Crume and Sefton. In 1884, Hollett filed an application for a “paper
pail” in the already-traditional shape, but using “metal clamps” to form “liquid proof or tight seams,” instead of arranging the folds to make the pail water-tight.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As odd as the design may seem today, it was apparently successful, at least for awhile. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One of the most enterprising and successful concerns in this city is the Chicago Liquid Sack Company, whose office and factory are at Nos. 28, 30, 32 South Canal Street. This company was
organized in 1882, and the increase and growth of its business have been phenomenal. They manufacture a very useful article in the shape of paper sacks, pails, and boxes, all water-proof, thus affording a handy, cheap, and
convenient article for carrying oysters, syrups, butter, jellies, honey, etc., etc. No glue is used in cementing the seams, metal strips are used instead, making the sack or pail more secure. Among the specialties made by
the company are metallic-seamed paper liquid sack and dandy pail, ice-cream and folding boxes, round paper cans, also round and square packages for shelf goods generally. The company ship their goods all over the United States.
. . . The officers of the company are J. C. Magill, President; I. W. Hollett, Manager, and H. D. Oakley, Secretary and Treasurer.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Origin, Growth and Usefulness of the Chicago Board of Trade</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, Historical Publishing Co, 1885-’6, page 301.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In the long run, however, the metal-seam design lost out to the folded paper pail. And if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em. Beginning in 1895, Ira Hollett was designing and
filing patents for folded paper pails, which he assigned to the J. W. Sefton Manufacturing Company. One of those designs, which was filed in 1898 but not issued as a patent until 1908, appears to incorporate all of the characteristics
of the modern “Chinese” take-out container. The final touch was the “cooperating hooks and slits” closure on the top flaps.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxx1mccjEi1XrC6MnArSDhwuew6yjPisTt7D98tHtEAAcWwHtBmbYw2HCscyGIkhoDI4XWxoRzbOI_evDVJVgLayxagJbvJ32DW2v6q9zIw0JYGWp3VjDW8qaD63AwBkX2TIvEsAVCMaPOV9DZvoux6qW4mnvWQpktNGyAeIKc_HrpHEYM1ic4RHe/s2792/US886058%20Hollett%20issued%201908%20filed%201898%20tongue%20slot%20closure%20assigned%20sefton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2792" data-original-width="1832" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxx1mccjEi1XrC6MnArSDhwuew6yjPisTt7D98tHtEAAcWwHtBmbYw2HCscyGIkhoDI4XWxoRzbOI_evDVJVgLayxagJbvJ32DW2v6q9zIw0JYGWp3VjDW8qaD63AwBkX2TIvEsAVCMaPOV9DZvoux6qW4mnvWQpktNGyAeIKc_HrpHEYM1ic4RHe/w263-h400/US886058%20Hollett%20issued%201908%20filed%201898%20tongue%20slot%20closure%20assigned%20sefton.jpg" width="263" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Hollett’s unfolded paper blank is similar to Chinese take-out containers still in use today. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtesBYVubaUZpsnV-WwWY-klQ_v9kRVOMV8hePEzyLV-Kn5AjTpsXah2Hvv8HvvUpBlgWlJSoO_ZNdVguzM1VfO8XsmI_9jlDKV_B_FFU1GZGmpE7r0N4hBFIxcjSmfoqh_GzoC1p2bGtP5ZnTU9U7O938obnkg9KPwQ7frnW2wZf3PEWz8rcUo5Kp/s2430/US886058%20Hollett%20issued%201908%20filed%201898%20tongue%20slot%20closure%20assigned%20sefton%20fig%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2430" data-original-width="1621" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtesBYVubaUZpsnV-WwWY-klQ_v9kRVOMV8hePEzyLV-Kn5AjTpsXah2Hvv8HvvUpBlgWlJSoO_ZNdVguzM1VfO8XsmI_9jlDKV_B_FFU1GZGmpE7r0N4hBFIxcjSmfoqh_GzoC1p2bGtP5ZnTU9U7O938obnkg9KPwQ7frnW2wZf3PEWz8rcUo5Kp/w266-h400/US886058%20Hollett%20issued%201908%20filed%201898%20tongue%20slot%20closure%20assigned%20sefton%20fig%201.jpg" width="266" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"><span style="font-size: large;">The Legacy of the “Oyster Pail”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">A century later, the </span><span class="tm6">“oyster pail” would be more closely associated with Chinese takeout than with oysters, although insiders still refer to them as
oyster pails. The transition is said to have taken place during the post-World War II era in the United States, although Chinese takeout is known to have been served in paper “oyster pails” as early as 1914.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span>
</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-3QIjlrOfD6DxbQ-t8HhE7nqijWHFBmwtGR-M66gBkED1InMBRT_WwEHPPTJjpAnVeGS89Qoc47gF24DzlDn_K6Ott7cKE-rJ8dZ_snsjVhiale3n96h_v-yMg7DFnLbC8a2lKphcBXXi9utK1RcStNz7yFkSUrnQt6FzkNdIZNhyEGe2D-Qw5jI/s996/evening%20herald%20albuquerque%20feb%209%201914%20page%206.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="996" data-original-width="667" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-3QIjlrOfD6DxbQ-t8HhE7nqijWHFBmwtGR-M66gBkED1InMBRT_WwEHPPTJjpAnVeGS89Qoc47gF24DzlDn_K6Ott7cKE-rJ8dZ_snsjVhiale3n96h_v-yMg7DFnLbC8a2lKphcBXXi9utK1RcStNz7yFkSUrnQt6FzkNdIZNhyEGe2D-Qw5jI/w268-h400/evening%20herald%20albuquerque%20feb%209%201914%20page%206.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Albuquerque Evening Herald </i>(New Mexico), February 9, 1914, page 6.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Down to Cases</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>With Case</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;">TEN MINUTES WITH A CHINESE BILL OF FARE<br /></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;">. . . "Taking order to home pack in oyster pail will be charge extra."<br /></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNeo-DbJ5nubmuEhuyM8FOJivxAulZM52l8DtmzqD5QpAuZALZe0R8owS3v8SeSvk1H4upgaOXXGFlix-zxKZd2Rx997SUd4FSjRHEQZw5MGZ3rzkPQK1m_FnzIMgCskFwEnitq0CdomVAAc1NP5O_8lTMROsHNehJK_ZrLhI8SAJ6jb9p9Gbk7zDJ/s830/honolulu%20star%20bulletin%20jan%2021%201924%20page%206.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="830" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNeo-DbJ5nubmuEhuyM8FOJivxAulZM52l8DtmzqD5QpAuZALZe0R8owS3v8SeSvk1H4upgaOXXGFlix-zxKZd2Rx997SUd4FSjRHEQZw5MGZ3rzkPQK1m_FnzIMgCskFwEnitq0CdomVAAc1NP5O_8lTMROsHNehJK_ZrLhI8SAJ6jb9p9Gbk7zDJ/w400-h270/honolulu%20star%20bulletin%20jan%2021%201924%20page%206.jpg" width="400" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin </i>(Hawaii), January 21, 1924, page 6.<span class="tm6"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">But at that early date, folded, paper “oyster boxes” were as likely to have been used for any number of items, including frequently peanut butter, honey and more commonly, ice
cream.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">In 1932, Freda Farms capitalized on the strong association between oyster pail-style boxes and ice cream. They designed their new restaurant building on the Berlin Turnpike in Newington,
Connecticut as a “Triple Ice Cream Box,” shaped like three “oyster pails.” They also outdid Baskin Robbins, offering “32 Flavors,” more than a decade before Baskin Robbins made “31
Flavors” famous.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDtnBbosQw4imKSpEb1CjtchoghcHRRf_kAg_KBRcKTxEVL9q8QtcCk3h9ubdNixSmi1t696lj2D79apAK-MxUJrhTxkEVuhJrORKAz1LVDmZo4PB9fOQNGveZWAoAurQ9Dz-KbRzKHEIA6eOP6KkgPghPWnb87EflokcIMalcgzJ2U0geWlkzpAiH/s2537/Hartford%20courant%20may%2029%201932%20page%2032%20-%20triple%20ice%20cream%20box%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2273" data-original-width="2537" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDtnBbosQw4imKSpEb1CjtchoghcHRRf_kAg_KBRcKTxEVL9q8QtcCk3h9ubdNixSmi1t696lj2D79apAK-MxUJrhTxkEVuhJrORKAz1LVDmZo4PB9fOQNGveZWAoAurQ9Dz-KbRzKHEIA6eOP6KkgPghPWnb87EflokcIMalcgzJ2U0geWlkzpAiH/w400-h359/Hartford%20courant%20may%2029%201932%20page%2032%20-%20triple%20ice%20cream%20box%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19">Hartford Courant</span></i><span class="tm6">, May 29, 1932, page 32.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><br /><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">When they opened a second location in West Springfiled, Massachusetts a month later, it was billed as an “Ice Cream Box,” singular not plural.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6d4ctw1euk9bDfno36_Ir67eaVIMbVkbKZkiU9jgrNXRmn9ybOk3AVinzuHWC2xDan90z6-1m93pPxSLZfZzjNPazYgF1sfMCvSK4Mek9_LSHVaMNtkun_wtjEvDh3xfVZQopyo3wSLRYQT3NBA4tf7nHT_SvFFWei3lrST-UYpsZktl7A2CEkj85/s1633/transcript-telegram%20holyoke%20june%2030%201932%20page%2014%20-%20freda%20farms%20ice%20cream%20box.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1633" data-original-width="1235" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6d4ctw1euk9bDfno36_Ir67eaVIMbVkbKZkiU9jgrNXRmn9ybOk3AVinzuHWC2xDan90z6-1m93pPxSLZfZzjNPazYgF1sfMCvSK4Mek9_LSHVaMNtkun_wtjEvDh3xfVZQopyo3wSLRYQT3NBA4tf7nHT_SvFFWei3lrST-UYpsZktl7A2CEkj85/s320/transcript-telegram%20holyoke%20june%2030%201932%20page%2014%20-%20freda%20farms%20ice%20cream%20box.jpg" width="242" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19">Transcript-Telegram</span></i><span class="tm6"> (Holyoke, Massachusetts), June 30, 1932, page 14.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1AD7x17ReFF-QLLoE243wK5-DdIktycv8hGmJnNhE6TW8CkmWo9HAXbxYCz7msM4b22dmKTyLSECe_vDjkd1qj_ExPTmzydj8Dqz7NsPU6KHPrGHew-o6-iTmfVygX-RCA-ECt8MShVtYZSDYkwJmUhJsfKa1HwwNzeCwkXP99l-REeWS4EYxcaRR/s900/Berlin%20Connecticut%20oyster%20pail%20ice%20cream%20stand.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="900" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1AD7x17ReFF-QLLoE243wK5-DdIktycv8hGmJnNhE6TW8CkmWo9HAXbxYCz7msM4b22dmKTyLSECe_vDjkd1qj_ExPTmzydj8Dqz7NsPU6KHPrGHew-o6-iTmfVygX-RCA-ECt8MShVtYZSDYkwJmUhJsfKa1HwwNzeCwkXP99l-REeWS4EYxcaRR/s320/Berlin%20Connecticut%20oyster%20pail%20ice%20cream%20stand.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">Although </span><u><a href="http://www.mtfca.com/discus/messages/708324/715346.html?1484821788"><span class="tm6">labeled as the Freda Farms in Connecticut</span></a></u><span class="tm6">, this building may be their second location, in West Springfield, Massachusetts. It is not the same location as the “triple
ice cream box</span><span class="tm6">” building</span><span class="tm6"> because there are no hills behind, as in</span><u><a href="https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/glory-days-berlin-turnpike/"><span class="tm6"> photographs of the “triple ice cream box” store</span></a></u><span class="tm6"> in Newington.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">An advertisement for the Chicago Oyster Pail Company from 1907 shows the similarity between boxes they marketed as “Oyster Pails” and “Ice Cream Pails.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><br /> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrhL-9g19uA4l9e1gsAqjGgGg1iWUvQWDSGXRmy5T8KUSHaM4QpDgaJLcJL6DsYzv1Ppf1PxkDHVe3affI5kVV3ozNvyTbTNk-wNpJS0tAVEI5I3OmyxkWNPWkna9oPxSf2YLF0NZXCwUf77B0uP4LYv8L6xrt8pNWI8vV6Xr_mN-5xkgiE6lABdW0/s2214/Chicago%20Oyster%20Pail%20Ad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1416" data-original-width="2214" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrhL-9g19uA4l9e1gsAqjGgGg1iWUvQWDSGXRmy5T8KUSHaM4QpDgaJLcJL6DsYzv1Ppf1PxkDHVe3affI5kVV3ozNvyTbTNk-wNpJS0tAVEI5I3OmyxkWNPWkna9oPxSf2YLF0NZXCwUf77B0uP4LYv8L6xrt8pNWI8vV6Xr_mN-5xkgiE6lABdW0/w400-h256/Chicago%20Oyster%20Pail%20Ad.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i><span class="tm19">Ice Cream and Candy Makers’ Factory Guide</span></i><span class="tm6">, Chicago, Horizontal Freezer Co., 1907.</span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19"></span></i><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">The history of the Chicago Oyster Pail Company reveals more in-fighting and drama in the cut-throat oyster pail business. Lanzit had ties to the J. W. Sefton Manufacturing Company. Its
President, Joseph J. Lanzit, was one Sefton’s “most formidable competitors” in the oyster pail business. He had previously made boxes for his own company, the Joseph J. Lanzit Manufacturing Company. He
was so successful that J. W. Sefton bought him out and hired him to work for them as a salesman. As part of their agreement, Lanzit signed a ten-year non-compete agreement. But it didn’t last.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">Lanzit worked for Sefton for one year, and then “entered into relations with the Fred Rentz paper company and the Chicago Oyster Pail company” (the Chicago Oyster Pail company
was a partnership between Fred Rentz and a woman named Anna Rafferty, a former employee of Lanzit’s company). Sefton sued and a court found in their favor, enjoining Lanzit from engaging in the oyster pail and related
businesses for ten years.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">It is not clear whether or to what extent the injunction was enforced, or whether it even remained in force after the initial court rulings. The Chicago Oyster Pail company remained in
business throughout the next ten years and beyond. And Lanzit was associated with the company again from at least as early as 1901. Years later, he was connected with the Florida Folding Box Company of Miami (1919) and the
Smith-Byer Paper Company in Los Angeles (1920).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj368fZVL5cpDOVXt48jszKkBXiyuC3Ufxpj1-Zr6Il8nYqcUgzehcMuVGKE7LwvxIHAanPdFGCLRWiAK16R0KoyxP-aWIE_-rQ3CbGaRfpHwpNlNsOKW3Y2VqiODqOyKD32eTiUDd9Wfi8WCAj4jErwClUOO5aRYefR9PfRlMbaUF1Q17-BzTiIBbO/s650/los%20angeles%20times%20dec%2019%201920.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="650" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj368fZVL5cpDOVXt48jszKkBXiyuC3Ufxpj1-Zr6Il8nYqcUgzehcMuVGKE7LwvxIHAanPdFGCLRWiAK16R0KoyxP-aWIE_-rQ3CbGaRfpHwpNlNsOKW3Y2VqiODqOyKD32eTiUDd9Wfi8WCAj4jErwClUOO5aRYefR9PfRlMbaUF1Q17-BzTiIBbO/s320/los%20angeles%20times%20dec%2019%201920.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="tm25" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">The services were secured of Joseph J. Lanzit of Chicago, inventor of much of the automatic machinery used in quantity production of paper containers, as superintendent of production.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm6">, December 19, 1920, part 5, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">As duplicitous as Lanzit had been, and as disturbing as his legal difficulties with Sefton Manufacturing must have been, it was not the most duplicitous thing he would do and not the most
disturbing legal difficulties he would face. In 1924, Joseph J. Lanzit was arrested and convicted of conspiring to murder his wife, a “noted beauty and prominent business woman of Venice, Calif.,” and her closest
relative.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p>
<p class="tm25"><span class="tm6">Making ardent love to his third wife while he fashioned an infernal machine to blow her to atoms, is the confessed murderous duplicity of Joseph J. Lanzit.</span></p>
<p class="tm25"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiicQOu2rQ3ftq-cd_kQi0bwXozPJLajIyjGNpkh_REcBneH9Rf0AHccN4A64658dIhISl4u6yn9DvtaTQzDg8glsDLKqbj3ZwyVyWUzSM669r_UMmQlqxwhG39ttQMsAPP7W6m0__n8IhodHMXGfaNwRViYebakP4CZIfstz4JDiDnlLtjNvtCglhb/s2233/independent%20record%20helena%20montana%20march%2028%201924%20page%205.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2233" data-original-width="1285" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiicQOu2rQ3ftq-cd_kQi0bwXozPJLajIyjGNpkh_REcBneH9Rf0AHccN4A64658dIhISl4u6yn9DvtaTQzDg8glsDLKqbj3ZwyVyWUzSM669r_UMmQlqxwhG39ttQMsAPP7W6m0__n8IhodHMXGfaNwRViYebakP4CZIfstz4JDiDnlLtjNvtCglhb/s320/independent%20record%20helena%20montana%20march%2028%201924%20page%205.jpg" width="184" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm25" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm6">Lanzit, 62, was arrested in the act of planting a dynamite bomb, said by experts to have been powerful enough to raze 50 houses.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19">The Independent-Record</span></i><span class="tm6"> (Helena, Montana), March 28, 1924, page 5 (Note: at the time, “making love” could refer to
simple wooing or romancing, not to the physical act as it would suggest today, so it did not have the same impact on contemporary readers as it might to someone reading the headline today. And it did have that meaning in
the context of this story, which describes his romancing her with sweet phone calls while planning the attack.).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">Oyster pails have since achieved a prominent place in pop-culture as so-called “Chinese takeout” containers. They also achieved a small place in high culture, in the poetry
of three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, Carl Sandburg. Sandburg mentioned Lanzit’s Chicago Oyster Pail Company obliquely in his poem, “Clean Curtains.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">“Clean Curtains” appeared in Sandburg’s 1920 collection, </span><i><span class="tm19">Smoke and Steel</span></i><span class="tm6">. It tells the story of a family moving into a home on a busy industrial street corner in Chicago, at Congress and Green, optimistically placing clean white curtains
in their windows. In time, however, the dust stirred by hoofs, wagon wheels and rubber tires breaks their spirit and they take down the clean white curtains. One of the factories on the corner is an “oyster pail factory.”
Given the location, it appears to be a specific reference to the Chicago Oyster Pail Company, which leased property at 504 South Green Street in 1907. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJbdat1Ift6ByLt48ETT2woG3LGYXRI2EQgQ-Ay9xcsyIe39ZKq6f4eV1Cqz2P9ALg1p9vKG_FeIxOJALwLeFY2_2m6QIhzojn9EQ4XH-AUXx6qjcP_c71szckVBObdCkBzzvsGCfsN1HeFqz88fu64tW1KHTI1yHqjwWbu5nNWv81_DbwHLgly92/s901/chicago%20tribune%20aug%2030%201907%20page%2014.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="901" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJbdat1Ift6ByLt48ETT2woG3LGYXRI2EQgQ-Ay9xcsyIe39ZKq6f4eV1Cqz2P9ALg1p9vKG_FeIxOJALwLeFY2_2m6QIhzojn9EQ4XH-AUXx6qjcP_c71szckVBObdCkBzzvsGCfsN1HeFqz88fu64tW1KHTI1yHqjwWbu5nNWv81_DbwHLgly92/s320/chicago%20tribune%20aug%2030%201907%20page%2014.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span><i><span class="tm19">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm6">, August 30, 1907, page 14.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">The corner of Congress and Green would have been located just west of what is now the western side of the I-90/I-290 interchange.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="tm26" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm6">CLEAN CURTAINS</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span></p>
<p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">New neighbors came to the corner house at Congress and Green streets.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">The look of their clean white curtains was the same as the rim of a nun’s bonnet.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">One was was an oyster pail factory, one way they made candy, one way paper boxes, strawboard cartons.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">The warehouse trucks shook the dust of the ways loose and the wheels whirled dust - there was dust of hoof and wagon wheel and rubber tire - dust of police and fire wagons - dust of the winds
that circled at midnights and noon listening to no prayers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">“O mother, I know the heart of you,” I sang passing the rim of a nun’s bonnet - O white curtains - and people clean as the prayers of Jesus here in the faced ramshackle at
Congress and Green.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6">Dust and the thundering trucks won - the barrages of the street wheels and the lawless wind took their way - was it five weeks or six the little mother, the new neighbors, battled and then
took away the white prayers in the windows?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm6"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">“Clean Curtains,” Carl Sandburg, </span><i><span class="tm19">Smoke and Steel</span></i><span class="tm6">, New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1920, page 41.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6">Fred MacMurray and Carole Lombard dined from oyster pails in a taxi-cab in Paramount’s 1935 film, </span><i><span class="tm19">Hands Across the Table</span></i><span class="tm6">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXa5c42lR3_DF3-X16KfAi8t9R6msLpYLrvDmuLOIhmqP7pJen6Tyt6GTBs54Bbq2DwyAas2RMrE6z_1_Kx2g-g5C7ROpFAreN-RfXnhlsvuDgS6PMfOtt7DMeBlpCLF8jQnsi9YwI0y6-A7pkveeC1oDBrrzPvyn97PJWaEXJRCfn5pd1ukAalAih/s4128/Movie%20Still%20-%20Hands%20Across%20the%20Table%201935%20-%20McMurray%20Lombard.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2322" data-original-width="4128" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXa5c42lR3_DF3-X16KfAi8t9R6msLpYLrvDmuLOIhmqP7pJen6Tyt6GTBs54Bbq2DwyAas2RMrE6z_1_Kx2g-g5C7ROpFAreN-RfXnhlsvuDgS6PMfOtt7DMeBlpCLF8jQnsi9YwI0y6-A7pkveeC1oDBrrzPvyn97PJWaEXJRCfn5pd1ukAalAih/s320/Movie%20Still%20-%20Hands%20Across%20the%20Table%201935%20-%20McMurray%20Lombard.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3byLYKlILToMATVcSin-STi3SKFT97CsrnTrFYGlCqCnAy06D4eJKZ-k0aZvuP20L4VwfgM2fG_3et4JHMGJPuJcGp7f86IO_whaF6Lys6QSZaGXXq07zzx1mA43eiSXeT8xiGkec6io7dHibnxmC-3MQDX-LTHekD90eSYm3JSN1SGdUzbOYSNWR/s4128/Movie%20Still%20-%20Hands%20Across%20the%20Table%20-%201935%20-%20oyster%20pails.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2322" data-original-width="4128" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3byLYKlILToMATVcSin-STi3SKFT97CsrnTrFYGlCqCnAy06D4eJKZ-k0aZvuP20L4VwfgM2fG_3et4JHMGJPuJcGp7f86IO_whaF6Lys6QSZaGXXq07zzx1mA43eiSXeT8xiGkec6io7dHibnxmC-3MQDX-LTHekD90eSYm3JSN1SGdUzbOYSNWR/s320/Movie%20Still%20-%20Hands%20Across%20the%20Table%20-%201935%20-%20oyster%20pails.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm6">The rest is history.<br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm6"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr /><p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “Small Wonders of Design”: The Chinese Take-out Box,” <u><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/">CBS News, Sunday Morning, May 22, 2016</a></u>, <u><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/</a></u> . </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> “The Chinese-Takeout Container is Uniquely American, <u><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/magazine/the-chinese-takeout-container-is-uniquely-american.html">New York Times Magazine, January 15, 2012</a></u>, <u><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/magazine/the-chinese-takeout-container-is-uniquely-american.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/magazine/the-chinese-takeout-container-is-uniquely-american.html</a></u> ; “Small
Wonders of Design”: The Chinese Take-out Box,” <u><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/">CBS News, Sunday Morning, May 22, 2016</a></u>, <u><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/small-wonders-of-design-the-chinese-take-out-box/</a></u> ; “Chinese Food Delivery Containers, Explained,”
Dana Hatic, <u><a href="https://www.eater.com/2016/10/1/13110692/chinese-food-takeout-box-history">eater.com, October 1, 2016</a></u>, <u><a href="https://www.eater.com/2016/10/1/13110692/chinese-food-takeout-box-history">https://www.eater.com/2016/10/1/13110692/chinese-food-takeout-box-history</a></u> ; “The Surprising Origin of Chinese Takeout Boxes,”
Elle Woodside, <u><a href="https://www.mashed.com/237997/the-surprising-origin-of-chinese-takeout-boxes/">mashed.com, August 19, 2020</a></u>, <u><a href="https://www.mashed.com/237997/the-surprising-origin-of-chinese-takeout-boxes/">https://www.mashed.com/237997/the-surprising-origin-of-chinese-takeout-boxes/</a></u> . </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> US303216, Crume and Sefton, 1884; US262951, Huewe, 1882.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> “Groundhog Day and Ice Cream Scoops - a History of Ice Cream Scoops from A-Z (Allegheny to Zeroll),” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/02/groundhog-day-and-ice-cream-scoops.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> US158134, Edward D. F. Shelton, December 22, 1874.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> US198332, Aulabaugh, 1877.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> US215309, Wolf, 1878.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> “Stapler Gallery, Single Shot Staple Machines,” officemuseum.com, <u><a href="https://www.officemuseum.com/stapler_gallery_single_staple.htm">https://www.officemuseum.com/stapler_gallery_single_staple.htm</a></u> ; “The Surprising History and Development of Staplers,” SALCO Stapleheadquarters.com,
<u><a href="https://stapleheadquarters.com/the-history-and-development-of-staplers">https://stapleheadquarters.com/the-history-and-development-of-staplers</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, September 28, 1876, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, October 19, 1882, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Trenton Evening Times</span></i> (Trenton, New Jersey), June 1, 1909, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> For more on the history of paper cup, see my post, "<a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/03/rewriting-pulp-fiction-unabridged.html" target="_blank">Rewriting Pulp Fiction - an Unabridged History of Paper Cups</a>." <a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/03/rewriting-pulp-fiction-unabridged.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2023/03/rewriting-pulp-fiction-unabridged.html</a>.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, February 4, 1962, Today Magazine section, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> Wilcox was also associated at various times with Wilcox Paper Box Company, the Wilcox-Potter Company and the Duck & Wilcox Paper
Box Company.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> US198332, Aulabaugh, 1887; US215309, Wolf, 1879; US262951, Huewe, 1882; US279992, Tiffany, 1883; US303216, Crume and Sefton, 1884;
US382559, Schmidt, 1888; US3961131, Wolf, 1889; US411654, Fogelsong, 1889; US416817, Veneman, 1889; US432029, Fogelsong, 1890; US440656, Fogelsong, 1890; US515820, Crume 1894; US519153, Fogelsong, 1894; US528316, Wolf, 1894.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> US196880, William E. Crume and Peter M. Aulabaugh, of Dayton Ohio, Assignors to Aulabaugh, Crume & Co., November 6, 1897 (filed
August 2, 1877).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> US416810, John L. Sefton, 1889; US571526, Hollett, 1896; US571831, Hollett, 1896; US577863, Knight, 1897; US581028, Knight, 1897;
US886058, Hollett, 1908 (filed 1898).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> Alexander Weaver, <i><span class="tm12">Paper, Wasps and Packages, the Romantic Story of Paper and its Influence on the Course of History</span></i>, Chicago, Container Corporation of America, 1937, page 70.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Champaign Daily News </span></i>(Champaign, Illinois), March 27, 1908, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Sacramento Star</span></i>, March 26, 1908, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> “Marriage Contract Pleases, Extended,” <i><span class="tm12">Evening Vanguard </span></i>(Venice, California), July 9, 1934, page 2.</p>
<br /><br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-6984240519981837752023-02-06T13:46:00.000-08:002023-02-06T13:46:04.059-08:00Groundhog Day and Ice Cream Scoops - a History of Ice Cream Scoops from A-Z (Allegheny to Zeroll)<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zZQOJYnbspjnh_9QS3dace61DuTnQw2mxj1Bk8vrUUcyx9AfRlNRwHv7lW09pdayiHQAdcyXfOMLt8_b5avJnK0NevYV6NVMis0hJ2ODFZucuGsfYmMA7Vllf27Bu9r79ACjooWI_T18UuY7PlUGmwlGIJShYOzXkZfumegTN6h5jxyMPMkSCHqU/s1996/Gilchrist%20dishers%202%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="1996" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zZQOJYnbspjnh_9QS3dace61DuTnQw2mxj1Bk8vrUUcyx9AfRlNRwHv7lW09pdayiHQAdcyXfOMLt8_b5avJnK0NevYV6NVMis0hJ2ODFZucuGsfYmMA7Vllf27Bu9r79ACjooWI_T18UuY7PlUGmwlGIJShYOzXkZfumegTN6h5jxyMPMkSCHqU/w400-h276/Gilchrist%20dishers%202%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">On Groundhog Day 1897, Alfred Lewis Cralle received a patent for a mechanical ice cream scoop. Fittingly, he was from western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh), not far from Punxatawney, the home
of Groundhog Day and Punxatawney Phil. And every year, like Groundhog Day (in the modern Bill Murray sense of the word), posts, links and comments pop up on social media celebrating Cralle as the man who “invented THE
ice cream scoop.” That characterization, however, is not accurate.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Alfred Cralle invented “an” ice cream scoop, but not “THE” ice cream scoop. His was not the first and would not be last. Ice cream “scoops or measures”
were available, for example, in Boston in 1890.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgfV86-3E3SVGZ8V87KgzChdDStOvGMAl8B9yV3BXWArtSGSdaNYb9ULHlowd9sjZCh1CpTMhteKynNMExERQu6Y5VoSgeCg0JfnKaZgYsmdeRHl2_-5BDc5-Oly-qO2KvVOY2Cud43BJp0-m4Ji-ehQjWWntHPVW7d3NWIbrJnz2_fyRVRioie2O/s797/boston%20globe%20may%2025%201890%20page%208%20ice%20cream%20scoops%20or%20measures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="797" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgfV86-3E3SVGZ8V87KgzChdDStOvGMAl8B9yV3BXWArtSGSdaNYb9ULHlowd9sjZCh1CpTMhteKynNMExERQu6Y5VoSgeCg0JfnKaZgYsmdeRHl2_-5BDc5-Oly-qO2KvVOY2Cud43BJp0-m4Ji-ehQjWWntHPVW7d3NWIbrJnz2_fyRVRioie2O/s320/boston%20globe%20may%2025%201890%20page%208%20ice%20cream%20scoops%20or%20measures.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="tm9">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm8">, May 25, 1890, page 8.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A widely reprinted newspaper filler-item mentioned a “new ice cream scoop” in 1892.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">An inexpensive utensil is the new ice cream scoop. It costs but 40 c, and is worth several times the price to the woman deputized to ladle out the ice cream at a fair or fete. These scoops
cut the cream out in perfect forms, giving Tom the same amount as Dick or Harry.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></em><span class="tm8">, August 4, 1892, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A new ice cream scoop has been invented which takes out from the freezer exactly the same amount of frozen sweetness to every customer and in exactly the same shape. After this it won’t
do the young man a particle of good even if he is particularly well acquainted with the young lady behind the ice cream table at the church fair.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm8">, August 8, 1892, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8">Cralle’s scoop bears some resemblance to some modern ice cream scoops. But there are earlier patents that look more like some ice cream scoops still in use today than does Cralle’s.
He had reportedly “received many letters from firms at Chicago, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and other cities offering large inducements to him should he wish to sell the patent outright or on a royalty,”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a>
but it is not clear whether anyone ever manufactured any scoops according to his design. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Cralle’s scoop was not the only one inventing new scoops at the time; nor was he the first person from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania inventing scoops at the time. Defying all odds,
during a three-year period from 1896 through 1898, more than a dozen patents were awarded for more than a dozen distinct designs, all to different inventors, with ever single one of those inventors from western Pennsylvania,
nearly all of them from Allegheny County. A search of a worldwide patent database found no other ice cream scoop patents from anyone anywhere else in the United States during the same period. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">What was going on? </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The answer is suggested by a comment in a brief biography of Cralle, published shortly after his patent issued. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The invention patented by Mr. Cralle </span><span class="tm13">was advertised for by H. C. Evert</span><span class="tm8">, a well-known patent attorney in this city, last April, and immediately Mr. Cralle set his ingenious mind to work. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, February 14, 1897, page 10.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Henry Charles Evert was “at one time was one of the best known patent attorneys in the United States,” with offices in Washington DC and Pittsburgh. In Pittsburgh, he was locally
famous for a colorful home life. In 1900, for example, he maintained separate homes, one with his mother and actual wife, and a second home with his girlfriend Mollie Campbell, under the false names of Mr. and Mrs. Whitney.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qgdekzF9GE6_BD9CDsfSO4JVkLgOIz1yyTCYvf2rs3ou_oVJSZ941L-OyOM7d0-wWimXAH_CGgNHxwGYK6Eo534mcRxuBSaJyHgGsWzJgJ2Imyzi_Fc0sCA7x--bmKNAhsB83avm6mQMT68Xr8_vIHI_zS4NKojw5ebibkgfoLgLGqePlLYqOJkO/s1276/henry%20evert%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1276" data-original-width="891" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qgdekzF9GE6_BD9CDsfSO4JVkLgOIz1yyTCYvf2rs3ou_oVJSZ941L-OyOM7d0-wWimXAH_CGgNHxwGYK6Eo534mcRxuBSaJyHgGsWzJgJ2Imyzi_Fc0sCA7x--bmKNAhsB83avm6mQMT68Xr8_vIHI_zS4NKojw5ebibkgfoLgLGqePlLYqOJkO/s320/henry%20evert%20pic.jpg" width="223" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">At the time of his death at the age of 46, in February 1915, he lived with a woman named Mrs. Julia Zanestein, the mother of his two youngest children. His wife, the mother of his two oldest
children, had sued Mrs. Zanestein for alienation of affection, and had her arrested and briefly jailed for failure to make payments. The legal entanglements surrounding his estate and will made for several big headlines in
Pittsburgh newspapers.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert placed advertisements in local newspapers soliciting clients. But instead of passively seeking out inventors with inventions, he actively gave invention prompts, with lists of ideas
for items readers might invent. Many of his ads, beginning as early as February 1896, included a suggestion for inventing an “Ice Cream Disher that can be easily and rapidly operated with the hand.” Later versions
of the ad specified an “ice cream disher that can be operated with one hand.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0Y7eeLrAVWIPLiCrHzxg_43dYhG8Nw2UztmbBEEdLGrTh6sgNHd6WlIrFcawxKHaDj5bN6mGJmKNrb-jtByIKIk8csOMcQ4DSMB923RxkDJdZau-9nMFzQKgxC1YiVmjkaE39NuO-zgo6QYbC_9lllaYceus38c8SDMB_cR-Pq7iaJPXZPuZRnHK/s684/evert%20solicitation%20ad%20-%20Copy%20(3)%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="684" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0Y7eeLrAVWIPLiCrHzxg_43dYhG8Nw2UztmbBEEdLGrTh6sgNHd6WlIrFcawxKHaDj5bN6mGJmKNrb-jtByIKIk8csOMcQ4DSMB923RxkDJdZau-9nMFzQKgxC1YiVmjkaE39NuO-zgo6QYbC_9lllaYceus38c8SDMB_cR-Pq7iaJPXZPuZRnHK/s320/evert%20solicitation%20ad%20-%20Copy%20(3)%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, February 23, 1896, page 15.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje8m5n9c-i6q0zgS4tp9jg--fjYlLgDtMCWuHvl8CIDchgo9w4PHVNPz3cz4mHCzpYRXVXdiQX0OIFE2dgBQmzkvLJsUaMGzaALIXY301q2yANVN2nwCavdtTu9pjb7AUvLhZpN1-3URP2t-8YJ3Tb8S8fi3xJ_JUvQmuSd11GoC0OlACdZNPHXFw5/s855/pittsburgh%20press%20march%2015%201896%20page%2023%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="716" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje8m5n9c-i6q0zgS4tp9jg--fjYlLgDtMCWuHvl8CIDchgo9w4PHVNPz3cz4mHCzpYRXVXdiQX0OIFE2dgBQmzkvLJsUaMGzaALIXY301q2yANVN2nwCavdtTu9pjb7AUvLhZpN1-3URP2t-8YJ3Tb8S8fi3xJ_JUvQmuSd11GoC0OlACdZNPHXFw5/s320/pittsburgh%20press%20march%2015%201896%20page%2023%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="268" /></a></div><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCj6Iz4tHfzxlnhq3s89D79OUOml6UT20PTIUjdYsFKQjD5B0lJB0jy2SF1GkY3MMiFvzoWI1-t3_1AA1qN3s3IkNA7eTT-6CHeVc82VZs7OudgqEY0J--ij1d_1Pr-pfzjfCVonNDQM-kNiD871sv9TGvKLJZi2bS5lGlrbpnXjCYxeAquxlD6-5q/s878/pittsburgh%20press%20march%2015%201896%20page%2023%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="716" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCj6Iz4tHfzxlnhq3s89D79OUOml6UT20PTIUjdYsFKQjD5B0lJB0jy2SF1GkY3MMiFvzoWI1-t3_1AA1qN3s3IkNA7eTT-6CHeVc82VZs7OudgqEY0J--ij1d_1Pr-pfzjfCVonNDQM-kNiD871sv9TGvKLJZi2bS5lGlrbpnXjCYxeAquxlD6-5q/s320/pittsburgh%20press%20march%2015%201896%20page%2023%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="261" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, March 15, 1896, page 23.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">More than a dozen local inventors took Evert up on his ice cream scoop suggestion.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> He wrote and filed nearly all of
the ice cream scoop patents from 1896 through 1898. <br />Alfred L. Cralle was one of his clients. Cralle’s invention was noted in a local paper shortly after his patent issued.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2C5KILIR_WsnLvKJyxXc1gGXxIAdSfWRHjqP_-7GSxL-J9yqxxKL74DfyXp3R52c6Jjei0MzSo4gLC6pvKqEyusM0LI0SHuiGsvF0BhK-tUQQ4VldP0onL-jqE5PJS9BBYLTctC9AYNSQ2GQIxLen14GmlJu6zEgWAi9iHSiymLQOXgq2anu3g1HK/s1052/Alfred%20l%20cralle%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1052" data-original-width="709" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2C5KILIR_WsnLvKJyxXc1gGXxIAdSfWRHjqP_-7GSxL-J9yqxxKL74DfyXp3R52c6Jjei0MzSo4gLC6pvKqEyusM0LI0SHuiGsvF0BhK-tUQQ4VldP0onL-jqE5PJS9BBYLTctC9AYNSQ2GQIxLen14GmlJu6zEgWAi9iHSiymLQOXgq2anu3g1HK/s320/Alfred%20l%20cralle%20pic.jpg" width="216" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For a long time the colored man has been coming to the front in the political, educational, business and industrial world, and on not a few occasions has the scientific world been benefited
b the brain of the colored man. Hundreds of patents have been obtained from ideas introduced by the ingenuity and originality of the negro, and many thousands of dollars have found their way into the coffers of those who
were fortunate enough to grasp an idea thus advanced before a patent was secured.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But all colored people have not been so fortunate, and Alfred Lewis Cralle, of No. 9 Olive street, this city, is one of the few exceptions. Mr. Cralle is the inventor and patentee of an ice
cream mold or disher, and its practicability as a household article makes it all the more valuable.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm9">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, February 14, 1897, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Alfred L. Cralle was born in Lunenburg County, Virginia, on September 4, 1866. He attended public schools there, and later enrolled at Wayland Seminary, Washington DC, one of the forerunners
of the HBCU, Virginia Union University. Early in life, he worked with his father, a carpenter, where he reportedly developed his mechanical aptitude.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">After leaving Wayland, Cralle moved to Pittsburgh, where he worked at various times as a porter for the Markell Bros’ drug store in the East End, and as a porter at the St. Charles
Hotel. He would likely have had the opportunity to observe ice cream service close-up at either one of those positions; hotels of that era generally had restaurant service, and the Markell Bros. drug store is known to have
had a soda fountain<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a> (ice cream was generally served at “soda fountains” of the time).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">It is not clear where Cralle was employed at the moment he conceived his idea, but when Evert filed Cralle’s application in June 1896, he was just starting a new job, as the Assistant
Manager of the newly-formed Afro-American Financial, Accumulating, Merchandise and Business Association. Within several months, he would be promoted to manager of the association.<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The association appears to have been something in the nature of a Black chamber of commerce and/or savings and loan. It was, in any case, devoted to the financial development of Black business
enterprises. The president of the association, Rev. J. O. Thompson, described their services, and the need for their services, in a speech in 1897.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In referring to his organization, Rev. Thompson said: “Thirty-four years have passed in history and with a population of 70,000,000 in the United States, there are about 9,000,000 colored
people. I believe that a solution to the negro problem lies in the fact of multiplying the race. We are accumulating &750,000,000 each year, which is distributed among the whites. The reason Bishop Turner did not get
more negroes to go to Africa was due to the fact that fully $50,000,000, which reverts to the white man each year was too great an incentive to have him part with his colored brother.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“One has said that there are 200 negroes capable of filling the presidency of the United States if it were possible to secure for a negro an election. There are about 140,000 colored
people in this state, who accumulate an average of $1.75 per week. We have no manufacturing establishments of other business interests. we are unable to procure a place for one of our race in the various factories and business
houses of white men, but readily spend our money with him. The negroes’ conditions to earn a livelihood are growing less each year, owing to the influx of immigrants. We must be producers as well as consumers, and
although we have the same power of production, there seems to be such a lack of productive interest in us that we lose hope and fail to take courage.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The association I represent,” Rev. Thompson continued, “is a race enterprise, and factional and denominational differences are laid aside. We all know how quickly property
depreciates in value when a black man moves into a rich white settlement, and this is the reason so many of us are unable to rent houses in certain portions of this and other cities. But I must confine myself to the association.
We have a capital stock of $560,000, divided in shares having a par value of $52 each. It is governed by a board of directors numbering 15 of our most prominent business men. Of the entire capital $65,000 has been subscribed
and paid in.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em><span class="tm8">, May 25, 1897, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Alfred Cralle married Elizabeth Wade in 1900.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a> They purchased a new home at 168 Mayflower Street in Pittsburgh’s
East End in 1904.<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a> He was a member of the Golden Seal Lodge and the Free and Accepted Masons. He died at home on May 6, 1919.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Inspired by Evert’s advertisement, and perhaps informed by his experiences working in a drugstore and hotel, Alfred Cralle invented his version of an ice cream scoop. Evert filed
an application for a patent on Cralle’s behalf on June 10, 1896. The general idea is similar to some modern scoops, the ones with a thumb-operated lever that moves a scraping blade along the inside of the scoop, to
help separate the ice cream from the scooper. Cralle’s design included a similar gearing system used on many such scoops.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Cralle’s solution to the problem differed from earlier versions, while borrowing elements of those who went before. A survey of earlier patents paints a picture of the history of
ice cream scoops, generally, and places Cralle’s invention in context, as one person’s small contribution, among many, to the advancement of ice cream-scooping technology.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One complaint voiced in many of the articles, posts or comments about Cralle’s ice cream scoop is that he and his invention are unknown, the suggestion being that “racism”
prevented his name from being passed down to history. But none of the other people who contributed to the origin, history and evolution of the ice cream scoop are generally known either. A survey of early ice cream scoop
patents adds their names to the otherwise nameless, faceless succession of inventors who did their small part to advance the art and technology of scooping ice cream.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An early patent for a designated “ice cream server” was issued to Jorge Oyarzabal, of Malaga, Spain in 1869. It included “a knife, A, and a flat scoop, spade, or blade,
B, arranged at right angles to each other, and connected by a spring of elastic bow-shank, C. Or they may be connected like the legs of tongs, and be provided with a spring to open or move them apart.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix-M-Lef1DgjA0EfCb4ztTQomMdKNMokSDLHiI3rvHSZEz6PgR0Rt7MbDBlnrXe03sR5X0oRP2voF_3Ox5kHV3f0jb-VV2KaIbS0D161jEoZZ7OHkEsDF3Swd7E0Ev48NQxG2A1hFEvLgbAt7bsh6TQ-wiP6H9ISYwvfsMNVThtaBp22gvAsYugaFK/s2911/US95929%20Oyarzabel%201869%20ice%20cream%20server.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1504" data-original-width="2911" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix-M-Lef1DgjA0EfCb4ztTQomMdKNMokSDLHiI3rvHSZEz6PgR0Rt7MbDBlnrXe03sR5X0oRP2voF_3Ox5kHV3f0jb-VV2KaIbS0D161jEoZZ7OHkEsDF3Swd7E0Ev48NQxG2A1hFEvLgbAt7bsh6TQ-wiP6H9ISYwvfsMNVThtaBp22gvAsYugaFK/s320/US95929%20Oyarzabel%201869%20ice%20cream%20server.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Server, US96929, J. Oyarzabel, October 19, 1869.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Oyarzabel’s “server” was not a “scoop” as such. But the existence of ice cream “scoops,” by that name, can be inferred from comments in Thomas Burkhard’s
patent of 1875, for “vessels for measuring and handling ice-cream, &c.” The patent also succinctly describes the problem addressed by every ice cream scoop patent since - ice cream sticking to the scoop. Burkhard’s
patent used thermodynamics to melt a small layer of ice cream where it touched the “vessel.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">My invention relates to an improvement in vessels for measuring, molding, and handling ice-cream or other frozen confections, whereby I obviate the troublesome freezing of the same to the
sides of the vessels or molds, or whereby, when so frozen, I am enabled to melt a very thin film of uniform thickness between every part of the walls of the mold, measure, </span><span class="tm13">or scoop</span><span class="tm8"> and the contained frozen cream or ice, so as to release the said frozen cream or ice, so as to release the said frozen confection from the mold without injury to the form imparted
by the mold, or from the measure or scoop without the inconvenience of scraping with some instrument, as has been hitherto the case. My invention further enables me to readily mold in a neat and beautiful form and turn out
upon a dish a small portion of ice-cream to be served to customers in a retail shop, a thing hitherto so troublesome and inconvenient that it has never been practiced to any notable extent.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US 165301, Thomas Burkhard, July 6, 1875 (filed May 17, 1875).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Burkhard’s patent diagram did not show a “scoop,” as such, but the patent’s language was general enough to apply to any “mold, measure, or scoop”
of whatever shape or size. For whatever reason, however, Burkhard’s design does not appear to have ever been incorporated in any commercially available ice cream scoop. Perhaps the technology did not exist at the time
that would have made it feasible or practical. Later patents generally focused on incorporating a scraper of some kind within the body of the scoop, to mechanically release the ice cream.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An 1878 patent to William Clewell, of Reading, Pennsylvania, introduced the internal scraping blade. The scoop required two hands to operate, one on the handle and the other twisting the internal blade using a top-mounted
handle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX0iNmSm9lmPioSjPYHldMJRAu1L46VmY1Uz-TRF7ta6Aw3Try78E4fxjNf4zrFFB8geC4nxbv1V6YAze451xgVpITI6-SjNB3qPX8f-0rhu3z7-tM0iUF5bopECU-Sttaq3f6D56Lz5ClpEaokAolBX7Ls5S5sunV1QUfIpbHw9R7cFgREGUeys3Z/s1708/US209751%201878%20clewell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1550" data-original-width="1708" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX0iNmSm9lmPioSjPYHldMJRAu1L46VmY1Uz-TRF7ta6Aw3Try78E4fxjNf4zrFFB8geC4nxbv1V6YAze451xgVpITI6-SjNB3qPX8f-0rhu3z7-tM0iUF5bopECU-Sttaq3f6D56Lz5ClpEaokAolBX7Ls5S5sunV1QUfIpbHw9R7cFgREGUeys3Z/s320/US209751%201878%20clewell.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Ice-Cream Measure and Mold, US209751, W. Clewell, November 12, 1878.<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">This basic design was apparently widely used. Advertisements for conical scoops, with hand-turned knobs to operate internal scraper blades can be found well into the 1900s, and examples
are easily found in online searches for “antique ice cream scoops.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwhPd-yJmOlKaK4iRlOapOljTuCyZOHLF5ZMEJ5GJOrpB6C8OzkbqPD-0JDJQANnrSE4t_KtbMP2hGx4iZyhaxu_KtRwrJIMPi-uZ2SNLYr9Sd-l1fEQlmwA9XJMgovmTicVGTLDh0tCbo8P62yAmLuVSw2wqEseUk2pejk4QFubR2nxOLQk1vj0Ah/s485/chicago%20tribune%20july%2011%201906%20page%2044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="485" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwhPd-yJmOlKaK4iRlOapOljTuCyZOHLF5ZMEJ5GJOrpB6C8OzkbqPD-0JDJQANnrSE4t_KtbMP2hGx4iZyhaxu_KtRwrJIMPi-uZ2SNLYr9Sd-l1fEQlmwA9XJMgovmTicVGTLDh0tCbo8P62yAmLuVSw2wqEseUk2pejk4QFubR2nxOLQk1vj0Ah/s320/chicago%20tribune%20july%2011%201906%20page%2044.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8">, July 11, 1906, “The Fair” advertising section.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">A decade later, a man named Naylor patented something similar, but with the moving parts reversed; the internal scraping blade was connected to the main handle and remained immobile during
use, whereas the top-mounted twisting handle was mounted on the body of the scooper itself - “when it is full, it is inverted and the cup turned with one hand, while the rim and knives are held stationary with the other.”</span>
</p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijfkUd9DlqkcOWkV1gg296OY_id7JYuyLPSV-rOeNczGZJNtBMIS7ZJbyT3OFZ5aeawtLmzok-Xw-8BcJGmdLh65_CKR1z8z7QfdRF7V8fTPEhn2l8i74cPR1JAUTIxqmzx7n1qSxNAV5QShp3FBtDIUZUymKl9Mf-c87KsgVHBCoFv0m09Sf-Y0vL/s1826/US384776%201888%20Naylor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1264" data-original-width="1826" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijfkUd9DlqkcOWkV1gg296OY_id7JYuyLPSV-rOeNczGZJNtBMIS7ZJbyT3OFZ5aeawtLmzok-Xw-8BcJGmdLh65_CKR1z8z7QfdRF7V8fTPEhn2l8i74cPR1JAUTIxqmzx7n1qSxNAV5QShp3FBtDIUZUymKl9Mf-c87KsgVHBCoFv0m09Sf-Y0vL/s320/US384776%201888%20Naylor.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8">Measuring Device for Ice Cream or Other Similar Substances, US384776, T. A. Naylor, June 19, 1888.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest ice scream scoop that bears a close resemblance to scoops still in use to day was patented by B. J. Noyes, of Boston, in 1895. This one has a more rounded scoop-body, with
a scraping blade operated by turning a knob, that moves the blade, with a spring to move the blade back to its original position. The only thing that has changed from Noyes’ version to modern versions of the same scoop,
is the mechanism used to rotate the blade.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBj_hcEIOyGzB5UMlkg4kSP9br5NJzdu_zzw4NnY1lrYGRyccWKa8nfNTUGl02CSoQ7ybPpSBXQsA7R3ApCAvwreCKrPpV3ycSGjAPi_PsVM2vpwtI2svo1b8sKAXWSF7urrByLZy7sOuYqbr8jt2EJ9yAQDPeoUURyyBKixs6PiyH9QEwKhZadUf/s2311/US538693%20Noyes%20May%201895%20Noyes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1589" data-original-width="2311" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBj_hcEIOyGzB5UMlkg4kSP9br5NJzdu_zzw4NnY1lrYGRyccWKa8nfNTUGl02CSoQ7ybPpSBXQsA7R3ApCAvwreCKrPpV3ycSGjAPi_PsVM2vpwtI2svo1b8sKAXWSF7urrByLZy7sOuYqbr8jt2EJ9yAQDPeoUURyyBKixs6PiyH9QEwKhZadUf/s320/US538693%20Noyes%20May%201895%20Noyes.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> Ice Cream Spoon, US538693, B. J. Noyes, May 7, 1895.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A different type of solution is to push the ice cream straight out from the scooper with a plunger. Older Californians might recognize the origins of the traditional, cylindrical Thrifty ice cream
scoop in this patent by Hans Thode of Mattoon, Illinois.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_016fuvfhRqalUaZLU8R-daCFsBLPFuLsjS3IpKvyR47jZPrXVBxEYbVWRUWn86-zrcOlhFWiQogJCt6s_y92yIYepKLBhqk-StLJL4b_7F-eGoTmVWRoBthzspU2Vt-kmS-9Fuk4saSDi8s927oGrTHClhfdmMjTGLMCS0f03hMDW0Et2sXjuJgL/s2052/US554550%201896%20Thode%20thrifty-style.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1028" data-original-width="2052" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_016fuvfhRqalUaZLU8R-daCFsBLPFuLsjS3IpKvyR47jZPrXVBxEYbVWRUWn86-zrcOlhFWiQogJCt6s_y92yIYepKLBhqk-StLJL4b_7F-eGoTmVWRoBthzspU2Vt-kmS-9Fuk4saSDi8s927oGrTHClhfdmMjTGLMCS0f03hMDW0Et2sXjuJgL/s320/US554550%201896%20Thode%20thrifty-style.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Dipper, US554550, H. M. O. Thode, February 11, 1896 (filed July 8, 1895).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Pittsburgh patent attorney, Henry C. Evert, began soliciting clients to submit inventions for an “ice cream disher to be operated with one hand” as early as February 1896.
He continued soliciting ice cream scoop inventions for about seven years, after which another Pittsburgh patent attorney started placing nearly identical advertisements, which continued for another decade.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert submitted the first of his ice cream scoop patent applications in March 1896. His client, Alfred L. Riggs of Knoxville, Pennsylvania, in Allegheny County, invented a scoop with a
conical body and internal twisting blades. The blades twisted when the handle was depressed or released.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhCt-lnPlT-F4jOJFhlAM6lTiN7W9EEPThUDAWl5MqpYFLXkccZXyuk1Cg5DPKXzJNL60rxSYeNALcvPs-OgHuyfIzszFgHeF4wIAZYnJNQLsWoJ6ENjNK4ZfXB2Qci26me7P3jTj9MEyFw9e0Olpu5faRtcfaTCkXxNWcKV5YiM7fJvhiAM-EuAwj/s1998/US561727%20Riggs%20June%201896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1501" data-original-width="1998" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhCt-lnPlT-F4jOJFhlAM6lTiN7W9EEPThUDAWl5MqpYFLXkccZXyuk1Cg5DPKXzJNL60rxSYeNALcvPs-OgHuyfIzszFgHeF4wIAZYnJNQLsWoJ6ENjNK4ZfXB2Qci26me7P3jTj9MEyFw9e0Olpu5faRtcfaTCkXxNWcKV5YiM7fJvhiAM-EuAwj/s320/US561727%20Riggs%20June%201896.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold, A. L. Riggs, June 9, 1896 (filed March 7, 1896).</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A couple months later, Evert’s clients, C. L. Phillis and H. E. McCoy of Pittsburgh, filed their application for a conical ice cream scoop with internally twisting blades. Their version
dispensed with the spring action, using a thumb-actuated lever to twist the blade one way on one use, and be ready for use the other way for the next scoop. Their idea seems to have been to omit whatever complications or
maintenance issues might be cause by spring-activated parts. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNEYpkwgmcIBDgwgNTzF3ZfYAXZPdl_s5KuNvwgBQGVhlZoi0qvncmkF47NGvqt4h980s05FEte3jBEYC8JIwh8VVGwInqqMsABMH2vlq75-u_8xui4RAfLVWkuyWsFelPaROZ51M4WTV_eMhJMltodgfvkF6GyzUmciFne6Qevz-ib0KMIhAAprUE/s2007/US568274%20Phillis%20and%20Mccoy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1613" data-original-width="2007" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNEYpkwgmcIBDgwgNTzF3ZfYAXZPdl_s5KuNvwgBQGVhlZoi0qvncmkF47NGvqt4h980s05FEte3jBEYC8JIwh8VVGwInqqMsABMH2vlq75-u_8xui4RAfLVWkuyWsFelPaROZ51M4WTV_eMhJMltodgfvkF6GyzUmciFne6Qevz-ib0KMIhAAprUE/s320/US568274%20Phillis%20and%20Mccoy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Disher, US568274, C. L. Phillis and H. E. McCoy, September 22, 1896 (filed May 13, 1898). </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert’s client, Henry J. Pfeiffer of Pittsburgh, filed his application in September. His invention used a spring and plunger on top of the cone, with a screw to translate the up-down
motion of the plunger into the twisting motion of the internal scraping blades.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfeK8Hv0uPUKniwmCHWgyZYlgPoSieA09Db88R0l8KssX9Ldtf3SOc1_KYZ0lF-WN_CwrY_q1aTdjlP6z1EKWHmFLpCNxYG11KWSoQ8ZZ7tp_-S0e7xXnA5HcPKyXT8tpXuj-ssAZu1gM7qdrL5ui-K3UduXKXcd4_Gs3NZkFEFJuZKYndKAftOl3R/s1997/US571170%20Pfeiffer%20november%201896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1338" data-original-width="1997" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfeK8Hv0uPUKniwmCHWgyZYlgPoSieA09Db88R0l8KssX9Ldtf3SOc1_KYZ0lF-WN_CwrY_q1aTdjlP6z1EKWHmFLpCNxYG11KWSoQ8ZZ7tp_-S0e7xXnA5HcPKyXT8tpXuj-ssAZu1gM7qdrL5ui-K3UduXKXcd4_Gs3NZkFEFJuZKYndKAftOl3R/s320/US571170%20Pfeiffer%20november%201896.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Mold and Disher, US571170, Henry J. Pfeiffer, November 10, 1896 (filed September 1, 1896).</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">F. D. Clark of Washington County, Pennsylvania used a completely different mechanism in his patent application, which Evert filed in March of 1896. Two hinged portions form a cone shape
in its normal position. After scooping ice cream into the scooper, the user squeezes the spring-loaded handle together, forcing the two halves of the cone apart, and releasing the ice cream.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsn3iGFBUviQcxM0wxHEeGWV-qfmCIyc0FWwLkVdqMR96gpfpIZES_tdN_e5wa-t8deNx2W6HjGPy7Y0INcFJJi7rbnZB2bQIV-zRoMsAfIs0TTiIRVsO8mZ0ttaRFQigJSB72_79edxIyaZ90AbinDw1RA3uz0Va2A8WPWTv_OqQh7ICoE_9AZ28/s1920/US571188%20November%201896%20Clark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="1920" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsn3iGFBUviQcxM0wxHEeGWV-qfmCIyc0FWwLkVdqMR96gpfpIZES_tdN_e5wa-t8deNx2W6HjGPy7Y0INcFJJi7rbnZB2bQIV-zRoMsAfIs0TTiIRVsO8mZ0ttaRFQigJSB72_79edxIyaZ90AbinDw1RA3uz0Va2A8WPWTv_OqQh7ICoE_9AZ28/s320/US571188%20November%201896%20Clark.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Mold and Dipper, US571188, Fred D. Clark, November 10, 1896 (filed March 20, 1896).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert’s clients, C. W. and J. E Harmon and C. L. Boyd of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, filed an application in April of 1896 for a patent that issued on December 15, 1896. Their version
of an ice cream scoop bears a close resemblance Noyes’ patent of a year earlier, and is perhaps one step closer to some scoops still in use today. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamlF7Xan37wFS1-1EjiFXQmME7TcdmHUbCphrg0x8aSJaxvym-IQkYWEInI1Rbmt5FyC3N4sW3bFSfj0qlvM2Bm62vUuWwLKDyRhY2-nubYVyRLsIRv_tqZ0Gcu0_L5yY6a9wZj8c98fkTg8rZF1riaYqKHAtiCKMWpxXIJbZ-pZT_ro54YJHkc2P/s2015/US572987%20Harmon%20December%2015%201896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1511" data-original-width="2015" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamlF7Xan37wFS1-1EjiFXQmME7TcdmHUbCphrg0x8aSJaxvym-IQkYWEInI1Rbmt5FyC3N4sW3bFSfj0qlvM2Bm62vUuWwLKDyRhY2-nubYVyRLsIRv_tqZ0Gcu0_L5yY6a9wZj8c98fkTg8rZF1riaYqKHAtiCKMWpxXIJbZ-pZT_ro54YJHkc2P/s320/US572987%20Harmon%20December%2015%201896.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Mold and Dipper, US572987, C. W. Harmon, J. E. Harmon and C. L. Boyd, December 15, 1896 (filed April 9, 1896). </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice cream scoops with the same, general scoop design are still in use today, although perhaps with different mechanisms for operating the internal, scraping blade. Similar ice cream scoops
were advertised for sale during the first decades of the 1900s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgviLJdvrATYYFc74qJH355rwyaSoTMYaoRcdUSFu60n39yol52MwdEHWg2YoQ36SYCz9NTHfo1QiJOZsFahHq-5jdrkoesEgWJsca7uSmNIua9Db3SuNybgLdKkCxozN_-f94jbX5nTFRAlHagJktLhX1mBSO4c9RcmeMqg4OQvmPqqwUyMKkIGuXh/s1293/birmingham%20news%20april%2018%201908%20page%2018%20ice%20cream%20scoop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1293" data-original-width="822" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgviLJdvrATYYFc74qJH355rwyaSoTMYaoRcdUSFu60n39yol52MwdEHWg2YoQ36SYCz9NTHfo1QiJOZsFahHq-5jdrkoesEgWJsca7uSmNIua9Db3SuNybgLdKkCxozN_-f94jbX5nTFRAlHagJktLhX1mBSO4c9RcmeMqg4OQvmPqqwUyMKkIGuXh/s320/birmingham%20news%20april%2018%201908%20page%2018%20ice%20cream%20scoop.jpg" width="203" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Birmingham News</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Birmingham, Alabama), April 18, 1908, page 18.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Henry G. Morris of Hoboken, Pennsylvania, also in Allegheny County, also received his patent in December 1896. Henry Evert had filed the application for him in September. Morris’
ice cream scoop used a thumb-actuated lever to cause the inner scraper blades to rotate within the body of the scoop.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0qg1cw2XJeMNnsUSZotMvVknb6Flaxri_aZ_Y0TsNpa2DnOO2CWjfZfpzFzEwyUzk2yRDArBDXYW9jImjKv92YKC9K53xMhXZgqFKpd3kHTTTN0my1wW5u9eY2rmZaOpDIW6_yF2z7gGVyFyszpS5FuE2hmHbvJns4bGxF0xzjcp7aW00ja5hPkN/s2167/US573681%20morris%20dec%2022%201896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1739" data-original-width="2167" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd0qg1cw2XJeMNnsUSZotMvVknb6Flaxri_aZ_Y0TsNpa2DnOO2CWjfZfpzFzEwyUzk2yRDArBDXYW9jImjKv92YKC9K53xMhXZgqFKpd3kHTTTN0my1wW5u9eY2rmZaOpDIW6_yF2z7gGVyFyszpS5FuE2hmHbvJns4bGxF0xzjcp7aW00ja5hPkN/s320/US573681%20morris%20dec%2022%201896.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Disher, US573681, H. G. Morris, December 22, 1896 (filed September 1, 1896).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">John and Susanna Zimmer of Pittsburgh invented a scoop without a long handle. In its place was a looped handle, as on a coffee mug or teacup. A user depressed a button with their thumb
(against spring tension) before scooping the ice cream. After filling the scoop, they would release the button, which cause the spring to turn the internal scraping blades. Henry Evert filed their application in April of
1896; the patent issued in December. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDMNslN1PyMu5hCaz1oy_NqRuz8_rBGuHuVX_vFpDnMbgPgsuuf1S_HADfvIrpAkABf49kSIVGrROhGPRPEM89czyO0vUu7S0r9BEd9sdac8vOjqj0iRkLnlgxlDN39KKaXiIsp343mvs3J5lxSrbxeX-CW3ZbSjUPIHiDEoU0LmvtRsEb6agZjnnf/s1586/US574185%20December%2029%201896%20Zimmer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1188" data-original-width="1586" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDMNslN1PyMu5hCaz1oy_NqRuz8_rBGuHuVX_vFpDnMbgPgsuuf1S_HADfvIrpAkABf49kSIVGrROhGPRPEM89czyO0vUu7S0r9BEd9sdac8vOjqj0iRkLnlgxlDN39KKaXiIsp343mvs3J5lxSrbxeX-CW3ZbSjUPIHiDEoU0LmvtRsEb6agZjnnf/s320/US574185%20December%2029%201896%20Zimmer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Mold and Dipper, US574185, John Zimmer and Susanna Zimmer, December 29, 1896 (filed April 14, 1896). </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Henry C. Evert filed a patent application on behalf of Alfred L. Cralle of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on June 10, 1896. His patent issued on February 2, 1897, Groundhog
Day. Cralle’s invention included a bifurcated, spring-action handle. Like Naylor’s device a decade earlier, Cralle’s design called for rotating the entire body of the scooper around a stationary, internal
scraping blade. But unlike Naylor’s scoop, Cralle provided toothed gearing so the scoop could be operated with one hand.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> Squeezing the moving handle part (b’) against the spring tension moved a “segmental rack” (an arced section with geared teeth), which in turn engaged a “toothed rack”
on the outer rim of the body of the scooper. The movement of the gearing caused the body of the scooper to rotate with respect to an interior, stationary scraping blade secured to the stationary part of the handle (b) by
an arm (d). In this gripped position, a user would scoop some ice cream. When the grip was released, spring tension would move the handle back to its normally open position, which in turn would engage the gearing, rotating
the scoop body back to its original position while helping release the scooped ice cream from the scoop.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5hmxfFhYFQ8Y2z_6czVHk6vYCxsn3Fftu4i3tv9bkDdjb5zZUANmD030CUnAZXiZo-k4p7OJu2d4C2Pk05M86I1Vapkl6u4HQHZyLtXjehOhwkZNZoIoXIJx8xZeoXNMivW2PfH-3-PYtLlgma5SV5gvcpHAiQmV8fwvzy_7yszB5M5oNoBmen5aB/s1972/US576395%20Cralle%20February%202%201897.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1963" data-original-width="1972" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5hmxfFhYFQ8Y2z_6czVHk6vYCxsn3Fftu4i3tv9bkDdjb5zZUANmD030CUnAZXiZo-k4p7OJu2d4C2Pk05M86I1Vapkl6u4HQHZyLtXjehOhwkZNZoIoXIJx8xZeoXNMivW2PfH-3-PYtLlgma5SV5gvcpHAiQmV8fwvzy_7yszB5M5oNoBmen5aB/s320/US576395%20Cralle%20February%202%201897.jpg" width="320" /></a></span><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The section </span><em><span class="tm9">b</span></em><span class="tm8"> of the handle is provided with an arm </span><em><span class="tm9">d</span></em><span class="tm8">, extending lengthwise with the mold and secured at the apex thereof to the shaft or rivet </span><em><span class="tm9">e</span></em><span class="tm8">, on which said mold </span><em><span class="tm9">a</span></em><span class="tm8"> is adapted to rotate, as hereinafter described. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;"></div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The portion </span><em><span class="tm9">b</span></em><span class="tm8">’ of the handle is provided on its inner end with a segmental rack </span><em><span class="tm9">h</span></em><span class="tm8">, adapted to engage with a toothed rack </span><em><span class="tm9">k</span></em><span class="tm8">, secured on the mold near the mouth of the same, and the handles are provided with a spring </span><em><span class="tm9">l</span></em><span class="tm8">, secured between the portion of the same to retract the cutters after the handles have been forced together.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Disher, US576395, Alfred L. Cralle, February 2, 1897 (filed June 10, 1896).<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert filed an application for Thomas Handly of Allegheny, Pennsylvania in September 1896, for his patent which issued in July 1897. Handly’s scoop had a spring-mounted arm under
a handle, which operated to sweep internal scraping blades. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisD2-B9y0MjRB08DI_XYZQe-wNzLWyd0-oJ9yEJRRV081WrzahyEcKIpwYsuPx_HiZ_TldZyNJjmgAF8virnRsv7VvsfUZmwE3zrLWIzP2lAQ8Mb8ZnMTQBa3SXkMYYtWtllMhsUiN7h3bN3m7gz1k7CdqVhnwexMzdfIAi89oAUmTO8lqZL_lCQUl/s2004/US586181%20Handly%20July%2013%201897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1607" data-original-width="2004" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisD2-B9y0MjRB08DI_XYZQe-wNzLWyd0-oJ9yEJRRV081WrzahyEcKIpwYsuPx_HiZ_TldZyNJjmgAF8virnRsv7VvsfUZmwE3zrLWIzP2lAQ8Mb8ZnMTQBa3SXkMYYtWtllMhsUiN7h3bN3m7gz1k7CdqVhnwexMzdfIAi89oAUmTO8lqZL_lCQUl/s320/US586181%20Handly%20July%2013%201897.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Disher and Mold, US586181, Thomas F. Handly, July 13, 1897 (filed September 5, 1896).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">James and William Crea, of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, filed their patent application on March, 1897. Their patent issued on July 20, 1897. Henry C. Evert acted as their patent attorney.
The Crea’s scoop had a slide lever mounted on a spring within the handle. Pushing the lever forward activated internal scraping blades. Spring tension returned the lever to its normal position when released.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga66Qc6D6EdgB00GMuHeqNKSsuZ7u6SSHJU89WvU6QlOoX_7C21F5SsbDBV_2d8Hwgx65DQD0O0dCW6VQBCqMSXWdj1USZ6TXAVfaTqgV2RD_QGpxn78b6_o_Y6HvNQa1_vDFUi6Z9vuh055R1DX-tzNBzi1FXseGaBrQ2vNO4B568D09s6q1e_gXB/s2940/US586807%20Crea%20July%2020%201897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2072" data-original-width="2940" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga66Qc6D6EdgB00GMuHeqNKSsuZ7u6SSHJU89WvU6QlOoX_7C21F5SsbDBV_2d8Hwgx65DQD0O0dCW6VQBCqMSXWdj1USZ6TXAVfaTqgV2RD_QGpxn78b6_o_Y6HvNQa1_vDFUi6Z9vuh055R1DX-tzNBzi1FXseGaBrQ2vNO4B568D09s6q1e_gXB/s320/US586807%20Crea%20July%2020%201897.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Disher, US586807, James and William Crea, July 20, 1897 (filed March 29, 1897).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert filed an application for Thomas F. Rankin, of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in November 1896, for a patent that issued in October 1897. Rankin’s patent has a thumb-actuated lever
mounted on the handle, to activate internal scraping blades within the body of the scoop.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilEQUNjVKTHBuDpxgdVYDybcCx1vwj0wWo2XPIq46ZnEh4ABUsHPS2zTNmnVSw_lHGpbuq5NZsG1z2p_uPkoioiDtSne6ZZryd6UC36_xTWybln2oQ9fXNMDWEd-EGdIY7PrYyGZPY7EbU-WOOMlVoZFX0_N0dDTQMsutlMFnssl3oyDag2hfcb1qO/s2080/US591635%20Rankin%20October%2012%201897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1561" data-original-width="2080" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilEQUNjVKTHBuDpxgdVYDybcCx1vwj0wWo2XPIq46ZnEh4ABUsHPS2zTNmnVSw_lHGpbuq5NZsG1z2p_uPkoioiDtSne6ZZryd6UC36_xTWybln2oQ9fXNMDWEd-EGdIY7PrYyGZPY7EbU-WOOMlVoZFX0_N0dDTQMsutlMFnssl3oyDag2hfcb1qO/s320/US591635%20Rankin%20October%2012%201897.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Disher, US591635, Thomas F. Rankin, October 12, 1897 (filed November 6, 1896).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Evert filed an application for Herman August Weber, of Pittsburgh, in May of 1896. The patent would not issue until February of 1898. Weber’s ice cream scoop bore some similarities
to Cralle’s invention. It had a bifurcated handle held normally open by spring tension, and external, toothed gearing. But Weber’s invention moved the scraping blades within the stationary body of the scoop,
whereas Cralle’s moved the body of the scoop around stationary scraping blades.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN012QJKHBDKuWirT7L2yegKlY-g1G3jGAs-ruoHiekup5MNbLqPxRVMYn9tyym1NWERmGvvz-AyHNwCJKVAqsjCfaE_g1QqAKKhC2tW7HUbXELBwWDu5lk6JGtnInEAe0QzOTNJL7VI0nHZ5aCuN29eHwFbbMYNR1nBduo7Z6NsAkkTs_VIjSmUd3/s1994/US599157%20WEber%20February%2015%201898.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1881" data-original-width="1994" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN012QJKHBDKuWirT7L2yegKlY-g1G3jGAs-ruoHiekup5MNbLqPxRVMYn9tyym1NWERmGvvz-AyHNwCJKVAqsjCfaE_g1QqAKKhC2tW7HUbXELBwWDu5lk6JGtnInEAe0QzOTNJL7VI0nHZ5aCuN29eHwFbbMYNR1nBduo7Z6NsAkkTs_VIjSmUd3/s320/US599157%20WEber%20February%2015%201898.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Disher, US599157, Herman A. Weber, February 15, 1898 (filed May 4, 1896).</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Three years later, another one of Evert’s clients, Maximillian Bach of Pittsburgh, patented something similar, but with the gearing engaging on the side closest to the handles.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZTPDTqlnRJBpfh-skMatCAAnX__DlLRJFkLoqrrM38P0o95IC0UhOM1DWWckEjgcfGcMAv50fqBOQplcBCOr-hJbzpiCTlRim4IrkgMDZIARR4aNnL4NAA_vgAcSNQPLdI8ie8XkX69JUV8KS95bnT4f4UkX_yWxodM66Q09eI_2q83li9uONSMR0/s2137/US671788%20Bach%20ice%20cream%20scoop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1430" data-original-width="2137" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZTPDTqlnRJBpfh-skMatCAAnX__DlLRJFkLoqrrM38P0o95IC0UhOM1DWWckEjgcfGcMAv50fqBOQplcBCOr-hJbzpiCTlRim4IrkgMDZIARR4aNnL4NAA_vgAcSNQPLdI8ie8XkX69JUV8KS95bnT4f4UkX_yWxodM66Q09eI_2q83li9uONSMR0/s320/US671788%20Bach%20ice%20cream%20scoop.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Mold and Dipper, US671788, Maximillian Bach, April 9, 1901 (filed January 16, 1900).</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">Despite the reported “many letters from firms at Chicago, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and other cities offering large inducements to him should he wish to sell the patent outright or
on a royalty,” it is not clear whether Cralle’s design was ever put into production. Some posts about Cralle’s invention include photographs of what they believe to be a version of his ice cream scoop design,
but a close look at the mechanism proves otherwise. </span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Samuel Momodu’s article on </span><u><a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cralle-alfred-l-1866-1920/"><span class="tm8">blackpast.org</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, “Alfred L. Cralle (1866-1920),”<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> for example, includes a photograph of an ice cream scoop
with a mechanism for turning interior scraping blades within a stationary scoop body, not the other way around, as claimed and described in Cralle’s patent. The photograph posted in that article shows what antique ice
cream scoop dealers refer to as “Gilchrist’s No. 33 Ice Cream Scoop.”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDT9N5ZfdkMS2a4_AtwjxkoTnGbz2h8fdNOGrf4VHlWJ8Jc2Q_azXkyx2zfGdsMSmfgbQwO2_ruQB4MPmCPdxiyHDK5kYRMZ-_IF54CfY6nq0Dh-yfvHbqh-NIuu2s--Sqnmn9CQZST36aBocZhYqK4E8MielSLkDV-IdhQLsQ5x_R6Besj2P-uJq/s2063/Gilchrist%20no%2030%20and%2033%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1399" data-original-width="2063" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDT9N5ZfdkMS2a4_AtwjxkoTnGbz2h8fdNOGrf4VHlWJ8Jc2Q_azXkyx2zfGdsMSmfgbQwO2_ruQB4MPmCPdxiyHDK5kYRMZ-_IF54CfY6nq0Dh-yfvHbqh-NIuu2s--Sqnmn9CQZST36aBocZhYqK4E8MielSLkDV-IdhQLsQ5x_R6Besj2P-uJq/s320/Gilchrist%20no%2030%20and%2033%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Southern Pharmaceutical Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 3, Number 7, March 1911, (insert) page 33.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Images of “Gilchrist’s No. 33 Pyramid Shaped Ice Cream Disher” reveals a thumb-operated lever that pushes a rod forward, the rod having a rack which engages with gearing
on top of the internal scraping blade, to turn the blades and release ice cream scooped into the body of the scooper. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">This model is apparently based on a patent for an “ice cream ladle,” issued to Raymond B. Gilchrist, of the Gilchrist Company of Newark, New Jersey. The patent describes a “rack
bar” with “teeth” which engage a “pinion” to turn an internal “scraper.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHMjhEz4WAb2oqQJm7oEzIENOtJHC6fqsWLP-PbBXGDw0xo7q8K2uYocEGH0ICmPiW3gEYAGGtmKPjmHm20gQhoGz8L1E9kM9-xHEPSUD7-8jlHxyNIjcMUiTZ57dmAmqdJQfTKLWD2QV3ygJJhxnpe1q7YHFbV0tOFX9dnlYjHKeZNxYl_lY0aAXB/s2278/US1109577%20Gilchrist%20ice%20cream%20ladle%20no%2033.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1763" data-original-width="2278" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHMjhEz4WAb2oqQJm7oEzIENOtJHC6fqsWLP-PbBXGDw0xo7q8K2uYocEGH0ICmPiW3gEYAGGtmKPjmHm20gQhoGz8L1E9kM9-xHEPSUD7-8jlHxyNIjcMUiTZ57dmAmqdJQfTKLWD2QV3ygJJhxnpe1q7YHFbV0tOFX9dnlYjHKeZNxYl_lY0aAXB/s320/US1109577%20Gilchrist%20ice%20cream%20ladle%20no%2033.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Ladle, US1109577, Raymond B. Gilchrist, September 1, 1914 (filed April 16, 1910).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Gilchrist is a rare bird among ice cream scoop inventors. He is one of a small group whose name is known to history, at least among a small cadre of dedicated ice cream scoop collectors
who share their passion on </span><u><a href="https://www.scoopcollector.com/"><span class="tm8">scoopcollector.com</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. Gilchrist was a serial inventor, entrepreneur and businessman. He held patents on numerous bar, soda fountain and kitchen-related items, including drink mixers, glass holders, lemon squeezers, corkers, cork
extractors, battler cappers, mop wringers and ice cream scoops. Several of Gilchrist’s non-ice cream designs are still familiar-looking items, nearly unchanged in more than a century, including his “mop press,”
“straw dispenser” and electric ice cream drink mixer.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcnlpJO86jQ7Z2lpACU1Dk1KNc1VKopdyiT5rlB8ja-Yg99EkOLq0GX3TEHeUfH9JbiaaCS7gAdEPJzv_cHEO0dV9Pna8kNKlSR3fgA2rbsR0kasS0eM9p6vtQz6ngRqVD60n-_VP_K-ZdWpxcR7XaZ-tWREcx_qC_GvsFkz9UbWw0adcDLHvEovq/s2666/US1082864%20gilchrist%20mop%20press.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1686" data-original-width="2666" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcnlpJO86jQ7Z2lpACU1Dk1KNc1VKopdyiT5rlB8ja-Yg99EkOLq0GX3TEHeUfH9JbiaaCS7gAdEPJzv_cHEO0dV9Pna8kNKlSR3fgA2rbsR0kasS0eM9p6vtQz6ngRqVD60n-_VP_K-ZdWpxcR7XaZ-tWREcx_qC_GvsFkz9UbWw0adcDLHvEovq/s320/US1082864%20gilchrist%20mop%20press.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFG43rNM-nGvpGLwrK2qP8UZEXRiSM1brhJyUK4ub1JaIQrfxk-qYxbD47abIsgj1qBDdRR02NbRqcV5J35mnL6R0qr4U60b9EXrvtWRomsk2Uc3tw8FxOdXIS5MEdNu7zBhi4VAXiehtrkEqESwbGhHR3UK-6ttn24VoqFHjU-UIdmLqkznxy2RwP/s2421/US1573158%20gilchrist%20straw%20dispenser.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1607" data-original-width="2421" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFG43rNM-nGvpGLwrK2qP8UZEXRiSM1brhJyUK4ub1JaIQrfxk-qYxbD47abIsgj1qBDdRR02NbRqcV5J35mnL6R0qr4U60b9EXrvtWRomsk2Uc3tw8FxOdXIS5MEdNu7zBhi4VAXiehtrkEqESwbGhHR3UK-6ttn24VoqFHjU-UIdmLqkznxy2RwP/s320/US1573158%20gilchrist%20straw%20dispenser.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd6hnPjpVABg1w5HSd5gFilQBa4DH5TbHqr9Y7iJFB84W40Ue1KeBDXBvIMvD8Kpb5m4Uy6GJgJHNa5rdccsZvnW3CXFD2g2yRPewMV8f6_6K3lt6t3-T5fs6E8SGajBQurxV9zBPlGsLW7Bt8Q90u7SUAJc0ILBtw4AO4MP13R6JvNoG1YsFdMIJt/s2499/US1606992%20gilchrist%20drink%20mixer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2499" data-original-width="1682" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd6hnPjpVABg1w5HSd5gFilQBa4DH5TbHqr9Y7iJFB84W40Ue1KeBDXBvIMvD8Kpb5m4Uy6GJgJHNa5rdccsZvnW3CXFD2g2yRPewMV8f6_6K3lt6t3-T5fs6E8SGajBQurxV9zBPlGsLW7Bt8Q90u7SUAJc0ILBtw4AO4MP13R6JvNoG1YsFdMIJt/s320/US1606992%20gilchrist%20drink%20mixer.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Raymond Gilchrist and two partners organized The Gilchrist Company of Newark, New Jersey in January 1910, with capital of $125,000, and the stated objective of “manufacturing cork
pullers, lemon-squeezers, corking machines, capping machines, ice pics, ice tools, etc.”<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The company would also sell a line of ice cream scoops, several of them based on patents of his own design. Gilchrist’s No. 30, for example, looks like the “ice cream disher”
in another one of his patents. This model reminds me of the mashed-potato scoops used by lunch-ladies in the schools I attended in the 1960s and 1970s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJt_2N0ZteViuKWlLaJK6GViNbiy8nmHtyn5Zo96NtHvDP-pp9HFtJ96bEMunBi5yq3Qsl2SbDvEkJ400ocO_Tp6MwApQI5VH4pDp28ub6qnA4Km9QnxFkOjbiJcJ3sxOfWeEArsTvXiS0hyOuAOhPyyZxCUaig88gkwv4kFUzRKn0CzsmJ1Jwjs-q/s2044/Gilchrist%20no%2030%20and%2033%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1565" data-original-width="2044" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJt_2N0ZteViuKWlLaJK6GViNbiy8nmHtyn5Zo96NtHvDP-pp9HFtJ96bEMunBi5yq3Qsl2SbDvEkJ400ocO_Tp6MwApQI5VH4pDp28ub6qnA4Km9QnxFkOjbiJcJ3sxOfWeEArsTvXiS0hyOuAOhPyyZxCUaig88gkwv4kFUzRKn0CzsmJ1Jwjs-q/s320/Gilchrist%20no%2030%20and%2033%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Southern Pharmaceutical Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 3, Number 7, March 1911, (insert) page 33.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnwaHYlPIAaqCnnJ4x4_ah9rHTBFhFhEGML67dIaJIxrG-8DHk_tgoQZolnGpPwYsrawgK-MGjV3m4kv9pn5aM6dpKFqNjIXjOIKH3r6ydev-cgpCU0aunw4ozJxUcnVrAbdPIR-9df9njeCAyDe7roRb5mPNpzn07VbszKDchXnoo3ZOBJiqXSYM/s1804/US1109576%20Gilchrist%20scooper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1013" data-original-width="1804" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnwaHYlPIAaqCnnJ4x4_ah9rHTBFhFhEGML67dIaJIxrG-8DHk_tgoQZolnGpPwYsrawgK-MGjV3m4kv9pn5aM6dpKFqNjIXjOIKH3r6ydev-cgpCU0aunw4ozJxUcnVrAbdPIR-9df9njeCAyDe7roRb5mPNpzn07VbszKDchXnoo3ZOBJiqXSYM/s320/US1109576%20Gilchrist%20scooper.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Disher, US1109576, September 1, 1914 (filed September 26, 1907).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Gilchrist’s No. 31 Automatic Ice Cream Disher looks like the design disclosed in another of his patents. This design looks very much like many ice cream scoops still in use today.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodCpvjK-A8jjo34k3VF5c12cD5-PXly8wZjT7QNfrvHvdgE80hozXvA8YX7pfHAoTEMSCRnIGvVufQPG2cDVS7aZfv9OvuVxtKpDMDPrb1zfXjyEo2-O1UyF_qX2vBDy_x5SEa1ZnndRuixnrt5HFgGIimAdFqjNY5AMhJGBDo2_NR2y2CCmOIxWP/s2076/Gilchrist%20disher%20no%2031%20modern%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1590" data-original-width="2076" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodCpvjK-A8jjo34k3VF5c12cD5-PXly8wZjT7QNfrvHvdgE80hozXvA8YX7pfHAoTEMSCRnIGvVufQPG2cDVS7aZfv9OvuVxtKpDMDPrb1zfXjyEo2-O1UyF_qX2vBDy_x5SEa1ZnndRuixnrt5HFgGIimAdFqjNY5AMhJGBDo2_NR2y2CCmOIxWP/s320/Gilchrist%20disher%20no%2031%20modern%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDm8QLBnNEuakObGfLxJ68e7JizZuoKWz9Ej1xh0OKvo5u3Irp2ox12nOk7HncbDhxD4rDwBkwM-8tGFxxibELqiH04dp6874eYhVk37z8x1zwsDW6aq82NcCL_hAjXzhCc3nP0Kkqvp-FMxiQIOGP9XGwAgH8Aev1UMOTr-L9xj7IpEt_zkEFPVRV/s807/Gilchrist%20disher%20no%2031%20modern%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="807" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDm8QLBnNEuakObGfLxJ68e7JizZuoKWz9Ej1xh0OKvo5u3Irp2ox12nOk7HncbDhxD4rDwBkwM-8tGFxxibELqiH04dp6874eYhVk37z8x1zwsDW6aq82NcCL_hAjXzhCc3nP0Kkqvp-FMxiQIOGP9XGwAgH8Aev1UMOTr-L9xj7IpEt_zkEFPVRV/s320/Gilchrist%20disher%20no%2031%20modern%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><em><span class="tm9">The Southern Pharmaceutical Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 3, Number 7, March 1911, (insert) page 33.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWmzuOfQOTZMjgUhNF6wvhHQ8d2pNtueNymIjavR0_apDryS9FZfVOATjUw36ITuCqSYHN2qtsBlPvQOZ50wYQVrdgYLmfGECY2pvCs-oeNx8CUABYK8XkVQczwZ8oEaIIAQdG0MCV2OOs0X5dUE_M7BIHMmsHeNl8n9AEuG1WtGj1HVh-0k7n7d5j/s2665/US1132657%20Gilchrist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2665" data-original-width="1782" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWmzuOfQOTZMjgUhNF6wvhHQ8d2pNtueNymIjavR0_apDryS9FZfVOATjUw36ITuCqSYHN2qtsBlPvQOZ50wYQVrdgYLmfGECY2pvCs-oeNx8CUABYK8XkVQczwZ8oEaIIAQdG0MCV2OOs0X5dUE_M7BIHMmsHeNl8n9AEuG1WtGj1HVh-0k7n7d5j/s320/US1132657%20Gilchrist.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US1132657, Raymond B. Gilchrist, March 23, 1915 (filed February 3, 1908).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another inventor whose name is known among ice cream scoop collectors, and whose scoops are sought after by ice cream scoop collectors today, is Edwin Walker, of Erie Pennsylvania. Walker
was associated with the Erie Specialty Company, which had its own line of ice cream scoops. Like Gilchrist, Walker held numerous patents, including several cork-pullers, several cigar-tip cutters, several phonographs, and
several ice cream scoops. The Erie Specialty Company sold several different ice cream scoop designs under the name, “Walker’s ‘Quick and Easy’ Soda Fountain Accessories.” They also sold other
of Walkers’ inventions, including an “automatic cork-puller.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One of Walker’s early ice cream scoop patents introduced the “rack” and “pinion” mechanism, later adapted, albeit in a different arrangement, in Gilchrist’s
No. 33 and shown in Gilchrist’s ’577 patent. Walker’s early scoop had a “rack” </span><em><span class="tm9">G</span></em><span class="tm8"> with “rack teeth” </span><em><span class="tm9">g</span></em><span class="tm8"> which engage a “pinion” </span><em><span class="tm9">F</span></em><span class="tm8"> to rotate the “scraper” </span><em><span class="tm9">C</span></em><span class="tm8"> within the body of the scoop. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHl0FGWa0XFTQlLgViPifa0E2GGBcOO8MB3PR2IW-0sWGHSaxmDGtk6GWOr3HqOTicWnMeLJuVo0uciY696mliUhg4apNhKcCJHnIUVG3HzZ5tBvrdqkryLi4NcccQK_z2DB_Q0WdkpAK8J3o3_OK6DZSR3baCQaGO1xVxX5MEiLltALmaQuL-j5c/s2235/US892663%20walker%20ice%20cream%20dipper%201908%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1504" data-original-width="2235" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHl0FGWa0XFTQlLgViPifa0E2GGBcOO8MB3PR2IW-0sWGHSaxmDGtk6GWOr3HqOTicWnMeLJuVo0uciY696mliUhg4apNhKcCJHnIUVG3HzZ5tBvrdqkryLi4NcccQK_z2DB_Q0WdkpAK8J3o3_OK6DZSR3baCQaGO1xVxX5MEiLltALmaQuL-j5c/s320/US892663%20walker%20ice%20cream%20dipper%201908%202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Dipper, US892633, Edwin Walker, July 7, 1908 (filed December 1, 1905).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One of Walker’s later patents showed an operating mechanism eerily similar to Gilchrist No. 33 and and the ’577 patent, but Walker's application was filed several months later
than Gilchrist’s. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLlhX4J61Qr4PbboLk61RRfxpRw4-FVMzQIbrIuwkdYUvXgnDgtAB9PnvMn9k5wBGVGR7ZsTrTRAhQ3FzX58n9h0-8BvT4FGZjaYQlZ2iz_RKcQSOhufvYbkifZmw_aVfInJRd1fZGGxJ7i9DCG1h14tl2QmllrIRnlg9hSjPHR5aSyZoID6zwmbT-/s2272/US1162116%20Edwin%20Walker%20filed%201910%20granted%201915%20filed%201910.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2272" data-original-width="1522" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLlhX4J61Qr4PbboLk61RRfxpRw4-FVMzQIbrIuwkdYUvXgnDgtAB9PnvMn9k5wBGVGR7ZsTrTRAhQ3FzX58n9h0-8BvT4FGZjaYQlZ2iz_RKcQSOhufvYbkifZmw_aVfInJRd1fZGGxJ7i9DCG1h14tl2QmllrIRnlg9hSjPHR5aSyZoID6zwmbT-/s320/US1162116%20Edwin%20Walker%20filed%201910%20granted%201915%20filed%201910.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice-Cream Disher, US1162116, Edwin Walker, November 30, 1915 (filed July 19, 1910).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Walker’s ’116 patent is reflected in the Erie Specialty Company’s “Walker’s Quick and Easy Soda Fountain Accessory” No. 387. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYvAwYzgJFqoXorOHFYri-LEDN_TghllLL7DFS4eh_HHq_riFdqPN2gSoLlU7eietR_ERgAG24IB0rC80di1KTIYEStYq6QWZpIGvPAapR7oH9-gogeyRE1lIfMWvsgDIJqRaI8sL05FBBfM0N1qu08vWeWibXH4u3X9kDqE0R5yCkJuOEbu2y9Fn/s1219/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="1219" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYvAwYzgJFqoXorOHFYri-LEDN_TghllLL7DFS4eh_HHq_riFdqPN2gSoLlU7eietR_ERgAG24IB0rC80di1KTIYEStYq6QWZpIGvPAapR7oH9-gogeyRE1lIfMWvsgDIJqRaI8sL05FBBfM0N1qu08vWeWibXH4u3X9kDqE0R5yCkJuOEbu2y9Fn/s320/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other of Walker's designs looked, more or less, like other of his ice cream scoop patents.<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a> No. 389 looked like his patent
“ice cream disher,” US1138706, May 11, 1915, and No 386 like his patent “ice cream dipper,” US1012944, December 26, 1911.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZgqWEty2ohdszlQvsRIbkFO8-gMNN0iFZW0RgTyGivkbeGnGsxlU0l4GRbrJyvtlI8DESoS-Vv6vwCGykwk9XCTtas4MnZCO9kARGC3OgU0jsVhowcf24zFX4vf1pOQjE50GZ0d23OJAN3r-_u9DjTZ6tdQto3aafsFz0gmrXMoInevO4mYL2zz4/s1593/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="1593" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ZgqWEty2ohdszlQvsRIbkFO8-gMNN0iFZW0RgTyGivkbeGnGsxlU0l4GRbrJyvtlI8DESoS-Vv6vwCGykwk9XCTtas4MnZCO9kARGC3OgU0jsVhowcf24zFX4vf1pOQjE50GZ0d23OJAN3r-_u9DjTZ6tdQto3aafsFz0gmrXMoInevO4mYL2zz4/s320/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Walker’s No. 385 looked like his .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzu_o6l1ywZ00RQBIbbegW0QAunS_wHneqgBiBHrK_WGL1sg0F3ZBlrJw8ZKyopENTtcGryjqDiBXFdzV9NoY9ih9X033lmtr45nDzLsnEs_LHKWAasCCYke0xTuqC2asX37J-uOtxZ8hDjPeRgwhVbWrzcGM70xxBC2MsAcx8Z6xmgBWKUpAh3PI/s846/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(4).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="846" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzu_o6l1ywZ00RQBIbbegW0QAunS_wHneqgBiBHrK_WGL1sg0F3ZBlrJw8ZKyopENTtcGryjqDiBXFdzV9NoY9ih9X033lmtr45nDzLsnEs_LHKWAasCCYke0xTuqC2asX37J-uOtxZ8hDjPeRgwhVbWrzcGM70xxBC2MsAcx8Z6xmgBWKUpAh3PI/s320/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(4).jpg" width="320" /></a><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Walker’s No. 182 and No. 184-A looked like one aspect of Walker’s patent “ice cream dipper,” US1138704, May 11, 1915, as as shown in figures 4 and 5 of the patent.
This design hearkened back to Clewell’s 1878 patent, in general look and operation, but with a newly designed method of attaching the turn-key to the apex of the scoop.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjco8cRpAzGU1WmJ3i_LGTgvE-YylryvGrLvQzCWBo79Wr1-wwj4EeIq18fDk4tvflPOaJE3JxIyAYocYWL8swGAwEGDZkYCB9ASiaxNIY4VWygExRrDyKZJLvWcjc7boJZPKr7JXrCU6TRG3GBJ2tiKnqKeDQC7cAN8P8uDFKQz_QIRauCFwuN452b/s1595/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1595" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjco8cRpAzGU1WmJ3i_LGTgvE-YylryvGrLvQzCWBo79Wr1-wwj4EeIq18fDk4tvflPOaJE3JxIyAYocYWL8swGAwEGDZkYCB9ASiaxNIY4VWygExRrDyKZJLvWcjc7boJZPKr7JXrCU6TRG3GBJ2tiKnqKeDQC7cAN8P8uDFKQz_QIRauCFwuN452b/s320/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1AjTrdiaS9hEdCTW14av6Z9nI1bbEzvAjVRpDWv9qgsk0-r92xuH-QpTFw1XRdgv4ZZ8Z3Keesl-Xyu2hwnaP_Tc_iOt31H431ziW0wFjEtVtuZHClkLfkoRDzBDu06G4mfcObs5wtly8BaZhxHgLZ1XBhZ4vkh7F9a2M8vBoVbzy2N5VrbzofDc/s2913/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2913" data-original-width="1945" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1AjTrdiaS9hEdCTW14av6Z9nI1bbEzvAjVRpDWv9qgsk0-r92xuH-QpTFw1XRdgv4ZZ8Z3Keesl-Xyu2hwnaP_Tc_iOt31H431ziW0wFjEtVtuZHClkLfkoRDzBDu06G4mfcObs5wtly8BaZhxHgLZ1XBhZ4vkh7F9a2M8vBoVbzy2N5VrbzofDc/s320/walkers%20accessories%20ice%20cream%20trade%20journal%201913.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Ice Cream Trade Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 9, Number 4, April 1913, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The final </span><em><span class="tm9">coup de grace</span></em><span class="tm8"> (or would that be </span><em><span class="tm9">coup de glace</span></em><span class="tm8">?) in the ice cream scooper-stakes was, perhaps, the simplest, most elegant solution - no mechanism, just thermodynamics, courtesy of </span><u><a href="https://zeroll.com/pages/about-us"><span class="tm8">Sherman Kelly and the Zeroll Company</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This so-called “antifreeze” scoop reportedly eliminated ice pellets on the surface of the serving. I believe that some accredited it with non-stick characteristics. It is very
easy to use. It is easy to clean, It is robust. It is to this day one of the most commonly used ice cream scoops. To some extent, this scoop ended the race to find the best tool for serving ice cream. Did I mention that
it is plain and does nothing but serve ice cream? </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><u><a href="https://www.scoopcollector.com/mechanisms">“Mechanisms,” scoopcollector.com Blogs</a></u><span class="tm8">, </span><u><a href="https://www.scoopcollector.com/mechanisms"><span class="tm8">https://www.scoopcollector.com/mechanisms</span></a></u><span>.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1939, Sherman L. Kelly, of Toledo, Ohio, received a patent for an ice cream scoop that keeps itself just above the melting point of the ice cream, which “lubricates” the scoop
so that the scoop of ice cream “quickly and freely slides into the bowl from the severing rim and as freely is released therefrom.”<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a> This was
a simplification over his earlier patent which used electrical heating elements embedded within the scoop.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But even Kelly borrowed, perhaps unknowingly, from an age-old solution. In 1875, Thomas Burkhard of New York City patented a vessel for handling ice cream that anticipated the thermodynamics
of the Zeroll scoop by nearly six decades. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Burkhard's patent used water, even cold water.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The cold water, when the measuring-vessel is filled with frozen cream, parts enough of its specific heat to melt a uniformly thin film between all parts of the wall of the vessel A, and thus to release the cream from the vessel, and permit the frozen confection to be turned out neatly and quickly into the vessel of the purchaser. I keep the cold water in this measuring-vessel as long as I wish without changing. It acts perfectly at any moderately low temperature above 32 deg. Fahrenheit, quickly regaining from the surrounding air the small amount of heat it loses in melting the film which releases the cream from the vessel A.<br /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p><span class="tm8">US 165301, Thomas Burkhard, July 6, 1875 (filed May 17, 1875).</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Kelly's patent used liquid within the scoop, alcohol or water, but any liquid having a "high heat conductivity." </span><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It thereby conducts heat from the hand of the operator through the walls of the handle into the liquid. In practice this is normally a sufficinet temperature rise to maintain the face above the freezing temperature of the material. This lubricates the tool so that the formed service portion quickly and freely slides into the bowl from the severing rim and as freely is released therefrom.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">US 2160023, Sherman Kelly, May 30, 1939 (filed May 23, 1935).</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “stopper” </span><em><span class="tm9">E</span></em><span class="tm8"> of Burkhard’s invention corresponds to the “plug” </span><em><span class="tm9">10</span></em><span class="tm8"> of Kelly’s. It’s mostly the shape of the two vessels that distinguishes them one from the other. Burkhard’s patent diagrams illustrated something more like
a cup or tub of ice cream, but the language of the patent was very general, and even on its own terms applicable to any vessel, “mold, measure or scoop” of any desired shape or size. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPY1YDHS1BjNtyAxojRzWM2a6gUNrzO4V8daSUiplxLMK8thihT_gdJVrDoRKiq_j48z0sd6bW1JJ8KXyS6RiL9vo7CGh1tm179ud01kBx91RFl7Uv4c_aDPWoc8xk0UwGClcGi6elE-YQ_kjPCC-IYys9_DhkudYjmHNaHLPjxzX3WT5XXe_LYCh/s2813/US165301%201875%20Burkhard%20thermodynamic%20ice%20cream%20mold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2813" data-original-width="2156" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPY1YDHS1BjNtyAxojRzWM2a6gUNrzO4V8daSUiplxLMK8thihT_gdJVrDoRKiq_j48z0sd6bW1JJ8KXyS6RiL9vo7CGh1tm179ud01kBx91RFl7Uv4c_aDPWoc8xk0UwGClcGi6elE-YQ_kjPCC-IYys9_DhkudYjmHNaHLPjxzX3WT5XXe_LYCh/s320/US165301%201875%20Burkhard%20thermodynamic%20ice%20cream%20mold.jpg" width="245" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1YM1DxDIEimwJm3HFdNi4zGOv4fdnlTSdIMn8zSspqPrsmFD0XOXAEf-Zz8xRXJgYNUB4-Hex5pJZIl6V0aU2RqYlYVhByYzJoSiVqaGMI077ggcSFf4hWVCTEgnMtK-zRPRd0y6ybAUa3ZOlyHtw1aS2kGUGwPWPOA94Nk7r8PiEJ-eL53aYokK/s2789/US2160023%20sherman%20kelly%20zeroll%20scoop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2789" data-original-width="2032" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid1YM1DxDIEimwJm3HFdNi4zGOv4fdnlTSdIMn8zSspqPrsmFD0XOXAEf-Zz8xRXJgYNUB4-Hex5pJZIl6V0aU2RqYlYVhByYzJoSiVqaGMI077ggcSFf4hWVCTEgnMtK-zRPRd0y6ybAUa3ZOlyHtw1aS2kGUGwPWPOA94Nk7r8PiEJ-eL53aYokK/s320/US2160023%20sherman%20kelly%20zeroll%20scoop.jpg" width="233" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Perhaps the technology did not yet exist for producing practical ice cream scoops embodying Burkhard’s idea at the time. In any case, we should ball be grateful that the technology
did exist when Sherman Kelly, as legend has it, witnessed a young woman blistering her hands while scooping ice cream in West Palm Beach, Florida in 1932.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">National Ice Cream Day is the third Sunday in July. Perhaps February 2</span><sup><span class="tm8">nd</span></sup><span class="tm8"> can be turned into National Ice Cream Day, to remember all of the inventors, from A to Z (Allegheny to Zeroll), and from Oyarzabel and Clewell to Gilchrist and Walker, and all
of the Cralles and others in between, who advanced the art of scooping ice cream. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If the groundhog does not see his shadow, summer - and ice cream weather - will arrive six weeks early.</span></p><span class="tm8"> <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvcpBFm1nmFg1lUXUgi8g8o1eMGfL13zHf7udCGmK9i5Plk0jxMEsFThGcRzUCjse12tI_bnIgXpxdc2-2PvyksWkuli1fv1WukQJsUkLb2E_A0MBEt1liL2SIY_9Met37KU4yJGWx9CU1oHdTcgBbEebHKiCk0tMpjkntXvuHy1MlzLEOALzCfXZu/s3093/Gilchrist%20dishers%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3093" data-original-width="2032" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvcpBFm1nmFg1lUXUgi8g8o1eMGfL13zHf7udCGmK9i5Plk0jxMEsFThGcRzUCjse12tI_bnIgXpxdc2-2PvyksWkuli1fv1WukQJsUkLb2E_A0MBEt1liL2SIY_9Met37KU4yJGWx9CU1oHdTcgBbEebHKiCk0tMpjkntXvuHy1MlzLEOALzCfXZu/w263-h400/Gilchrist%20dishers%201.jpg" width="263" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTtgb1FIXpH-OIIU9b9ejl6LkIuFkn-5kHoLbIfx-8ZSVnwP1AU29Ar3wB6eFx9D3JWL2qXZmYsO_rbuEIY4qXLK1Bl7MDKSwwuu-8XcYJHL2mjuPcLhJ3yeqW19yu1B7I6vZ2jqC1TrDR391SuU-_DhN2A4fY8S5Jk2R91pno5uIV95JfAJd5B9wi/s2963/Gilchrist%20dishers%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2963" data-original-width="2045" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTtgb1FIXpH-OIIU9b9ejl6LkIuFkn-5kHoLbIfx-8ZSVnwP1AU29Ar3wB6eFx9D3JWL2qXZmYsO_rbuEIY4qXLK1Bl7MDKSwwuu-8XcYJHL2mjuPcLhJ3yeqW19yu1B7I6vZ2jqC1TrDR391SuU-_DhN2A4fY8S5Jk2R91pno5uIV95JfAJd5B9wi/w276-h400/Gilchrist%20dishers%202.jpg" width="276" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Ice Cream Trade Journal, Volume 9, Number 4, April 1913, (insert), page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em>, February 14, 1897, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></em>, July 25, 1900, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> A couple other local patent attorneys also filed similar patents for other western Pennsylvania inventors, perhaps inspired by Evert’s
ads, and Evert himself filed a few more ice cream scoop patent applications a few years later. </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em>, February 14, 1897, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Dispatch</span></em>, April 14, 1892, page 3 (“Boy about 17 or 18 years old to attend soda fountain.
Markell Bros., Penn and Frankstown avenues.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em>, February 14, 1897, page 10.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> “Marriage Licenses,” <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></em>, September 21, 1900, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette</span></em>, November 17, 1904, page 16 (Mayflower street: Matthew H. Patton
sold to Alfred L. Cralle an improved lot, 23x100 feet, in Mayflower street, near Park avenue, Twenty-first ward, for $2,700).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</span></em>, May 9, 1919, page 15 (“On Tuesday, May 6, 1919, at 3 a.m., Alfred
L. Cralle, beloved husband of Elizabeth L. Cralle, at the family residence, 168 mayflower street, East End”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cralle-alfred-l-1866-1920/">https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/cralle-alfred-l-1866-1920/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> Searching online for “Gilchrist’s No. 33” or “Gilchrist conical ice cream scoop” or the like results
in numerous hits for images of scoops similar to the one shown. </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm12">Newark Evening Star and Newark Daily Advertiser</span></em>, January 11, 1910, page 15. </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> Ice Cream Dipper, US1012944, Edwin and Clarence Walker, December 26, 1911; Ice Cream Disher, US1138706, Edwin Walker, May 11,
1915; Ice Cream Dipper, US1138704, May 11, 1915</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> Tool for Handling Congealed Materials, US2160023, Sherman L. Kelly, May 30, 1939 (filed May 23, 1935).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> Gathering Tool for Congealed Material, US1974051, Sherman L. Kelly, September 18, 1934 (filed April 14, 1933).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> “Our History,” zeroll.com, <u><a href="https://zeroll.com/pages/about-us">https://zeroll.com/pages/about-us</a></u><span> </span></p><br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-88550155192142633402022-12-03T21:52:00.000-08:002022-12-03T21:52:11.728-08:00Snoop Dogg, Snoopy and the surprisingly long history of "Snoopy" dogs (and cats)<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDxBWZbDikD200L7l_0EK8Q6ZS8tSRk64LGPGuXQXagP5iZgzfFBDwrx6OTFciBvXgEvMCU1cXVwZ2mJ6CsPeCDONSmKVmMPm8w5oEw3RhS0DBxIjLM3TdlZTsZrcQfX2boTJctfj3CO_6bioNYrawt2ctH3Y_AnoOrc5ZnHRuEI5E0pcE7tCNmkH8/s1489/Omaha%20world-herald%20december%2022%201938%20page%2019%20snoopy%20snifler%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1489" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDxBWZbDikD200L7l_0EK8Q6ZS8tSRk64LGPGuXQXagP5iZgzfFBDwrx6OTFciBvXgEvMCU1cXVwZ2mJ6CsPeCDONSmKVmMPm8w5oEw3RhS0DBxIjLM3TdlZTsZrcQfX2boTJctfj3CO_6bioNYrawt2ctH3Y_AnoOrc5ZnHRuEI5E0pcE7tCNmkH8/w400-h219/Omaha%20world-herald%20december%2022%201938%20page%2019%20snoopy%20snifler%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Snoopy - 1938<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Calvin Broadus, Jr. borrowed his rap moniker, </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoop Dogg</span></em><span class="tm8">, from the name of the dog in Charles Schultz’s </span><em><span class="tm9">Peanuts</span></em><span class="tm8"> comic strip, </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8">. His mother gave him the nickname as a young boy because he liked the character.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Charles Schultz’s mother had once, reportedly, wanted to name their family dog “Snoopy.” They settled on “Spike,” but Charles later used the name for the dog
in </span><em><span class="tm9">Peanuts</span></em><span class="tm8">. He had originally wanted to name the character </span><em><span class="tm9">Sniffy</span></em><span class="tm8">, but chose </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8"> after seeing a comic strip in a magazine with a dog by that name.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><i> Spike</i> later joined the cast as <i>Snoopy's</i> brother. <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But where Mrs. Schultz get the name? In the 1937 film, “Easy Living,” starring Jean Arthur and Ray Milland, Arthur’s character has a dog named “Snoopy.” LINK:
</span><u><a href="https://youtu.be/z04HoB9FboI?t=108"><span class="tm8">“Easy Living” YouTube clip - Mary brings the dogs in</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Was Snoopy a common dog name before </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy’s</span></em><span class="tm8"> first appearance in </span><em><span class="tm9">Peanuts</span></em><span class="tm8">?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As it turns out, the name “Snoopy,” and the word itself, had long been associated with dogs (and cats). One of the earliest descriptions of the word, “snoopy,” in
print even defined the word with respect to cats and dogs.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Some Colloquial Observations.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">E. M. Wilson of Belfast, Allegany County, writes to the Rochester Post-Express a letter discussing certain “Colloquialisms of the UPper Genesee.” Information on such subjects
is generally interesting, and some at least of Mr. Wilson’s statements will be novel to the general reader.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">He says, for instance, . . . that not only the verb to “snoop” - a not uncommon word in New England and perhaps throughout the country - is used, but also the adjective “snoopy”
and the noun “snoop,” a “snoopy” dog or cat being one that helps himself to forbidden food and a “snoop” being a person who pries into other people’s affairs. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Buffalo Courier</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Buffalo, New York), February 4, 1895, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But the expression was perhaps not as regional or as unknown as the writer assumed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1897, the word was included in a “Dialect Word-List” of words “heard in Kansas.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><strong><span class="tm15">snoopy</span></strong><span class="tm8">: like a ‘snoop.’</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Dialect Word-List. - NO. 3,” W. H. Carruth, </span><em><span class="tm9">Kansas University Quarterly</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 6, Number 1, January 1897, page 57.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And had appeared in print in Kansas years earlier.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Wonder if it’s worse to like two kittens than a snoopy old cat, and his ugly Maje. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Times </span></em><span class="tm8">(Clay Center, Kansas), January 25, 1883, page 8.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Snoopy” appeared in print more frequently and in more places after 1900, frequently in relation to dogs and cats. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Judge Criswell backs up his theory that the [dog’s] death was accidental on account of the fact that the pointer dog is rather a “snoopy” animal.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The News-Herald </span></em><span class="tm8">(Franklin, Pennsylvania), January 7, 1903, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">During one of the lineups of the show girls down stage, a snoopy little Boston bulldog belonging to one of the young women on the stage, having gained his freedom from her dressing room, walked
unconcernedly, albeit somewhat suspiciously, out on to the stage, standing still to yawn and stretch right in front of the singing and tripping line of young women.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></em><span class="tm8">, February 18, 1906, Fourth Part, page 30.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">There is a great clatter, however, when a certain large, gray, snoopy cat sneaks across the corner of the yard to his lair under the neighboring barn . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm9">The Pantagraph</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Bloomington, Illinois), June 13, 1914, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCMEr4LNTLcCvXXhj-B2i9BdSqx8oLjemWV4iToXAbyshUd_misMhRLuiBSaiFL7PD43gdKAJSrAL5KYzMZ7ZZ0-ceQmEnigm9WoQbsw5_QSnYLBRkn5ekrYHIvr26PjkEpiK9CJaSoouxvEzFvC0sdVw93i1loEyv-BdYtQSv9PY0wPtlDlVLM0n/s640/clip_113540240.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="640" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCMEr4LNTLcCvXXhj-B2i9BdSqx8oLjemWV4iToXAbyshUd_misMhRLuiBSaiFL7PD43gdKAJSrAL5KYzMZ7ZZ0-ceQmEnigm9WoQbsw5_QSnYLBRkn5ekrYHIvr26PjkEpiK9CJaSoouxvEzFvC0sdVw93i1loEyv-BdYtQSv9PY0wPtlDlVLM0n/w400-h133/clip_113540240.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Minneapolis Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, March 4, 1923, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Schultz’s mother was not the only person to consider naming a dog (or cat) “Snoopy”; many people actually did.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1930, the actor, Edmund Lowe, had a dog named “Snoopy,” and the actor, Alec Gray, had a cat of the same name.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Can you see what Champ and Snoopy will do to that white carpet when they come to wake us up in the morning?” [Lowe said.] Champ and Snoopy are Eddie’s two pet wire-haired
terriers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Screenland</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 20, Number 4, February 1930, page 101.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There is one member of [Gray’s] household who was literally plucked out of the gutter and transformed into a respectable citizen. Her name is Snoopy, her color, black, and her disposition,
giddy. Mrs. Couch [(his sister)] discovered Snoopy mewing in a gutter when the kitten’s eyes were just opening and took her home . . . .</span><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Talking Screen</span></em><span class="tm8">, July 1930, page 85.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The double-threat magician/actor, Fred Keating, also had a dog named “Snoopy.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5YgnmdnyYHIyqvNw7Li80LQd_NODG3NCVrmN86dll58lt-lojjIfskXFT61TRw6BtOHi-YfNilUNoZghh25HXA0jVEfvFi2n5CT5ZKwq5FKoQ6QSzumo3IlVg4Oyvfcl8eRVGeX3sIhidZIwGyaU6I0dlRd-qgygBV3h35OezD2NY00DPmdRqCsyL/s2457/photoplayvolume44748chic_0472%20fred%20keating%20and%20snoopy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2457" data-original-width="1742" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5YgnmdnyYHIyqvNw7Li80LQd_NODG3NCVrmN86dll58lt-lojjIfskXFT61TRw6BtOHi-YfNilUNoZghh25HXA0jVEfvFi2n5CT5ZKwq5FKoQ6QSzumo3IlVg4Oyvfcl8eRVGeX3sIhidZIwGyaU6I0dlRd-qgygBV3h35OezD2NY00DPmdRqCsyL/w284-h400/photoplayvolume44748chic_0472%20fred%20keating%20and%20snoopy.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“The star boarder of the Fred Keating menage is Snoopy. He has all the privileges of a star boarder, too, even to piano sitting when Fred is tickling the ivories.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm9">Photoplay,</span></em><span class="tm8"> Volume 47, Number 5, April 1935, page 90.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Dear [Boys and Girls] Page Editor: This is my first letter to you. I have four sisters and one brother. I have a dog named Snap and a cat named Snoopy for my pets.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm9">St. Joseph News-Press</span></em><span class="tm8"> (St. Joseph, Missouri), September 3, 1944, page 10B.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Schultz’s </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8"> was not even the first fictional, cartoon </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8">. During the 1920s, a fictional bobcat named </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8"> was a recurring character in the syndicated series of children’s stories, the “Tinker Bob” Stories, by Carlysle H. Holcomb. On occasion, </span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8"> appeared in cartoon form in the single panel accompanying most of the episodes.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkSKh4axQxJP1yhwdG1-fRQvOT29Wa8fpTR5Si4R9qhhjHWDRen0c1jMh8y21RqXkXEzhRTOiRBeFY5wRCECMMNuxH4jm9aEq0FvUKvPH62DJ0ic91Y7vf87r3BnOKk6kxgty98iyShe95geBhfMdsQyrrBGo7DJPqFirV5dXAuPCI_FtkkxjxmZQj/s895/americus%20times-recorder%20jan%207%201920%20page%202%20snoopy%20bob%20cat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="718" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkSKh4axQxJP1yhwdG1-fRQvOT29Wa8fpTR5Si4R9qhhjHWDRen0c1jMh8y21RqXkXEzhRTOiRBeFY5wRCECMMNuxH4jm9aEq0FvUKvPH62DJ0ic91Y7vf87r3BnOKk6kxgty98iyShe95geBhfMdsQyrrBGo7DJPqFirV5dXAuPCI_FtkkxjxmZQj/w321-h400/americus%20times-recorder%20jan%207%201920%20page%202%20snoopy%20bob%20cat.jpg" width="321" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Americus Times-Recorder</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Americus, Georgia), January 7, 1920, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-TVB930SR5cGJMPrV0vrCBCO1pPa1_xAORzaFFQpoupaER-b_GPEF60JlssiHkWh4IpaROsdQ9RGuz8vYHuUGw9x4pTd4fnbpMjsfabOYiVgpVMLYn7LODJzubiMZc4Tale8BvlsDLal0MOeUfKOmrCYgl91iBuN0JB5Wr8DPoOwRgYQiTRVesD4/s1209/americus%20times%20recorder%20georgia%20jan%2011%201920%20page%203%20snoopy%20bob%20cat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1209" data-original-width="698" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-TVB930SR5cGJMPrV0vrCBCO1pPa1_xAORzaFFQpoupaER-b_GPEF60JlssiHkWh4IpaROsdQ9RGuz8vYHuUGw9x4pTd4fnbpMjsfabOYiVgpVMLYn7LODJzubiMZc4Tale8BvlsDLal0MOeUfKOmrCYgl91iBuN0JB5Wr8DPoOwRgYQiTRVesD4/w231-h400/americus%20times%20recorder%20georgia%20jan%2011%201920%20page%203%20snoopy%20bob%20cat.jpg" width="231" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Americus Times-Recorder</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Americus, Georgia), January 11, 1920, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And beginning in about 1938, when Schultz would have been about sixteen years old, an animated, wooden “Snoopy” dog pull-toy, in the shape of a beagle (the nominal breed of Schultz’s
</span><em><span class="tm9">Snoopy</span></em><span class="tm8"> dog) were widely marketed throughout the United States and Canada. A few examples:</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMZinAG96y6AHM6ZUNQ0GpiarWD6u0r_BcBQvuZIuJZnCihIm0FbhQbzV-8hiJnOQSfNjueFz88hWTHEUSSnP9y1_ZuH9yYxJzfd4kqeVuPbU9iUJitoutgVaIl2iWCnVviieVDojPj6LpByfy9fV8vucMX5IriY3iW0jjmCk-cJlGJfZvHwowHg9x/s754/clip_113540886.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="754" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMZinAG96y6AHM6ZUNQ0GpiarWD6u0r_BcBQvuZIuJZnCihIm0FbhQbzV-8hiJnOQSfNjueFz88hWTHEUSSnP9y1_ZuH9yYxJzfd4kqeVuPbU9iUJitoutgVaIl2iWCnVviieVDojPj6LpByfy9fV8vucMX5IriY3iW0jjmCk-cJlGJfZvHwowHg9x/w400-h135/clip_113540886.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">SNOOPY SNIFTER DOG - The cutest walking dog . . . . $1.00.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Long Beach Sun</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Long Beach, California), November 28, 1938, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU5XFBhBByLUfr7UIVW7-FAjLthqbCFzWB8qIUgD8Si_19IRddKo4LiAF6IkfS7hAxKorGRuQUMCXcNvZJZdf14kNFMK6-AP-hXeqtF0hpLc5aF4Vq_8GpDe7jAE7Hqd3IFN7wc6PfuAGUuXc9QXbsLk1CtrWl4Gy2uJJu78FmZyHpamreYIEyhYH/s1489/Omaha%20world-herald%20december%2022%201938%20page%2019%20snoopy%20snifler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1311" data-original-width="1489" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU5XFBhBByLUfr7UIVW7-FAjLthqbCFzWB8qIUgD8Si_19IRddKo4LiAF6IkfS7hAxKorGRuQUMCXcNvZJZdf14kNFMK6-AP-hXeqtF0hpLc5aF4Vq_8GpDe7jAE7Hqd3IFN7wc6PfuAGUuXc9QXbsLk1CtrWl4Gy2uJJu78FmZyHpamreYIEyhYH/w400-h353/Omaha%20world-herald%20december%2022%201938%20page%2019%20snoopy%20snifler.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><em><span class="tm9">Omaha World Herald</span></em><span class="tm8">, December 22, 1938, page 19.</span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFIcNFEEAGFjN1v9ZpAIBL1aim4frexi3cj5KX7Y2us56-qM1OATA56yz_z8DRmBeq9tkSo2HfW13dNk6eE48-PtD49kyvXrUnYxB4BkD0VNFZSwBETtfduGkXHkvljpctuvKQqp8A9Tx1KnDzv8rBDe6hs8Z_hqxdOBgWHA2VJGeIBn9R0ZSrgQES/s1471/montreal%20gazette%20december%201940.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="693" data-original-width="1471" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFIcNFEEAGFjN1v9ZpAIBL1aim4frexi3cj5KX7Y2us56-qM1OATA56yz_z8DRmBeq9tkSo2HfW13dNk6eE48-PtD49kyvXrUnYxB4BkD0VNFZSwBETtfduGkXHkvljpctuvKQqp8A9Tx1KnDzv8rBDe6hs8Z_hqxdOBgWHA2VJGeIBn9R0ZSrgQES/w400-h189/montreal%20gazette%20december%201940.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">The Gazette</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Montreal, Quebec), December 13, 1940, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3uL2DOo4tZ0AnujwH20_5ZMXwIy4UX2Wi6tpgsOmt_yN7ehOC-VYNfKcx8xo0Orqsjyn8-7nza5gJ7U5tdFqMLo0ipziMI3_xTWgoJHjtYqup1UiccV4dFN_KGQ-vE9OL7Exk50NUaqoRpMYSECr3v6jAg9yvSi_DKGlI4wI8yBmKrt5SmtBKaUs/s949/shreveport%20journal%201946.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="949" data-original-width="703" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3uL2DOo4tZ0AnujwH20_5ZMXwIy4UX2Wi6tpgsOmt_yN7ehOC-VYNfKcx8xo0Orqsjyn8-7nza5gJ7U5tdFqMLo0ipziMI3_xTWgoJHjtYqup1UiccV4dFN_KGQ-vE9OL7Exk50NUaqoRpMYSECr3v6jAg9yvSi_DKGlI4wI8yBmKrt5SmtBKaUs/w296-h400/shreveport%20journal%201946.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Shreveport Journal</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Shreveport, Louisiana), November 18, 1946, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But they weren’t all beagles; some looked more like a cocker spaniel.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TMoJulOqkm1AOkcrAjPGmCsok6HyTBzFsIXWhv3T_L-icBa-huKhk-A_okNh_zbAkWodUK4wz8N7LkxzPcPO56iCij1i1bVB-64yf1w9BqVTM1Yr2D7jp9PG04PYHSd791Nj2jeQBGvYGZXeH1sCy-EL7cm18fGmkJrMyg8ygkBRqYYDaq_QlGn8/s906/moline%20dispatch%201947.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="906" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TMoJulOqkm1AOkcrAjPGmCsok6HyTBzFsIXWhv3T_L-icBa-huKhk-A_okNh_zbAkWodUK4wz8N7LkxzPcPO56iCij1i1bVB-64yf1w9BqVTM1Yr2D7jp9PG04PYHSd791Nj2jeQBGvYGZXeH1sCy-EL7cm18fGmkJrMyg8ygkBRqYYDaq_QlGn8/s320/moline%20dispatch%201947.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm9">Moline Dispatch</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Moline, Illinois), November 20, 1947, page 23.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">When Schultz named the cartoon dog in 1950, readers may have seen the name as being as natural and unsurprising as "Spot" or "Fido." But the success of the comic strip and popularity of the dog named <i>Snoopy</i> has long since overshadowed the once common association between "snoopy" and dogs. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And more importantly, perhaps, completely obliterated the historic association of "snoopy" with cats. <i>Snoopy</i> would approve.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_bhB7YsGhpkBV8ldsroqAFjdemTWHZCNhldgdhmw_Z8Bhy1SsA7P_8dKuic7bHMiJp35nftfJvl2eRaQ8kagSLDSws0Xonpz4M4lGc045OXYNywbGnI4cdmC9bMgaMuGdEFIBxfHqdyX6GjkzZ8Trgn9GIXdmPaGCWuOElhwjaWyb-CKNsV7tQiX/s2005/us%20design%20patent%20111796.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2005" data-original-width="1651" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_bhB7YsGhpkBV8ldsroqAFjdemTWHZCNhldgdhmw_Z8Bhy1SsA7P_8dKuic7bHMiJp35nftfJvl2eRaQ8kagSLDSws0Xonpz4M4lGc045OXYNywbGnI4cdmC9bMgaMuGdEFIBxfHqdyX6GjkzZ8Trgn9GIXdmPaGCWuOElhwjaWyb-CKNsV7tQiX/w330-h400/us%20design%20patent%20111796.jpg" width="330" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.vintageaddictions.com/listing/583122184/vintage-snoopy-dog-180-wooden-pull-toy">https://www.vintageaddictions.com/listing/583122184/vintage-snoopy-dog-180-wooden-pull-toy</a> <br /></p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <em><u><a href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/national-international/snoop_dogg_tells_money_honey_he_was_named_after_snoopy/1883645/"><span class="tm10">NBCChicago.com</span></a></u></em>, “Snoop Dogg Tells Money Honey He was Named After Snoopy, November 16, 2009. <u><a href="https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/national-international/snoop_dogg_tells_money_honey_he_was_named_after_snoopy/1883645/">https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/national-international/snoop_dogg_tells_money_honey_he_was_named_after_snoopy/1883645/</a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://abc11.com/peanuts-charlie-brown-charles-schulz-snoopy/1012423/">ABC11.com</a></u>, Justin Sedgwick, “7 Things
You Didn’t Know About Charlie Brown and ‘Peanuts’”, November 30, 2015. <u><a href="https://abc11.com/peanuts-charlie-brown-charles-schulz-snoopy/1012423/">https://abc11.com/peanuts-charlie-brown-charles-schulz-snoopy/1012423/</a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> YouTube clip - <u><a href="https://youtu.be/z04HoB9FboI?t=108">https://youtu.be/z04HoB9FboI?t=108</a></u><span> </span></p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-9756305767146286932022-11-14T17:15:00.000-08:002022-11-14T17:15:04.049-08:00One Little, Two Little, Three Little Songs - Counting Down the History of "Ten Little Indians"<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbux5DlSsdCUjTZm7mU2Iwpd3AQDGsKJgeEtMbe-sp_JUE2cJAeSn0X1hOYha1g_Q43GZpsRUmJLVbxYPydA8-gGaL6eY8J_EikGqttPcSD1zjZB_YeK2FbacIS_XkUb8CBgYW4xjsuns7LvWXT2vTER61UsHL8ssW6y6WCh5Z8f3KpgcOd_5Mg-o/s3120/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20cover%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1971" data-original-width="3120" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbux5DlSsdCUjTZm7mU2Iwpd3AQDGsKJgeEtMbe-sp_JUE2cJAeSn0X1hOYha1g_Q43GZpsRUmJLVbxYPydA8-gGaL6eY8J_EikGqttPcSD1zjZB_YeK2FbacIS_XkUb8CBgYW4xjsuns7LvWXT2vTER61UsHL8ssW6y6WCh5Z8f3KpgcOd_5Mg-o/w400-h253/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20cover%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sep. Winner 1868.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"><br />
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In its simplest, most familiar form, the song, “Ten Little Indians,” appears to be an innocent children’s counting song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little, two little, three little Indians,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little, five little, six little Indians,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little, eight little, nine little Indians,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little Indian boys.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little, nine little, eight little Indians,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little, six little, five little Indians,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little, three little, two little Indians, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little Indian boy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LvhiPdCpuc">HooplaKids YouTube</a></u><span class="tm8">; </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0SkWCCWrF8"><span class="tm8">KidsCamp YouTube</span></a></u><span class="tm8">; </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urdg94V7NLE"><span class="tm8">Muffin Songs YouTube</span></a></u><span class="tm8">; </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0m6b-zRcHY"><span class="tm8">LIV Kids YouTube</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Yet there are some who worry that the song was derived from earlier problematic versions of the song, in which ten little boys (Indians or N[-words]) disappear or die off, one at a time,
in ten ludicrous and macabre ways. But most people have the timeline confused. The familiar, simple, innocent version is not derived from the problematic versions - it’s the other way around. The simple version predates
the problematic versions by nearly two decades. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gibson family singers published the original sheet music in 1849, with lyrics and music nearly identical to the familiar children’s song as sung today.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One litle two little three little Ingins, </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">four little five little six little Injins,</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">seven little eight little nine little Ingins, </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">ten little Ingin boys. <br /></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<span class="tm8"></span> </div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBbGJXPkFsSAZpwDqJMe8w88Jounbfrv2oeSHh1tf1TY4qFAt2_hVnLOUv1ufGDProOVt229Uhe763WubL9F3VLDhUmbA8vMoR9d8MNhplS3VLc0aT4LlRNuh5bGhelpzkobF1jfz3xp8sqbbmDS7fwtdZfBdZUN8w06OC6H2ByVKHwmt0ZHPufmKq/s523/songs%20and%20glees%20of%20the%20Gibson%20Troupe%205%20-%20chorus%20detail.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="523" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBbGJXPkFsSAZpwDqJMe8w88Jounbfrv2oeSHh1tf1TY4qFAt2_hVnLOUv1ufGDProOVt229Uhe763WubL9F3VLDhUmbA8vMoR9d8MNhplS3VLc0aT4LlRNuh5bGhelpzkobF1jfz3xp8sqbbmDS7fwtdZfBdZUN8w06OC6H2ByVKHwmt0ZHPufmKq/w400-h129/songs%20and%20glees%20of%20the%20Gibson%20Troupe%205%20-%20chorus%20detail.JPEG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8">Gibson Family (1849)</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Septimus Winner wrote the original problematic version, with “Injun boys,” at a neighborhood children’s party in about 1864, and published sheet music for the song in the
first few months of 1868. Months later, an English songwriter named Frank Green adapted Winner’s melody to lyrics with “N[-word] boys.” That song was introduced on stage in 1868 at St. James Hall, London,
by George Washington “Pony” Moore of the Christy Minstrels.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Winner’s version differs in significant ways from the original. Whereas the Gibson family’s version is limited to simply counting up and then counting down, Winner’s version
has ten verses with the counting chorus between each verse. The chorus is similar to the original, but with only two counting segments (1-5 and 6-10), instead of the traditional four (1-3, 2-6, 7-9 and 10). And he changed
the melody.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little, two little, three little, four little, five little “Injun” boys; </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Six little, seven little, eight little, nine little, ten little “Injun” boys.</span></p><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNBmGbNqWz0Ciyn6-7N-WrH3C6gTatjLdpppB1goDgEWjL6pwPadqOLB6cebo6Qca_5HDkDuKKliXfLeUBB5AeO3P3UV_rNkeGfFH7yo8x-HPOFdh8qrzqxVeG69gfN7TlekCZUaSKtQ3Inv9feZJw_FiswsTkFrImhPtnU1I5Uzp1lt-VC6E5ub0l/s3316/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20chorus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1128" data-original-width="3316" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNBmGbNqWz0Ciyn6-7N-WrH3C6gTatjLdpppB1goDgEWjL6pwPadqOLB6cebo6Qca_5HDkDuKKliXfLeUBB5AeO3P3UV_rNkeGfFH7yo8x-HPOFdh8qrzqxVeG69gfN7TlekCZUaSKtQ3Inv9feZJw_FiswsTkFrImhPtnU1I5Uzp1lt-VC6E5ub0l/w400-h136/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20chorus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mark Mason (one of Sep. Winner’s pseudonyms), </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8">, Philadelphia, Sep. Winner & Co., 1868.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Winner’s ten verses were a completely new addition to the song. The first nine verses describe the disappearance or death of one boy at a time, reducing the number to one. In the
tenth verse, the last boy gets married and raises ten more boys, bringing the number back up to ten. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The verses were new, but not without precedent. They appear to be based on a song about “Ten Little Blackbirds,” from a children’s book published in 1858. Winner’s
song borrowed the countdown disappearance format, and even borrowed several rhyming word-pairs exactly. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine little blackbirds sitting on a gate,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One flew away, and then there were eight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight little blackbirds flying up to heaven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One flew away, and then there were seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Children’s Holidays: A Story-Book for the Whole Year</span></em><span class="tm8"> (1858).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine little Injuns swinging’ on a gate, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One tumbled off, and then there were eight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight little Injuns never heard of heaven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One kicked the bucket, and then there were seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Septimus Winner, </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8"> (1868).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Like Winner’s version, the Gibson family’s version was also based on earlier material. It appears to be an elaboration on a traditional English nursery rhyme, “Tom Brown
had two little Indians,” which appeared in print as early as 1810. The two Indians in the nursery rhyme disappear, but not in cruel or unusual ways. They were portrayed as independent actors, leaving on their own accord
and in their own self interest. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys, two, &c.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One ran away,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The other wou’d not stay, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">So, if anything, the modern, children’s song is based on a more-or-less positive portrayal of two independent boys seeking their own freedom, and not on the later, problematic, racist
versions of the song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A precursor to “Ten Little Blackbirds” also shares similarities with “Tom Brown’s Two Little Indian Boys” - there were two, and they each leave independently.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There was two birds sat on a stone;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One flew off, and then there was one;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The other flew after, and then there was none.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Monthly Mirror</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), Volume 2, August 1796, page 250.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There is more to the story. There is some indication that there may have been more extensive counting versions before the Gibson family’s 1849 version. Their sheet music even says
that it was “arranged by,” not written, by them. And a few problematic versions appear as early as 1859, mostly in connection with criticism of the abolitionist, John Brown, apparently influenced by the similarity
of his name to “Tom Brown” of the traditional English nursery rhyme. Those versions, however, appear to be one-off, political commentary, without the ten disappearing verses, and likely unrelated to Septimus Winner’s
song of a decade later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Most of the commentary about the origin of </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Indians</span></em><span class="tm8"> and </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little N[-words]</span></em><span class="tm8"> reflects a lack of awareness of the traditional nursery rhyme, the original, Gibson family version of the song, and the song,
</span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Blackbirds</span></em><span class="tm8">. As such, they assume that the problematic versions came first, giving rise to discomfort singing an otherwise innocent version of the song
supposedly “based on” the racist song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But if the original versions were more-or-less innocent, and the problematic versions merely later aberrations which have since been largely abandoned, perhaps a return to the original should
be welcomed not discouraged.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">You be the judge.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Traditional English Nursery Rhyme</span></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys, two, &c.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One ran away,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The other wou’d not stay, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This rhyme appeared in a collection of traditional nursery rhymes as early as 1810, suggesting it may date to the 1700s, or earlier. Given England’s presence in India, the West Indies
and North America at the time, it is not clear to which ethnic group the “Indian boys” of the nursery rhyme belonged. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5IfHTOOSWE4IbPlDK3ZGFwIUXeR2XxvxhxjRQ3M-qQRFOtKdZvrdwXRusYGHlg4LadH8E15DmYAKy3LYGMrBD5FrKdGfueVsYGU-UW3QtcJaMm6Nkf_sJURzSq_GxamrjFg_Wiu2t4CLnsp9pqffXQxYkfUsOpmXhGuWWr7kqh6fxaXQP8HtDYft/s1025/grammer%20gurtons%20garland%20nursery%20parnassus%20london%201810.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1025" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5IfHTOOSWE4IbPlDK3ZGFwIUXeR2XxvxhxjRQ3M-qQRFOtKdZvrdwXRusYGHlg4LadH8E15DmYAKy3LYGMrBD5FrKdGfueVsYGU-UW3QtcJaMm6Nkf_sJURzSq_GxamrjFg_Wiu2t4CLnsp9pqffXQxYkfUsOpmXhGuWWr7kqh6fxaXQP8HtDYft/w400-h225/grammer%20gurtons%20garland%20nursery%20parnassus%20london%201810.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><em><span class="tm11">Grammer Gurton’s Garland: Or, the Nursery Parnassus</span></em><span class="tm8">, London, Harding and Wright, 1810, page 37.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “two little Indian boys” of this rhyme appear to pre-figure “[X] little Indians” of the later songs, and the disappearance of the original “two little Indian
boys” may be inspiration for the successive disappearances in some of the later versions of the song. Although the “&c” (</span><em><span class="tm11">et cetera</span></em><span class="tm8">) in the first line suggests the possibility of additional, sequential verses with successive numbers of boys, all of the other early examples of the song I have seen are
limited to the one verse with two boys, without any additional verses or signals suggesting additional verses. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The verse appeared in print in the United States in 1833, in a collection of “Mother Goose Melodies,” and in 1842, in a collection of “Early English Poetry, Ballads, and
Popular Literature of the Middle Ages,” and a collection of “Nursery Rhymes of England.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn7DTm7w2Q93lVLT1pSOY1jbzNfzqCYfEiAn8hWOdUnAuqW-MPSRMl5JklcCGVyljWhUMJhHpuVjnRiTT_VumtVX2oiexiasxpQgj_a0J4ZJ-5aDraPUgXlwuJP7LFTATcncGxaDEtctLYGuFV3ZQpTIHd-D21_plyx76HgDNfCQhdhM-Hbc6jfLPM/s1060/mother%20goose%201833.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="1060" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn7DTm7w2Q93lVLT1pSOY1jbzNfzqCYfEiAn8hWOdUnAuqW-MPSRMl5JklcCGVyljWhUMJhHpuVjnRiTT_VumtVX2oiexiasxpQgj_a0J4ZJ-5aDraPUgXlwuJP7LFTATcncGxaDEtctLYGuFV3ZQpTIHd-D21_plyx76HgDNfCQhdhM-Hbc6jfLPM/w400-h134/mother%20goose%201833.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Mother Goose Melodies</span></em><span class="tm8">, 1833, page 51.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HGTjEjf4Ajtomy1mPpE8PZ7kUbUFb5KpnSTgy2DHRUuJIrTSfiJLtAaVObzmpeKqn8bZMm2uUkDg6sBjMycnDqQg-l77QRcXUd77GZUp0L_gkg9sB1hbJtP4QriFEu8SP5FSwIscz734Ru5PhKvh6K0zRjlTWFcSSTSvJ_zelNhPtCC8ji9yjg5G/s769/nursery%20rhymes%20of%20England%201842%20page%20110%20tom%20brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="769" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7HGTjEjf4Ajtomy1mPpE8PZ7kUbUFb5KpnSTgy2DHRUuJIrTSfiJLtAaVObzmpeKqn8bZMm2uUkDg6sBjMycnDqQg-l77QRcXUd77GZUp0L_gkg9sB1hbJtP4QriFEu8SP5FSwIscz734Ru5PhKvh6K0zRjlTWFcSSTSvJ_zelNhPtCC8ji9yjg5G/w400-h225/nursery%20rhymes%20of%20England%201842%20page%20110%20tom%20brown.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Nursery Rhymes of England</span></em><span class="tm8">, 1842, page 110.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This short, simple rhyme remained in print in various other collections of “Mother Goose” rhymes for more than a century. And although it appears to have been outpaced in popularity
by later, more extensive versions of counting songs, this version remained familiar to some. For example, in article about the Mono Indians along the San Joaquin river in California, the writer used it to illustrate the difficulty
of photographing children. He may, however, have conflated the nursery rhyme with later versions of the “Ten Little Indians” song, which were frequently characterized as “college songs,” not thought
of as nursery rhymes. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A little later I made an attempt to corral some of the boys and girls for a photograph, but when I placed some and went for others, I would return only to find that the first party had escaped.
Like Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys, celebrated in college song, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One ran away, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And the other wouldn’t stay.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“A Day with the Mono Indians,” W. B. Noble, D. D., </span><em><span class="tm11">Out West</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 20, Number 5, May 1904, page 413.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Extended Counting</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Early references to “Tom Brown’s two little Indian boys” all start and stop with two. Apart from the cryptic “&c.” in one of those references, there is
no indication that the traditional nursery rhyme involved counting up or down beyond two. In the 1830s, however, at least two comments appeared in print suggesting that there may have been traditional versions involving counting
up or down beyond two.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In March of 1832, Lord Plunkett (William Plunkett, 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Baron Plunkett), then the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was embroiled in a controversy about nepotism, having (allegedly) improperly appointed a number of family members to offices drawing emoluments from the public
treasury. Numerous newspaper articles listed the family members, their appointments, and the amounts of money said to be involved. The London </span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8"> reportedly printed commentary about the affair, apparently based on “Tom Brown’s Two Little Indian Boys.” This is the earliest example I have seen
of any such song that goes up to the full number of ten.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Like as are the Whigs to magpies in chatter, they are far liker them in thieving. . . . And there is my countryman, Plunkett, with the whole tribe of his high-born family. . . . I was like
to die of laughing at a song about the </span><span class="tm17">one little Plunkett, two little Plunketts, and so on to the ten little Plunkett-boys</span><span class="tm8">, which I read in the </span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8">, at the Athenaeum some days ago. Remmy is a droll hand at a bit of fun; but, on reflection to myself, I could not
help thinking all such things pleasant, but wrong. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Dawson was very good; he made a capital speech, in which he proved that if Lord Plunkett was not Lord Bacon in point of talent, he had some points of resemblance to that great man. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Epistles to the Literati, No. 111, Letter of William Holmes, Esq., M.P., to Archibald Jobbry, Esq., Ex-M.P.,” </span><em><span class="tm11">Fraser’s for Town and Country</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, Number 27, April 1832, page 376 (reprinted,</span><em><span class="tm11"> The Examiner</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), April 8, 1832, page 11).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is unclear whether the reference to a “song” about the “ten little Plunkett boys” refers to an article in the </span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8"> actually counted off Plunketts as in a song, perhaps written by someone called “Remmy,” or whether the writer (William Holmes<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a>)
was merely suggesting that a list of Plunketts in Dawson’s speech reminded him of such a song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The </span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8"> is available in an online British newspaper archive. I was unable (in a brief search) to locate the “song”
Holmes described having read. But the </span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8"> did report George Robert Dawson’s<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> speech
about Plunkett’s alleged misdeeds. Dawson listed no fewer than six Plunketts, two in-laws and another who supposedly benefited from Lord Plunkett’s suspect appointments.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The following was the account of the offices and emoluments enjoyed by this family: - Lord Plunkett, Chancellor, 8,000 </span><em><span class="tm11">l</span></em><span class="tm8">.; the Hon. P. Plunkett, Purse Bearer, 800 </span><em><span class="tm11">l</span></em><span class="tm8">. . .; the Hon. D. Plunkett, Prothonotary of the Common Pleas, 1,500 l. . . . the Hon. J. Plunkett, Assistant Barrister in the county of Meath, 700 </span><em><span class="tm11">l</span></em><span class="tm8">. . .; the Hon. and Rev. F. Plunkett, Dean of Down, 2,500 </span><em><span class="tm11">l</span></em><span class="tm8">.; the Hon. and Rev. Wm. Plunkett, Vicar of Bray (loud laughter), 800 l.; Mr. M’Causland, jun., 2,000 l.; Mr. Long, 500 l.; Mr. Wm. M’Causland, brother-in-law of Lord Plunkett, and father of the young
man, 1,500 l.; besides various other lucrative situations . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Mail</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), March 7, 1832, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In any case, the reference to a song about “one little . . . two little . . . ten little . . . boys” suggests the possible existence, at that time, of a traditional counting
song similar to the modern version of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Also in 1832, the poet and novelist, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, made a comment apparently alluding the a “little Indians” counting song. In a letter to Thomas Crofton Croker
(published years later), she was apparently discussing drafts of works she was sharing with him for comments.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">1832. Dear Mr. Croker, I sent ‘two little, three little Indian boys,’ for which I have been very industrious in picking out notes.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Correspondence between Miss Landon and Thomas Crofton Croker,” edited by T. F. Dillon Croker, </span><em><span class="tm11">Sharpe’s London Magazine of Entertainment and Instruction for General Reading</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 20, New Series, 1862. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The published letter does not explain her remark, and a cursory search through both volumes of The Works of L. E. Landon (1841) reveals no obvious work that might correspond to her cryptic
reference. She may have been referring to her draft articles as the “little Indian boys” in question (two little, three little articles?). But her use of those words, and her choice to set them apart in quotes,
seem to reflect the potential existence then of something like the modern counting song, even before the Gibson family published their arrangement of the familiar words and melody in 1849.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Gibson Family - 1849</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gibson Troupe of singers published the first known version of the now-familiar “Ten Little Indians” song in 1849. The song leads off with a line similar to the traditional
English nursery rhyme, but with the name changed to “John.” The melody and rhythm is nearly exactly the same as the one modern version, except that the melody goes up instead of down in the last line. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Interestingly, the title page information does not claim authorship of the song, but merely that it was “arranged by J. Gibson,” raising the question of whether this longer version,
in one form or another, may have been in existence prior to publication of their version. In any case, the lyrics and melody show that the basic version of the song most people in the United States still learn at a young
age dates to at least 1849, two decades before Septimus Winner’s problematic versions.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">“Old John Brown,” Solo and Chorus, Arranged by J. Gibson.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Old John Brown had a little Ingin, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Old John Brown had a little Ingin,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Old John Brown had a little Ingin, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little Ingin boy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little two little three little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">four little five little six little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">seven little eight little nine little Ingins, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">ten little Ingin boys.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little nine little eight little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">seven little six little five little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">four little three little two little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little Ingin boy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><u><a href="https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/13371?show=full"><span class="tm8">Sheet music viewable at Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I could find very little information about the “Gibson Troupe” or Gibson family singers. In concert, they played the “violin, guitar, harp and the violincello,”
as pictured in the cover art for their sheet music. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqMS4ORA5FuX9cO_eh3GIAzFGarDiajO9ZJRJrQVXo6ZsAYRSrMLk95Hrp9OHAGdBdmGEBh5FWRqEwNkMsc9sLVQPDZsUinXf5wYR4yH64-B0sCfgP4VU4KEcahmkDBieKP93rbFhFDusSwwPnpQZKJsI1Xbke-iLbGjWxZb6B6v_ZDSVloscS_L29/s768/songs%20and%20glees%20of%20the%20Gibson%20Troupe%20cover.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="581" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqMS4ORA5FuX9cO_eh3GIAzFGarDiajO9ZJRJrQVXo6ZsAYRSrMLk95Hrp9OHAGdBdmGEBh5FWRqEwNkMsc9sLVQPDZsUinXf5wYR4yH64-B0sCfgP4VU4KEcahmkDBieKP93rbFhFDusSwwPnpQZKJsI1Xbke-iLbGjWxZb6B6v_ZDSVloscS_L29/w303-h400/songs%20and%20glees%20of%20the%20Gibson%20Troupe%20cover.JPEG" width="303" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Mr. Gibson, senior” was said to be a “distinguished composer of music. <i>Fall River Monitor</i> (Massachusetts), April 14, 1849, page 2. Their performance in Greenfield, Massachusetts in November, 1849 was said to be “one of the
best that has ever been given in this place.” The Recorder (Greenfield, Massachusetts), November 26, 1849, page 2. And following a concert in Meadville, Pennsylvania, one listener was so enraptured by the sound of Sarah Gibson’s voice, that he composed a poem in honor of it. The
poem appeared next an advertisement for an upcoming concert in Pittsburgh.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">IMPROMPTU</span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">On hearing Sarah Gibson, of the “Gibson Family,” sing.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By G. V. Maxham.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Methinks I hear the sweet-voiced Robin singing, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As I have heard her sing before,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">When from a distant, sunny shore</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">She came the pleasant May and blossoms bringing;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Begone, ye doubts within my brain upspringing,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I’m sure it is a blessed robin singing!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><em><span class="tm11">Meadville, Pa.</span></em><span class="tm8">, Oct. 28</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8">, 1850.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUiFhhzzFK-QAqtE-kkwBh7D8qUyxKTnN6w2-kJFYJ51kmeTU9Wa2J6bAmJ8q5O2hiSoKTv5Q-egXazF9Sot2O35obPNiBDH_frrzarZu3Ak_hk69wL252TvFXt-kOk8781jhOvjPQVPvHFKp3uERR2JvvOjKr8szv7__ykMz-7WTpQmfRyxf4d4zx/s981/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20march%204%201851%20page%202%20-%20gibson%20family%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="981" data-original-width="826" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUiFhhzzFK-QAqtE-kkwBh7D8qUyxKTnN6w2-kJFYJ51kmeTU9Wa2J6bAmJ8q5O2hiSoKTv5Q-egXazF9Sot2O35obPNiBDH_frrzarZu3Ak_hk69wL252TvFXt-kOk8781jhOvjPQVPvHFKp3uERR2JvvOjKr8szv7__ykMz-7WTpQmfRyxf4d4zx/w336-h400/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20march%204%201851%20page%202%20-%20gibson%20family%20ad.jpg" width="336" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></em><span class="tm8">, March 4, 1851, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The critics were unanimous (at least those whose reviews their agent shared to promote upcoming performances).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span><strong><span class="tm20">The Gibson’s are Coming</span></strong><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We have received a note from the Agent saying that the Gibson Family, “of the Old Bay State,” will give a Vocal Concert in this place int he course of a few days. We copy the
following from the many complimentary notices of these Vocalists by the press:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The Gibsons are the best Quartette now singing.” - </span><em><span class="tm11">Boston Post</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“They are one of the best quartette companies now singing.” - </span><em><span class="tm11">Boston Atlas</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The Gibsons are certainly a model quartette, and will undoubtedly improve the taste of quartette choirs who may hear them. Our choirs, especially in the country, are sadly deficient
in articulation, and the faculty of throwing the whole soul into the music they are performing, whether sacred or secular. As modes of articulation and expression we recommend all singers to hear the Gibsons.” - </span><em><span class="tm11">Philadelphia Ledger</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Portage Sentinel </span></em><span class="tm8">(Ravenna, Ohio), November 4, 1850, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">References to the Gibson family disappear by the mid-1850s, but if they are the ones who helped popularize “Ten Little Indians,” their legacy still persists to this day. References
to their version appeared a few years after publication.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1853, for example, the mother in a children’s book sang an alternate version of the song to distract her daughter from her burned hand.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Susy Miller, she burnt her little finger,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Susy Miller, she burnt her little finger;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Susy Miller, she burnt her little finger.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little finger burnt;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little, two little, three little fingers,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little, five little, six little fingers;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little, eight little, nine little fingers - Nine little fingers burnt!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Little Susy’s Six Birthdays</span></em><span class="tm8">, by her Aunt Susan, New York, Anson D. F. Randolph, 1853, page 108.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An 1859 review of a book by a man named John Brown described the song bearing his name (no relation). By way of explanation, “amphisbaenic” means “serpentlike,”
moving forwards then backward - there is no suggestion of the disappearances or deaths in later, problematic versions of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We are all familiar with that John Brown whom the minstrel had immortalized as being the possessor of a diminutive youth of the aboriginal American race, who, in the course of the ditty, is
multiplied from “one little Injun” into “ten little Injuns,” and who, in succeeding stanza, by an ingenious amphisbaenic process, is again reduced to the singular number. As far aw we are aware, the
author of this “genuine autobiography” claims no relationship with the famous owner of tender redskins. The multiplicity of adventures of which he has been the hero demands for him, however, the same notice that
a multiplicity of “Injuns” has insured to his illustrious namesake.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><i>The Atlantic</i>, Volume 3, Number 20, June 1859, page 770 (review of, <i>Sixty Years' Gleanings from Life's Harvest, a Genuine Biography</i>. By John Brown, Proprietor of the University Billiard-Rooms, Cambridge, New York: Appleton & Company. 1859).<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1859, a freshman at Yale used the song as a literary device to frame his essay on the history of North American Indians on the continent.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Freshmen are being initiated into the “art of composition.” Having received, from the Professor of English literature, the following subject, to exercise their youthful minds,
viz: “The North American Indians; an account of the probably concatenation of fortuitous events that threw them, on the shores of this wide spreading continent, &c., &c.,” they evidently “laid themselves.”
</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of their number introduced his composition by the following extract from the author of the “King of the Cannibal Islands,” or Shakspeare - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKISTXSyzjupJTrNGwgVY8Xxuicdr7zY8YGpHVSpSfRI4wQbYTwS0t8v0ymNGSbnh-NsD8ylqQjESbEQz5KB9jcOglhGAfg2SsMsoE7nCWVWiZAi9hMRXKsYPYKQYf0xCrRWfDLmKPhGAVjUFiWTVKGpJGnx4P4AKq6DNrXjPv1q-W7iP6hvOwJUFd/s2512/yale%20literary%20magazine%20vol%2024%20no%208%20july%201859%20page%20383%20essay%20assignment%20little%20indians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="2512" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKISTXSyzjupJTrNGwgVY8Xxuicdr7zY8YGpHVSpSfRI4wQbYTwS0t8v0ymNGSbnh-NsD8ylqQjESbEQz5KB9jcOglhGAfg2SsMsoE7nCWVWiZAi9hMRXKsYPYKQYf0xCrRWfDLmKPhGAVjUFiWTVKGpJGnx4P4AKq6DNrXjPv1q-W7iP6hvOwJUFd/w400-h159/yale%20literary%20magazine%20vol%2024%20no%208%20july%201859%20page%20383%20essay%20assignment%20little%20indians.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Yale Literary Magazine</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 24, Number 8, July 1859, page 383.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And in 1867, one year before Septimus Winner’s more elaborate versions of the song appeared in print, the Gibson family’s version appeared in a Yale songbook.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7EeHq6H-t5Igpz4tkw1CaAjFDkUqozNwyG96xmn_rSln2IQWigdP1FREq6ZP9lXhhEmME7yuLsBjQnnYMB1jGYz9N_Qfjyh0KtOfnF0TbYRFSR9k0vMLgaVclLZ53EqSvCbfZcUpI3oAeCl200c417gMlsPLQFOqqCnWRtGSlCWnAvbwqRl6zQWN/s1476/carmina%20yalensia%20little%20indians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1430" data-original-width="1476" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF7EeHq6H-t5Igpz4tkw1CaAjFDkUqozNwyG96xmn_rSln2IQWigdP1FREq6ZP9lXhhEmME7yuLsBjQnnYMB1jGYz9N_Qfjyh0KtOfnF0TbYRFSR9k0vMLgaVclLZ53EqSvCbfZcUpI3oAeCl200c417gMlsPLQFOqqCnWRtGSlCWnAvbwqRl6zQWN/w400-h388/carmina%20yalensia%20little%20indians.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><span class="tm8">Ferd Garretson, </span><em><span class="tm11">Carmina Yalensia, A Complete and Accurate Collection of Yale College Songs</span></em><span class="tm8">, New York, Taintor Bros., 1867.</span><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">John Brown - Abolitionist</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In October 1859, the abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the United States’ arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. His plan was to arm, inspire and lead an insurrection and
rebellion against the institution of slavery. It failed. But his name was adapted in a satirical version of the old song, with N[-word] substituting as the unit of counting. The song was intended to illustrate how Southern
interests exaggerated the uprising for political purposes. It mirrored, for the most part, the Gibson family version, counting up to and down from ten, but with the “Democratic Press” claiming “</span><em><span class="tm11">ten thousand</span></em><span class="tm8"> little n[-word] boys, all armed with pitchforks eighteen feet long and commanded by </span><em><span class="tm11">twenty thousand</span></em><span class="tm8"> Abolitionists.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It has served the purpose of one section of the moderate and southern party to exaggerate the late insurrection, with the view of bringing the abolitionists and the free-soilers into greater
odium, and so damage their chances at the state and presidential elections. A witty exposure of this system appears in the ‘New York Evening Post:’ -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<span class="tm8"></span> </div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1crJju_EegiOGYJDeSbbqVnBvL_X-m5D9jy26h1qy5SRHqjmKC7LhWDmpWJGluWTONGBs6dIZIcsRJT9gJE--74Vv4O45jEXtTY-G7VhASQ1v0cwQzuWiGRVJVVTKjf8SA2p4vsYn1Gm-U_DoNjLGtyOI59XxJieibMRmf93rpHdSxO6OmRad8kQv/s2549/monthly%20christian%20spectator%20vol%209%20dec%201859%20page%20767%20-%20john%20brown%20had%20a%20little.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1755" data-original-width="2549" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1crJju_EegiOGYJDeSbbqVnBvL_X-m5D9jy26h1qy5SRHqjmKC7LhWDmpWJGluWTONGBs6dIZIcsRJT9gJE--74Vv4O45jEXtTY-G7VhASQ1v0cwQzuWiGRVJVVTKjf8SA2p4vsYn1Gm-U_DoNjLGtyOI59XxJieibMRmf93rpHdSxO6OmRad8kQv/w400-h275/monthly%20christian%20spectator%20vol%209%20dec%201859%20page%20767%20-%20john%20brown%20had%20a%20little.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Monthly Christian Spectator</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 9, December 1859, page 767 (reprinted widely beginning as early as October 27, 1859, perhaps
originating with the </span><em><span class="tm11">New York Evening Post</span></em><span class="tm8">.).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The association of his name to the song was likely due to the similarity between his name and the name “Tom Brown” in the traditional nursery rhyme, or “John Brown,”
as the nursery rhyme had coincidentally been adapted by the Gibson family a decade earlier. Other mentions of John Brown illustrate a general awareness of the similarity of his name to the one in the old song or rhyme.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Boot-black No. 1 to Boot-black No. 2</span></em><span class="tm8"> - Oh, Davy! look er ‘ere! ‘Ere’s a picter of Old John Ossalwatamus Brown!</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Boot-black No. 2</span></em><span class="tm8"> - What! Old Brown what had a little Injun?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">No. 1</span></em><span class="tm8"> - No, zer blasted fool! Hits Old Kansas Brown What’s tried to run orf with all Gov. Wise’s Virginny n[-words],
and got cotched at it, and is going to be hung next week at 9 o’clock.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">New York Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8">, November 11, 1859, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We notice that the Alton papers are in a squabble over a poem published in the columns of one of them, glorifying the valor, christianity and immortal martyrdom of John Brown. This is not
the Old John Brown that “had a little Injun,” nor any other Brown except “Old Ossawatamie,” of Harper’s Ferry notoriety, deceased.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Daily Missouri Republican </span></em><span class="tm8">(St. Louis, Missouri), November 23, 1862, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">John Brown was not the only person whose name was worked into a version of the song. Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant) was rumored to have fathered multiple children out of wedlock
with a Native-American woman, his name received similar treatment.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5T0uQO_crP-dFTbCF1-MAWMHFxfAQ6aBPXOFok6sjwW6F0au518OhTci2IFNW6TgaXOMVnJtcV-SkhvXnc2s_oLvfa96T9J2Z3CRKCineO_h78HMa76av4xAV7ExD9-mXAKqg_lguyB8t3PNtwV6sBiCmOIBVXHqK3eiew2W9rWcXRCQEsmhBUrTp/s984/times%20democrat%20lima%20ohio%20aug%2012%201868%20page%202%20-%20anna%20dickson%20Pres%20Grant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="711" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5T0uQO_crP-dFTbCF1-MAWMHFxfAQ6aBPXOFok6sjwW6F0au518OhTci2IFNW6TgaXOMVnJtcV-SkhvXnc2s_oLvfa96T9J2Z3CRKCineO_h78HMa76av4xAV7ExD9-mXAKqg_lguyB8t3PNtwV6sBiCmOIBVXHqK3eiew2W9rWcXRCQEsmhBUrTp/w289-h400/times%20democrat%20lima%20ohio%20aug%2012%201868%20page%202%20-%20anna%20dickson%20Pres%20Grant.jpg" width="289" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Times-Democrat </span></em><span class="tm8">(Lima, Ohio), August 12, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Early Macabre Version</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There was at least one John Brown verse or rhyme, in which counted boys disappear or die in gruesome ways, and published before Septimus Winner’s versions. In 1856, the following
rhyme made it into print. The number of children is three, not the traditional two and not the later ten. It is the only such reference I found.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The man must have a hard heart indeed, who can read unmoved the following touching little ballad:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Poor John Brown and his three little Indian boys, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One was shot and one was drowned, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One was lost and never was found - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Poor John Brown and his three little Indian boys.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Yankee Notions</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, Number 2, February 1856, page 60.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Ten Blackbirds</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A decade before Septimus Winner published his song about the ten disappearing Indian boys, a children’s book included a song about ten disappearing blackbirds. </span></p>
<p class="tm22" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little blackbirds sitting on a vine,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were nine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine little blackbirds sitting on a gate,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were eight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight little blackbirds flying up to heaven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little blackbirds sitting on some sticks,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were six.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Six little blackbirds sitting on a hive,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were five.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Five little blackbirds sitting on a door,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were four.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little blackbirds sitting on a tree,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were three.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Three little blackbirds sitting on a shoe,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there were two.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two little blackbirds sitting on a stone,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> One flew away, and then there was one.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little blackbird sitting all alone,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm24" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> He flew away, and then there was none.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm22" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Children’s Holidays: A Story Book for the Whole Year</span></em><span class="tm8">, New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1858, pages 23-25.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The song shares four rhyming word-pairs with Winner’s </span><em><span class="tm11">Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8"> song; gate/eight, heaven/seven, door/four and alone/none. It shares three rhyming word-pairs with Frank Green’s </span><em><span class="tm11">N[-words]</span></em><span class="tm8"> version; sticks/six, hive/five and alone/none. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is not clear whether this song was original to the 1858 book in which it appears, but I did not find any earlier references to the song. There was, however, a traditional nursery rhyme
about two blackbirds sitting on a hill, which may have been a precursor to this song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><br /><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimQjuVt9eGtjU6VYYa46iuJphCF-S58pc7C-yOhzrIKw-LWqeZ54cHCzmXVzCQ8EbrbW7Awp7qREKCUz3-BGvxpk6PufYNYblDD9BYNVwkqLTa9Nr3z4Q1Oqwm0ZZmxLKWdO6mlKy-8F-mTM1-DJMVUgOaql964HvwNTOCL_CA5_uqhrBLoexbzstR/s1087/1833%20boston%20mother%20goose%20two%20blackbirds%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="1087" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimQjuVt9eGtjU6VYYa46iuJphCF-S58pc7C-yOhzrIKw-LWqeZ54cHCzmXVzCQ8EbrbW7Awp7qREKCUz3-BGvxpk6PufYNYblDD9BYNVwkqLTa9Nr3z4Q1Oqwm0ZZmxLKWdO6mlKy-8F-mTM1-DJMVUgOaql964HvwNTOCL_CA5_uqhrBLoexbzstR/w400-h250/1833%20boston%20mother%20goose%20two%20blackbirds%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Only True Mother Goose Melodies</span></em><span class="tm8">, Boston, J. S. Locke & Company, 1833, page 91.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This song was itself similar to another, perhaps earlier nursery rhyme, about two non-specific birds sitting on a stone, flying away one at a time.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGjvKa_sMjfMOppD4dyEvLgg0_RSzQ0s2UWOqoUXBGXkjLnj-9FQlG9CnRVeNMb9vXNOaKw8GyF7wZw5iOspYgmKq0YMOrD_3fFecI_Kth8dBmPbGUPkfA1yk-_rvLj0IX_DyFunP-FdYrO9LMAMVR1XLk5cnYbJ4xR472SsNqaTEe_LLoZc2D5Qf/s1404/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="1404" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGjvKa_sMjfMOppD4dyEvLgg0_RSzQ0s2UWOqoUXBGXkjLnj-9FQlG9CnRVeNMb9vXNOaKw8GyF7wZw5iOspYgmKq0YMOrD_3fFecI_Kth8dBmPbGUPkfA1yk-_rvLj0IX_DyFunP-FdYrO9LMAMVR1XLk5cnYbJ4xR472SsNqaTEe_LLoZc2D5Qf/w400-h70/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"><br /></span><em><span class="tm11">The Monthly Mirror</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), Volume 2, August 1796, page 250.</span><p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpeRJxHAjhaV_2vuTJZ_F0zq0CyhyZlLPfnHpu6F2YJB9-XrOMk5fnB2805z086SVouZ75oCNXuHhThIonhadSlqQPCt6z9VIRQr0ZgRyDKAtbHkFkfC-SEexrd96k4eDuA_5opFJnG0fh3EcCyzFH4OcxXgNJoGjdE3ONmtC1BKYHquUoBmiKi5O/s1070/grammar%20garland%20song%20of%20two%20birds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="1070" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpeRJxHAjhaV_2vuTJZ_F0zq0CyhyZlLPfnHpu6F2YJB9-XrOMk5fnB2805z086SVouZ75oCNXuHhThIonhadSlqQPCt6z9VIRQr0ZgRyDKAtbHkFkfC-SEexrd96k4eDuA_5opFJnG0fh3EcCyzFH4OcxXgNJoGjdE3ONmtC1BKYHquUoBmiKi5O/w400-h256/grammar%20garland%20song%20of%20two%20birds.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Grammer Gurton’s Garland: or, the Nursery Parnassus, a Choice Collection of Pretty Songs and Verses</span></em><span class="tm8">, London, R. Triphook, 1810, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There are several, later references to </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Blackbirds</span></em><span class="tm8">. An alternate version appeared in 1876. Most of the verses are about different birds, with different methods of leaving, but the first verse is nearly identical, but with the blackbirds sitting on a “pine”
instead of a “vine.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGF1bc6jpbhqmgfvmbipIjlQ43q67KwIU9e5-ND_htUE3fADXIMg4tog7Wea_iuIiDLnDAlQVOydL1s98Q3xjerC_nohuWRRD2GJxNrRVv-e6MH51HIQl8wMGjmrpi_ewbrX6lbHQkb0vUPT6UaDZP_VBeHetj-Bo8mXjTtRaykN058NSyizkAfIe/s1627/american%20young%20folks%20topeka%20ks%20march%201%201876%20page%206%20ten%20blackbirds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1627" data-original-width="1371" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGF1bc6jpbhqmgfvmbipIjlQ43q67KwIU9e5-ND_htUE3fADXIMg4tog7Wea_iuIiDLnDAlQVOydL1s98Q3xjerC_nohuWRRD2GJxNrRVv-e6MH51HIQl8wMGjmrpi_ewbrX6lbHQkb0vUPT6UaDZP_VBeHetj-Bo8mXjTtRaykN058NSyizkAfIe/w338-h400/american%20young%20folks%20topeka%20ks%20march%201%201876%20page%206%20ten%20blackbirds.jpg" width="338" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">American Young Folks </span></em><span class="tm8">(Topeka, Kansas), March 1, 1876, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Blackbirds</span></em><span class="tm8"> was used in an ad campaign for hair-growth tonic, in which losing one’s hair was compared to birds
flying away.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTs9XqeGTL_2Dz81PlAIynJd-i9NKpOxRqsoESKIyhb6qCREzx2N03AJ3Zkbzr9vEtIm13sWTi2J2UduJ2UXzQtUJ6Gie_bztVcc-JAlLWu3MvClrQEpllhGjMuWuELWxY8PlDmIyXrxEy_Yzh2rsfH859jOUfP4bGywFg-R4GjHbGf6l6HoehozI/s2505/cosmopolitan%201899%20ten%20little%20blackbirds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2505" data-original-width="899" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTs9XqeGTL_2Dz81PlAIynJd-i9NKpOxRqsoESKIyhb6qCREzx2N03AJ3Zkbzr9vEtIm13sWTi2J2UduJ2UXzQtUJ6Gie_bztVcc-JAlLWu3MvClrQEpllhGjMuWuELWxY8PlDmIyXrxEy_Yzh2rsfH859jOUfP4bGywFg-R4GjHbGf6l6HoehozI/w144-h400/cosmopolitan%201899%20ten%20little%20blackbirds.jpg" width="144" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Cosmopolitan</span></em><span class="tm8"> (and numerous other newspapers and magazines) 1899.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9vDvt2DWV6NAvH2px3mRdUykigaTWp7pUL4rLxuAEknAXs4imHXxzmOCpNgjuBPL82TaBRiAH1N8djOdhV4G7bI-WfuVxlMWTaQJqAE6dRKKkr14_9t7m_vJ4rvnS-RXPM7Y6uEzGo6f-f1PPx8FUxurPR__T79RJtXt-Esji-6rBSTJ_YVIbs5iX/s2034/violin%20world%201917%20ten%20little%20blackbirds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="2034" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9vDvt2DWV6NAvH2px3mRdUykigaTWp7pUL4rLxuAEknAXs4imHXxzmOCpNgjuBPL82TaBRiAH1N8djOdhV4G7bI-WfuVxlMWTaQJqAE6dRKKkr14_9t7m_vJ4rvnS-RXPM7Y6uEzGo6f-f1PPx8FUxurPR__T79RJtXt-Esji-6rBSTJ_YVIbs5iX/w400-h174/violin%20world%201917%20ten%20little%20blackbirds.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Violin World</span></em><span class="tm8">, 1917.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The song was included in an elementary school English textbook in 1919, with blanks for students to fill in the appropriate verb for the number of birds left (nine “were”s and
one “was”).</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A passing reference to the song compared falling autumn leaves to departing birds.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One by one the leaves are falling. “Ten little blackbirds sitting in a line.” The dropping off process has begun.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Lexington Herald</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Lexington, Kentucky), March 1, 1923, page 4. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A slightly altered version appeared in Nebraska in 1924.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIt5XPBLqIhx8fFMtp7cSqhLlUtvn2QucDcXa-A-VII17rwSsW9tqYz2nk59-1_nFOD5177m0M8g6lwtcZ3WDMt0yrUJjKbvmLjoJvuQuNciqvP_xrY78HCItjrhq-HYMeJ_MYori-H_JM9XnWj3It_XdM-AyJC-v36EafMaYeKa1u1Y5y5fpXyd8/s1232/clip_112846287.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1232" data-original-width="643" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIt5XPBLqIhx8fFMtp7cSqhLlUtvn2QucDcXa-A-VII17rwSsW9tqYz2nk59-1_nFOD5177m0M8g6lwtcZ3WDMt0yrUJjKbvmLjoJvuQuNciqvP_xrY78HCItjrhq-HYMeJ_MYori-H_JM9XnWj3It_XdM-AyJC-v36EafMaYeKa1u1Y5y5fpXyd8/w209-h400/clip_112846287.jpg" width="209" /></a></div><p></p><em><span class="tm11">Omaha Daily Bee</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Nebraska), May 25, 1924, page 7C.</span><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And in 1940, someone compared the countdown to Christmas with the old “jingle” about blackbirds flying away.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Each day the number will grow less, much like the old blackbirds-sitting-on-a-line jingle, until only one is left. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Birmingham News</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Birmingham, Alabama), November 26, 1940, page 8.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But regardless of how ancient the song is, or how well known or widespread, it appears that Septimus Winner may have been aware of the song when he wrote “Ten Little Injuns”
in about 1864.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Septimus Winner</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By his own account, in a letter written in 1893, Septimus “Sep” Winner wrote his version of </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8"> “to amuse a children’s party” at his home in Philadelphia.<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> His comment agrees
with an account that appeared in his hometown newspapers in 1877.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We all remember the delightful little ditty, unique in its absurdity - “Ten Little Injuns” - that he scribbled off for a family party at his house. Somebody suggested that he
publish it, and he laughed at the idea. But he did publish it, and millions have laughed at the drollery of it since.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Monongahela Valley Republican</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), September 20, 1877, page 1 (crediting the </span><em><span class="tm11">Philadelphia Press</span></em><span class="tm8">); Appleton Post (Appleton, Wisconsin), September 13, 1877, page 1 (crediting the </span><em><span class="tm11">Philadelphia Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm8">).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A biography written by someone with access to his diaries placed the date of the composition in 1864.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One afternoon during the hard days of the Civil War, in 1864 to be exact, Sep. Winner had a party at his home for the children of the neighborhood, and it was at this party that the youngsters
prevailed upon Mr. Winner to write a humorous song for them. This he consented to do, and in a very short time composed the piece he entitled </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8">. It brought much merriment and broad smiles to the children present, which made Mr. Winner and everybody happy. His wife, and some of the parents of the children
present at the party, asked Winner to read it to them, which he did. They became rather enthusiastic about it and suggested that he publish it. This at first he refused to do as he considered it too childish, but finally
consented. It became very popular, and was sung for many years following.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Charles Eugene Claghorn, </span><em><span class="tm11">The Mocking Bird, The Life and Diary of Its Author, Sep. Winner</span></em><span class="tm8">, Philadelphia, The Magee Press, 1937, page 38.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The song may have been written in 1864, but all signs point to its being published for the first time in 1868.<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a> The New
York correspondent of a London newspaper, in a report dated February 10, 1868, mentioned the song was sung during a performance of the play, </span><em><span class="tm11">Under the Gaslight</span></em><span class="tm8">,<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a> in Septimus Winner’s hometown of Philadelphia.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Philadelphia. - </span><em><span class="tm11">Under the Gaslight</span></em><span class="tm8"> now in the third week of performances at the Arch-Street Theatre, continues to draw immense houses
nightly. . . . Mr. Craig makes quite a character of Bermudas, and his song of the “Ten Little Injuns” is enthusiastically encored.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Era</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London, England), March 1, 1868, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Later that summer, a comment made in connection with the parody of the song based on President Grant’s rumored mixed-race children suggests that the original version of the song was
sung in New York at about the same time it was sung in Philadelphia.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gen. Grant’s “love of little children” is being celebrated by his friends in the following significant lines. It is a parody on an old song which a prominent Radical friend
of ours will remember to have heard “performed” by the San Francisco Minstrels in New York last winter.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Omaha Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), July 31, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “San Francisco Minstrels” were performing in New York at the time, and had been there continuously for more than a year, so the reference to the performers is believable.
But the comment was ambiguous, in that it refers to it as a parody of an “old song,” not a new one. It may refer to the earlier Gibson family version of the song. And the lyrics of the Grant parody were more
similar to the Gibson version than the Winner chorus. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But the fact that it was being sung on stage in New York at about the same time Septimus Winner’s version was published, suggests the version referred to may have been the newer version,
even if they were mistaken about the lyrics of the chorus. The songs were, after all, similar, and may have been conflated by the listener or the writer.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The earliest reference to published sheet music for the song appeared in February 1868, a few weeks after the song was reportedly sung in Philadelphia. And the song was soon advertised
for sale in Vermont<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a> and Massachusetts.<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9AclCtFYTrhQwZTd75QpJCVz1h2-FfrhhVOoXS3wYBcBZy1eZSzJWXSvzjnkbO59l3xr-aK1AeA_V9biu7hjkHM4QEqksSllCk-cU8WXs2VPRK83YOnADWUoLonHQVJmnqfXtDLFr92ux8Wt_QW4PhN80k_XoHjPaSVpHJfZIioNsYnZ5GuD583J/s764/buffalo%20commercial%20feb%2025%201868%20page%202%20for%20sale(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="764" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9AclCtFYTrhQwZTd75QpJCVz1h2-FfrhhVOoXS3wYBcBZy1eZSzJWXSvzjnkbO59l3xr-aK1AeA_V9biu7hjkHM4QEqksSllCk-cU8WXs2VPRK83YOnADWUoLonHQVJmnqfXtDLFr92ux8Wt_QW4PhN80k_XoHjPaSVpHJfZIioNsYnZ5GuD583J/w400-h249/buffalo%20commercial%20feb%2025%201868%20page%202%20for%20sale(1).jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten Little Injuns, comic song, sung as an encore by Master Shepard. Price 35c.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Buffalo Commercial</span></em><span class="tm8">, February 25, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgczz6ft4uyPNEGrEmnJugNgJAQyeaqVLqQzJFIfiNxEOxWqPSPltiUZVZFYDnH9mTvh45jqKwZGxifZdoYPDtTBvIMBpx-hgCkmgd9qZARvidqCkyS2sNJbLjc_jjXtFlX_aE1o5u2g6VwDDDyrf9RPHVzmQIVrxgDHU75DoWQcpa6EwRLxC4CrxCT/s682/rutland%20daily%20herald%20march%2027%201868%20page%203%20-%20for%20sale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="682" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgczz6ft4uyPNEGrEmnJugNgJAQyeaqVLqQzJFIfiNxEOxWqPSPltiUZVZFYDnH9mTvh45jqKwZGxifZdoYPDtTBvIMBpx-hgCkmgd9qZARvidqCkyS2sNJbLjc_jjXtFlX_aE1o5u2g6VwDDDyrf9RPHVzmQIVrxgDHU75DoWQcpa6EwRLxC4CrxCT/w400-h94/rutland%20daily%20herald%20march%2027%201868%20page%203%20-%20for%20sale.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Rutland Daily Herald</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Rutland, Vermont), March 27, 1868, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The July 1868 issue of a children’s magazine published the words and music of the song, with an attribution to Septimus Winner. The magazine, </span><em><span class="tm11">Our Schoolday Visitor</span></em><span class="tm8">, was published by Daughaday & Beeker of Philadelphia, Sep. Winner’s hometown.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Our Schoolday Visitor</span></em><span class="tm8">, for July, has been received, and is full of good things, in pictures, prose and poetry. . . . The contents
for July comprise the following:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . “Ten Little Injuns,” Funny Song and Chorus, with Piano or Organ accompaniment, by Sep Winner.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Highland Weekly News</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Hillsboro, Ohio), July 2, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The earliest version of the lyrics I have been able to find in online archives was apparently published in 1868. An annotation with the lyrics says it was published by Septimus’ brother
and former partner, Joseph E. Winner, who ran his own publishing house in the same city. The lyrics were printed in the first issue of the </span><em><span class="tm11">Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, a bi-weekly catalog of popular songs. Each issue included lyrics to about fifty songs, with an offer to send the sheet music to any of the songs for $0.40.
These early lyrics show that the chorus was different from the Gibson family version of 1849, and that it was likely based on “Ten Little Blackbirds,” which had appeared in print ten years earlier - it borrowed
the disappearing countdown format, and borrowed four rhyming word-pairs, gate/eight, heaven/seven, door/four and alone/none.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqCTmEysJm34RyH74f1wt-jDkQTQNKGzY9dW3-CABUpd2_RLtSZARISG7DozP5UrpzYC4ZC8duetmVL3SRkV0vOq2TGp25tXy5FWLW7W_CLnYqJcLE8-33f5IeBjN5OpKZqiYsSCIVO-WbwLzJsxRqPBvwN2usmER617oL9-pY-_7m2b7149f7FXfR/s2371/ten%20little%20injuns%20j%20e%20winner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2371" data-original-width="1684" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqCTmEysJm34RyH74f1wt-jDkQTQNKGzY9dW3-CABUpd2_RLtSZARISG7DozP5UrpzYC4ZC8duetmVL3SRkV0vOq2TGp25tXy5FWLW7W_CLnYqJcLE8-33f5IeBjN5OpKZqiYsSCIVO-WbwLzJsxRqPBvwN2usmER617oL9-pY-_7m2b7149f7FXfR/w284-h400/ten%20little%20injuns%20j%20e%20winner.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">TEN LITTLE INJUNS.</span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Music published by J. E. Winner, 545 N. 8</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> St., Phil.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little Injuns standing in a line,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One toddled home, and then there were nine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine little Injuns swingin’ on a gate,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One tumbled off, and then there were eight - 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Cho.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight little Injuns never heard of heaven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One kicked the bucket, and then there were seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little Injuns cutting up their tricks,’</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One broke his neck, and then there were six. - 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Cho.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Six little Injuns kicking all alive,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One went to bed, and then there were five.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Five little Injuns on a cellar door,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One tumbled in, and then there were four. - 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Cho.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little Injuns out on a spree,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One dead drunk, and then there were three.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Three little Injuns out in a canoe,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One tumbled overboard and then there were two. - 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Cho.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two little Injuns foolin’ with a gun, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One shoots th’other, and then there was one.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little Injun livin’ all alone,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He got married and then there were none. - 1</span><sup><span class="tm8">st</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Cho.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little Injun with his little wife,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Lived in a wigwam the balance of his life.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One daddy Injun, one mammy squaw, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Soon raised a family of ten Injuns more.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Henry De Marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, New York, Number 1 [1868], page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The verses count down the number of “Injun boys” from ten to one. All of them leave in one way or the other, some of them die, and some suffer an ambiguous result - leaving
the scene, but it’s not clear whether or how badly they might be hurt, or have just left the scene or otherwise been separated from the group.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One toddles home; one tumbles off a gate; one kicks the bucket; one broke his neck while “cutting up” tricks; one went to bed; one tumbled into a cellar; one was dead drunk;
one tumbled overboard while out in a canoe; one was shot (apparently by accident) while “foolin’ with a gun”; and the final one got married, after which he lived with his wife in a wigwam for the rest of
his life, and raised a family of “ten injuns more.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The only one who is clearly dead is the one who “kicked the bucket.” The idiom, meaning to die, having been in use since at least the 1780s. Toddling home and being “dead
drunk” are not generally life threatening. Falling off a gate, tumbling into a cellar and falling out of a canoe could be dangerous, but not necessarily life threatening. Breaking one’s neck or being shot with
a gun seem like serious accidents, perhaps more dangerous at that time than they would be now, and could easily result in death. Going to bed isn’t particularly dangerous, but in context, where the lyric says they were
“all alive” and then “one went to bed,” might suggest that he died in his sleep. Not a good result, but not particularly gruesome.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The lyrics appeared in </span><em><span class="tm11">Henry De Marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, published in New York City. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0V0HShSS1pdTDMcv3SPfUzubxJECo9LqnIWkCdk2-JavkkbUMDjChVcl8Cnzx6aZSczGZ_RBGaJYoJuZe7xk211jdaiHkTfAqRJMuB966bd9-x1uGTa6gHuFctq81MFw6htiiad_VOXTf2gsIfltMqjgHnJj8Z0DjvSlnLf4YfaOb2Ip9pnyvLjcQ/s1509/henry%20de%20marsan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1509" data-original-width="965" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0V0HShSS1pdTDMcv3SPfUzubxJECo9LqnIWkCdk2-JavkkbUMDjChVcl8Cnzx6aZSczGZ_RBGaJYoJuZe7xk211jdaiHkTfAqRJMuB966bd9-x1uGTa6gHuFctq81MFw6htiiad_VOXTf2gsIfltMqjgHnJj8Z0DjvSlnLf4YfaOb2Ip9pnyvLjcQ/w256-h400/henry%20de%20marsan.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Henry De Marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, New York, Number 33, page 225.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The periodical the lyrics appeared in, </span><em><span class="tm11">The Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, is available for viewing on the HathiTrust online archive. The issues are not dated on their face, but a careful reading of the covers of all sixty, available issues may give an idea of about when the first
issue came out. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The cover pages of most of the issues (1-4 and 22-60) state that they were published “fortnightly,” with some specifying every other Saturday. A few issues (Nos. 18-21) state
that they were being published weekly, and several issues (5-17) do not include any statement of the frequency of publication.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Also, the final eight issues (52-60) include advertisements for the publisher’s 1871 Valentines, which would be nearly two months of advertising for Valentines. During the previous
year, only five issues (or a little more than a month) had included advertisements for their 1870 Valentines. Assuming that fifty-six of the issues were published every other week, with four issues published weekly, the entire
run of sixty issues would have lasted 784 days. And further assuming that the final issue fell on Valentine’s day, 1871 at the very saltest, counting backwards from then would suggest a start date somewhere around December
20, 1868, at the very latest, although it is possible that it could have started slightly earlier. In any case, it seems likely the journal would have started publication in the second half (most likely the last quarter)
of 1868.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The lyrics printed in De Marsan’s </span><em><span class="tm11">Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8"> are nearly identical to the lyrics printed in full sheet music published by Sep. Winner in 1868, the lone exception being what happened to one of the final three boys; instead of being “out in a canoe”
with “nothing for to do, One went to bed and then there were two.” The sheet music version is the earliest example I have seen of musical accompaniment for the song. The song was attributed to “Mark Mason,”
which is one of Septimus Winner’s several pseudonyms (other names he used include, Alice Hawthorne, Percy Guyer, Eastburn, Apsley Street, Marion Florence and Leon Dore<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a>).</span></p><p><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFxSr1tguPIA2OkxGWrEfzakJRGylt4CDW1ipPqX-fvBwgBOJP2sElo_IRz7ck7ZTkgW9JvN31OR1o8i8lpiVPMQkig8Yke0JEAm4JQkaeM2W4Uc7PxwbRLi_isgx1-vOiLmnV1wczlxI_QjkpZ3wjax3OG0MLhBF5USDJMYBdPdK2uVkxDQNi7pIC/s4203/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4203" data-original-width="3120" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFxSr1tguPIA2OkxGWrEfzakJRGylt4CDW1ipPqX-fvBwgBOJP2sElo_IRz7ck7ZTkgW9JvN31OR1o8i8lpiVPMQkig8Yke0JEAm4JQkaeM2W4Uc7PxwbRLi_isgx1-vOiLmnV1wczlxI_QjkpZ3wjax3OG0MLhBF5USDJMYBdPdK2uVkxDQNi7pIC/s320/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20cover.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyq_8kKD50v4Wo1byFIa8cT-2OjQHb-RctWKfVd5N1EP4OoLaN3gTlSU-8ix6dilxQiLnTVuwEOlKRqRqSxYMvD_ZYq2cll2esuinZZojNNkeGQ6cUYR2QkZ7dkHEOsYSvkZQKt7Qf4xI7y98ey1UysQkCYJNzS7FMl1eLPGuOxx9nqbOeiqrKQzp2/s3115/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20title.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1404" data-original-width="3115" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyq_8kKD50v4Wo1byFIa8cT-2OjQHb-RctWKfVd5N1EP4OoLaN3gTlSU-8ix6dilxQiLnTVuwEOlKRqRqSxYMvD_ZYq2cll2esuinZZojNNkeGQ6cUYR2QkZ7dkHEOsYSvkZQKt7Qf4xI7y98ey1UysQkCYJNzS7FMl1eLPGuOxx9nqbOeiqrKQzp2/s320/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20title.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFcmDO7QINvUPyqnkMPz1BUDrXAu_bKaHcKWWF4slPDbZz-a_BNTrhVZkDmYRWAabb-z-q0Q6w4T39RPzJnS2sFTKJwB0rkcaL5yCQfXuLRekmB3zV5Hb2RTRfETfKtpiY2Rii2AR4TCZFaFBDdPItylgXHGOmaPB12MTUDqHZSvNZWChDwJZzE_c/s3316/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20chorus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1128" data-original-width="3316" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFcmDO7QINvUPyqnkMPz1BUDrXAu_bKaHcKWWF4slPDbZz-a_BNTrhVZkDmYRWAabb-z-q0Q6w4T39RPzJnS2sFTKJwB0rkcaL5yCQfXuLRekmB3zV5Hb2RTRfETfKtpiY2Rii2AR4TCZFaFBDdPItylgXHGOmaPB12MTUDqHZSvNZWChDwJZzE_c/s320/Ten%20little%20indians%20-%20sep%20winner%20chorus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><span class="tm8">Mark Mason (Sep. Winner pseudonym), </span><em><span class="tm11">Ten Little Injuns</span></em><span class="tm8">, Philadelphia, Sep. Winner & Co., 1868.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a></span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The chorus in both the </span><em><span class="tm11">Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8"> and sheet music versions differs from the older Gibson family version. And since the Gibson family version is the version generally learned and sung today and over the past century, the version sung today is
not the one Septimus Winner wrote. The distinction may matter to people who do not want to sing a song “based on” or “derived from” a racist song, because if they sing the Gibson family version, they
are not singing such a song. The Septimus Winner version, which disappears and kills off its protagonists, is not the version known and sung today. It did, however, inspire another racist version - one based on the same
melody, but replacing the protagonists with a different ethnic group and a more problematic name.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm26">Frank Green</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">George Washington “Pony” Moore of the Christy Minstrels blackface troupe introduced a new version of the song in St. James Hall, London, England in August 1868. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In the present entertainment, Mr. Moore’s opportunities lie in a new comic song, entitled “Ten little N[-words],” which is uproariously successful . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Weekly Dispatch</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), August 30, 1868, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The song was still popular months later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Christy Minstrels are in full feather just now at St. James’s Hall, and appear to be making mints of money. Mr. Joe Brown’s dancing, Mr. Wallace’s lecture on Anatomy,
and Mr. Moore’s “Ten Little N[-words],” are the most noticeable features in the lively part of the entertainment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Echoes</span></em><span class="tm8">, No. 1, January 9, 1869, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Hopwood & Crew published the sheet music; “written by Frank Green” with “music by Mark Mason” (Winner<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a>).
Frank W. Green was an English song writer and playwright, responsible for such ditties as, “Dolly Varden” and “The Snow is on the Hills,” and for the stage plays, Dumb Belles of Fairyland, Cinderella
in Quite Another Pair of Shoes (a “burlesque”), Hearts of Oak; or the Middy Ashore (a “nautical extravaganza”) and “Carrot and Parsnip; or, The King, the Tailor, and the Mischievous F.”
(an “extravaganza”).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The cover art includes an image of Moore in blackface and cartoons illustrating the ten verses. I have only seen the cover page of the sheet music, but the images appear to match (with
one exception) lyrics later published in the United States in issue number 20 of De Marsan’s </span><em><span class="tm11">Singer’s Journal.</span></em><span class="tm8"> The image for eight does not match the lyrics as printed in the </span><em><span class="tm11">Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">. However, its does seem to match the original “Injun” lyrics, in which eight little boys had “never heard of heaven,” and one boy “kicked the bucket,” leaving seven. The
difference may reflect the differences between England’s experience in Africa, where Christianity was not widespread, and the United States where it was widespread among African-Americans. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The methods of disappearance and death in Frank Green’s version are even more ludicrous and violent than those in Winner’s “Little Injun” version. The lyrics illustrated
in the cover page artwork are reminiscent of the dark humor of </span><u><a href="https://yourthunderbuddy.com/the-gashlycrumb-tinies-poster/"><span class="tm8">Edward Gorey’s popular </span><em><span class="tm11">Gashlycrumb Tinies</span></em></a><em></em></u><em></em><span class="tm8"> (1963); “A is for Amy who fell down the stairs,” “B is for Basil assaulted by bears,” “L is for Leo who swallowed some tacks,” “M is for Maud who was swept out to sea”
and “Z is for Zillah who drank too much gin.” But like the earlier, “Injun” version, Frank Green’s N[-word] version ends on an optimistic note; the one who got married lives “all his days
a happy little life,” along with his wife; they dwell by the shore and “soon raised a family of ten.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In addition to the disappearing countdown format Green copied from Winner, Green appears to have borrowed rhyming word-pairs from “Ten Little Blackbirds,” sticks/six, hive/five
and alone/none. </span></p><span class="tm8"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIyhQ4nBcVmkS9lJAVrJVHiIBjOu_kEMyvgdC74ZXqIA6rHxV7Ba0DffWqZHrdplie7fv2_kdZaEkgriSacBJm0IHrDWlZla13XA_ISMU-ISj-eKOTlB0SUYs0ur0mKcc9nVOUzgW7PHVHc4pDfg6iFwURy-ymyCeNborrW9_n4bmURG9olqcMh1JD/s768/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20whole.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="523" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIyhQ4nBcVmkS9lJAVrJVHiIBjOu_kEMyvgdC74ZXqIA6rHxV7Ba0DffWqZHrdplie7fv2_kdZaEkgriSacBJm0IHrDWlZla13XA_ISMU-ISj-eKOTlB0SUYs0ur0mKcc9nVOUzgW7PHVHc4pDfg6iFwURy-ymyCeNborrW9_n4bmURG9olqcMh1JD/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20whole.JPEG" width="218" /></a></div></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45ysW_VZZZrjPOQdhQe7LM0VKQa96p9R3HEzFZd7srQJDqRGqN2OXaKz3PQcMndatHZdXpUll4nDDejNAjDpSSsGcWkOx3Q9outallhg6rPtZ_OGF_WvWV3FqOxvXWKsHJwYhWpH2wdUUfJr3DXbaKzvqK2I08c8suGCQWNKRKtzH6mer3Bp0E-UP/s2386/songster%20ten%20little%20n-words%20matches%20images%20on%20sheet%20music.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2386" data-original-width="1700" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg45ysW_VZZZrjPOQdhQe7LM0VKQa96p9R3HEzFZd7srQJDqRGqN2OXaKz3PQcMndatHZdXpUll4nDDejNAjDpSSsGcWkOx3Q9outallhg6rPtZ_OGF_WvWV3FqOxvXWKsHJwYhWpH2wdUUfJr3DXbaKzvqK2I08c8suGCQWNKRKtzH6mer3Bp0E-UP/w285-h400/songster%20ten%20little%20n-words%20matches%20images%20on%20sheet%20music.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Henry De marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></em><span class="tm8">, New York, Number 20 [1868 or 1869]<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a>, page 126.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten went out to dine, “one choked his little self,” leaving nine. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPWapF9hBtgr_nmquRAyrpygmdjRLi1z9FenBIdDQh1nfbxGXxP3Rl3pr_v6y0sdKDWo_f_rZbLAnfpUr1AMzfFUeGJqB9dzloO1014DZJQO24wpVrW6GSYD6sBtv-_3qvgpkibDezsFTY0qnanpiLepL1SKBXE7RSK34sNzwtGgu_3OvmNP7uIwM/s439/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201%20-%20Copy.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="439" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPWapF9hBtgr_nmquRAyrpygmdjRLi1z9FenBIdDQh1nfbxGXxP3Rl3pr_v6y0sdKDWo_f_rZbLAnfpUr1AMzfFUeGJqB9dzloO1014DZJQO24wpVrW6GSYD6sBtv-_3qvgpkibDezsFTY0qnanpiLepL1SKBXE7RSK34sNzwtGgu_3OvmNP7uIwM/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201%20-%20Copy.JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine cried at his fate, while “one cried himself away,” leaving eight. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxr8M5zmdpltjolMUuzYyYxBT-Rlp8dg4iEVuNnjLMIvfrnsOHkiduQfftDbTHX40VSe8gBqpC4PvMD0YCM_wbKw21BX-TdjFMoGoQqlPhg4Zaw9EB39SWIlqRL1x-PcU_oVmplyasCBgIj_DC84sAV9VfxD1iF3qdjafNaU0zOB6EPo7FjPgcC3s/s389/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="389" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxr8M5zmdpltjolMUuzYyYxBT-Rlp8dg4iEVuNnjLMIvfrnsOHkiduQfftDbTHX40VSe8gBqpC4PvMD0YCM_wbKw21BX-TdjFMoGoQqlPhg4Zaw9EB39SWIlqRL1x-PcU_oVmplyasCBgIj_DC84sAV9VfxD1iF3qdjafNaU0zOB6EPo7FjPgcC3s/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201.JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight slept until eleven, “one over slept himself,” leaving seven. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidgttSzF6RJw91hoaAKw3UFIidcTV-etsHGTUiXPtWdvKIZCxcuQOWHIBAR8-0mpNdtDJ2bFh5LfW_l9mHuiRjSESaTk-ZOSvYtHLRyvtnnPFhASQ0-dA-JeFY-GFpL29Fumgl86alfAe2QLV--K0POJGSVwuoENujEebUKrO0BB9h1PF6kobuQuDw/s418/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%202.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="387" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidgttSzF6RJw91hoaAKw3UFIidcTV-etsHGTUiXPtWdvKIZCxcuQOWHIBAR8-0mpNdtDJ2bFh5LfW_l9mHuiRjSESaTk-ZOSvYtHLRyvtnnPFhASQ0-dA-JeFY-GFpL29Fumgl86alfAe2QLV--K0POJGSVwuoENujEebUKrO0BB9h1PF6kobuQuDw/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%202.JPEG" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven cut up sticks, while “one chopped himself in halves,” leaving six. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpYZ2rfUtT8UKZRJRKtzRP4ANSJ_x4yJ-eyYE-WKfw9F6TJTjx4tcFSSvuNf6GJhmzgX9pfP4MXk5dCn1PaFZkJS8n6ITmvlII44EUngqBAedeDmKDU9dZ8Gaz-q4vaCb6OHfgJDe09vd3kOh5O_I37JyMtiX5UzgJe_ZaLt_6c0bloW_n2pHbh_G/s439/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="439" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpYZ2rfUtT8UKZRJRKtzRP4ANSJ_x4yJ-eyYE-WKfw9F6TJTjx4tcFSSvuNf6GJhmzgX9pfP4MXk5dCn1PaFZkJS8n6ITmvlII44EUngqBAedeDmKDU9dZ8Gaz-q4vaCb6OHfgJDe09vd3kOh5O_I37JyMtiX5UzgJe_ZaLt_6c0bloW_n2pHbh_G/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203.JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Six played with a hive, and “a bumble bee killed one,” leaving five. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQBBtKd-e14gKCme3cMRaOdQIoIKd62qF8L--rqOM6-Sd1Eq0VpIV_1MzyaftJlwq9a7AgQKXRvzIFZfcKwki-KQ7iXC7pPwZTRJbca6QvAuMk1LF-BhkxgQVfgRHlxCH5onDvz-f7vv2bYreGsGGMurtFDkNnKf1a3o4FqdX8WzYAg0yWvTF57HuJ/s378/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="365" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQBBtKd-e14gKCme3cMRaOdQIoIKd62qF8L--rqOM6-Sd1Eq0VpIV_1MzyaftJlwq9a7AgQKXRvzIFZfcKwki-KQ7iXC7pPwZTRJbca6QvAuMk1LF-BhkxgQVfgRHlxCH5onDvz-f7vv2bYreGsGGMurtFDkNnKf1a3o4FqdX8WzYAg0yWvTF57HuJ/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy.JPEG" width="309" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Five went in for law, but “one got in chancery,” after which there were four. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBQo6wrrEBOV556Ev3BuDA6JEzk0DspBaGCgN1NSmzCzTo4K-QfWp9gHYOGWOxkQAANYWMdFHP2r1v2joFfuNRfjGFVzJpOsO6uartvee8ap2kXzmzyk0A8xY9_fSeFOAP7_B2Re5FkE1UXnojioyRcIFt4Curq2AyFbcPkz5SSollRb9dbbQYa9xU/s584/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(3).JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="584" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBQo6wrrEBOV556Ev3BuDA6JEzk0DspBaGCgN1NSmzCzTo4K-QfWp9gHYOGWOxkQAANYWMdFHP2r1v2joFfuNRfjGFVzJpOsO6uartvee8ap2kXzmzyk0A8xY9_fSeFOAP7_B2Re5FkE1UXnojioyRcIFt4Curq2AyFbcPkz5SSollRb9dbbQYa9xU/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(3).JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four went out to sea, “a red herring swallowed one,” leaving three. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZGpzB1fgPRovAb8vgJ6yTPlFhrBhV3p2h7Cjn_kzzBIKwjoYRXNyxmL1X0ppRJx2LMY7u5YCCk7AokYwhErXJHYAawcurFMcECuXxOVTbSNTWdxKEPtI5dC2VlBKlWg53sXC0Qd39y7KEn1n9g8VfxVKIq2HgMF7TzKAa-U0Z4cGyfhgcqKGC7aA/s358/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(2).JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="358" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZGpzB1fgPRovAb8vgJ6yTPlFhrBhV3p2h7Cjn_kzzBIKwjoYRXNyxmL1X0ppRJx2LMY7u5YCCk7AokYwhErXJHYAawcurFMcECuXxOVTbSNTWdxKEPtI5dC2VlBKlWg53sXC0Qd39y7KEn1n9g8VfxVKIq2HgMF7TzKAa-U0Z4cGyfhgcqKGC7aA/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(2).JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Three walked in the zoo, but “a big bear cuddled one,” leaving just two. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirEzbzM5jpXkuG6ApNd_wy603tBeGGGEo3KkFQ0edPTX7L0Mh7A6hKf5r-yaHYd3DUWHLhizjI15HikPYqxNEVnL8lYcYzNuI9P6Yfu7DTd8KToRNlNihJMuQYBd7sGPDcXvjHXZ1GpH9Jya1qX3J_O-Y2bhoqLxc7L88LiQ1EJyq5kvlSSevp3jnH/s418/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%202%20-%20Copy.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="383" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirEzbzM5jpXkuG6ApNd_wy603tBeGGGEo3KkFQ0edPTX7L0Mh7A6hKf5r-yaHYd3DUWHLhizjI15HikPYqxNEVnL8lYcYzNuI9P6Yfu7DTd8KToRNlNihJMuQYBd7sGPDcXvjHXZ1GpH9Jya1qX3J_O-Y2bhoqLxc7L88LiQ1EJyq5kvlSSevp3jnH/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%202%20-%20Copy.JPEG" width="293" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two sat in the sun, but “one got frizzled up,” leaving just the one.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLs7LAFmCUADH2aN38y94NjyRjUVLvw4z5xHkben2haqtMIDfz_SHoEtsf5bN_ryTKQu5eVPgOgrX2V37bRzmpzdIVXoLUeNgCqVGrHwPqjx87m-uIu1iZqQxbxBZUBUr2vEp2wJPMH67jS8IWsv-AiL4UzUgPv-KG5YLT-bx7MlT5PYS_u3Z6ISf/s557/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201%20-%20Copy%20(2).JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="557" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLs7LAFmCUADH2aN38y94NjyRjUVLvw4z5xHkben2haqtMIDfz_SHoEtsf5bN_ryTKQu5eVPgOgrX2V37bRzmpzdIVXoLUeNgCqVGrHwPqjx87m-uIu1iZqQxbxBZUBUr2vEp2wJPMH67jS8IWsv-AiL4UzUgPv-KG5YLT-bx7MlT5PYS_u3Z6ISf/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%201%20-%20Copy%20(2).JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One got marred, after which there were none.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The one who got married lives “all his days a happy little life,” along with his wife; they dwell by the shore and “soon raised a family of ten” more. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh390HXx8-kUpyGRcYh4Ja0qaRg0WpnUlAdFjMcyEPCRuQnjyNstiGxrzujk_u7o3ZQy68NYpBOCh8nsGf_DjrxvEEzcV9zgl5rtDALl_TKKksy1zBt3PBJXi0G67VM4c2B0NwHoMpaeMKIj5g-HOh5BFKZlYN49QiQvS89-CLWDr15lK5OZPyyzFhI/s709/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(4)%20ten.JPEG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="709" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh390HXx8-kUpyGRcYh4Ja0qaRg0WpnUlAdFjMcyEPCRuQnjyNstiGxrzujk_u7o3ZQy68NYpBOCh8nsGf_DjrxvEEzcV9zgl5rtDALl_TKKksy1zBt3PBJXi0G67VM4c2B0NwHoMpaeMKIj5g-HOh5BFKZlYN49QiQvS89-CLWDr15lK5OZPyyzFhI/s320/ten%20little%20n-words%20cover%20art%20original%20sheet%20music%20details%203%20-%20Copy%20(4)%20ten.JPEG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Christy Minstrels were still singing the song in England years later, when they insinuated themselves into a libel suit involving a London wine merchant and a line in a novel about bad
wine.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gilby, a London wine merchant, whose beverages enjoyed the distinction of being abused in Rhoda Broughton’s last novel, on account of which he obliged her to omit several pages from
the first edition,<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a> has been craftily defied by Christy’s Minstrels. One of their number sang - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little n[-words] drinking sherry wine,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One drank -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[Here another held up a placard with the single word “Gilby’s” on it, and the singer went on)</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">then there were nine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm28" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gilby was furious, but his lawyers told him he could do nothing, for neither of the minstrels had uttered a complete libel.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Boston Evening Transcript</span></em><span class="tm8">, January 1, 1877, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several months after the debut of the song in 1868, an even more macabre version of the song (if that’s possible) was sung in a Christmas pantomime of </span><em><span class="tm11">Robinson Crusoe</span></em><span class="tm8">, first performed at the Covent Garden Theatre, December 26, 1868. The song detailed the various ways the King of the Cannibals ate nine of ten little children -
the last one was “but skin and bone,” so they kept him and fed him, “until he’s fatter grown.”<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten little n[-words], looking bery fine,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De king he gobbled one of ‘em, den dere was nine,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nine little n[-words] - dreadful was their fate,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De king he eat another one, den dere was eight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Eight little blackymoors couldn’t spell eleven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De King make one a sandwich, den dere was seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Seven little blackymoors studied poli-tics,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De King thought one looked berry nice, and soon dere was six.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Six little n[-words] looking all alive,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One looked so berry plump dat soon dere was five.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Five little pickaninnies looking berry raw,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De King cooked one to cure him, den dere was four.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Four little ne-ger-roes hunting for a flea,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One ob em cotched it, den dere was three.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Three little innocents playing with de flue,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One flew down him monarch throat, den dere was two.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two little n[-word]sizzies, thought they’d cut and run,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Berry soon I caught ‘em up - den dere was one.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One little n[-word], he was nought but skin and bone,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">So we’re keeping him and feeding him, until he’s fatter grown.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Act 1, Scene 8, Henry J. Byron, </span><em><span class="tm11">Robinson Crusoe; or, Friday and the Fairies!</span></em><span class="tm8">, London, J. Miles and Co., 1869.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The music of the several airs and melodies in the pantomime published by Messrs. Hopwood & Crew,” the same publishers who published Frank Green’s version. The chorus
between the verses, however, were completely different. This version doesn’t seem to have ever caught on.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But Frank Green’s version did catch on, particularly in England, where it remained the dominant version of the song. His version was not unknown in the United States, but (based on
the frequency of results in online archives) the Indian version remained much more common in the United States; perhaps because the Gibson family version was introduced in the United States and known for decades before Frank
Green’s version was written and introduced in England. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The predominance of the Indian version in the United States may also have been the result of a a more widespread sensitivity and aversion to the use of the N-word. A comment in a review
of a children’s picture book sold in the United States in 1873 may illustrate the point. The book was based on Frank Green’s lyrics, yet the reviewer replaced the N-word with “black boys,” “so
as not to hurt anybody’s feelings.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I don’t know when I’ve laughed inwardly more than I did at a book that a dear little girl had in our meadow yesterday. The pictures are enough to split the sides of the soberest
Jack-in-the-Pulpit that ever lived; so funny, and so bright with color that, for a moment, it seemed to me as if the autumn landscape had suddenly turned into a great big illuminated joke. The book is English -I’d wager
my stalk on that; but it is republished by Mr. Scribner’s publishing house in New York. It is called “The Ten Little N[-words];” and I’ll tell you the thrilling story it illustrates, if you’ll
allow me to change one little word throughout the poem, so as not to hurt anybody’s feelings: </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGbWVi9q7-AiZ7llCXCZq2Vvoiq0ZAuCHQa_tlTXduBj8CoW_evDlPv_8nQAwFcpfNYZcjnt9i4i48vLbnqfmq99N3umgGZ4arz64VnMdGYzjJ0_1w1XVFHIrXawLMKkw9rw8exftuK-kyJJW8NcO363SV6MLNTIobpHqe4XZxIfetfJyKm9eiBbw/s1777/st%20nicholas%20poem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1777" data-original-width="1663" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGbWVi9q7-AiZ7llCXCZq2Vvoiq0ZAuCHQa_tlTXduBj8CoW_evDlPv_8nQAwFcpfNYZcjnt9i4i48vLbnqfmq99N3umgGZ4arz64VnMdGYzjJ0_1w1XVFHIrXawLMKkw9rw8exftuK-kyJJW8NcO363SV6MLNTIobpHqe4XZxIfetfJyKm9eiBbw/w374-h400/st%20nicholas%20poem.jpg" width="374" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm11">St. Nicholas</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 1, Number 2, December 1873, page 101.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Atlantic divide of the predominant ethnicity of the counted boys continued decades later, with the publication of an Agatha Christie crime novel. Its title was “Ten Little N[-words]”
when released in England in late-1939, but “And Then There Were None” when released in the United States in early 1940. A stage version of the book went under its original UK title in England in 1943, but opened
as “Ten Little Indians” on Broadway in 1944. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Ten characters in her book die off, one-by-one, in ways similar to those described in Frank Green’s song, with a couple differences; the one who “cried himself away” when
there were nine left was replaced by the one who “overslept himself” with eight left in the earlier version, and the one who overslept was replaced by one who stayed in Devon while eight were “traveling
in Devon,” leaving seven. I guess oversleeping and crying one’s self to death don’t make for a very suspenseful story. The other differences is with the final boy, who instead of getting married and raising
ten children, hangs himself - “and then there were none.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “traveling in Devon” verse was not original to Christie in 1939. It was in the children’s book published in 1873, as described in </span><em><span class="tm11">St. Nicholas</span></em><span class="tm8"> children’s magazine. It’s not clear who added that lyric or when, although the place of Devon suggests a British origin. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The </span><em><span class="tm11">St. Nicholas</span></em><span class="tm8"> reviewer said the book they saw as published by “Scribner’s.” McLoughlin Brothers also published
a similar, full color children’s book based on the song at about the same time. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">“The Ten Little N[-words].”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The above is the title of an exceedingly attractive little picture book for children, published by McLaughlin Bros., of New York. The story is told in rhyme, set to smile easy going music,
and the colored wood cuts are both humorously and carefully done. The “Rebus A B C” is another book of similar nature, published by the same firm.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm8">, April 4, 1874, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Books of the same title, but not specified as to whether McLoughlin’s or Scribner’s, appear in advertisements from Vermont to Iowa, and presumably other points in between and
beyond.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdcXtdJUBs_CGP5745fSS42ft8fBzTiY7aBz9dQHXOfoKk-snqMtXR59eK9NljGJY9LLFtU_pw_pUHDBVS8r7R01mjJkwICas1fU3w3z0kBBx1_xsXN9qzl0UGJS1__QzPsLX3CUw7nPf1xTJikvIEAw_XKXjW7NfmbSXBgU4WoB6cqtRDuIQdRMRy/s595/woodstock%20post%20-%20vermont%20feb%2027%201874%20page%204%20-%20ad%20for%20book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="595" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdcXtdJUBs_CGP5745fSS42ft8fBzTiY7aBz9dQHXOfoKk-snqMtXR59eK9NljGJY9LLFtU_pw_pUHDBVS8r7R01mjJkwICas1fU3w3z0kBBx1_xsXN9qzl0UGJS1__QzPsLX3CUw7nPf1xTJikvIEAw_XKXjW7NfmbSXBgU4WoB6cqtRDuIQdRMRy/w400-h165/woodstock%20post%20-%20vermont%20feb%2027%201874%20page%204%20-%20ad%20for%20book.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Woodstock Post</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Woodstock, Vermont), February 27, 1874, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4rvm7hidVN0sCUANeAObQ68WCDBxZo7CUYfi1AoHLvt7EgjLfBmPVDBBJt1XVxfn4N3c00icEyASWXu9P-5rvVFYdZJi5kmCkxUySFcsFGfo7L70oxSNtwrUmPpnaJy32z1EhhcPulZ2ej6EJVeb_lK2Y3d0vg_KiAcCmnCqZ4xXnut4Ch0LsnPjy/s822/muscatine%20journal%20dec%2016%201874%20p%204%20-%20ad%20for%20song.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="822" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4rvm7hidVN0sCUANeAObQ68WCDBxZo7CUYfi1AoHLvt7EgjLfBmPVDBBJt1XVxfn4N3c00icEyASWXu9P-5rvVFYdZJi5kmCkxUySFcsFGfo7L70oxSNtwrUmPpnaJy32z1EhhcPulZ2ej6EJVeb_lK2Y3d0vg_KiAcCmnCqZ4xXnut4Ch0LsnPjy/w400-h120/muscatine%20journal%20dec%2016%201874%20p%204%20-%20ad%20for%20song.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><em><span class="tm11">The Muscatine Journal</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Muscatine, Iowa), December 16, 1874, page 4.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju1k2XMYj498lA70IHrUo146eRU6RPYTaN6ZP-b9Qg3cz6mqIda7QaNkraYgiM6A_xCRsnBdWWD8hS4fO5nm4RyK7b2IngkNifzKD9w_qTxn_lg7dFNf3iCV_FIc2XoXRpqk5hzjdsPbXjEI7t35YYCbbnYxOk6bWba7FgBkEEbOMEKqZ6Uv38pTtI/s1614/reading%20times%20feb%2012%201875%20page%202%20book%20for%20sale%20xmas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1614" data-original-width="698" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju1k2XMYj498lA70IHrUo146eRU6RPYTaN6ZP-b9Qg3cz6mqIda7QaNkraYgiM6A_xCRsnBdWWD8hS4fO5nm4RyK7b2IngkNifzKD9w_qTxn_lg7dFNf3iCV_FIc2XoXRpqk5hzjdsPbXjEI7t35YYCbbnYxOk6bWba7FgBkEEbOMEKqZ6Uv38pTtI/w173-h400/reading%20times%20feb%2012%201875%20page%202%20book%20for%20sale%20xmas.jpg" width="173" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">Reading Times</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Reading, Pennsylvania), February 12, 1875, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I have not seen a copy of either the Scribner’s (1873) or the McLoughlin Brothers (1874) books, and am not sure whether Scribner’s actually published such a book, or the reviewer
misstated the publisher. There is, however, an undated color image bearing the McLoughlin Brothers name. The image is available in the Wikicommons, mislabeled (I believe) as a picture book written by Frank Green in 1869.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6Jt1tPLY77terD6b9BIm9L9yYGlkqHg1BPVI-3ly_AOKOgLd66kULrPm9uINIuTUHBWFgw28tutrXGDXNC_4Ylo95JWqeigBAnmhDYULsQDm0aX4cxYjWRlJQk6QYDvj3obO9XJmeucg7r7ygQqkI6i6j8KxZ9La37xO4hJKVAdtZRf9DZr-hd0k/s1190/McLoughlin%20-%20mislabeled%20Frank_Green_TLN_1869.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="993" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6Jt1tPLY77terD6b9BIm9L9yYGlkqHg1BPVI-3ly_AOKOgLd66kULrPm9uINIuTUHBWFgw28tutrXGDXNC_4Ylo95JWqeigBAnmhDYULsQDm0aX4cxYjWRlJQk6QYDvj3obO9XJmeucg7r7ygQqkI6i6j8KxZ9La37xO4hJKVAdtZRf9DZr-hd0k/s320/McLoughlin%20-%20mislabeled%20Frank_Green_TLN_1869.jpg" width="267" /></a></div><span class="tm8">Although the rest of the 1874 book is unavailable, there is a full copy of the same story published by McLoughlin Bros. twenty years later. The cover was different, so the rest of the artwork
may be new as well, but it may give some sense of what what the 1874 (or 1873) original may have looked like. The words are nearly identical to the ones paraphrased in the </span><em><span class="tm11">St. Nicholas</span></em><span class="tm8"> review of 1873. The major change was the switch from chancery court to a criminal court when counting from five to four; chancery courts are a thing in Britain, and
not the United States, so it may have been a change intended for an American audience. The book also included sheet music with Septimus Winner’s melody.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh68JwaoYQlWq6F_2vDqbB7PCczbXBXJglHKwic1SdyKJxmHIrKi-AjDN4aesZtf4qhvs6oZQTuw5GN1ZeS8fccqI0fiwrD1Zsx86ixMQaemMiYlfxXcgV-UWEpyKml7Qs0QY1ILL6MDKSvRDqnVMc5JRvsqPniio97ASzJg_QXDKXY-b1kze0Nrigg/s1272/front%20-%20back%20covers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1272" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh68JwaoYQlWq6F_2vDqbB7PCczbXBXJglHKwic1SdyKJxmHIrKi-AjDN4aesZtf4qhvs6oZQTuw5GN1ZeS8fccqI0fiwrD1Zsx86ixMQaemMiYlfxXcgV-UWEpyKml7Qs0QY1ILL6MDKSvRDqnVMc5JRvsqPniio97ASzJg_QXDKXY-b1kze0Nrigg/s320/front%20-%20back%20covers.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Front and Back Covers</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfALgrpmvSDVCy61ujE-sLCUHZ-khxIR0jXnJKnVecIThHYL-_NmSG_-Xzx3Rk93gjOKMJ-d99a7U4bpxAwrnkMCOsyt2EUIxV9YDrQzMsVJo8GMczyV2rIeDaFNiPJ3YOG4VMJZSwrKUrjSg9I8wS-Y_Q1ddLITQ3KX04EEYfSgDRXltUS6_0rN-/s788/ten.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfALgrpmvSDVCy61ujE-sLCUHZ-khxIR0jXnJKnVecIThHYL-_NmSG_-Xzx3Rk93gjOKMJ-d99a7U4bpxAwrnkMCOsyt2EUIxV9YDrQzMsVJo8GMczyV2rIeDaFNiPJ3YOG4VMJZSwrKUrjSg9I8wS-Y_Q1ddLITQ3KX04EEYfSgDRXltUS6_0rN-/s320/ten.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“One choked his little self”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZt7L0ttVRw7s0LC0f671kOiFpP95EzWIV7CSmVh7DCuUHNyjRxsVQCsUZ5Te5X1lXHA50nVkOjyTzqge6mssLkvvQs0HM2G84BfNeKh2M7Tvkg0ANM1_Y4-msI4QN_ngXFg8myxIS66lnuKkugs2W2CisaopvYQe8P4oq2zPJxPObHCI011tsfWjA/s1159/nine%20eight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="754" data-original-width="1159" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZt7L0ttVRw7s0LC0f671kOiFpP95EzWIV7CSmVh7DCuUHNyjRxsVQCsUZ5Te5X1lXHA50nVkOjyTzqge6mssLkvvQs0HM2G84BfNeKh2M7Tvkg0ANM1_Y4-msI4QN_ngXFg8myxIS66lnuKkugs2W2CisaopvYQe8P4oq2zPJxPObHCI011tsfWjA/s320/nine%20eight.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“ One overslept himself” and “One got left [in Devon]”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzJAM2mKh0fgB_uVpu6_qEH5GCKUp0MHyctz4Db2PjSho2KwxoKsywvU3oHw3MwFZG08pf6l7sAAyq-4J56AI7k-WEVZmSSz3hYHJYVkKfAKyugLTU9GJWMd75HB6RTF8-IUAIiiR18ifyB-LHrQZUmgSiDZApZ87nZNXDHZzPJoDmzh_W-r_3s7cK/s1166/seven%20six.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1166" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzJAM2mKh0fgB_uVpu6_qEH5GCKUp0MHyctz4Db2PjSho2KwxoKsywvU3oHw3MwFZG08pf6l7sAAyq-4J56AI7k-WEVZmSSz3hYHJYVkKfAKyugLTU9GJWMd75HB6RTF8-IUAIiiR18ifyB-LHrQZUmgSiDZApZ87nZNXDHZzPJoDmzh_W-r_3s7cK/s320/seven%20six.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“One chopped himself in halves” and “A Bumble-Bee stung one”</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiB2R2nPbjz7B8Bco9FyZopbjf81_B28FQdXyZPtY31PlzUrRmZgc77TVL1OIz14BSyWpUsWXPj6W18re8JfWmY7WjJjD5x29QI0OV-VLA7lwSFx1IeW7ksICJPo7Mpc7fw2Kg9lBRhTBdQIbY5ByP1tJECOSG8tgzYsFK6xTp5uLwqTfCzheuEwQG/s1183/five%20four.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1183" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiB2R2nPbjz7B8Bco9FyZopbjf81_B28FQdXyZPtY31PlzUrRmZgc77TVL1OIz14BSyWpUsWXPj6W18re8JfWmY7WjJjD5x29QI0OV-VLA7lwSFx1IeW7ksICJPo7Mpc7fw2Kg9lBRhTBdQIbY5ByP1tJECOSG8tgzYsFK6xTp5uLwqTfCzheuEwQG/s320/five%20four.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“One got in prison” and “A Red Herring swallowed one”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmsKrFSnxXykGuEXSAT2z3Bnpajso9glw5WjpdMDFotB3Sa_Cl7uBVA87daxFnhrzK_qTqeSYqd3g_m89t5n8wpR3xuKC0e4m3yCS7CBJomgj1QjtSjlYHvm0sUYW7DNALNC8bPGSBRlHPlxm4ZPn5h9QFRJyYaGXg0DqhhRF4yn9jNE_fwf8cQUl/s1177/three%20two.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1177" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOmsKrFSnxXykGuEXSAT2z3Bnpajso9glw5WjpdMDFotB3Sa_Cl7uBVA87daxFnhrzK_qTqeSYqd3g_m89t5n8wpR3xuKC0e4m3yCS7CBJomgj1QjtSjlYHvm0sUYW7DNALNC8bPGSBRlHPlxm4ZPn5h9QFRJyYaGXg0DqhhRF4yn9jNE_fwf8cQUl/s320/three%20two.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> “The big Bear hugged one” and “One got frizzled up” in the sun.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1BgTiPprU4vEuCApLzpBGy3SlOMXvPqYucXjYDuDPfnTPR4TlQYBsdx6mm0tH4882iJl5ePXq3Rv-hkDJl85lkmijJeXD3tvCo0KX92DXOHd03s6yEGIia6i4c8mKE3syZzqMcSup25KP1gUHR2n4M7Uke2dE4Q1N3_OGGtqR2zO9qkLfB2wPQTx/s1234/one%20none.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1234" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1BgTiPprU4vEuCApLzpBGy3SlOMXvPqYucXjYDuDPfnTPR4TlQYBsdx6mm0tH4882iJl5ePXq3Rv-hkDJl85lkmijJeXD3tvCo0KX92DXOHd03s6yEGIia6i4c8mKE3syZzqMcSup25KP1gUHR2n4M7Uke2dE4Q1N3_OGGtqR2zO9qkLfB2wPQTx/s320/one%20none.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One “got married, and then there were none.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCtkwth0JfY8W5neC01e4XFOTiO0KCdeVY6MJQyLCTw1h5EI1dLphb5eX8JIi9Vi7leq6VPULPcTd9a5D-fbishjMqKjT0TrBSesGmhtrX---F4gfJbLKU2eoqR731wnCDunV3AAy4x4D-j8-4Wa_CX9_7i35ptzkmo_-CGfL3-eEMcBLWM3cxgOR/s784/epilogue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="595" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCtkwth0JfY8W5neC01e4XFOTiO0KCdeVY6MJQyLCTw1h5EI1dLphb5eX8JIi9Vi7leq6VPULPcTd9a5D-fbishjMqKjT0TrBSesGmhtrX---F4gfJbLKU2eoqR731wnCDunV3AAy4x4D-j8-4Wa_CX9_7i35ptzkmo_-CGfL3-eEMcBLWM3cxgOR/s320/epilogue.jpg" width="243" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One “Lived many years a happy little life.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Summary</span></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The simple, counting-rhyme “Ten Little Indians” learned by most young American children is nearly identical to a song published and sung in the United States by the Gibson Family
Troupe of singers in 1849, under the title, “Old John Brown.” It appears to have been an elaboration on an earlier, traditional English nursery rhyme, “Tom Brown’s Two Little Indians.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Septimus Winner wrote and published a now-problematic, similar song, in the United States in 1864, which he published in early-1868, as “Ten Little Injuns.” His song has ten
verses, in which nine of ten “Injun boys” disappear or die off, one-by-one. And his chorus is not the same song as written by the Gibsons and still sung today. Winner’s chorus has a different melody and
the words count from one to five and six to ten, instead of one to three, four to six, seven to nine, and ending at ten.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Frank Green adapted Winner’s music to new lyrics in England in the second half of 1868. His new lyrics were about “Ten Little N[-word] Boys,” and introduced nine new methods
of disappearance or death. Greens version was later published in the United States and adapted into children’s picture books.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Both Green’s and Winner’s verses appear to have been based on a song published a decade earlier, “Ten Little Blackbirds,” in which ten blackbirds disappear in a variety
of ways. Between the two of them, Green’s and Winner’s lyrics share no fewer than six rhyming word-pairs with the earlier, blackbirds song. “Ten Little Blackbirds” may have been influenced by earlier
nursery rhymes about “two little blackbirds sitting on a hill” and/or “two birds sitting on a stone.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Interestingly, this brief, early ancestor of Winner’s and Green’s problematic versions of the song includes (essentially) the final line of those songs; the line used as the
title of the American release of mystery novel Christie wrote based on Green’s lyrics, and of the US release of Rene Clair’s 1945 film adaptation of the book.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><i>And Then There Were None</i>. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNSKCPpmmEjlItLK0FFzpjQNCZCJ5KD8w_-h7qZxC_U7E6nerrqInGhC-3SXfp3Zu_ihWISyULVsVnY6flcRuNER8Naw-TQEy9C-mIy_FraR-qFgqNm5bQh-XsLu4P0Z_VkF7Qq_2xTcqp5uOu2yprF2ZIea6l6_bcAzo0kn_3Z7_rwtn3emMsNlFV/s1404/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="1404" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNSKCPpmmEjlItLK0FFzpjQNCZCJ5KD8w_-h7qZxC_U7E6nerrqInGhC-3SXfp3Zu_ihWISyULVsVnY6flcRuNER8Naw-TQEy9C-mIy_FraR-qFgqNm5bQh-XsLu4P0Z_VkF7Qq_2xTcqp5uOu2yprF2ZIea6l6_bcAzo0kn_3Z7_rwtn3emMsNlFV/w400-h70/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Monthly Mirror</span></em><span class="tm8"> (London), Volume 2, August 1796, page 250.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgak94iedS2qr_jA-O_HK1ivJD5mXMDe1eMXFfOBwiiNZRGCF_PYGl4lIb3Wat1UyuhURaKBu0KU4t0HfZpXt4OZQrTQNvws3K2POnzw0vZysQLHf9QKeUsEgoeoq6b9cE0xf-QZXjDxbZtKuYiXOge-jtVLW-lwU0cIsRwmkTQFw-LbyHl1K5JPW2H/s1636/1905%20zehn%20kleine%20negerlein%201%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="1636" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgak94iedS2qr_jA-O_HK1ivJD5mXMDe1eMXFfOBwiiNZRGCF_PYGl4lIb3Wat1UyuhURaKBu0KU4t0HfZpXt4OZQrTQNvws3K2POnzw0vZysQLHf9QKeUsEgoeoq6b9cE0xf-QZXjDxbZtKuYiXOge-jtVLW-lwU0cIsRwmkTQFw-LbyHl1K5JPW2H/w400-h183/1905%20zehn%20kleine%20negerlein%201%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPLAD8i8Fqq0KxEjveECAc46dWGoUmPOWBVbMzmJ7uEqCIK7_wyD7lQPt6ap9tyCTgbLii822bTAat-rEHbeIMoaLAaQULGTXCiVNcAIps6XjnV-zRkW9Cbe5TfB18cAuW_s7xoobGjK_32GwVOuWcWN23gBewrwWhbeqMZJ4VsIS1FL4yHkJRs-B/s1587/1905%20zehn%20kleine%20negerlein%202%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1587" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPLAD8i8Fqq0KxEjveECAc46dWGoUmPOWBVbMzmJ7uEqCIK7_wyD7lQPt6ap9tyCTgbLii822bTAat-rEHbeIMoaLAaQULGTXCiVNcAIps6XjnV-zRkW9Cbe5TfB18cAuW_s7xoobGjK_32GwVOuWcWN23gBewrwWhbeqMZJ4VsIS1FL4yHkJRs-B/w400-h294/1905%20zehn%20kleine%20negerlein%202%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Kinderlieder aus Sachsen</i>, Leipzig, G. Schoenfeld, 1905, page 10.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
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<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><hr style="text-align: left;" />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <u><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015096611119&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015096611119&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <u><a href="http://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/holmes-william-1779-1851">http://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/holmes-william-1779-1851</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <u><a href="http://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/dawson-george-1790-1856">http://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/dawson-george-1790-1856</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <u><a href="https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/13371?show=full">https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/13371?show=full</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> For more background on this rhyme, see my earlier post, <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/birds-bottles-and-flies-early-history.html">Birds, Bottles and Flies - the Early History of “Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,”</a></u> <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/birds-bottles-and-flies-early-history.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/birds-bottles-and-flies-early-history.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm25">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></em>, April 2, 1894, page 36 (a letter by Sep Winner, from a collection of letters
solicited by a neophyte songwriter from experienced songwriters, requesting information on the origin of popular songs)..</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> The March 1868 date of earliest performance is consistent with the twenty-eight-year copyright renewal date for the song in the
United States, notice of which was published in April 1896. Musical Record, Number 411, April 1896, page 18 (“The following-named musical works have been re-entered for copyright before the expiration of their first
term of twenty-eight years, and Certificates of such re-entries have been given by A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress. . . . Ten Little Injuns, Song and Chorus, By Sep. Winner . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> The play, <em><span class="tm25">Under the Gaslight</span></em>, is also historically significant as the play that introduced
the trope of a protagonist-in-distress being tied to a railroad track and rescued by an heroic protagonist. Interestingly, in the original and many of the early copycat scenes, the hero was a heroine and the person in distress
a man. See my earlier post, <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2021/04/snorkeys-red-caps-and-railroad-tracks.html">Snorkeys, Red Caps and Railroad Tracks - a Melodramatic History of Amputee Baseball and the Tied-to-the-tracks
Trope</a></u>. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2021/04/snorkeys-red-caps-and-railroad-tracks.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2021/04/snorkeys-red-caps-and-railroad-tracks.html</a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <em><span class="tm25">Rutland Daily Herald</span></em> (Rutland, Vermont), March 27, 1868, page 3. </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <em><span class="tm25">Fall River Daily Evening News</span></em> (Fall River, Massachusetts), June 8, 1868, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> Charles Eugene Claghorn, <em><span class="tm25">The Mocking Bird, The Life and Diary of Its Author, Sep. Winner</span></em>, Philadelphia, The Magee Press, 1937, pages 61-35 (“A list, though incomplete, of the songs by Mr. Winner, together with the names
he used in publishing them . . . follows: . . . .”); <em><span class="tm25">The Philadelphia Times</span></em>, May 16, 1899, page 6 (“’The Mocking Bird’ and ‘What is Home Without a Mother’
were written under the nom de plume of Alice Hawthorne . . . . He also had as noms de plume, ‘Marion Florence,’ ‘Percy Guyer,’ ‘Leone Dore’ and ‘Apsley Street’ . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015096611119&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015096611119&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> T<em><span class="tm25">he Musical Record</span></em>, Number 425, June 1897, page 33 (“The following-named musical works
have been re-entered for copyright before the expiration of their first term of twenty-eight years, and Certificates of such re-entries have been given by A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress. . . . Ten Little N[-words].
Words by Frank Green. Music by S. Winner. . . . Oliver Ditson Company.”).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> The Singer’s Journals are undated, although the catalogue record on HathiTrust online archive dates the sixty issues, numbered
1-60 as dating from 1868 through 1882. An annotation on the cover of the first four issues suggest it is “fortnightly” or once every two weeks. Numbers 5-17 do not state a frequency. Issues 18 through 21 state
weekly. Thereafter, “fortnightly” again. If, as argued above, Number 1 was published in about November or December 1868, Number 20 would have been published about nine or ten months later, or about August-October
1869.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> Compare, “I think he is quite capable of poisoning us with Gilbey’s champagne and grocers’ sherry” (Rhoda Broughton,
<em><span class="tm25">Joan</span></em>, Volume III, London, Richard Bentley and Son, 1876, page 225), with, “I think he is quite capable of poisoning us with bad champagne and acid sherry” ((Rhoda Broughton, <em><span class="tm25">Joan</span></em>, London, Richard Bentley and Son, 1877, page 386).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <em><span class="tm25">Robinson Crusoe</span></em> pantomimes and other “King of the Cannibal Island” pantomimes, plays
and musical comedies were standard fare in British theaters during the Christmas season during the 1800s. The song was sung by a character named Hokypokywankyfum, a stock character those types of shows. The name of the character
was derived from the original “King of the Cannibal Island” lyrics in the 1820s, which may be the origin of the expression “Hokey Pokey.” The expression may have been influenced by the name of a Hawaiian
diplomat and Governor of Oahu, Poki, who accompanied King Kamehameha II during his trip to London a few years before the song became popular. See my earlier post, “Hokey Pokey” and Madame Boki - Hawaiian Royalty
and the History and Origin of “Hokey Pokey,” (<u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html</a></u>).
</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Green_TLN_1869.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Green_TLN_1869.jpg</a></u>
</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-27722523622072011972022-11-09T15:34:00.001-08:002022-11-09T16:03:32.072-08:00Gladstone and Taxes: "Death Tax" or "Estate Tax" - which one is the euphemism?<span class="tm8">According to Merriam-Webster online, an “estate tax” is “a tax . . . on a property owner’s right to transfer the property to others after his or her death.”
And a “death tax” is “a tax arising on the transmission of property after the owner’s death; especially: estate tax.” Sounds like the same thing, right? But many people prefer one word over
the other for rhetorical purposes.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Supporters of the taxes use “estate tax,” while opponents prefer “death tax.” Supporters criticize the opponents’ choice of word as a cynical ploy, to use
an emotionally laden, negative term to unfairly cast a bad light on a good tax; a “dysphemism” - the “substitution of a disagreeable, offensive, or disparaging expression for an agreeable or inoffensive
one.”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a> But that characterization depends on the assumption that “death tax” is a “substitution” of something with the pre-existing,
agreeable name, “estate tax.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Recent commentary on the issue generally assumes that is the case. Some credit (blame) the Republican pollster, Frank Luntz, with coining the expression during the 2000 Presidential campaign
in the United States.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> Others trace the expression to 1996 and a man named Jack Faris, then the head of the national Federation of Independent Business; “the
Newt Gingrich-led Republican caucus caught wind of the evocative term and ran with it.”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But “death tax” is much older. It even pre-dates “estate tax.” When viewed in historical context, perhaps “estate tax” is a “euphemism”
(“the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant”) for “death tax” and not the other way around. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSFBGgD-58sAFc4rjtMVwuv9eMh444t63lmFxn6BkuSKgX3Whv6IIvF7xtdNIj6JEJAECVZEfUTBUYw1uNFbFZPAs_aAvIoWK9n0AxbuaSxHTLGDUK9hLQZDOKJYi7oHv_KXLrZsFZC6KlDrQEoihboyDvPsQPduboZ7vXpjx9tRAPdvU2zUlmAAR/s2648/westminster%20budget%20london%20may%2025%201894%20page%2015%20-%20death%20duty.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2472" data-original-width="2648" height="598" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSFBGgD-58sAFc4rjtMVwuv9eMh444t63lmFxn6BkuSKgX3Whv6IIvF7xtdNIj6JEJAECVZEfUTBUYw1uNFbFZPAs_aAvIoWK9n0AxbuaSxHTLGDUK9hLQZDOKJYi7oHv_KXLrZsFZC6KlDrQEoihboyDvPsQPduboZ7vXpjx9tRAPdvU2zUlmAAR/w640-h598/westminster%20budget%20london%20may%2025%201894%20page%2015%20-%20death%20duty.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Sign: “Ruined by the New Death Duties on succeeding to a large estate of 100,000 acres.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“What d’you think of that, Bill?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Why - ‘e dunno where ‘e are!”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Westminster Budget</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), May 25, 1894.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">William Ewart Gladstone, then the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the United Kingdom, may have coined the expression “death duties” in 1863. He used it as an umbrella term for
a group of various duties or taxes assessed after death. Speaking in the House of Commons during debate on a proposed tax on charities, Gladstone reeled off statistics on the relative contributions of various kinds of taxes
to the treasury. </span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The next is that cluster of duties which, for convenience, may be called death duties - succession, probate, and legacy duties. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), May 5, 1863, page 8; </span><i><span class="tm11">The Standard</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), May 5, 1863, page 2; </span><i><span class="tm11">Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), May 5, 1863, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Two decades later, a member of the House of Commons named Mr. Dodds said that it was Gladstone who had “very fittingly called” such duties the “Death Duties.”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a>
An essay on the adoption of a Federal inheritance tax in the United States also credited Gladstone with coining the expression. The piece, published in Harper’s Weekly in 1894, provides a good summary of the various
taxes or duties encompassed by the expression.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">What is generally meant by an “Inheritance Tax” is a tax on the transfer of the title to any property - real, personal, or mixed - either by the owner’s last will and testament,
or by the laws of descent. Mr. Gladstone put the grim name of “death duties” on the intricate system, embracing five distinct but analogous taxes, then in operation in England. One is “Probate” tax,
which is really a stamp tax on the affidavit, or inventory, required before the issue of letters of administration on the estate of a deceased person. Another is the “Account” tax, to re-enforce the former, and
to prevent the evasion of it by gifts during the life unless made a year before death. A third is a “Legacy” tax, payable out of personalty coming to a legatee, or heir. The fourth is a “Succession”
tax, imposed by Mr. Gladstone in 1853, and applicable to land as the “Legacy” tax is to personalty. The fifth is an “Estate” tax, invented by Mr. Goschen in 1889, and increasing the progressive character
of all death taxes. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“A Federal Inheritance Tax,” Sidney Webster, Harper’s Weekly, Volume 38, Number 1933, January 6, 1894, page .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Gladstone’s use in 1863 is the earliest example of the expression I could find in print, suggesting that the attribution to him may be correct. The expression remained in regular
use in public debate in the United Kingdom thereafter.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The whole amount of death duties on personalty, legacy, and probate in England in 1872 was £3,800,000, while realty bore a duty of £600,000, together with rates to the amount of
more than £18,000,000.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">Berrow’s Worcester Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Worcester, England), January 24, 1874, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">When the “estate duty” was introduced in 1889, it was considered just one more among several “death duties.” Without a deeper dive into Victorian-era finance law,
it is not clear how the “new estate duty” differed from the others. Nor was it clear to all members of Parliament at the time. Some of the debate revolved around whether this “new” duty was actually
new, or just a revision to one or the other of the old “death duties.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Chancellor of the Exchequer said the intention of the Government was, in cases where there was absolute power of disposal, for the purpose of the new estate duty, the value should be taken
according to the capital value of the succession, and not according to the life interest, as in the succession duty.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Attorney General explained that the phrase “value of the succession,” meant the capital value of the personalty or realty, whether the interest was for life or absolutely.
As to the probate and legacy duties, they were not four taxes, but two, which were so divided as to cover different classes of property. The estate duty was levied equally upon settled personalty and realty.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Sir H. Davey congratulated the Chancellor of the Exchequer on having had the honour of introducing a measure which laid down principles which he had always advocated - namely, those of graduated
taxation, and that real property should bear the death duties in exactly the same way as personal property. To all intents and purposes, however, the estate duty was a succession duty; and if that were so, he asked why a
distinction was to be made between the way in which this succession duty was levied, and the way in which the succession duty was levied under the Act of 1853.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mr. H. H. Fowler did not agree with the Attorney General, that the estate duty was to be levied in every sense on the value of the succession.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Standard</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), May 3, 1889, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A few years later, there was an effort to consolidate the several “death duties” under a new duty to be called the “estate duty.” But even revised and re-branded,
it was still considered a “death duty.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The death duties have grown up piece-meal, and bear traces of their fragmentary origin. They have never been established on any general principle, and they present extraordinary specimens
of tessellated legislation. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The proposal of the Government, therefore, is this. We propose to clear the ground by abolishing or merging the present probate, account, and estate duties and the addition made by Mr. Goschen
in the succession duties, and to start afresh. We constitute in their place a single duty of the “A” class of which probate is the type and which we propose to call the estate duty. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">We make no difference in the legacy and succession duties, except charging interest on the installments. The new estates duty will take the place of the present probate account and estates
duties and of the additional half and one and a half of succession duty. The portion which will remain of the succession duty, though much diminished by having been absorbed to a great degree in the estate duty, will be to
some extent augmented by the proposal to charge the duty on capital value, and to charge the interest on payments by installments. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The allowances will constitute an immediate relief to real property in land and houses, and it will be enjoyed before any increased burdens in the death duties are suffered. The allowance
will be a boon to the living owners; the increased burden on the death duties will be a tax on the successor.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm11">Aberdeen Journal, and General Advertiser for the North of Scotland</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Aberdeen, Scotland), April 17, 1894, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Gladstone was a liberal politician and generally favored the imposition of “death taxes.” He and others in favor of such taxes, or in favor of reforms to make them more effective,
used the expression without judgment and without any apparent sense that “death duties” gave off any sort of negative vibe. There appears to have been a general sense that it was merely descriptive, of duties
imposed after death.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">American papers reporting on financial reforms in the United Kingdom translated “death duty” into American-English, as “death tax.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A number of Conservative members of the House of Commons . . . have endeavored to impress upon the mind of Mr. Goschen the extent of the hardship imposed upon the landed classes by the proposal
of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to increase the death tax on properties valued at over £10,000.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Tennessean</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Nashville, Tennessee), May 12, 1889, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">An “American Citizen” writes in a distracted manner from England about the fell consequences of the late death tax law passed by the British parliament. He says that it applies
not only to citizens, but to strangers who may casually die while visiting England or an English colony. No matter, he says, whether the decedent has any investments in England or the colony or not, “one-tenth of all
that he has will be taken from his heirs.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Nebraska State Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Lincoln, Nebraska), July 7, 1894, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An early application of the expression to taxes imposed in the United States appeared in print in 1893. Such taxes had apparently been imposed in a number of states for decades, generally
referred to as “inheritance taxes.” But inheritance taxes were only imposed on heirs who were not children; the estate passing to the children was generally untouched. What was new in the 1890s was a tax on certain
large estates - an “estate tax” or “death tax” that was imposed on the estate before it passed to the children. <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="tm15">Bill Arp’s Chat.</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">It is an old saying that “there is nothing certain in the world but death and taxes,” but I didn’t know that both of these afflictions came together. They don’t in
Georgia and one of the comforts of dying is to get rid of taxes but it seems that in some of the states and in many foreign countries, the biggest tax of all is the death tax.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Many of the states have had an inheritance tax for fifty years but it didn’t apply to children It affected collateral kindred only - legacies had to pay it, and all heirs who were not
children of the deceased. But of late years this death duty - this penalty for dying, has taken hold of all estates worth over $10,000 and the government takes the first slice. This law is only two years old in New York,
Massachusetts and Maryland, so far as children are concerned, and it has not been heavy on collateral heirs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Atlanta Constitution</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 19, 1893, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Bill Arp was not the first person to use the expression. It appeared in print a few years earlier, in debates about the best method of taxing the concentration inherited wealth. One proposal
is identical to the new “death taxes” on large estates described in Bill Arp’s essay a few years later. <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Hammel, of Milwaukee, a member of the assembly, is of the opinion that concentration of wealth by inheritance should be prevented by law. He goes about it in the most direct way - that
is, by escheating to the state all bequests to persons above half a million dollars in value. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Hammel’s method is rather clumsy and not to be compared to the method of taxation which has been urged by some economists - merely to impose a death tax of ten percent upon all estates
above a moderate value.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm11">The Journal Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Racine, Wisconsin), February 12, 1887, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">So, when “estate taxes” were adopted in a number of states beginning around 1890, they were considered something different from the “inheritance taxes” that had in
place before. But they were both encompassed by the term “death taxes,” in the same way various British duties been collectively referred to as “death duties.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The expression “death taxes” remained in use in the United States to refer to various such taxes for many decades, without much comment or criticism of it as a ploy or dysphemistic,
rhetorical device.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><span class="tm8"> </span><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPGcRUwrDPHzCxJQvS9iZzvBOKA8NbljjVOvEvxUakAzKtgs015cCIbude-YL3635A4nNz2nPmuilAdIUpKvINm0R32R32nn9W73FLdFtrDoLDc0g7ie3uYhmoQlE4-CLD6FSbXWe7uR1QYqNVH3PcHgyhQNR4HlKgWp-qyfM8xZ5xV1W3XitWorFH/s817/washington%20post%20dec%2014%201906%20page%201%20death%20tax.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="627" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPGcRUwrDPHzCxJQvS9iZzvBOKA8NbljjVOvEvxUakAzKtgs015cCIbude-YL3635A4nNz2nPmuilAdIUpKvINm0R32R32nn9W73FLdFtrDoLDc0g7ie3uYhmoQlE4-CLD6FSbXWe7uR1QYqNVH3PcHgyhQNR4HlKgWp-qyfM8xZ5xV1W3XitWorFH/s320/washington%20post%20dec%2014%201906%20page%201%20death%20tax.jpg" width="246" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">Washington Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 14, 1906, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdhfxriTfMB7mctzYhwUTcDlFlKJ_9SUWW-e5oLZuVdRnp9tQgHf1CKH57o92uJ3fLycl-oD16pPZ0RMn8w6NRX7_cwjVx7ivfUjm_KsEefypmL0Pb8Xcmxa-6lZPEPo9uKCeo_Og5kiCWHmJCs8SCTbiOP7lYAAvz_LuqP2AjKvTQTbSKw7FPkf8/s1183/fort%20worth%20record%20and%20register%20december%201%201906%20page%202%20death%20tax%20roosevelt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1183" data-original-width="710" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdhfxriTfMB7mctzYhwUTcDlFlKJ_9SUWW-e5oLZuVdRnp9tQgHf1CKH57o92uJ3fLycl-oD16pPZ0RMn8w6NRX7_cwjVx7ivfUjm_KsEefypmL0Pb8Xcmxa-6lZPEPo9uKCeo_Og5kiCWHmJCs8SCTbiOP7lYAAvz_LuqP2AjKvTQTbSKw7FPkf8/s320/fort%20worth%20record%20and%20register%20december%201%201906%20page%202%20death%20tax%20roosevelt.jpg" width="192" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">Fort Worth Record and Register</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 1, 1906, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDoDR_B58OOD2ea6htsfoHZS-ewHGEwAWX3mgArnGXjF2K2rgHw7i6sXHJlUR8HxUKPWRFvk7T9w79oxWiSX9cD30uKDiKY3YSNNgehgviP5AbGyRBjEH0U_3dib0AkPrV64CFU2SoN6Kif1vqCr9XNwsG1-0sMGkFlUP62Qi1dfu9j0VoUy8qKCZ/s1145/pittsburgh%20sun-telegraph%20aug%2012%201935%20page%206%20-%20death%20taxes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="1145" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDoDR_B58OOD2ea6htsfoHZS-ewHGEwAWX3mgArnGXjF2K2rgHw7i6sXHJlUR8HxUKPWRFvk7T9w79oxWiSX9cD30uKDiKY3YSNNgehgviP5AbGyRBjEH0U_3dib0AkPrV64CFU2SoN6Kif1vqCr9XNwsG1-0sMGkFlUP62Qi1dfu9j0VoUy8qKCZ/w400-h143/pittsburgh%20sun-telegraph%20aug%2012%201935%20page%206%20-%20death%20taxes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 12, 1935, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTl4Xpb8_EtS4QwYIKCefcuHFmTkWwiu71ib_Kqb3sc-oQiHVa_ZMEvGxJEzQwtjrfIYiczttPhfEpZI-zv16SKB-ejxVvI6spUOoKqMYDmOWnQYmvJoxRTo6qti2Jys108AGyu2-km8bO-vOdpiIIXucgoeZLSu3rFKzZUfB3z47dh9mB6hCb5_u/s1866/the%20miami%20herald%20feb%202%201949%20page%203-D.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="1866" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTl4Xpb8_EtS4QwYIKCefcuHFmTkWwiu71ib_Kqb3sc-oQiHVa_ZMEvGxJEzQwtjrfIYiczttPhfEpZI-zv16SKB-ejxVvI6spUOoKqMYDmOWnQYmvJoxRTo6qti2Jys108AGyu2-km8bO-vOdpiIIXucgoeZLSu3rFKzZUfB3z47dh9mB6hCb5_u/w400-h159/the%20miami%20herald%20feb%202%201949%20page%203-D.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Miami Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 2, 1949, page 3-D.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The new Revenue Act of 1950 makes it easier for stockholders of close corporations to finance the payment of death taxes. Under the old law, raising enough cash to pay death taxes often imposed
a ruinous income tax burden on the estates of large stockholders in close corporations.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 2, 1950, part 2, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1961, a bi-partisan commission on Intergovernmental Relations, chaired by Frank Bane and including members Wilbur Mills and Sam Ervin, used the expression, “death taxes” freely.
They were not staunch conservatives trying throw shade on the concept. Frank Bane had been the first executive director of the Social Security Board; Wilbur Mills is considered the architect of Medicare; Sam Ervin led the
Senate Watergate Committee. Their report, focusing on Federal and state coordination of “inheritance, estate, and gift taxation,” provides a summary on the history of “death taxes” in the United States.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The overlapping of State and national taxes on transfers of property at death, imposed either on the estate of the decedent or on the shares of his heirs, has been well-nigh universal for
over a generation. A death tax has been a permanent feature of the national tax system since 1916 and of practically ever State tax system almost that long. Indeed, some of the State inheritance taxes date from the past
century. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Coordination of State and Federal Inheritance, Estate, and Gift Taxes, a Commission Report of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, January 1961, </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Even into the 1990s, some people who favored “estate taxes” used “death tax” without judgment. For example, an opinion piece advocating the eliminating Iowa’s
“inheritance tax,” while retaining a separate “estate tax.” The author lumped both taxes under the collective term, “death taxes,” precisely as Gladstone had done a century and a half earlier.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Iowa estate tax is integrated with a provision under federal estate tax laws that allows a credit against federal estate taxes for state death taxes that are paid. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">With federal estate tax rates at that level, and with the existing credit for state death taxes that already is in place, many people believe that it is unfair for Iowa to levy an alternative
inheritance tax that imposes an even greater death-tax burden on many people with medium-size estates.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Iowa inheritance tax is out of step with the laws of a majority of other states. The majority integrate their tax laws with the federal estate tax and levy an amount exactly equal to
the credit for state death taxes allowed under federal law.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Iowa Legislature should adopt this same philosophy and repeal the alternative Iowa inheritance tax, leaving in place the Iowa estate tax law.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Repeal Iowa’s inheritance tax; The state still can levy the estate tax,” David W. Belin, </span><i><span class="tm11">The Des Moines Register</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 28, 1997, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But somewhere along the line, journalists began ignoring a century and a half of common tax policy parlance, describing “death tax” as merely a rhetorical device; a cynical ploy
to tug voters’ heartstrings by replacing the more upbeat “estate tax.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">There do seem to be actual, technical differences in meaning. “Death tax” is arguably a broader, more generic word, encompassing a variety of separate, postmortem assessments,
including “inheritance tax” and “estate tax,” state and federal. But those distinctions are generally ignored in practice. Was the attempt to paint the use of “death tax” as a cynical
ploy itself a cynical ploy, removing the word “death” to make it more palatable, even though death is a prerequisite for imposing the tax?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Whether yes or no, the following discussion about whether inheritance taxes are imposed on the dead, the estate or the living heirs illustrates how the difference between “death tax”
and “estate tax” is largely a difference without distinction. Their explanation may be technically true, but even the </span><i><span class="tm11">Wall Street Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> makes it sound like an Abbott and Costello bit.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">You will see, therefore, that A and B do not pay the inheritance tax. They inherit what is left after the death tax is paid. Of course, if there were no death tax they would inherit more,
but it cannot be said that any tax is “imposed” on them or for them. The duty is imposed on the executor of paying the estate tax out of the proceeds of the estate before the estate is divided, but not out of
anything that belongs to the beneficiaries. All that belongs to the beneficiaries is what is left to be divided.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm11">The Wall Street Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 30, 1920, page 2.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8"></span><hr /><p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphemism">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphemism</a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Death_tax">https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Death_tax</a></u> (“’Death tax’
is an emotive neologism coined by pollster Frank Luntz during the 2000 U.S. presidential elections to refer to inheritance or estate taxes.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> “Republicans say ‘death tax’ while Democrats say ‘estate tax’ - and there’s a fascinating reason
why,” mark Abadi, October 19, 2017, <u><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/death-tax-or-estate-tax-2017-10">https://www.businessinsider.com/death-tax-or-estate-tax-2017-10</a></u> .</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates</span></i>, Third Series, Volume 260, March - May 1881, April 4, 1881,
column 605 (“Mr. Dodds wished to express his thanks to the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the very kind and complimentary manner in which he had been pleased to refer to his (Mr. Dodds’)
action in respect to the Probate and Legacy Duties. . . . He only regretted that the right hon. Gentleman had not viewed, what he had very fittingly called the Death Duties, from the point they ought to be viewed - namely,
as duties attaching upon the capital left by the testator.”).</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-20056209475203130372022-11-08T13:20:00.004-08:002022-11-15T12:30:35.840-08:00Birds, Bottles and Flies - the Early History of "Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall""<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In a </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html"><span class="tm7">previous post</span></a></u><span class="tm7">, I surveyed the history of the American song, “Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,” and the British song, “Ten Green Bottles Hanging on the
Wall.” Both songs were apparently based on an earlier, American song, “Forty-Nine Blue Bottles Hanging on the Wall,” which sometimes started at “ninety-nine” and was sometimes about “green”
bottles. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The songs do not, on their face, explain the significance of “Blue Bottles” (or “green” bottles), or why or how bottles might be “hanging on the wall.”
And when I published the post, I had not found any other “smoking gun” explaining the significance.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Nevertheless, based on references to “blue bottles” from the time period in which the song first appeared in print, I speculated that the song may have originally referred to
either “blue-bottle” flies or blue (or green) glass, hand grenade fire extinguishers.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">See my earlier post, “</span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html"><span class="tm7">Blue Bottles, Green Bottles and Flies - a History of ‘Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,’</span></a></u><span class="tm7">” </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html"><span class="tm7">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html</span></a></u><span>.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7_37SXvUcTYp8-axMGn_514iT8TT6uotEWnFOqW6XoxJbFczeaekZsmBjD-I1rrVn2_zHxHI_fwIi0BeiVuTcT3x58l85b4GD7BXVSPz7ATz3sYrDmntAXiYLVKYECCTHbR9I9PMhJMUbc_klgDMy8DhWH4js2YPg9hkqC96cCZy5TKiWOHPR51W/s1397/blue%20bottle%20pic1833.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="1397" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7_37SXvUcTYp8-axMGn_514iT8TT6uotEWnFOqW6XoxJbFczeaekZsmBjD-I1rrVn2_zHxHI_fwIi0BeiVuTcT3x58l85b4GD7BXVSPz7ATz3sYrDmntAXiYLVKYECCTHbR9I9PMhJMUbc_klgDMy8DhWH4js2YPg9hkqC96cCZy5TKiWOHPR51W/w400-h169/blue%20bottle%20pic1833.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm7"> No. 41. BLUE BOTTLE</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Fly-Fisher’s Entomology</span></i><span class="tm7">, London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1836, Plate 18 and page 106.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Blue-bottle” flies are flying insects, similar to common house flies but slightly larger. Like most insects, the flies can hang on walls. During that period, there were even
references to playing a game of shooting blue-bottle flies off the wall.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxHmFpc8HOKsYaJuNHDkClMmSztPkp1TwUpJdBLiJX-jJ3jZNEO74RYgjK__h4ncwmePT7dzDE19eXWE3_sf1RF6GcpQkO4FhsoeC1lZva-6B0McrtiuVt4PeIePG618aJcLO9ghJ6soF1GJxiehlkwOdpdJMeaOps4VJ5VbTeXyarhiRDZ8E-BaeV/s1790/harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20chicago%201884%20blue%20bottle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1790" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxHmFpc8HOKsYaJuNHDkClMmSztPkp1TwUpJdBLiJX-jJ3jZNEO74RYgjK__h4ncwmePT7dzDE19eXWE3_sf1RF6GcpQkO4FhsoeC1lZva-6B0McrtiuVt4PeIePG618aJcLO9ghJ6soF1GJxiehlkwOdpdJMeaOps4VJ5VbTeXyarhiRDZ8E-BaeV/w400-h238/harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20chicago%201884%20blue%20bottle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Manual of the Panorama of the Battle of Shiloh, Michigan Avenue, between Madison and Monroe Streets</span></i><span class="tm7">, Chicago, A. T. Andreas, 1885.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Hand grenade” fire extinguishers were “blue,” “green” or “bluish green” bottles, filled with fire-suppressing chemicals, which were supposed
to extinguish the flames when thrown into a fire. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">They were frequently hung on walls, to be at the ready for use in an emergency, or where they might break in the heat, automatically releasing their chemicals into a fire.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiV_kjg7cdPhF98N5HUeWhntVkE8ovFNLTaWKwDzl2PZnSdtrKcdmfwBtimwQEt57ijNo4eZ6jY1NRvAlYUXerYs8DS0Ybwzt5kVJKnYVZeZZIPJeSgeiPQdVN6Yr9G9ejA83SYzdgSVl3AFONlm1xuTEKkgR0OXPhTakNluj1sswL4VwWHFLE7Ux4/s1151/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20ad%20pic%20use%20of%20grenade.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1151" data-original-width="1138" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiV_kjg7cdPhF98N5HUeWhntVkE8ovFNLTaWKwDzl2PZnSdtrKcdmfwBtimwQEt57ijNo4eZ6jY1NRvAlYUXerYs8DS0Ybwzt5kVJKnYVZeZZIPJeSgeiPQdVN6Yr9G9ejA83SYzdgSVl3AFONlm1xuTEKkgR0OXPhTakNluj1sswL4VwWHFLE7Ux4/w395-h400/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20ad%20pic%20use%20of%20grenade.jpg" width="395" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Graphic </span></i><span class="tm7">(London), December 12, 1885, page 26.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">I have since become aware of references suggesting that at least some people singing the song specifically believed they were singing about the fire extinguishers hanging on a wall. And
further digging uncovered a predecessor song, more obviously about blue-bottle flies. So both speculations were correct, depending on the time, place and version of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Blue-Bottle Fire Extinguishers</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Shortly after posting the piece, an alert reader, Garson O’Toole (the </span><u><a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/"><span class="tm7">“Quote Investigator”</span></a></u><span class="tm7"> (</span><u><a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/"><span class="tm7">quoteinvestigator.com</span></a></u><span class="tm7">) and author of “</span><u><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hemingway-Didnt-Say-That-Quotations-ebook/dp/B01K4TXVWA"><span class="tm7">Hemingway Didn’t Say That: The Truth Behind Familiar Quotations</span></a></u><span class="tm7">) unearthed a citation from 1924, referring back to an incident in 1903, suggesting that at least some people at the time believed they were singing about blue-bottle hand grenades.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="tm7">In July, 1903, I attended the Ohio State Association Convention, held at Toledo [Ohio].</span></p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">. . . The Toledo Convention began with the Blue Bottle song, which lasted for several years and was never concluded. It started on an evening trolley ride with “Ninety-nine blue bottles
hanging on the wall . . . . They were the fire extinguisher bottles so commonly used in those days. . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“The Glazing Globe,” </span><i><span class="tm10">The Painters’ Magazine and Paint and Wall Paper Dealer</span></i><span class="tm7">, November 1924, page 39. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">This is the single reference I have found making an explicit connection between blue bottle hand grenades and the song. However, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html"><span class="tm7">as discussed in my earlier post</span></a></u><span class="tm7">, the timing of the first appearances of the song, the colors of the bottles (blue or green) and the detail of “hanging on the wall” are all consistent with blue or green, glass bottle hand grenade
fire extinguishers being the title bottles hanging on the wall in the American version of the song from 1884.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Blue-Bottle Flies</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Borrowing new search terms (“blue bottle song”) suggested by the new reference unearthed by Garson O’Toole, and following new leads suggested by results of that and subsequent
searches, I eventually ran across references to an earlier, similar song about “blue-bottle” flies. It’s not the same song, but it appears to be the immediate predecessor of the “blue bottle”
song that appeared in the United States in 1884. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The song begins at a low number, generally three, and counts down and then up. The “blue bottles” do not hang on a wall, but rather “sat on a mile-stone.” And they
are not “taken away,” they “fly away” - almost certainly a reference to the insect, not a glass bottle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJ5eStPkEYax_fgCOtd4etunNq7e_6BZ99TRjDpwwXHB4jrUvOcm1RevXnIVi8zi7173LOlXtFfmBjZ7gMhWnc2AOHS007Fk9GAjFC_24wOpelJAw-aNKy8XZU799ajeU-tVvFojinpcZT0gJsJtEElPsHMQrdtsxgvO1tP5FBzkU3f_MjvwlFMto/s1420/adeline%201854%20page%20194.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="1420" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJ5eStPkEYax_fgCOtd4etunNq7e_6BZ99TRjDpwwXHB4jrUvOcm1RevXnIVi8zi7173LOlXtFfmBjZ7gMhWnc2AOHS007Fk9GAjFC_24wOpelJAw-aNKy8XZU799ajeU-tVvFojinpcZT0gJsJtEElPsHMQrdtsxgvO1tP5FBzkU3f_MjvwlFMto/w400-h240/adeline%201854%20page%20194.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Two blue-bottles, two blue-bottles,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Two blue-bottles sat on a mile-stone -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One flew away, and then</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One blue-bottle, one blue-bottle,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One blue-bottle sat on a mile-stone -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Two more came, and then,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Three blue-bottles, three blue-bottles,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Three blue-bottles sat on a mile-stone, &c &c.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm10">Adeline; or, Mysteries, Romance, and Realities of Jewish Life</span></i><span class="tm7">, Volume II, London, Partridge, Oakey, & Co, 1854, page 194.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The song appears to have been at least a few years older. A singer named Mr. Balster sang the song in 1849, at a dinner celebrating a “ploughing match” of the Sherborne Agricultural
Society in Dorset County, England. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Sung by Mr. Balster - Three Blue Bottles upon the mile stone. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Western Flying Post, Sherborne and Yeovil Mercury</span></i><span class="tm7">, February 24, 1849, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Mr. Napier Kelly sang the song at the “Penny Readings” in Great Chesterford, Essex in 1868.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEX4Vz8LZd2KPGDOXp8UZs-mhMrcUe8m-VDEZuRgY1-B59YyHED15HyjIw3nNDgc1cnTJywm_VS464uPTlDnuJYtcNK-zgKEDEYXLQpCxInOJ04_ZTWC_1mj4QOpLMA3yCo8rZE8WVtoxy2SXEmj893ltoXnxla17_yPJNsCIRCiWFKk9JIXgktad0/s716/cambridge%20university%20chronicle%20dec%2019%201868%20page%206%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="716" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEX4Vz8LZd2KPGDOXp8UZs-mhMrcUe8m-VDEZuRgY1-B59YyHED15HyjIw3nNDgc1cnTJywm_VS464uPTlDnuJYtcNK-zgKEDEYXLQpCxInOJ04_ZTWC_1mj4QOpLMA3yCo8rZE8WVtoxy2SXEmj893ltoXnxla17_yPJNsCIRCiWFKk9JIXgktad0/w400-h148/cambridge%20university%20chronicle%20dec%2019%201868%20page%206%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, Isle of Ely Herald, and Huntingdonshire Gazette</span></i><span class="tm7">, December 19, 1868, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The song appeared in print in North America in 1869, in a book by a native Nova Scotian named James De Mille. The book was published in Boston, but the action of the book takes place in
Blomidon, Nova Scotia. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ICCMEY9-t1yrP4klgixL6rZZR4HJs6wrCB53bi8FRfG8CH6m9oC6FAePS4eHdWqyhGkqM_jRXHvm9INC3VWRm520BSw_lAuFXeqPBk8paKHar98Mwc1aP1x0NMJS3lOmYfmwMSnkqaDxXIqJBFbjNudzHdvyk8sPYHyESdkG2e8tseFXv2rwH0OT/s3692/B%20O%20W%20C%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles%20song%201870%20boston.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3692" data-original-width="2274" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ICCMEY9-t1yrP4klgixL6rZZR4HJs6wrCB53bi8FRfG8CH6m9oC6FAePS4eHdWqyhGkqM_jRXHvm9INC3VWRm520BSw_lAuFXeqPBk8paKHar98Mwc1aP1x0NMJS3lOmYfmwMSnkqaDxXIqJBFbjNudzHdvyk8sPYHyESdkG2e8tseFXv2rwH0OT/w246-h400/B%20O%20W%20C%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles%20song%201870%20boston.jpg" width="246" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YY_0RMN1D4gxTfNr2fUpRHRz59L9SX_W3W7vkxMGAlCz1twDLu4w1lfNtZqJU7OgZmqdlnvVcsEXH5l8bvMoBwGLL9MGnutqVBzcQGw038iEkpSx5KI0pArOzltR4vMTASwJUtGNPVBkFfYWiTRMvSWRy6O1w_XwjH-iWJMKYWh7chz9UOYrO1Py/s2354/B%20O%20W%20C%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles%20song%201870%20boston%20page%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="2354" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YY_0RMN1D4gxTfNr2fUpRHRz59L9SX_W3W7vkxMGAlCz1twDLu4w1lfNtZqJU7OgZmqdlnvVcsEXH5l8bvMoBwGLL9MGnutqVBzcQGw038iEkpSx5KI0pArOzltR4vMTASwJUtGNPVBkFfYWiTRMvSWRy6O1w_XwjH-iWJMKYWh7chz9UOYrO1Py/s320/B%20O%20W%20C%20-%20three%20blue%20bottles%20song%201870%20boston%20page%202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">James De Mille, </span><i><span class="tm10">The “B. O. W. C.” A Book For Boys</span></i><span class="tm7">, Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1869, pages 59 and 60.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In 1894, Dorothy Drew, the four year-old granddaughter of the former Prime Minister Gladstone, sang the song in 1894. She was singing to a reporter on the occasion of Margaret Tennant’s
marriage to the Home Secretary (and future Prime Minister), H. H. Asquith. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MgwPXZB2h0qcbuUHs_dCHX-IaBa66g1W13LBPNsD2BmiegRu0BepwsBu02bhS0DmMopJM_NQqRTR8q4GIh82IuJLYotkWDb08ImH8buTF5iCJsEjsfPZNPC6gGzgRo529SCNrYCG3FBHIUtJm2GMvJUVbx3oKh9NTu_cshcX4QDBvgtKe1Fv2KY3/s2817/W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2817" data-original-width="2008" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6MgwPXZB2h0qcbuUHs_dCHX-IaBa66g1W13LBPNsD2BmiegRu0BepwsBu02bhS0DmMopJM_NQqRTR8q4GIh82IuJLYotkWDb08ImH8buTF5iCJsEjsfPZNPC6gGzgRo529SCNrYCG3FBHIUtJm2GMvJUVbx3oKh9NTu_cshcX4QDBvgtKe1Fv2KY3/s320/W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg" width="228" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone and grandchild, Dorothy Drew, Hawarden” (</span><u><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg"><span class="tm7">Wikimedia</span></a></u><span class="tm7">).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><u><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg"><span class="tm7">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W_E_Gladstone_and_Dorothy_Drew.jpg</span></a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">“Shall I sing you one of grandad’s songs?” asked Miss Dorothy. “Please do.” Then came in high notes - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC8jMYrClz5ob2m1FjZ_ngEqm1MbPf-0YPZIaZA1iW-J_MKj4YiBlyd8HziMmQ_6z7Hcsi0kB-DNYOr4Vr-vlOVkDW5Z-lHwKPrI4Pue_ORkAOrEiHhpoFXFIyVHVbiC1tW0xgTO9LEQhlwtSov1fjDc_mF03Np7f7hVJlrPTOGM1y1iJwjNETYxF3/s2006/westminster%20budget%20london%20may%2025%201894%20page%2029%20three%20blue%20bottles.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="2006" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC8jMYrClz5ob2m1FjZ_ngEqm1MbPf-0YPZIaZA1iW-J_MKj4YiBlyd8HziMmQ_6z7Hcsi0kB-DNYOr4Vr-vlOVkDW5Z-lHwKPrI4Pue_ORkAOrEiHhpoFXFIyVHVbiC1tW0xgTO9LEQhlwtSov1fjDc_mF03Np7f7hVJlrPTOGM1y1iJwjNETYxF3/w400-h105/westminster%20budget%20london%20may%2025%201894%20page%2029%20three%20blue%20bottles.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">This accompanied by a clap of hands and a merry laugh which set the pretty flaxen curls all shaking.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Westminster Budget</span></i><span class="tm7"> (London), May 25, 1894, page 27 . </span></p><p><span class="tm7"> </span></p><p><span class="tm7">Someone sang what may have been the same song at a concert in Newington, Kent, England in 1903.</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">NEWINGTON.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">The Recent Concert. - The name of Mrs. A. S. Webb was unfortunately omitted from the list of the artistes who took part in the concert at Newington on the 27</span><sup><span class="tm7">th</span></sup><span class="tm7"> ultimo, as given in our report last week. Mrs. Webb sang very effectively “Under the Deodar” and “Three Blue Bottles,” each song being encored.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The East Kent Gazette</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Sittingbourne, Kent, England), May 9, 1903, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Characters in the novel sang a version of the song in 1909.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Jock said that some newly-laid stones on the path hurt her feet, and she requested permission to walk in the middle of the road. From this isolated position she began the following dirge-like
song in a deep bass voice: “Two blue-bottles, two blue-bottles, two blue-bottles sitting on a milestone.” This went on until Miss Billing said: “Jock, I forbid you to sing that.” So Jock altered the
figure and sang “one blue-bottle, four blue-bottles,” etc.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">S. MacNaughtan, </span><i><span class="tm10">Us Four</span></i><span class="tm7">, London, J. Murray, 1909, page 89.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In one of the few references to the “Three Blue Bottles” song published in the United States, a teachers’ magazine included the song in a section on counting exercises
in 1911. In this version the blue bottles “sat on a wall,” not on a “milestone,” and “jumped off” instead of flying off, but it is still more consistent with flies than a glass bottle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPu7f7IEhIXCI7foiUY4dKva3j0oNDlUxnmFS3fy47JZSUDDkz2_PioNLJHy-DEymBFePxHNjYausX6M7_lsGyVYY56U3clGAexu1vH35JJEPtRcUp3CI1-QdHCK9yPqtbHx0zXGrj9MdnKwxxzG4OGxpbFMiuY54d1DCflawFMAFymECa9skB2S2L/s2203/teachers%20magazine%20vol%2034%20no%201%20sept%201911%20page%2018%20blue%20bottles%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="2203" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPu7f7IEhIXCI7foiUY4dKva3j0oNDlUxnmFS3fy47JZSUDDkz2_PioNLJHy-DEymBFePxHNjYausX6M7_lsGyVYY56U3clGAexu1vH35JJEPtRcUp3CI1-QdHCK9yPqtbHx0zXGrj9MdnKwxxzG4OGxpbFMiuY54d1DCflawFMAFymECa9skB2S2L/w400-h179/teachers%20magazine%20vol%2034%20no%201%20sept%201911%20page%2018%20blue%20bottles%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Teacher’s Magazine</span></i><span class="tm7">, Volume 34, Number 2, September 1911, page 18.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">An American reference to the song from 1893 is more ambiguous. It merges elements of “Ninety-Nine Blue Bottles Hanging on a Wall” with the older, three-bottle song. It starts
with “Three Blue Bottles,” but has them “hanging on the wall” and “taken down,” as opposed to having them flying away or jumping off, as a fly might. Styled a “Cramppain Song,”
the cryptic lyrics appear to be political satire of some sort, counting down to an election in November. The words were written at a time when “Ninety-nine Blue Bottles” was already widespread in the United States,
so the amalgam of features from the early, British, “Three Blue-Bottles” version and American version may suggest the writer was familiar with both songs. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm16">A Cramppain Song.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">September.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There are three blue bottles handing on the wall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There are three blue bottles hanging on the wall. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Take one blue bottle down from the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There are two blue bottles hanging on the wall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">October.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There are two blue bottles . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">November.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There is one blue bottle . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span><i><span class="tm10">Alexandria Gazette</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Virginia), September 27, 1893, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In any case, the few examples of “Three Blue-Bottles” printed in the United States suggests the song was not unknown, and the small number of such references suggests it was
not very well known.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Separate Evolution</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">So what happened? It seems reasonable to conclude that the British, “Three Blue Bottles” version was the primary influence on the American “Ninety-Nine Blue Bottles song.
But the songs were different; something had changed.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In the British version, the “blue-bottles” (presumably flies) were sitting on a roadside “milestone” and “flew away” under their own power. In the American
“Ninety-nine Blue Bottles” version, the “blue bottles hanging on the wall” were “taken” away, by some outside influence.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Given the timing of the earliest examples of the American song in print (1884), on the heels of the widespread introduction and aggressive marketing of the blue bottle fire extinguishers
(1883-1884), it is possible that someone repurposed the old, insect song to reflect the newly ubiquitous blue bottles hanging on walls. Such a change would explain the switch from milestone to wall, sitting to hanging, and
flying away to being taken away. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">I am reminded of the country man who was strolling through the Taylor works the other day. He caught sight of the glass hand grenades which hang against the wall, so as to be in readiness
in case of fire.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Public Weekly Opinion</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), July 24, 1885, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">There are still some thousands of these blue bottles hanging on the walls of buildings, but good time will very often be wasted in attempting to do anything with them.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Modern Fire-Extinguishing Appliances,” G. W. Melvin, </span><i><span class="tm10">The Surveyor</span></i><span class="tm7"> (London), Volume 3, Number 67, April 27, 1893, page 266.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">When the time came for him to open his store, hanging on the ceiling and on the walls were about two hundred [fire extinguisher] hand-grenades.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Goodwin’s Weekly: A Thinking Paper for Thinking People</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Salt Lake City, Utah), February 7, 1914, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">It is impossible to get inside the head of singers from more than a century ago, but it seems plausible that many people who sang the song in 1884 and shortly thereafter thought of themselves
as singing about glass fire extinguishers. Others may have made no sense of it one way or the other. A reference to the song from an American novel published in 1903, for example, described the words as an “old, old
nonsense rhyme.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNt2GxqP_nwvJ63h_ahTZS1Aom0dPXHhoBjKNM4lbUW3aqOlASzGZiOLKlAw2wZdS15_wjATjERkaMy75N4We8IY6w-pkvjX_e-fS38zbUd2dklqm2tnq6vMuvwbLcBO6K9Cf_GassEaHPf1f_fcJ4lgUTIoJYhv42avZxGfX3LeG5Mg_wyZax6Iw/s1049/eleanor%20drayton%20page%2090.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1049" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNt2GxqP_nwvJ63h_ahTZS1Aom0dPXHhoBjKNM4lbUW3aqOlASzGZiOLKlAw2wZdS15_wjATjERkaMy75N4We8IY6w-pkvjX_e-fS38zbUd2dklqm2tnq6vMuvwbLcBO6K9Cf_GassEaHPf1f_fcJ4lgUTIoJYhv42avZxGfX3LeG5Mg_wyZax6Iw/w400-h313/eleanor%20drayton%20page%2090.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm7"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YZJmy1B-HiRB-6qL__AO-UChoXUA6yFg57weS1YboPkQVIzepHu14IU4tbqDwufpABUX0nb6OwRDArQtvrLdqGU1W0lzeyVHXV2Jk0_I-gL2xwj76VnU1eS4q9ywp9V4FowDdC1P6oCoMeZx_YeZ2gntgw-uONEVczvW9W6vAq1adKenx2Qai-Fn/s1166/eleanor%20drayton%20page%2091.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="1166" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YZJmy1B-HiRB-6qL__AO-UChoXUA6yFg57weS1YboPkQVIzepHu14IU4tbqDwufpABUX0nb6OwRDArQtvrLdqGU1W0lzeyVHXV2Jk0_I-gL2xwj76VnU1eS4q9ywp9V4FowDdC1P6oCoMeZx_YeZ2gntgw-uONEVczvW9W6vAq1adKenx2Qai-Fn/w400-h225/eleanor%20drayton%20page%2091.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><span class="tm7">Nathaniel Stephenson, </span><i><span class="tm10">Eleanor Dayton</span></i><span class="tm7">, New York and London, John Lane, 1903, pages 90 and 91.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">In time, some singers would imagine the bottles as bottles of beer. An early example appeared in print in 1895.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi55NfrIBy-ZpjUTt2HeOCyWhaEj5lTvHBVhjfl9EuRW7guYcM4n4UdBoNLA9v6_P_Ng_WCWTtZdADClxdYQZa48eyl7dsR4myLxkp--x-N6o8dcIXMQBJSjfXGpwZxPx7aPetxjaGV6lbhMeYUfFrCOQ4JtbxX1S6bwBh8khMKD3A_iVtLoAV0y1B3/s1037/herald%20palladium%20benton%20harbor%20mi%20aug%2029%201895%20page%203%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1037" data-original-width="682" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi55NfrIBy-ZpjUTt2HeOCyWhaEj5lTvHBVhjfl9EuRW7guYcM4n4UdBoNLA9v6_P_Ng_WCWTtZdADClxdYQZa48eyl7dsR4myLxkp--x-N6o8dcIXMQBJSjfXGpwZxPx7aPetxjaGV6lbhMeYUfFrCOQ4JtbxX1S6bwBh8khMKD3A_iVtLoAV0y1B3/w263-h400/herald%20palladium%20benton%20harbor%20mi%20aug%2029%201895%20page%203%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="263" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Herald-Palladium</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Benton Harbor, Michigan), August 29, 1895.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The eventual switch to beer bottles may be related to the song’s popularity among college students. The song appeared in several collections of college glee club song, and references
to the song in a number of school yearbooks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqWjWtwkAqknjHj6rhogtDJXMI4LFbFbij10EE4t3ivpdpoIdYoYnm9GIAW1SMfO8O1SDI8nZZNFk0jBOMQYJzZg12fqwBfxakvpYn5Z0iI4g5Ymgq5QYryMRdDLZMvjex-9wWk2JEgDKC0P6JugVvXjOTTOe4ptI6g6QpsLtxm1ziYRVV5vFHZeQ2/s1591/university%20of%20chicago.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1591" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqWjWtwkAqknjHj6rhogtDJXMI4LFbFbij10EE4t3ivpdpoIdYoYnm9GIAW1SMfO8O1SDI8nZZNFk0jBOMQYJzZg12fqwBfxakvpYn5Z0iI4g5Ymgq5QYryMRdDLZMvjex-9wWk2JEgDKC0P6JugVvXjOTTOe4ptI6g6QpsLtxm1ziYRVV5vFHZeQ2/w400-h320/university%20of%20chicago.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><i><span class="tm10">Cap and Gown</span></i><span class="tm7"> (University of Chicago yearbook), Volume 20, 1915, page 538.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Beer bottles would not become standard in the United States until after a new version of the song appeared in the mid-1940s, with bottles “on the wall,” as opposed to
“hanging” from it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">We heard the Greenfield pep squad again singing the “Bottles of Beer on the Wall” song on the bus Friday night, and this time they left “no bottles of beer on the wall.”
It all goes to show something or other.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Greenfield Vidette</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Greenfield, Missouri), February 22, 1945, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The transition in England took a different tack. A long-form version, with ninety-nine bottles like the American version, appeared in a collection of British soldiers’ marching songs
during World War I. The bottles do not have a specific color, yet are still described as “hanging on the wall.” The question posed in each verse is “what would happen if one were to fall,” suggesting
that the bottles are glass bottles, not flies. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZ5YZou7TCIYSHZcJCpNYsaUr8OYWQqkciRAIvGRdWxOU0-p1BzyT4AueheQ2mZf_SZ8A9O0SSgKXgU5zj4vL1Q_ZKYhuIuepfMEMem9iZho1i9gCeiztoysQXP27SUfRXi6GkELjdHm5ddOkr3kkbFZCWQeasPpp1vIgdvX7e5hRo8_BanGxQUb_/s1243/tommys%20tunes%20-%20ninety%20nine%20bottles%20cropped.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="1243" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZ5YZou7TCIYSHZcJCpNYsaUr8OYWQqkciRAIvGRdWxOU0-p1BzyT4AueheQ2mZf_SZ8A9O0SSgKXgU5zj4vL1Q_ZKYhuIuepfMEMem9iZho1i9gCeiztoysQXP27SUfRXi6GkELjdHm5ddOkr3kkbFZCWQeasPpp1vIgdvX7e5hRo8_BanGxQUb_/w400-h258/tommys%20tunes%20-%20ninety%20nine%20bottles%20cropped.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Tommy’s Tunes</span></i><span class="tm7">, London, Erskine MacDonald, Ltd., 1917, page 89.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The earliest, now-standard “green bottles hanging on the wall” appeared in England in 1929, but with the number starting at “three,” suggesting influence from the
earlier, British “Three Blue-Bottles” version of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FX0E35DEzw1ZCWJfIHxAA3rh7HXQZ49F07YtB9Aa78JBmBch5InSGHRQ1WQ3uZ88Y15njpq-nr8iUFKXljYfS_deO7STpnF06gLgPI88yhQBd_-LkN5p-hytpqUM3Po-mxofM4sJ8TSSAZzs-unrRWOgOFTjlrfGarBU0SU1e7RTn1nHV0aUKfFu/s614/acton%20gazette%20ealing%20london%20dec%206%201929%20page%209.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="614" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FX0E35DEzw1ZCWJfIHxAA3rh7HXQZ49F07YtB9Aa78JBmBch5InSGHRQ1WQ3uZ88Y15njpq-nr8iUFKXljYfS_deO7STpnF06gLgPI88yhQBd_-LkN5p-hytpqUM3Po-mxofM4sJ8TSSAZzs-unrRWOgOFTjlrfGarBU0SU1e7RTn1nHV0aUKfFu/w400-h104/acton%20gazette%20ealing%20london%20dec%206%201929%20page%209.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Acton Gazette and Express</span></i><span class="tm7"> (Ealing, London, England), December 6, 1929, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The earliest example of the now-familiar “Ten Green Bottles Hanging on the Wall” appeared four years later, described as a traditional Yorkshire folk-song. All signs of the
blue-bottle flies, the number three, milestones and flying away had completely vanished.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTXplcgutOHWwHvag3ildqy2ghhVWStGEFVosU2dVRakihQukeBn2WzwrBugfqCR6qqiJwtClAFQ9DNqUYXzhk_FwzTviUsO6QR1a0hH5JRFG3MIvrudvgM8Ulzbdk9Hh5f2VOCBps_PblxVQQ7QrTiJMtAdM41MCx9L9QrNaRwrG_ijj1OGvK9jS/s705/the%20guardian%20manchester%20march%2014%201933%20page%2010%20ten%20green%20bottles%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="705" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTXplcgutOHWwHvag3ildqy2ghhVWStGEFVosU2dVRakihQukeBn2WzwrBugfqCR6qqiJwtClAFQ9DNqUYXzhk_FwzTviUsO6QR1a0hH5JRFG3MIvrudvgM8Ulzbdk9Hh5f2VOCBps_PblxVQQ7QrTiJMtAdM41MCx9L9QrNaRwrG_ijj1OGvK9jS/w400-h299/the%20guardian%20manchester%20march%2014%201933%20page%2010%20ten%20green%20bottles%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">. . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkJNBc4SOzHxq3ZznYk_9hKEKr678t0o6pAwAK0YOL3bn0hRpOMjZhkbsT_1vMWpW9EnjmwHISCnYL7x0DJstjZ6Z1wE7iSHwvTfyeg_CLUzE2hyHCm4BLPniNgSvo4mkDNBtNDBDagp_ZTnT-qOQt7O8CRmNugCIhg03MO-uS4yTnCizlo8WQqZJ/s693/the%20guardian%20manchester%20march%2014%201933%20page%2010%20ten%20green%20bottles.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="693" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkJNBc4SOzHxq3ZznYk_9hKEKr678t0o6pAwAK0YOL3bn0hRpOMjZhkbsT_1vMWpW9EnjmwHISCnYL7x0DJstjZ6Z1wE7iSHwvTfyeg_CLUzE2hyHCm4BLPniNgSvo4mkDNBtNDBDagp_ZTnT-qOQt7O8CRmNugCIhg03MO-uS4yTnCizlo8WQqZJ/w400-h200/the%20guardian%20manchester%20march%2014%201933%20page%2010%20ten%20green%20bottles.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Manchester Guardian</span></i><span class="tm7">, March 14, 1933, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">It is impossible to tell whether and to what extent the American version had in the evolution of the British versions, but it seems likely that it could have influenced the change in color from blue to green
and the change from living fly to inanimate glass bottle.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Earlier Influences</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Everything is influenced by something. The song, “Three Blue Bottles,” is no exception. Although distinct from its predecessors, it appears to have been a close variant of
an earlier, perhaps better known nursery rhyme or song, in which, instead of blue-bottles sitting on a milestone, birds sit on a stone. The number usually starts and stops with two, counting down and then up.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The verse dates back to at least 1796.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcUcuJgXEJn_P1dNgBg4cPS2hCtvP0JAiYNjJY2BsrKVTq_fI2g4VRt050jLmekWnuxjImzys85S_lnUxySw3ZmXqzEcL8981_oqN3W5wTippsGBEse_GxkLrV21F-HLGZj9A6B55gHTrEy3x8Ha7YD4C7njc3Fs3k9LmM6v24s5GHF0JglOpHUpWc/s1404/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="1404" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcUcuJgXEJn_P1dNgBg4cPS2hCtvP0JAiYNjJY2BsrKVTq_fI2g4VRt050jLmekWnuxjImzys85S_lnUxySw3ZmXqzEcL8981_oqN3W5wTippsGBEse_GxkLrV21F-HLGZj9A6B55gHTrEy3x8Ha7YD4C7njc3Fs3k9LmM6v24s5GHF0JglOpHUpWc/w400-h70/monthly%20mirror%20two%20birds%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Monthly Mirror</span></i><span class="tm7"> (London), Volume 2, August 1796, page 250.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The rhyme appeared in an article critical of a style of popular singing, the “London way” (and its fans), in which singers give their listeners “sound without sense, that
if one ventures to applaud a song, the air of which pleases the ear, it is ten to one but it proves, when afterwards seen in print, such a compound of loose ideas and indelicate wit, as ought to make all modest women hide
their faces.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">To test the limits of the audience’s taste, a friend of the writer prevailed, “by means of a crown-bowl of punch to the performers,” to convince one of the singers to substitute
some “nonsense” in place of a popular song which had been hailed as “exceeding </span><i><span class="tm10">fine</span></i><span class="tm7">,” the promise of which drew a large audience to the theater that night. The writer informs us that her friend had previously set the nonsense “to music in no elegant strains,” but does not
specifically credit him with the words, so it is unclear whether the words were traditional or not.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">The actress appeared, she sung, she laid her hands upon her breast, and expressively lifted up her eyes; no one doubted but it was the air they had heard spoken of as </span><i><span class="tm10">fine</span></i><span class="tm7">; one cried “delightful!” another “charming!” some “sweet!” some “heavenly!” and some were absolutely softened into tears; </span><i><span class="tm10">sentiment</span></i><span class="tm7"> filled their hearts; </span><i><span class="tm10">sensibility</span></i><span class="tm7"> crept along their veins; and </span><i><span class="tm10">feeling </span></i><span class="tm7">dripped off their very finger ends; all agreed to </span><i><span class="tm10">encore</span></i><span class="tm7"> it - again was the nonsense rehearsed, and plaudits and raptures ensued as before: - the curtain dropped, and my friend could no longer conceal his triumph - he claimed the
attention of the audience till the song he had prevented their hearing before was sung, and it is to be hoped the mortification which many pretenders to taste felt on the occasion, will be a means of improving their taste
in future.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Monthly Mirror</span></i><span class="tm7"> (London), Volume 2, August 1796, page 250.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Those basic lyrics (with increasing complications) would remain a staple of collections of nursery rhymes and other children’s books for more than a century. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">A decade and a half later, essentially the same lyrics in an early collection of nursery rhymes, with the addition of some “fa la las.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8XCs9hciqOXp2eGLrgVS25CQ4MOC0OhIvV8KRbTrd_D2OJ3oNk0jK2KuMsNboSuCUJJ0y9mmQBdIwk-xMlLrjMxzFw54js_7sQF87f-K6BDc0OAEaRIinX41vIIx2JpCzSDEqddNBAnHhQ7qJi_2-uTzPYbQ2hj92P2yzuW3FdUy7JXF4avGyjzL/s1070/grammar%20garland%20song%20of%20two%20birds.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="1070" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8XCs9hciqOXp2eGLrgVS25CQ4MOC0OhIvV8KRbTrd_D2OJ3oNk0jK2KuMsNboSuCUJJ0y9mmQBdIwk-xMlLrjMxzFw54js_7sQF87f-K6BDc0OAEaRIinX41vIIx2JpCzSDEqddNBAnHhQ7qJi_2-uTzPYbQ2hj92P2yzuW3FdUy7JXF4avGyjzL/w400-h256/grammar%20garland%20song%20of%20two%20birds.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Grammer Gurton’s Garland: or, the Nursery Parnassus, a Choice Collection of Pretty Songs and Verses</span></i><span class="tm7">, London, R. Triphook, 1810, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">An expanded version of the lyrics, counting down and then counting up, appeared in print in the United States by 1833.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqfM4Awo5836VXPUvM0swqtJ2Npk-guxHghGtRKFwHNanHlcaVWrS6oL-E-7DFIoX24Blvc10BpbqnJPCex6YTlBoRJi1I9D74UsoNw0Osxmzr74ETtUxem5v3Y1iY3GIYKKVE12p0Np9VqtdpKN_3czSYaRSvNhemXf024KFfJV_aVsfcD-mIdPE/s1521/1833%20true%20mother%20goose%20-%20two%20birds.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1521" data-original-width="1237" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqfM4Awo5836VXPUvM0swqtJ2Npk-guxHghGtRKFwHNanHlcaVWrS6oL-E-7DFIoX24Blvc10BpbqnJPCex6YTlBoRJi1I9D74UsoNw0Osxmzr74ETtUxem5v3Y1iY3GIYKKVE12p0Np9VqtdpKN_3czSYaRSvNhemXf024KFfJV_aVsfcD-mIdPE/w325-h400/1833%20true%20mother%20goose%20-%20two%20birds.jpg" width="325" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">The Only True Mother Goose Melodies</span></i><span class="tm7">, Boston, J. S. Locke, 1833, page 19.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm11">Ten Little Indians</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Although the simpler versions of the “two birds” song continued to appear regularly in print, one writer raised the number of birds to ten, changed them to blackbirds, and created
more elaborate methods of having them leave. This variant of the song, published in 1857, is almost certainly one of two major influences on Septimus Winner’s “Ten Little Injuns” and Frank Green’s
“Ten Little N[-words],” both published in 1868.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Ten little blackbirds sitting on a vine,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were nine.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Nine little blackbirds sitting on a gate,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were eight.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Eight little blackbirds flying up to heaven,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Seven little blackbirds sitting on some sticks,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were six.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Six little blackbirds sitting on a hive,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were five.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Five little blackbirds sitting on a door,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were four.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Four little blackbirds sitting on a tree,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were three.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Three little blackbirds sitting on a shoe, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there were two.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Two little blackbirds sitting on a stone,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> One flew away, and then there was one.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One little blackbird sitting all alone, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"> He flew away, and then there was none.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Children’s Holidays: A Story Book for the Whole Year</span></i><span class="tm7">, New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1858, pages 23-25. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Five of the verses have exact parallels with the songs written a decade later. Winners “Ten Little Injuns” similarly rhymes gate with eight, heaven with seven, and door with
four; Green’s “Ten Little N[-words] rhymes sticks with six, hive with five.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7VXlAZgPWfHNYA8bAoaRn5orPX4EkmU4F7vUiOtbQKWaneLm4YvHsLisq_mq_fifiNJqm-7a1zu8EDAWEWWHdzO7k7Rzom4NnkoLj1J-ORGr0VzEY2OvJpiHoRTqI7KTfxsrhWVGokJkshQEpLF8FxMBLWwlhKBVLmtJdYEUqXp1XP5TwGFQ8H_7U/s2371/ten%20little%20injuns%20j%20e%20winner.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2371" data-original-width="1684" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7VXlAZgPWfHNYA8bAoaRn5orPX4EkmU4F7vUiOtbQKWaneLm4YvHsLisq_mq_fifiNJqm-7a1zu8EDAWEWWHdzO7k7Rzom4NnkoLj1J-ORGr0VzEY2OvJpiHoRTqI7KTfxsrhWVGokJkshQEpLF8FxMBLWwlhKBVLmtJdYEUqXp1XP5TwGFQ8H_7U/w284-h400/ten%20little%20injuns%20j%20e%20winner.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXezfbkMwKNdqvHNuaKV7UU-08y6i1uQQdPNBDccMxbAAE9siw9YAL9p8p_RNoXkwDWZFMsw_MgvtDCluyvMpq0mgNLxHj6cg0JyGlw8Rp3C6ek-p3l19N0zYG68-am3qM6II7dW4zWQM4Nxq6DxPdFj4t8C0yCQwq6g5oucQ5F3f9DpiI5CMEAgq/s2386/songster%20ten%20little%20n-words%20matches%20images%20on%20sheet%20music.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2386" data-original-width="1700" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXezfbkMwKNdqvHNuaKV7UU-08y6i1uQQdPNBDccMxbAAE9siw9YAL9p8p_RNoXkwDWZFMsw_MgvtDCluyvMpq0mgNLxHj6cg0JyGlw8Rp3C6ek-p3l19N0zYG68-am3qM6II7dW4zWQM4Nxq6DxPdFj4t8C0yCQwq6g5oucQ5F3f9DpiI5CMEAgq/w285-h400/songster%20ten%20little%20n-words%20matches%20images%20on%20sheet%20music.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><span class="tm7"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Henry De Marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></i><span class="tm7">, New York, Number 1 [1868], page 6; </span><i><span class="tm10">Henry De Marsan’s New Comic and Sentimental Singer’s Journal</span></i><span class="tm7">, New York, Number 20, page 126 [1868 or 1869].</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Another, earlier influence on Septimus Winner’s song is a traditional English nursery rhyme, “Tom Brown’s Two Little Indian Boys,” attested as early as 1810.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaZpFbOrZ6NUKHERSNQHSwr1YIBQGxR-g-lfZX07goeyjXj_wpBv-9_TrhK8X76HG0k7BW_zv8L2QUB4Os3V0z73ifAUVf0qcb1YKAPb_ucMVqkgwHBozOKTimQn7TwroFcrGYXO98zqbY42IUNBYY48IEHuUV0yLXBHsBGzDxf6dLCrQoRmofUP5/s1025/grammer%20gurtons%20garland%20nursery%20parnassus%20london%201810.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1025" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTaZpFbOrZ6NUKHERSNQHSwr1YIBQGxR-g-lfZX07goeyjXj_wpBv-9_TrhK8X76HG0k7BW_zv8L2QUB4Os3V0z73ifAUVf0qcb1YKAPb_ucMVqkgwHBozOKTimQn7TwroFcrGYXO98zqbY42IUNBYY48IEHuUV0yLXBHsBGzDxf6dLCrQoRmofUP5/w400-h225/grammer%20gurtons%20garland%20nursery%20parnassus%20london%201810.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><i><span class="tm10">Grammer Gurton’s Garland: Or, the Nursery Parnassus</span></i><span class="tm7">, London, Harding and Wright, 1810, page 37.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The Gibson family singers elaborated on the traditional rhyme in 1849. They increased the number to ten and changed the name to “Old John Brown.” The Gibson’s version
is identical to the familiar form of the song, “Ten Little Indians,” learned by generations of children in the United States. Septimus Winner’s and Frank Green’s later, problematic versions were based
on this early version, not the other way around.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm7">“Old John Brown,” Solo and Chorus, Arranged by J. Gibson.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Old John Brown had a little Ingin, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Old John Brown had a little Ingin,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Old John Brown had a little Ingin, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One little Ingin boy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One little two little three little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">four little five little six little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">seven little eight little nine little Ingins, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">ten little Ingin boys.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">Ten little nine little eight little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">seven little six little five little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">four little three little two little Ingins,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm7">One little Ingin boy.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">“Old John Brown,” Boston, Oliver Ditson, 1849 (</span><u><a href="https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/13371?show=full"><span class="tm7">Sheet music viewable at Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries</span></a></u><span class="tm7">).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Septimus Winner borrowed from the Gibsons, but changed the melody, rhythm and lyrics of the chorus. He borrowed from the “Blackbird” song, changing “Blackbirds”
to “Injuns” and adding ten verses with ten disappearances, while retaining three rhyming word pairs from the earlier song. Frank Green borrowed Winner’s melody, changed “Injuns” to “N[-words]”
and changed the means of disappearance, while retaining two rhyming word pairs from the “Blackbird” song.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p><p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">The backwards counting songs, “Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall” and “Ten Little Indians,” appear to share at least part of the same family tree. Both appear
to have been influenced by the traditional nursery rhyme, “Two Birds Sitting on a Stone.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">It is also interesting to note parallels between “Two Birds” and “Tom Brown’s Two Little Indian Boys,” the traditional nursery rhyme which was the other early
influence on “Ten Little Indians.” In one, two birds fly away; in the other, one boy runs away and the other won’t stay. Coincidence? </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">There is more to be said about the history and origins of “Ten Little Indians” and the like. See my post, <a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/one-little-two-little-three-little.html" target="_blank">One Little, Two Little, Three Little Songs - Counting Down the History of "Ten Little Indians."</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-70383437519156078892022-10-14T11:42:00.007-07:002022-11-08T13:29:08.938-08:00Blue Bottles, Green Bottles and Flies - a History of Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjQDFdlO3HT9vtAOz-ji5_gEL5K5vYy1S-6NuJuJwafUqhiNeFRoeKFonxJWHBZ6ymOwa6PA8_uOEby40OGmy4bAX9N8kKlTaGPXY_RPuGtum1QNuOZLmj4IWTrwC__lrocqL5FCHBE-NC78ijmj2lWIVHJypkUD1WNKJDAuS9SfO_k7b0En4Jlh7F/s1685/Bottles%20of%20Beer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="1685" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjQDFdlO3HT9vtAOz-ji5_gEL5K5vYy1S-6NuJuJwafUqhiNeFRoeKFonxJWHBZ6ymOwa6PA8_uOEby40OGmy4bAX9N8kKlTaGPXY_RPuGtum1QNuOZLmj4IWTrwC__lrocqL5FCHBE-NC78ijmj2lWIVHJypkUD1WNKJDAuS9SfO_k7b0En4Jlh7F/w640-h124/Bottles%20of%20Beer.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The American song, “Ninety nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,” dates to at least 1945. The British, children’s counting song, “Ten Green Bottles Hanging on the Wall,”
dates to at least 1933. The origins of these songs are not well known, although several sources assume that the American version is a later variant of the earlier, “traditional” English version. An April Fool’s
hoax published in 1999 muddied the waters, providing two fake histories, suggesting origins in England in either the 1830s or the fourteenth century.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Actual evidence, however, suggests both songs have roots in the Midwestern and western United States. The earliest known reference appeared at the University of Minnesota in 1883, with
additional references in California (1884), North Dakota (1884) , Kansas (1885), Missouri (1887), Michigan (1885) and Nebraska (1889) before the end of the decade. </span></p><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Lyrics to various early versions of the song generally describe the bottles as blue or green in color, always describe them as “hanging on the wall” (as opposed to simply “on
the wall), and start the countdown from ninety-nine or forty-nine. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">The earliest British reference to something similar appeared in 1929, with “Three Bottles Hanging on the Wall,” first described as a “traditional bowling ditty.”
The earliest reference to the now-familiar, “Ten Green Bottles Hanging on the Wall,” appeared in 1933, in an account of a radio broadcast about traditional Yorkshire songs, which may account for the belief that
the song originated there.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<span class="tm8">For jollity and spirit one might select from among others the simple and cheerful song “There be ten green bottles hanging on the wall.” It goes with vigour, and after ten verses
there are no more bottles left. </span></div><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm12">The Manchester Guardian</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 14, 1933, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Early musical notation for the original, American “Blue Bottle” version suggests its melody is similar to the modern, British “Green Bottle” version. The now-traditional
American version, however, has a different tune and “bottles of beer on the wall,” as opposed to colored bottles “hanging on the wall.” It first appeared in print in the mid-1940s. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Given the timeline of when and where early references to one or the other of the songs appeared, it seems reasonable to conclude that both the modern American and British versions of the
song ultimately of American origin, both based on the original, American “blue Bottle hanging on the wall” version. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Unanswered questions remain. Why were the bottles described as “hanging on the wall,” and what is the significance of the blue (or green) bottles? Period references to “blue
bottles” hanging on walls suggest two plausible, albeit unlikely, explanations - flies or fire extinguishers. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">“Blue-bottles” was once a common expression used to refer to certain, large house flies. Was the original lyric about flicking ninety-nine flies off the wall?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiecOewDQzbUE3zwdljoVdddYNRjmFG9ZCmly3mhmSwFnS7W3OBSsKpwYWpC8qB-p4G266pb7mT0bpSAUp2n0z0hX3ixb5ra9gEu4oKty3G64sRJoNeCb2tKgKI2-KQaIpgZpPlf4-RtjG3wsAY1aqCCDHFY7_iIJKdm5CA-VczbCt5CzH-QlDZrHLY/s750/arapahoe%20pioneer%20dec%2016%201881%20page%202%20blue%20bottle%20fly%20poem%20-%20nap%20on%20the%20wall%20detail.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="750" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiecOewDQzbUE3zwdljoVdddYNRjmFG9ZCmly3mhmSwFnS7W3OBSsKpwYWpC8qB-p4G266pb7mT0bpSAUp2n0z0hX3ixb5ra9gEu4oKty3G64sRJoNeCb2tKgKI2-KQaIpgZpPlf4-RtjG3wsAY1aqCCDHFY7_iIJKdm5CA-VczbCt5CzH-QlDZrHLY/w400-h294/arapahoe%20pioneer%20dec%2016%201881%20page%202%20blue%20bottle%20fly%20poem%20-%20nap%20on%20the%20wall%20detail.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Arapahoe Pioneer</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Arapahoe, Nebraska), December 16, 1881, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">And beginning in about 1884, blue (sometimes green) bottles, filled with supposedly fire-suppressing chemicals, were widely and aggressively marketed and sold as “hand grenade fire
extinguishers.” The bottles were frequently hung on walls, for ready use in an emergency.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkUwuNzCcgHgEZF_TXgZxx1rItKUUWnHsgvXVPleY1jxAHlympaLOIHMnkvsfiC1ZbLVK2xPlZxRHi0mLXhlcr-UA-44Dxn7F7Qlvoaq73TjoU3SvByU7W-1IvcNsb3UwkmSoBTt8BZEYuhWVcdtYeND-xoqJ4_TuB9-UhRpg2fjoq7BkuXqPPULc/s1790/harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20chicago%201884%20blue%20bottle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1790" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkUwuNzCcgHgEZF_TXgZxx1rItKUUWnHsgvXVPleY1jxAHlympaLOIHMnkvsfiC1ZbLVK2xPlZxRHi0mLXhlcr-UA-44Dxn7F7Qlvoaq73TjoU3SvByU7W-1IvcNsb3UwkmSoBTt8BZEYuhWVcdtYeND-xoqJ4_TuB9-UhRpg2fjoq7BkuXqPPULc/w400-h238/harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20chicago%201884%20blue%20bottle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><i><span class="tm6">Manual of the Panorama of the Battle of Shiloh, Michigan Avenue, between Madison and Monroe Streets</span></i><span class="tm5">, Chicago, A. T. Andreas, 1885.</span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">Two blue bottles, called hand grenades, were hung up by wires around the necks against the wall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span><i><span class="tm6">The Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i><span class="tm5"> (Iowa), May 28, 1884, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHPWeErll9-ARgnp36nIKLKEcJrytOo4NLgJ5c83cs0YjXifB6MK2EQYoP836VH29EZz956axWsf9rs2bWl9AaOBngHTXMnnbyW6l3WXeKTUe08oKz-mrXqG-FhK5ltPKKDf3-ODGUrKONVo07H8SCmJcq76UDEjNWFItAbXCX4lixqtjgmjvR04Hs/s654/sad%20fate%20of%20niagra%20no%201%20-%20hand%20grenade%20childrens%20book%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="528" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHPWeErll9-ARgnp36nIKLKEcJrytOo4NLgJ5c83cs0YjXifB6MK2EQYoP836VH29EZz956axWsf9rs2bWl9AaOBngHTXMnnbyW6l3WXeKTUe08oKz-mrXqG-FhK5ltPKKDf3-ODGUrKONVo07H8SCmJcq76UDEjNWFItAbXCX4lixqtjgmjvR04Hs/w323-h400/sad%20fate%20of%20niagra%20no%201%20-%20hand%20grenade%20childrens%20book%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="323" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm5"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p>
<p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">Our blaze was quickly subdued by the aid</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">Of what is known as the Harden Hand Grenade - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">Those bottles you see hanging there on the wall;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">And of fires since this test I’m no longer at all</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5"> Apprehensive.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><i><span class="tm6">The Sad Fate of Niagara Number One</span></i><span class="tm5">, New York, J. C. Rankin, 1885.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm8" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">There are still some thousands of these blue bottles hanging on the walls of buildings, but good time will very often be wasted in attempting to do anything with them.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">“Modern Fire-Extinguishing Appliances,” G. W. Melvin, </span><i><span class="tm6">The Surveyor</span></i><span class="tm5">, April 27, 1893, page 266.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">The timing, ubiquity, colors and frequent hanging of the bottles on walls are all consistent with such colored bottles being related to the origins of the song. I have not uncovered any
smoking gun that unambiguously connects either one of these theories to the song, however. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">You be the judge.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p>
<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>: Since publishing this post, I was made aware of a reference suggesting the song was actually about the hand grenades. Further digging on my part found an earlier version of the song that was about blue-bottle flies. Apparently both speculations may have been true. See my update, <a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/birds-bottles-and-flies-early-history.html">Birds, Bottles and Flies, the Early History of "Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall."</a> Continue reading here for a detailed discussion of the later history and development of the song, blue-bottle flies and blue bottle, glass hand grenades.<br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm13">99/49 Blue/Green Bottles Hanging on the Wall</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The University of Minnesota Class of 1886 are the first people known to have sung a bottle-countdown song, during their “leap year dash” in early 1884.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">But the greatest of all events [during our sophomore year] was the leap year dash - four horses, a coach, driver, footman, the Sophomore class, a handsome reception by Miss Sewall, games,
songs, “Ninety-nine Blue Bottles Hanging on the Wall,” home before anyone is up, and all the invention and management of the girls. The boys would like to leap every year.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“History of ’86. . . Sophomore Year,” </span><i><span class="tm12">Keys Makhlout</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume I, 1883-1884, Published by the Junior Class, University of Minnesota, Tribune Job Printing Co., 1884.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song may not have originated there, but it does not appear to be much older. I have been unable to find a single reference to anything like the song earlier than 1884, and several references
to the song appear during that year, suggesting that it was relatively novel.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An apparent reference to the song appeared in California on February 9, 1884. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A very pleasant entertainment and “Welch Rarebit” party was given Friday evening by Mr. and Mrs. Fillmore at their rooms at the Cosmopolitan in honor of their visitors, Mr. and
Mrs. Ivenson of Laramie, and “Fluke McGlyn was there with but one more river for to cross<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a>, and forty bottles hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Daily Evening Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (San Luis Obispo, California), February 9, 1884, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song was in North Dakota in November 1884, with the number of bottles set at forty-nine.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This amusement and hilarity begun to subside about half past two when some evil spirit took possession of McMillan who sprung that interminable song “Forty-nine blue bottles hanging
on the wall,” which contains forty-nine verses all alike with the exception of dropping down one bottle in each verse. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Jamestown Weekly Alert</span></i><span class="tm8"> (North Dakota), November 27, 1884, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song was in Kansas in 1885, but apparently not appreciated.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The outfit of bards who sang “Forty-nine blue bottles hanging on the wall,” Wednesday night, ought to “go on the road.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Barber County Index</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Medicine Lodge, Kansas), July 24, 1885, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song was known in Upstate New York later the same year.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">We enlivened the time by playing wagon games or singing every song we knew, from “Ninety-nine Blue Bottles A-hanging on the Wall” to “Oh, Why Did They Dig My Grave so Deep?”
till at last we were exhausted, and I fell to thinking of that wonderful view from Mt. Jo, that will always be the most beautiful memory of my pleasant trip to Adirondack Lodge [Keene Valley, New York].</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Detroit, Michigan), October 4, 1885, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A book published in 1890 also suggests the song was sung in the Adirondacks. This the earliest example I could find of the extended lyrics, beyond the title and general description of the
song. It started at an unconventional “ninety-eight bottles.”</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> “Now warble your wildest.” <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Let’s give him - ‘Ninety-eight blue bottles were hanging on the wall,’” cried Travers.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Yes - yes! Ninety-eight blue bottles were hanging on the wall. Take one blue bottle away from them all, and ninety-seven blue bottles are hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">It seemed to Uncle Joseph as if that song just be heard back on Racquette Lake by the prodigious noise it made.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“It’s worse than the loons,” he exclaimed, with a shiver.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Next verse,” cried Travers, as leader.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Ninety-seven blue bottles are hanging on the wall. Ninety-seven blue bottles are hanging on the wall. Take one blue bottle away from them all, and ninety-six blue bottles are hanging
on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Next verse. Ninety-six blue bottles are hanging on the wall. Ninety-six blue bottles are hanging on the wall. Take one blue bottle away from them all, and ninety-five blue bottles
are hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Margaret Sidney, </span><i><span class="tm12">An Adirondack Cabin; a family storytelling of journeyings by lake and mountain, and idyllic days in the heart of the wilderness</span></i><span class="tm8">, Boston, D. Lothrop Company, 1890.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest example of “green bottles” (which would later become standard in England) appeared in Nebraska in 1889, in an account of the performance of the “female minstrel
orchestra” comprising congregants of an Episcopal church.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The first rendition was an overture, produced on every imaginable instrument in every known key and in an enthusiastic manner and the professor perspired until his beard faded away before
he finally persuaded them that the police had been sent for to quell a riot.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">After this followed songs, duets and recitations by the individual females closing with the Italian opera, “99 Green Bottles Hanging on the Wall.” This was the climax, and before
the sixtieth bottle had been “sung from the wall,” the exhausted members of the troupe fainted away, one by one, until only Mrs. Powell and the professor remained seeming determined to get the last bottle off.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm12">Falls City Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Nebraska), May 24, 1889, page 1.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song appeared in more college publications beginning in 1890, including this early notation of the melody, from DePauw University in Indiana, which appears similar to the modern British
“Ten Green Bottles” version.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIw_cwWNFEvUt79Dzm5zz5M5ckN5UFJpQ1ZFHLI-B6fjQTP_-R42ks6zQgVnY0HVO1_T2JW25u2KY8N8mN3QUhuTRVVUQU808UJpygjzww71_Co8ARhG6QTmR0gt4UtRDhe8SfQlVj_MReHaQyFm6utBhyTEhAizl6NuCM6ZmrUAZ0zJw5YD5njxCs/s2215/1890%20DePauw%20College%20Songs%20-%20Ninety%20Nine%20bottles.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="2215" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIw_cwWNFEvUt79Dzm5zz5M5ckN5UFJpQ1ZFHLI-B6fjQTP_-R42ks6zQgVnY0HVO1_T2JW25u2KY8N8mN3QUhuTRVVUQU808UJpygjzww71_Co8ARhG6QTmR0gt4UtRDhe8SfQlVj_MReHaQyFm6utBhyTEhAizl6NuCM6ZmrUAZ0zJw5YD5njxCs/w640-h240/1890%20DePauw%20College%20Songs%20-%20Ninety%20Nine%20bottles.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Songs of DePauw</span></i><span class="tm8">, Boston, J. M. Russell, 1890.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The following year, in Amherst, Massachusetts, students at a “mock town meeting” addressed a proposed mock ordinance to decorate “all electric light wires within town limits
with bottles, irrespective of size, color, or previous contents or condition of service.” During “debate” on the issue, they sang the song with appropriate modifications to the lyrics.</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Article 2 was taken up. . . . The parson was supported by Mr. Boardman of Pelham, and was found to have carried his side, when those in favor sang, “Forty-nine bottles hanging on the
wire,” opposed by the minority who filled the air with “My comrades when I’m no more drinking.” Disorder arose here, but was quelled by means of the Moderator’s heavy gavel, assisted by the copious
majesty of the law, embodied in Policeman Jacobs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm12">The Amherst Student</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 24, Number 27, May 9, 1891, page 214.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They were singing the song at the University of Texas in 1895 or 1896, as recalled two decades later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">It reminded me of Mrs. Robertson and the gang that boarded with her in 1895-1896. . . . One day I was installed as the favored visitor for lunch and the boys proceeded to render a very select
program as an afternoon concert. To the best of my recollection each number on the program was a ditty, that went something like this:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">One hundred blue bottles hanging on the wall</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take one off and ninety-nine was all.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Ninety-nine blue bottles hanging on the wall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take one off and ninety-eight was all.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Alcalde</span></i><span class="tm8"> (alumni magazine of the University of Texas), Volume 4, Number 3, January 1916, page 296.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A snippet of the song appeared in a medley in the </span><i><span class="tm12">Wesleyan Song Book</span></i><span class="tm8">, published by Wesleyan University. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkF4VvWwJQzEb_ib0oi7XeNUjSTAyFcD5PQjfkSH_3SBu5ktX7fzo2PvjizmoSV5X7NI9nMFM95xW_AitZ20C-d6fkZunXoMoFkBBPmN6D4APGLWCr3QwMi364L4J9DnnKHHWVAs4arI5H6dEg9KHPS_pa8u6IjSmxlZVOmlMaWikfkueb3mhktC-/s4460/Wesleyan%20Song%20Book%201901%20-%20medley%20snippet.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2853" data-original-width="4460" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkF4VvWwJQzEb_ib0oi7XeNUjSTAyFcD5PQjfkSH_3SBu5ktX7fzo2PvjizmoSV5X7NI9nMFM95xW_AitZ20C-d6fkZunXoMoFkBBPmN6D4APGLWCr3QwMi364L4J9DnnKHHWVAs4arI5H6dEg9KHPS_pa8u6IjSmxlZVOmlMaWikfkueb3mhktC-/w400-h256/Wesleyan%20Song%20Book%201901%20-%20medley%20snippet.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Wesleyan Song Book</span></i><span class="tm8">, Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Musical Association, 1901, page 76.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">In 1900, a student at Western Reserve University described the song as an “old college song used by some boys when serenading.”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a>
</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A short story in the literary magazine, </span><i><span class="tm12">The Smart Set</span></i><span class="tm8">, featured a college professor using the song to lull his baby to sleep, while his wife is away helping her friend deal with her friend’s new baby. The story, published in 1905, referred to the song as a
“relic” of the professor’s college days.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">It was a relic of his college days; he recalled that as a freshman he had been taught to sing it, standing on one foot, by some visiting, though uninvited, sophomores. Professor Tompkins’s
colleagues might have been shocked had they heard him gravely announce:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Forty-nine blue bottles were hanging on the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Forty-nine blue bottles were hanging on the wall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take one blue bottle down </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">From off the oaken wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And there are forty-eight blue bottles a-hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The second stanza recognizes the existence of only forty-eight blue bottles, which in the last line are reduced to forty-seven.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> “The Professor and the Burglar,” Harry Arthur Thompson, </span><i><span class="tm12">The Smart Set</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 16, Number 2, June 1905, page 113.</span></p><br />
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A cartoon in the University of Chicago yearbook, </span><i><span class="tm12">Cap and Gown</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1915), portrayed the University of Chicago choir singing “Forty-Nine Bottles” (no color) on its concert tour.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6vzF9Lf7jXAu70K-dGokmagbUux5t81JF3d7F1A5ZsGnguFTCOK2YGBg-uIQJV9QCLpVand54tUl4zDpn2Ug6_hXLDoMiNmrngT2nCum7LPtnAbueLJ6KiD183GLT9DiQvh3ygNp1pxK2YJIBbQZW4koWeEovJdNqur8VR-l8znfFzUC9e8Y0ts_y/s1591/university%20of%20chicago.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1591" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6vzF9Lf7jXAu70K-dGokmagbUux5t81JF3d7F1A5ZsGnguFTCOK2YGBg-uIQJV9QCLpVand54tUl4zDpn2Ug6_hXLDoMiNmrngT2nCum7LPtnAbueLJ6KiD183GLT9DiQvh3ygNp1pxK2YJIBbQZW4koWeEovJdNqur8VR-l8znfFzUC9e8Y0ts_y/w640-h512/university%20of%20chicago.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Cap and Gown</span></i><span class="tm8"> (University of Chicago yearbook), Volume 20, 1915, page 538.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song appears to have been relatively popular among college students, generally. The song appeared in a collection of college songs in 1906, without a designated color and starting with
forty-nine.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTOT22U6XiT2ToKMaPtFRQIwPitff70osMoEPDVPn6OJjewOcjxwR145C5gMNNiRZUdGUDZ1Y0xbQ8-RlooJ1F973-L4evJXsxMnrCurw8DKbJAscb_QVJERdTDnIRXlCZKLuJ6wbdRuYTz-m672BGJC03MRM4aIqTeYiyZH0jmOyvx7adfWmyWeIO/s3576/songs%20of%20the%20eastern%20colleges%20revised%20ed%201906.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="3576" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTOT22U6XiT2ToKMaPtFRQIwPitff70osMoEPDVPn6OJjewOcjxwR145C5gMNNiRZUdGUDZ1Y0xbQ8-RlooJ1F973-L4evJXsxMnrCurw8DKbJAscb_QVJERdTDnIRXlCZKLuJ6wbdRuYTz-m672BGJC03MRM4aIqTeYiyZH0jmOyvx7adfWmyWeIO/w640-h234/songs%20of%20the%20eastern%20colleges%20revised%20ed%201906.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Most Popular College Songs, </span></i><span class="tm8">revised edition, New York, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, 1906, page 37.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1916, Horace Greeley’s granddaughter, Nixola Greeley-Smith (who was touted as the “Greatest American woman reporter during her career as a journalist), described the song
as a “college chant.” She used it in trying to lull a baby to sleep when babysitting. The bottles were green and the countdown began at ninety-eight.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“She needs constant repetition of the same sound to maker her sleep.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And I racked my tortured brain for some long winded tale in which the same sound would be reiterated over and over. All I could think of was a college chant I had heard from one of my cousins
beginning, “Ninety-eight green bottles of beer were hanging on the wall.” Each verse, you know, recounts the loss of one green bottle and tells how many bottles were left. For about six verses the bottle chant
made a great hit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">At the tenth green bottle the little girl grew restless, at the fifteenth she was bored, at the twentieth she was angry, at the twenty-fifth she was screaming with rage. But such was my faith
in the power of monotony that I kept right on till she was nearly in hysterics.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm12">The Evening World</span></i><span class="tm8"> (New York), February 17, 1916, page 14.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An abbreviated version of the song appeared in the </span><i><span class="tm12">Boy Scout Song Book</span></i><span class="tm8"> in 1920.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Forty-nine bottles hanging on the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take one away from them all.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Forty-eight bottles hanging on the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Forty-eight bottles hanging on the wall, Etc.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm12">The Boy Scout Song Book</span></i><span class="tm8">, Boston, C. C. Birchard & Company, 1920.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest example of “beer bottles” (as opposed to blue or green bottles) hanging on the wall came out the unlikely location of Nicaragua in 1895. The song was new to the
writer, but one of his acquaintances described it as “old” and widespread throughout the United States.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">About eleven o’clock that night seven or eight jolly young Americans reinforced by not less than forty natives and donkeys planted themselves in front of the hotel and struck up a doggerel
that was new to me but Drew has crossed the United States 26 times and he says the thing is old and has been chanted from Seattle to Portland, or as McKenzie put it in his speech last convention that nominated President Cleveland,
“from Androscoggin to Yuba Dam.” I heard so much of it - they were at it an hour and a half - that I know it by heart.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“There were ninety-nine beer bottles hanging on the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Ninety-nine beer bottles county them all,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take one of those beer bottles down from the wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Leaves ninety-eight beer bottles hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The second verse is just like the first except that it commences with 98 and winds up with 97 bottles. This is kept up until there is but one bottle “hanging on the wall” when
the crowd if it feels just right and if it doesn’t rain too much and if the refreshments hang out will run it back to 99 and so on </span><i><span class="tm12">ad infinitum</span></i><span class="tm8">. For a sick man my first Fourth of July in Nicaragua was “tolerably agreeable.” Thomas O’Hara.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm12">Herald-Palladium</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Benton Harbor, Michigan), August 29, 1895, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1902, two cadet soldiers of the Forty-seventh Regiment Cadet Battalion of Brooklyn, New York sang the song during their summer camp. They had been missing and feared drowned, after going
out in a rowboat, which turned out to be an unseaworthy “tub.” The search party was out looking for them when they heard a song in the darkness.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Then through the darkness I heard a youthful voice piping out:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Ninety-eight green bottles a-hanging on the wall;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Ninety-eight green bottles a-hanging on the wall;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Now one of these green bottles it had an awful fall.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">that left ninety-seven green bottles a-hanging on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Brooklyn Citizen</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 27, 1902, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm13">British “Bottles Hanging”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest example of the song from a British source also involved soldiers. The song appeared in a collection of songs, rhymes and parodies sung, recited or told by British soldiers
during World War I. The bottles are not given a color. The accompanying music appears to be different from the Wesleyan Song Book, perhaps closer to the modern, American version of the song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tVtxtddcTnhtMOtgd9mcnNpPSWyOWKfRoHbyUE2oZw5aydAp1Ljy3ZOqmT4WUSwivaNiklU9zcvTE5b-rJWdGnwnMEXH0nEagLcBcaVxFxwiomdY9FZh8vE76_KRkVpaY4B693qXiCtmLCI9Djdywy1rWeCM8s15DxXZbL8mFElUOHtVTJss-hvc/s1243/tommys%20tunes%20-%20ninety%20nine%20bottles%20cropped.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="1243" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tVtxtddcTnhtMOtgd9mcnNpPSWyOWKfRoHbyUE2oZw5aydAp1Ljy3ZOqmT4WUSwivaNiklU9zcvTE5b-rJWdGnwnMEXH0nEagLcBcaVxFxwiomdY9FZh8vE76_KRkVpaY4B693qXiCtmLCI9Djdywy1rWeCM8s15DxXZbL8mFElUOHtVTJss-hvc/s320/tommys%20tunes%20-%20ninety%20nine%20bottles%20cropped.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i>Tommy's Tunes</i>, London, Erskine MacDonald, Ltd., 1917, page 89.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The British soldiers may have learned the song from American soldiers. G. Stanley Hall, a professor of psychology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, described American soldiers singing the
song during World War I.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Americans tend to hide their real feelings, but their love of jocularity and extravaganzas cannot resist the catchy lilt of such chanteys as Long Boy. Idiotic jingles, and sometimes endless
rhymes like Ninety-Nine Bottles Hanging on a Wall may make them forget fatigue near the end of a long march.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Morale in War and After,” G. Stanley Hall, </span><i><span class="tm12">Psychological Bulletin</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 15, Number 11, November, 1918, page 402.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Music from an American source during the same period appears to be nearly identical to the tune as now-traditionally sung in England. This version has no designated colors for the bottles,
and starts at forty-nine.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iT2yc0K1AKHYlS1POVapz2cMuZsYRfWWABZ0FE4ZODF3inlcOxbhoXDcYrhgpC4KrxNUj0mcPP0C4nLVG4Dc-1hzFqw_aEyCJd0G7iLm1L1jlvp7zoXYXq0IqCBZPoQMLOh7_tvSSNHid14uLPJZrcYZCiW1nes4LMJJ0KonB6kkvcmCt588aa0m/s2488/1915%20sheet%20music%20American%20HOme%20Music%20Companion.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="2488" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iT2yc0K1AKHYlS1POVapz2cMuZsYRfWWABZ0FE4ZODF3inlcOxbhoXDcYrhgpC4KrxNUj0mcPP0C4nLVG4Dc-1hzFqw_aEyCJd0G7iLm1L1jlvp7zoXYXq0IqCBZPoQMLOh7_tvSSNHid14uLPJZrcYZCiW1nes4LMJJ0KonB6kkvcmCt588aa0m/s320/1915%20sheet%20music%20American%20HOme%20Music%20Companion.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">American Home Music Album</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1915, page 913.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest British reference with “green bottles” appeared in 1929, but with the number apparently starting with three, and described as a bowling (“bowls” or lawn
bowling) song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">At the close all bowlers present united in singing “Three green bottles hanging on the wall” - the traditional bowling ditty.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Acton Gazette and West London Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 6, 1929, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Four years later, an account of a radio show about supposedly traditional Yorkshire folk songs mentioned, for the first time in print (as far as I have found), the now-traditional “Ten
Green Bottles” song. The show was moderated by Wyndham Goodden, based on notes by Beatrice Tunstall.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">North Regional listeners hears last night a continuation of the series of “Folk-songs of the North,” with Yorkshire songs by the Sheffield Orpheus Male Choir. Miss Beatrice Tunstall
had collected the notes for the songs, and Mr. Wyndham Goodden presented them with a commentary which was not only an explanation but was entertaining in itself, for it ranged over interesting points apart from those illustrated
by the songs. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">For jollity and spirit one might select from among others the simple and cheerful song “There be ten green bottles hanging on the wall.” It goes with vigour, and after ten verses
there are no more bottles left. These folk-songs made an extremely good programme; they are well arranged, introduced with natural interest, and excellently sung.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm12">The Manchester Guardian</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 14, 1933, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Beatrice Tunstall was born in Lancashire and grew up and lived most of her life in Cheshire. She was considered to have a “vast store of knowledge of Cheshire, its traditions and
legends, its family, histories and folkways. She was not known as an expert on Yorkshire. Wyndham Goodden produced radio dramas for the North Regional Station of the BBC. He resigned his position in August 1933 to join
the staff of the Bedford School as its “arts master.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Their presentation of Yorkshire folk songs was one of a series of local history dramas, which he described as “radioramas” (radio panoramas), intended to “present by sound
pictures and dramatic episodes a broad description . . . of the history of different cities of the North Country,” including Carlisle, Chester and York.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Tunstall and Goodden may have believed that the song’s origin was in Yorkshire, and it is possible that the song had been sung there for decades. Five decades had elapsed the song
had first appeared in California, Minnesota and North Dakota. Given the absence of evidence of earlier appearances in England, and the large number of American references before the earliest British examples, the claim that
“ten green bottles” is older than the American “Ninety-nine (or forty-nine) Blue Bottles, in retrospect, seems to have been made in error.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm13">“Bottles of Beer on the Wall”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The modern British version of the song, “Ten Green Bottles,” may be older than the now-familiar American version, “Ninety-nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall” (with
bottles “on the wall” as opposed to “hanging on the wall”). The earliest examples of the modern American version appeared in the 1940s. The earliest examples I have found were all from high school.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">We heard the Greenfield pep squad again singing the “Bottles of Beer on the Wall” song on the bus Friday night, and this time they left “no bottles of beer on the wall.”
It all goes to show something or other.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Greenfield Vidette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Greenfield, Missouri), February 22, 1945, page 2.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The G. A. A. hayrack ride last Saturday held excitement galore for the twenty-odd members that challenged the cold weather. Beside the five mile ride, and the weiner roast afterward, several
black snakes livened the party. Songs that were sung ranged from “Forty-nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,” to “Brahm’s Lullaby.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm12">Central High Register</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Omaha, Nebraska), November 9, 1945, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The </span><i><span class="tm12">School News</span></i><span class="tm8"> segment in a local newspaper printed several “theme songs” associated with particular people in the
class, including one apparently for C. Staiger, the music editor of the </span><i><span class="tm12">School News</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Theme Songs . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">7. 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - Wacky Staiger.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Potter Enterprise</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Coudersport, Pennsylvania), May 20, 1948, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Boys Club of Bedford, Indiana sang the song during a field trip to Cincinnati to see a Cincinnati Reds baseball game.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">They sang everything from the Lord’s Prayer to Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall. They may not be as good as Frank Sinatra but they are a lot louder.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The Times-Mail </span></i><span class="tm8">(Bedford, Indiana), August 26, 1948.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Boy Scouts of Mt. Pleasant, Utah sang the song during a trip to Canada. This is the first example I have found that includes the words to the entire verse, identical to the now-traditional
version.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">About now a song was started that goes about so: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles of beer, you take one down and pass it around, 98 bottles of beer. This goes all the way down to
1 bottle of beer.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm12">The Pyramid </span></i><span class="tm8">(Mount Pleasant, Utah), August 26, 1949, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The modern British version of the song, “Ten Green Bottles,” may be older than the modern American version of the song, “Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall,”
but they both appear to have been derived from an earlier American version, with ninety-nine or forty-nine blue or green bottles “hanging” on a wall. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm13">Fake News</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">On April 1, 1999, Brian Hunt (if that’s his real name) published a fake history of the </span><i><span class="tm12">Ten Green Bottles</span></i><span class="tm8"> song. Frustratingly, for someone trying to pin down the history of the songs, several sources have regurgitated the fake history as fact. This is similar to the
widespread circulation of the fake history of the kazoo, which was actually created by a kazoo comedy troupe in the 1970s (yes, there was such a thing). Read more about that on my post, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2017/05/bazoo-kazoo-bazooka-from-playful.html"><span class="tm8">“Bazoo, Kazoo, Bazooka - from Playful Instrument to Instrument of War</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The fake bottle-song history centered on a “fiercely intense debate about the nature of scholarship, sparked by the discovery of a fragment of English folk song”; debates reminiscent
of those surrounding </span><u><a href="https://youtu.be/dR0_tMYKwXE?t=57"><span class="tm8">the “Findelmaier Proposition”</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> in the Ryan O’Neil and Barbra Streisand comedy classic, </span><i><u><a href="https://youtu.be/dR0_tMYKwXE?t=57"><span class="tm12">What’s Up Doc!</span></a></u></i></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A French scholar named “Pierre d’Ouidlede,” had supposedly discovered a fragment of a page of 14</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> century manuscript, revealing one verse of a poem:</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Syxthene boetell gryne Yhangen, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Yhangen, Yhangen, Yhangen, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Syxthene boetell gryne; </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Doonfal won, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Syxthene boetell gryne Yhangen, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Yhangen An . . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">National Post</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Toronto, Canada), April 1, 1999, page 25.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A Professor “Muddlewheat” from England supposedly latched onto the fragment as “proof” that the “green bottle” song was centuries old. Based on the random
number in the fragment, he postulated that there must be other verses and that it had to be a precursor of </span><i><span class="tm12">Ten Green Bottles</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A supposed “freelance musicologist and philosopher” named Brett Shatner disagreed. He was said to have written that it was a “profound shock to see the depths to which British scholarship
seems to have sunk. If it is ‘obvious’ to Prof. Muddelwheat that verses exist for which there is no material evidence, then he should perhaps change his professional title to ‘clairvoyant’ rather than
‘musicologist.’”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Weeks later, yet another voice chimed in, when a “Mr. E. C. Poswaithe” claimed to have done “extensive research” into the song in the 1950s, and had “proved
to his own satisfaction that the song originated in the London underworld of the 1830s.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Frustrating attempts to get to the bottom of the issue, Professor Shatner had supposedly vanished without a trace.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Nothing in the article makes much sense. The professors do not exist, their named schools do not exist, and even after one “boetell gryne” “doonfal won,” there are
still “syxthene boetell” left - so even the fake premise of the fake article makes no sense. But although many details of the article are patently absurd, Mr. Poswaithe’s supposed comments raise one important point - “Poswaith’s Postulate,” if you
will.</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">If these are glass bottles, why should they be ‘hanging’ rather than ‘standing’ on a wall - the latter situation would not only be more logical but more likely to precipitate
the destructive series of tumbles the song catalogues incrementally.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">National Post</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Toronto, Canada), April 1, 1999, page 25.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm13">“Blue Bottles Hanging on the Wall”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">In the earliest known version of the song and in most of the early references to the song in print, the bottles were “blue bottles.” Which raises the question, what is a “blue
bottle”? Scouring digitally searchable archives from the period in which the first examples of the song appear, and the few years prior, unearthed two likely candidates. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">By far the most common reference to “blue bottles” is not a reference to a bottle at all - but to a type of fly. A second possibility is a type of fire extinguishing “hand
grenade,” aggressively marketed and sold beginning in about 1884, the same year in which the song first appeared. The “grenades” were pint-sized blue or green glass bottles which were frequently hung on
walls.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"><span style="font-size: large;">Blue Bottle Flies</span> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">In Praise of the Blue-Bottle. - An animal is wanted for the special purpose of destroying carrion, so as to prevent it becoming a nuisance. The creature appropriate for this purpose is a
small worm, known as a maggot. But how are such worms to be extemporized, when a mass of putrid meat is to be disposed of?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The difficulty is beautifully got over by sending a particular kind of big fly called a blue-bottle, that is entitled to rank as a scavenger-general.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">The New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 11, 1879, page 4 (reprint from Chambers’s Journal).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Blue Bottle’s Revenge.</span></p>
<p class="tm15"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Down on the floor, on the other side of the big table, were two boys fighting . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Yes, they were, as true as anything, spending the time that beautiful bright day in squabbling and screaming till the humming and buzzing of a hundred blue bottles couldn’t have been
heard.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Clay Center Dispatch (Kansas), December 2, 1880, page 3 (reprint from </span><i><span class="tm12">Youth’s Companion</span></i><span class="tm8">).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span>
</p><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Gentle Jane was good as gold;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">She always did as she was told;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">She never spoke when her mouth was full,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Or caught blue-bottles their legs to pull . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Gilbert & Sullivan, Act 2, Scene One, </span><i><span class="tm12">Patience or Bunthorne’s Bride</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1881).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">THE BLUE-BOTTLE FLY</span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Buzzing and gay in the early dawn,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Fresh from a nap on the parlour wall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Out for a flight over garden and lawn,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Fearing no tumble and dreading no fall,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm17" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Came a fly:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A lively, frolicsom, blue-bottle fly. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Leeds Mercury (Yorkshire, England), November 5, 1881, page 18 (widely reprinted in the United States; for example, </span><i><span class="tm12">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 9, 1881, page 3; </span><i><span class="tm12">Arapahoe Pioneer </span></i><span class="tm8">(Nebraska), December 16, 1881, page 2; </span><i><span class="tm12">Pomona Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 7, 1882, page 1).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A Novel Sport.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A letter to the New York </span><i><span class="tm12">Sun</span></i><span class="tm8"> brings some singular intelligence as to the character of the newest entertainments of a sporting kind
pursued by the English during the Lenten season. Pigeon-shooting was first the rage, but the Princess of Wales lifted up her voice against the cruel sport and stopped it. As there was nothing else that could be killed out
of doors the manly sportsmen of both sexes thereupon contrived some indoor shooting, which is thus described by the </span><i><span class="tm12">Sun’s</span></i><span class="tm8"> correspondent:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Instead of pigeon-shooting we inaugurate insect-shooting. Bumble-bees par excellence, then blue-bottles, cockchafers - any small, fat, flying thing in season - is game. A gallery
is erected. The victims are boxed up, let loose, and fired at by miniature guns and rifles of exquisit workmanship.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm12">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 25, 1883, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If “blue bottles” did refer to flies in the original lyrics, it would explain both why the bottles were blue, and why they could be “hanging on the wall.” It seems plausible that the count-down
of “blue bottles hanging on the wall” could refer to the systematic removal of flies hanging on the wall, but we may never know.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;">Blue Bottle Hand Grenades</span> <br /></span></p><p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">In 1871, a man named Samuel B. Johnson patented an “improvement in fire-extinguishers,” which he described as being “in the form of a grenade or bomb, and constructed of
glass, that it can be easily thrown or discharged, and break when it strikes the spot against or toward which it is directed.” US Patent 117,891 (August 8, 1871). The patent was later assigned to a man named P. J.
Clark, who granted two licenses; one to the Harden company and one to Hayward.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Two people apparently associated with one of the licensees, John J. Harden and Henry D. Harden, later received additional patents for improvements in the hand grenade, US Patents 282,981
(August 14, 1883) and 306,154 (October 7, 1884).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXY_6DDYLi8ovlgODR6irApYBF4gXNPGoDMvHtb7lXPVDWA9pgwyK9qOCFSqrpqyHcDD_m9k1zrsin11De4tdFnYYCohUczurD9VOG_H5qzC0DpXJjlGxDo0FH_4i6IiWZOidJz7kuSgwDYPOqVSLQGOlbnONFL9DUpqA2c033jMpi3ubs7DXJG14/s2215/US%20Patent%20282981%20Harden%20-%20edit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1813" data-original-width="2215" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXY_6DDYLi8ovlgODR6irApYBF4gXNPGoDMvHtb7lXPVDWA9pgwyK9qOCFSqrpqyHcDD_m9k1zrsin11De4tdFnYYCohUczurD9VOG_H5qzC0DpXJjlGxDo0FH_4i6IiWZOidJz7kuSgwDYPOqVSLQGOlbnONFL9DUpqA2c033jMpi3ubs7DXJG14/w400-h328/US%20Patent%20282981%20Harden%20-%20edit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8BamZJKDQgb0a1fqoh-r_Lu4V5hHpXgzZxY-NKay0vl5tSsvmuaN4jFanElR0l-IVcpa7QBhFyHaPHN9gOKgTfOah2v4DuzXBVXRTE_Joy5-BrKMJq6JWeDbWhHnFH_zbOIBAPq2KJFccBK7SxfJaPNuSrbjASoIG0z-dIcyk0A7qmHNKKRgQUfeJ/s1861/US%20306154%20harden%20patent%20summary%20patent%20image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1861" data-original-width="1774" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8BamZJKDQgb0a1fqoh-r_Lu4V5hHpXgzZxY-NKay0vl5tSsvmuaN4jFanElR0l-IVcpa7QBhFyHaPHN9gOKgTfOah2v4DuzXBVXRTE_Joy5-BrKMJq6JWeDbWhHnFH_zbOIBAPq2KJFccBK7SxfJaPNuSrbjASoIG0z-dIcyk0A7qmHNKKRgQUfeJ/w381-h400/US%20306154%20harden%20patent%20summary%20patent%20image.jpg" width="381" /></a></div><br />
<p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">In October of 1882, the Harden’s staged what may have been their first, of many, public tests of the supposed fire-extinguishing capabilities of their “hand grenades.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal">
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtNXQDO3LthGu2SugN-CnSMf1VGrBLLS9WgpSeTBKp4BDvWR6wIqreJMD3y0WIMeJr2rFgFaP7CBV9phg_eEWzZ_fwVLmtxlGw3pYdcXSpX1a5beLswog52_J5BAuKVHHUz_vI96ARe9zOcz3FhAH4BtWhDcOz8DoyYKz0eBYwXvoTzv2JzF12g2V/s840/Chicago%201882%20Inter%20Ocean%20oct%204%201882%20page%208%20Chicago%20public%20test%20of%20Harden%20Hand-Grenade%20Fire%20Extinguisher..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="840" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtNXQDO3LthGu2SugN-CnSMf1VGrBLLS9WgpSeTBKp4BDvWR6wIqreJMD3y0WIMeJr2rFgFaP7CBV9phg_eEWzZ_fwVLmtxlGw3pYdcXSpX1a5beLswog52_J5BAuKVHHUz_vI96ARe9zOcz3FhAH4BtWhDcOz8DoyYKz0eBYwXvoTzv2JzF12g2V/w400-h163/Chicago%201882%20Inter%20Ocean%20oct%204%201882%20page%208%20Chicago%20public%20test%20of%20Harden%20Hand-Grenade%20Fire%20Extinguisher..jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><i><span class="tm9">The Chicago Inter-Ocean</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 4, 1882, page 8.</span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Several months later, they were recruiting sales agents for Missouri and Kansas.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOWcsI1nB7ERsqefum3qfBOxMLlz6LlROf8h8PL9HzzKEB6M8dw7Rp-wCsqy6q_Wjfm_2EcgCqGjSTn1jcOnBYu0ByglU7VnBI8AFUMNeigOmJ20vTWeEz6TifTKbTTYtcyrEFl0ybQw3k-y2WawtlGjr6ucDhpC7LeVZBxtIH_DYZ_ivX66dGSrLg/s903/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20feb%202%201883%20page%206%20-%20recruiting%20agents.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="903" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOWcsI1nB7ERsqefum3qfBOxMLlz6LlROf8h8PL9HzzKEB6M8dw7Rp-wCsqy6q_Wjfm_2EcgCqGjSTn1jcOnBYu0ByglU7VnBI8AFUMNeigOmJ20vTWeEz6TifTKbTTYtcyrEFl0ybQw3k-y2WawtlGjr6ucDhpC7LeVZBxtIH_DYZ_ivX66dGSrLg/w400-h80/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20feb%202%201883%20page%206%20-%20recruiting%20agents.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 2, 1883, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In August of that year, the Hardens reorganized their business.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">NEW CORPORATIONS.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Harden Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher company, of Chicago: capital stock $100,000; incorporators, John J. Harden, Henry J. Mellen and Charles E. Kruger.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Rock Island Argus</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Rock Island, Illinois), August 24, 1883, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The new company registered the shape and color of their bottles as trademarks (11,883, December 29, 1884), describing them as “a blue or bluish green grenade bottle having a general
configuration or appearance of a melon with the meridian like flutings and an equatorial band and having a red label upon and about the base of the bottle neck.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim08uZXVoz-H7nuido4cJWvRXP19BLqBIfqrc0QmohRxS_0R5gMQgrNEmRwsOggnL-80w80eaA754MJJFYyDx9odZ4FkBKJcl62EjQIfPEvzSPZkYGS-oVdoGToQOME8F4oVTJsbP8_OIAiJh0hICiM0QVqBRqmQyrG_3vrH5Fsg00Z5W58EEY66ce/s1111/daily%20city%20news%20new%20castle%20pa%20dec%205%201883%20page%203%20-%20exhibition.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="1111" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim08uZXVoz-H7nuido4cJWvRXP19BLqBIfqrc0QmohRxS_0R5gMQgrNEmRwsOggnL-80w80eaA754MJJFYyDx9odZ4FkBKJcl62EjQIfPEvzSPZkYGS-oVdoGToQOME8F4oVTJsbP8_OIAiJh0hICiM0QVqBRqmQyrG_3vrH5Fsg00Z5W58EEY66ce/w400-h272/daily%20city%20news%20new%20castle%20pa%20dec%205%201883%20page%203%20-%20exhibition.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Harden hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher consists of glass globe, filled with a chemical fluid, highly charged with, and generating in fire a gas in which it is impossible for combustion
to continue.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Daily City News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (New Castle, Pennsylvania), December 5, 1883, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">References to the grenades in print referred to them variously as “blue bottles” or “green bottles,” although the color blue appears to predominate when a color is
specified. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They were “green” in a description of one of their public demonstrations.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">The Harden Hand-Grenade.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">An experiment was made this afternoon, pursuant to announcement, on Washington Square, with what is known as the Harden Hand-Grenade Fire Extinguisher. . . . [W]hen the flames had got a fair
hold on the wooden structure, about 10 feet in height, and were flashing above the uppermost boards, an experimenter advanced within a few feet of the flames, having in his hand apparently a globular green glass bottle, about
six inches in diameter, with a tightly sealed neck about three inches in length. This he held between him and the fire and struck with a hammer, which exploded the bottle and reduced the flames rapidly.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Deseret News </span></i><span class="tm8">(Salt Lake City, Utah), April 2, 1884, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Following a demonstration in Iowa the following month, the bottles were “blue” and hung against a wall, where it apparently acted automatically in response to the heat of the
fire, like a proto-sprinkler system. A witness sang its praises, almost as though it were </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNTzOBKs1bA"><span class="tm8">Brother Maynard’s “Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch.”</span></a></u></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Two blue bottles, called hand grenades, were hung up by wires around the necks against the wall. The match was applied and oil thrown on the fire and when the mass was burning freely the
bottles burst, and as if by magic the fire which a moment before threatened sure destruction to the structure, was so effectually and thoroughly etinguished as to call forth the praise of all for the wonderful hand grenade.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Iowa), May 28, 1884, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">These and other tests around the United States and Canada were happening at about the same time the University of Minnesota sophomores sang the song during their “Leap Year dash”
in early-1884.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The manufacturers, merchants and property owners of Dayton, are respectfully requested to witness an exhibition test of the Harden Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher, better known as those “Little
Blue Bottles,” which will be given to-morrow . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Dayton Herald</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Dayton, Ohio), June 10, 1884, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A second trial of the harden Hand grenades was made on the parane yesterday evening . . . . . Loud huzzas . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Halifax Herald</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Halifax, Nova Scotia), June 17, 1884, page 1. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">On each Councilman’s desk was displayed an ultra marine colored bottle containing a liquid that looked like Apollonaris water or the distilled juice of the juniper berry. . . . Diligent
inquiry revealed the fact that the blue bottles were Harden Hand Grenades, for extinguishing fires, placed on exhibition by the sagent, W. W. Blow, and submitted to the Council for their calm consideration as a valuable and
effective adjunct of the Fire Department.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Oakland Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Oakland, California), September 16, 1884, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The report of an industrial exposition in San Francisco summarized the mechanism by which the grenades supposedly doused fires.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjABvBpWh4fngACpac_bwTdjcYQchpz3SIOnlDVzYG8WwN4feRDhQSzMnkCTTjAr_FoLv8LCELTRJYwj68QdmLF08Csi5hr3dOB5sqmadGXzTc7ETHrhDVLhCrACFk4gU8uhf4X8mweWK1ffKmC_q7jhom_LBvNqWuWiUmjkDZCy5gw9HkHUwzd0vpj/s1242/san%20francisco%20mechanical%20exhibition%20hand%20grenade%20description.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="1242" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjABvBpWh4fngACpac_bwTdjcYQchpz3SIOnlDVzYG8WwN4feRDhQSzMnkCTTjAr_FoLv8LCELTRJYwj68QdmLF08Csi5hr3dOB5sqmadGXzTc7ETHrhDVLhCrACFk4gU8uhf4X8mweWK1ffKmC_q7jhom_LBvNqWuWiUmjkDZCy5gw9HkHUwzd0vpj/w400-h119/san%20francisco%20mechanical%20exhibition%20hand%20grenade%20description.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Report of the Nineteenth Industrial Exposition Mechanics’ Institute, San Francisco</span></i><span class="tm8">, San Francisco, The Institute, 1885, page 76.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Advertisements for the devices illustrated the ease with which the grenades might be used.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vWMUW9JKO6PjRkrQdyPUFNgPE20aXTsGuHptnz1pnRmwstvX_E38_z9Hhzq5jiuibvS6P3XStnfyW7DMNjG7fbmyyKve_-m8kxltI7XRsjcU10E3L_UJ-Eobe5RtZYXlkTAKJSoMVe-tLHl4soMWYSW45XfuFonHQDcOcv48XIj4zlUzCfoJIMTH/s1197/united%20opinion%20bradford%20vermont%20march%2027%201885%20page%208%20-%20ad%20for%20Harden%20hand%20grenade%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1197" data-original-width="621" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vWMUW9JKO6PjRkrQdyPUFNgPE20aXTsGuHptnz1pnRmwstvX_E38_z9Hhzq5jiuibvS6P3XStnfyW7DMNjG7fbmyyKve_-m8kxltI7XRsjcU10E3L_UJ-Eobe5RtZYXlkTAKJSoMVe-tLHl4soMWYSW45XfuFonHQDcOcv48XIj4zlUzCfoJIMTH/w208-h400/united%20opinion%20bradford%20vermont%20march%2027%201885%20page%208%20-%20ad%20for%20Harden%20hand%20grenade%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="208" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N5T14ao4tXJWgD6ue66n7N6rHpKBftehjFS284yyT3HaD5oPCeQ9M7V1cLeVjBr9IwhM8_LQxgz2TOdBRbodtWe5zAdvjdhkuyAg3PGyBSxGFckiTdUZ8gM7xJ2uGUs5aiz0VH210Om4TdIKm-ok9TBReMQSfjhFvpd7rK-6huA-pSyjaJqz6j10/s1151/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20ad%20pic%20use%20of%20grenade.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1151" data-original-width="1138" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N5T14ao4tXJWgD6ue66n7N6rHpKBftehjFS284yyT3HaD5oPCeQ9M7V1cLeVjBr9IwhM8_LQxgz2TOdBRbodtWe5zAdvjdhkuyAg3PGyBSxGFckiTdUZ8gM7xJ2uGUs5aiz0VH210Om4TdIKm-ok9TBReMQSfjhFvpd7rK-6huA-pSyjaJqz6j10/w395-h400/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20ad%20pic%20use%20of%20grenade.jpg" width="395" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqCPJoec1ink6Mo3WqaLEmZqP0OADB2lFwVJIcI_xzYMIM5ryunIZyVM9PBG0eWaFtGfNuFsB-vgS-ISI4DhUIFW17ptiVosStfI6XqImOtKxoeExtDIrp81_wbRPpSU_ugxFAFT6QNGj4KIx0u1SfcHDwAV92S-2DVczfT4K80znXLKso-JolWBTQ/s1882/Harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20-%20novelties%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1882" data-original-width="1837" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqCPJoec1ink6Mo3WqaLEmZqP0OADB2lFwVJIcI_xzYMIM5ryunIZyVM9PBG0eWaFtGfNuFsB-vgS-ISI4DhUIFW17ptiVosStfI6XqImOtKxoeExtDIrp81_wbRPpSU_ugxFAFT6QNGj4KIx0u1SfcHDwAV92S-2DVczfT4K80znXLKso-JolWBTQ/w390-h400/Harden%20hand%20grenade%20ad%20-%20novelties%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="390" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDNxaX9f6XsOB-9a6VQmJS6jq9yCqwpB7VAWPepIlEi9Gp0pHQyzJSW-gBr5VMmmhj5k7drrJWqzzOy91Esj8m2TN52ZVsKhk_WvxSuANsKZNpCTXZ2NLmcLX9sjQnUHO1l64HyTQ6g-HtsZUa9lo_8Ck1uy6BLK806Lyo-9EEIhkIK1zIDbhLig6_/s1829/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20hayward%20hand%20grenade%201880s.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1829" data-original-width="1497" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDNxaX9f6XsOB-9a6VQmJS6jq9yCqwpB7VAWPepIlEi9Gp0pHQyzJSW-gBr5VMmmhj5k7drrJWqzzOy91Esj8m2TN52ZVsKhk_WvxSuANsKZNpCTXZ2NLmcLX9sjQnUHO1l64HyTQ6g-HtsZUa9lo_8Ck1uy6BLK806Lyo-9EEIhkIK1zIDbhLig6_/w328-h400/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20hayward%20hand%20grenade%201880s.jpg" width="328" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YAj2-VoamMKwzErlHIvuWd7wPoDOnfEbWQnFXDkSehRFAZhh--osUdNaGyWxL8R0UAmtYaNlYQbgxRLZvvGajmlFuJ-9G6i3ymPdgrG0MXoGeEk9Q-wugwCdXE0e5DYjOSqexdh8k5Hjn2MD1Un8Gk0Lx63Ic41NI6L6Yk2BHolHD9hyc_A3EYlG/s1232/national%20republican%20DC%20mar%209%201886%20page%204%20-%20hayward%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1232" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YAj2-VoamMKwzErlHIvuWd7wPoDOnfEbWQnFXDkSehRFAZhh--osUdNaGyWxL8R0UAmtYaNlYQbgxRLZvvGajmlFuJ-9G6i3ymPdgrG0MXoGeEk9Q-wugwCdXE0e5DYjOSqexdh8k5Hjn2MD1Un8Gk0Lx63Ic41NI6L6Yk2BHolHD9hyc_A3EYlG/w400-h338/national%20republican%20DC%20mar%209%201886%20page%204%20-%20hayward%20ad.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrFSX5OtF_P19PPNan6i_OzdUx1oYnB7_YZ6O46vsRoS2Jm0ahzjRCskRxYfHilWtK1qlZ_uNbLc7yyGGruJjoqCc5BwUNwJIOMZS03jZNbbgYoyMBXiR_1g88hU8h6pdY0HJyzdMNBz9Wa0uUx0cdnyQCwIAPd2cRqOzBPQ9P0_7HRZi42snEGm0j/s777/hayward%20hand%20grenade%20harpers%20weekly%20vol%2028%20no%201442%20page%20526%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="762" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrFSX5OtF_P19PPNan6i_OzdUx1oYnB7_YZ6O46vsRoS2Jm0ahzjRCskRxYfHilWtK1qlZ_uNbLc7yyGGruJjoqCc5BwUNwJIOMZS03jZNbbgYoyMBXiR_1g88hU8h6pdY0HJyzdMNBz9Wa0uUx0cdnyQCwIAPd2cRqOzBPQ9P0_7HRZi42snEGm0j/w393-h400/hayward%20hand%20grenade%20harpers%20weekly%20vol%2028%20no%201442%20page%20526%20ad.jpg" width="393" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As in the Iowa test and the song in neighboring Minnesota, these “blue bottles” were frequently described as being hung on or against walls.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">I am reminded of the country man who was strolling through the Taylor works the other day. He caught sight of the glass hand grenades which hang against the wall, so as to be in readiness
in case of fire.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Public Weekly Opinion </span></i><span class="tm8">(Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), July 24, 1885, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Harden “Star” Hand Grenade consists of a Blue Globe or Bottle, filled with a Chemical Fluid which, when broken over or into the flames, instantly extinguishes the fire. . .
.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Harden “Star” Hand Grenade is unequaled for Private Residences, Public Buildings, Country Houses, Stables, Yachts, Steam-ships, Theatres, Mills, &c. Should be hung round
every room in a Warehouse, Office, Factory, &c.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm8"> </span>T<span class="tm9">he Morning Post</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), October 14, 1885, page 7 (advertisement).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">There are still some thousands of these blue bottles hanging on the walls of buildings, but good time will very often be wasted in attempting to do anything with them.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Modern Fire-Extinguishing Appliances,” G. W. Melvin, </span><i><span class="tm9">The Surveyor</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 27, 1893, page 266.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">When the time came for him to open his store, hanging on the ceiling and on the walls were about two hundred [fire extinguisher] hand-grenades.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Goodwin’s Weekly: A Thinking Paper for Thinking People</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Salt Lake City, Utah), February 7, 1914, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Harden company even made and sold racks for the purpose of hanging their grenades on the wall.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zwaMruXLJ444jWOA8539v1Sf0SGrrT8vx5-ECGvzGqIvt4twOaLTaLuymldoRd0TSnDxxhLGRuS_wNQvsSdGLzGoKDYUxE3dTmoFE3WZAY6ST9aIMl12YC2N7RJ6PZ-yXtSK3HlMNOeejChN70zhDkb14WxhA_53E8ekCKgA0SoS7pFkFL6qnOY2/s1843/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20wall%20brackets%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1843" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8zwaMruXLJ444jWOA8539v1Sf0SGrrT8vx5-ECGvzGqIvt4twOaLTaLuymldoRd0TSnDxxhLGRuS_wNQvsSdGLzGoKDYUxE3dTmoFE3WZAY6ST9aIMl12YC2N7RJ6PZ-yXtSK3HlMNOeejChN70zhDkb14WxhA_53E8ekCKgA0SoS7pFkFL6qnOY2/w400-h111/the%20graphic%20london%20dec%2012%201885%20page%2026%20-%20wall%20brackets%20ad.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Graphic</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London), December 12, 1885, page 26.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An image from a short picture book shows three of the grenades in such a rack. The short book was written verse, with pictures, like a children’s book. The book told the sad fate
of a fire-fighting engine called “Niagara Number 1.” The brave firemen who ran the engine, and the engine itself, became redundant and useless after everyone in town equipped themselves with Harden “Star”
Hand Grenades</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIjItwShaakVHm8amlVaayyPDXsofM820udHpVOehYxJFXd-nSUtnDKLrDRlcn1P0CMCRX05LEqc8nMEqh-sZ55idjva8zXwQcURcA-uY7GEX07uT8lIU2ixSyBoJIaFA-AId9xq227hVcYkR6mOI3rXDYu-vGAE9KX_YiHhr7oJVXwt7CRVgdtr-d/s2614/sad%20fate%20of%20niagra%20no%201%20-%20hand%20grenade%20childrens%20book.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2614" data-original-width="2112" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIjItwShaakVHm8amlVaayyPDXsofM820udHpVOehYxJFXd-nSUtnDKLrDRlcn1P0CMCRX05LEqc8nMEqh-sZ55idjva8zXwQcURcA-uY7GEX07uT8lIU2ixSyBoJIaFA-AId9xq227hVcYkR6mOI3rXDYu-vGAE9KX_YiHhr7oJVXwt7CRVgdtr-d/w324-h400/sad%20fate%20of%20niagra%20no%201%20-%20hand%20grenade%20childrens%20book.jpg" width="324" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Our blaze was quickly subdued by the aid</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Of what is known as the Harden Hand Grenade - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Those bottles you see hanging there on the wall;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And of fires since this test I’m no longer at all</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> Apprehensive.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This thing was repeated again and again, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And fires were put out ere Niagara’s men, </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">With their engines the sound of the bells had obeyed;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">For always before them they found the grenade.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">It never once failed to extinguish the flames</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">When properly used, as its label explains.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And for Engine Niagara Number One, It left nothing to do and no prize to be won.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">So with the sad downfall that pride often meets</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The old engine is now used to sprinkle the streets.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgiscz3YS7Q4FOYyGJf_e8NAk7uHTdFtGQnooV_gCUDUusDVWrmPK74inPdfEPrN9ZwHDvoTsabYwtRAdgbokjB47Fp3dLa4TPCET-LEVLSaQvPiwHSa8-FNB0cgiePXHv40CIngZEjUoI7X1LNhHMeHxncPcCzKUtDcngq7XkK2QlKNiZutQmHvp/s426/niagara%20number%201%20water%20wagon%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="426" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgiscz3YS7Q4FOYyGJf_e8NAk7uHTdFtGQnooV_gCUDUusDVWrmPK74inPdfEPrN9ZwHDvoTsabYwtRAdgbokjB47Fp3dLa4TPCET-LEVLSaQvPiwHSa8-FNB0cgiePXHv40CIngZEjUoI7X1LNhHMeHxncPcCzKUtDcngq7XkK2QlKNiZutQmHvp/w400-h306/niagara%20number%201%20water%20wagon%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Sad Fate of Niagara Number One</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, J. C. Rankin, 1885.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">For a few years, the bottles were marketed aggressively throughout the country. But despite the convincing demonstrations and laudatory comments likely put out by their press agents, the
blue bottles soon passed into history due to their obvious limitations and ineffectiveness for most fire-fighting purposes.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Fire! The Little Blue Bottle</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This worthless fire extinguisher known as the hand grenade, or little blue bottle, ought to be suppressed by act of legislation on account of its damaging effect both to property and life.
One can see these worthless blue bottles at nearly every turn . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Don’t fool your money away and subject the town or city which you live into fall a prey to Fiend Fire through the deceptive influences of this ornamental, not useful blue little fraud.
</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">Oklahoma War Chief</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Wichita, Kansas), August 27, 1885, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In Salt Lake City, some customers destroyed their bottles after they proved in effective in stopping a bank fire, as recalled nearly two decades later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLXpuqdeQWjiwHL0bnlU8BsZCFMwoK4Gy4crWPQqmUgMuwy6uBqCmt-7oJO5ij5EVO_7xVffnxIWkRQuEZmQ3ibn2mBmQDDBz0wWrHUTUMs3bo6ZZDrxVeAYoeimK7xtruct1PNQtXS8wT3ryjSerGv4Pqk1ayRIsRLJyGYjVz62oxbtZqJZsC3SfY/s1407/salt%20lake%20telegram%20nov%2030%201912%20page%203%20memories%20of%20old%20swindle%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1407" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLXpuqdeQWjiwHL0bnlU8BsZCFMwoK4Gy4crWPQqmUgMuwy6uBqCmt-7oJO5ij5EVO_7xVffnxIWkRQuEZmQ3ibn2mBmQDDBz0wWrHUTUMs3bo6ZZDrxVeAYoeimK7xtruct1PNQtXS8wT3ryjSerGv4Pqk1ayRIsRLJyGYjVz62oxbtZqJZsC3SfY/w400-h224/salt%20lake%20telegram%20nov%2030%201912%20page%203%20memories%20of%20old%20swindle%20headline.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Memories of the greatest fake fire extinguisher swindle that was ever worked in Salt Lake City were revived yesterday when the janitor of a Main street firm discovered two dusty bottles in
the basement of the building. . . . When the bottles were cleaned they proved to be of light green glass and each held about a pint of liquid, or at least would have had they been full. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">In the spring of 1884 there arrived in Salt Lake City a man who was a genius as a salesman, and an advertiser for the firm which he represented; there is more than one man in Salt Lake City
today who would be willing to take an oat that no equal of this man has ever visited Salt Lake City. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Fail in Real Test.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">What is said to be the first real test of the “extinguishers” took place in the Deseret National bank building . . . . One afternoon a fire was discovered in the rear room of
the offices of the then Utah Central railroad, on the second floor of the building, and the telephone operator on the line from that office was asked to notify the fire station . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">In the meantime the late James Sharp . . . and a number of other occupants . . . had begun to fight the fire. At least a half dozen of the so called “fire extinguishers” were
thrown into the flames. Finally John Sharp, Jr., seized two of the hand grenades and a hammer. Going almost into he midst of the flames, he broke both with the hammer. They had n more effect than would two pints of water.
A few minutes later the fire was extinguished by the department, with but little damage to the building.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">That afternoon John Sharpe, Sr., gave orders that the remaining score or more of the hand grenades be put in the garbage can. Others followed his example, and it is doubted if a half dozen
of the little light green bottles could be found in all of Salt Lake City today.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Salt Lake Telegram</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 30, 1912, page 3.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Their limited effectiveness was one thing, but competition was another. An invention patented in 1884 may have helped douse the hand grenade’s red-hot market share - the automatic
sprinkler, which turned on automatically during a fire.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A4wRgsNdo0MYsMW0_4YDQXamQfKhi-ZsqQH9aVxAvqTzM6-WGpw2UGqTiO1Fmb29_Ys4BJrY9G5fGvROssBfYMiPj_IdjvIZjiHKUXOcZNNMYbpawFHMl3SnquasJjC7YK7PhX_kLNiXUkJZnAOeY-bKP0rNtWd8K6R86FNHyTz-31JJchBK8q1R/s1921/US%20302991%20Fowler%20automatic%20sprinkler%20or%20fire%20extinguisher.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1454" data-original-width="1921" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0A4wRgsNdo0MYsMW0_4YDQXamQfKhi-ZsqQH9aVxAvqTzM6-WGpw2UGqTiO1Fmb29_Ys4BJrY9G5fGvROssBfYMiPj_IdjvIZjiHKUXOcZNNMYbpawFHMl3SnquasJjC7YK7PhX_kLNiXUkJZnAOeY-bKP0rNtWd8K6R86FNHyTz-31JJchBK8q1R/w400-h303/US%20302991%20Fowler%20automatic%20sprinkler%20or%20fire%20extinguisher.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Harden company may have felt the heat. In order to not put all their blue eggs in one basket, they merged with James Sinclair in 1886<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a>
and the Lewis Hand Fire Extinguisher Company in 1888.<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a> James Sinclair was a “well known fire engineer,” pioneer in pressurized and chemical fire
extinguishers,<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a> and dealer in automatic sprinkler systems.<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a> Lewis held the rights to a successful
hand-held extinguisher. Together, they expanded their line of products to include automatic sprinkler systems.<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a> [<span style="font-size: x-small;">Note: the links for footnotes v-ix in this paragraph were corrupted somehow - the footnotes are at the bottom of the page and can be viewed by scrolling down.</span>] <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One of their products was known as the “Harden Star Grenade Sprinkler,” but it was not what we might call a “sprinkler system” today. It appears to have been a glass
bottle, with larger capacity and the option of opening it without smashing it, to sprinkle the contents onto a fire. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Note also the Harden Star Grenade Sprinkler Fire Extinguisher. This can be instantly opened or broken, as circumstances may require.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This valuable appliance combines the best qualities of the famous Harden star Grenades with the new feature that it can also most effectively used as a Hand Sprinkler. It consists of a glass
vessel of elegant appearance, about 18 inches long and 2½ inches in diameter, fitted with a patent stopper, which although hermetically sealing the ve3ssel, can be instantly and easily withdrawn therefrom. The Sprinkler
is filled with the same chemical liquid which has made the Harden Star Grenade world-famed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Dorking Advertiser</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Surrey, England), September 26, 1891, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6XgpQiLgWxoW1I2A21x6dUM-xqpAT-FuSetyNbBYclR2TtjMCASL6qB19qwjtjunIw9m7lu4uFMshZUk9PUagkyzn_fggBIHErzCOOOHqEfImZLafyMNSppQjqKqs1AgsjadUSTC8Ro5YFAiDcR4ZUpzPO-xtWqntZBxteUPclf4TS8bkYkLVZnj/s1411/harden%20star%20extinguisher.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1411" data-original-width="662" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6XgpQiLgWxoW1I2A21x6dUM-xqpAT-FuSetyNbBYclR2TtjMCASL6qB19qwjtjunIw9m7lu4uFMshZUk9PUagkyzn_fggBIHErzCOOOHqEfImZLafyMNSppQjqKqs1AgsjadUSTC8Ro5YFAiDcR4ZUpzPO-xtWqntZBxteUPclf4TS8bkYkLVZnj/w188-h400/harden%20star%20extinguisher.jpg" width="188" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><br /><p></p><p class="tm18" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm19">Other Possibilities?</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One other possible explanation is that it refers to bottles sitting on a “hanging shelf” - a shelf suspended from the wall, as opposed to being built into a cupboard or cabinet.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Coville hastened down stairs, when he not only discovered that the cider was entirely gone, but that the hammer in its flight had taken in the hanging shelf on which had reposed twenty-two
glass jars of preserves, and rendered nineteen of them, with their contents, a heap of ruins.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Boonville Enquirer</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Boonville, Indiana), June 23, 1894, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Might bottles sitting on a hanging shelf which is hanging on a wall be said to be “hanging on the wall” themselves? It seems plausible.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">There were also, in fact, places where drinking bottles were hung on walls, but that does not seem to have been the case in the regions where the song first emerged.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUk0owDaPm_ijjBulqt3bYzStyHVjeSFyMW_KngmKb58WOE8XvhW98zpC-D6n8zEs7IfTDiq2y75z-yQ5rjco35we9divgS2RpnpICROkDPAdSbWkKieC6F6r8SyT38gJSXJuxXuD5VSAcpDaC9EfuY-h-228Ed9Ayg8V7fJFlx_Om22kknLvi8qCE/s1553/bottles%20hanging%20on%20a%20wall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1553" data-original-width="848" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUk0owDaPm_ijjBulqt3bYzStyHVjeSFyMW_KngmKb58WOE8XvhW98zpC-D6n8zEs7IfTDiq2y75z-yQ5rjco35we9divgS2RpnpICROkDPAdSbWkKieC6F6r8SyT38gJSXJuxXuD5VSAcpDaC9EfuY-h-228Ed9Ayg8V7fJFlx_Om22kknLvi8qCE/w219-h400/bottles%20hanging%20on%20a%20wall.jpg" width="219" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Those slender-necked bottles hanging on the wall are used on the table as carafes; the little jugs with spouts are the ordinary drinking-vessels.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Busy Corners in the Orient,” </span><i><span class="tm9">St. Nicholas</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 18, Number 6, April 1891 page 473.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm20"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm20">Summary</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The song, “Ninety-Nine Blue Bottles Hanging on the Wall” first appeared in the United States in early 1884. A later variant with “Green Bottles” appeared in the
United States by 1889. There is not record of the song in England until decades later, first as “Three Bottles” - “a traditional bowling ditty,” in 1929, and “Ten Green Green Bottles” in
a radio show in 1933, ostensibly a traditional song out of Yorkshire. “Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall” first appeared in print the United States in the mid-1940s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">I have not run across any commentary from the period during which the song was new alluding to any particular meaning or significance of the color of the bottles. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">At that time, certain kinds of flies
were widely known as “blue-bottles.” Blue-bottle flies can hang on walls, and there was even a record of people who shot “blue-bottles” with “miniature guns” in 1883. It is easy to imagine
someone singing a song about taking down flies one at a time.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Hand grenade fire extinguishers were invented in 1871, but were not put on the market in any significant way until late-1883, and were supported by a widespread, aggressive sales and marketing
blitz throughout 1884 - the same year in which the “blue bottles” song first appeared in print. The glass “grenades” were sometimes referred to as “blue bottles” or “green bottles,”
and are known to have been hung from walls - sometimes in great numbers. It is easy to imagine someone singing a song about taking down blue or green hand grenade bottles one at a time.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Personally, I find the “hand grenade” explanation more satisfying - the right time, the right colors, and frequently hung on walls, sometimes in great numbers. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But before running across the history of the hand grenade fire extinguishers, I found the blue-bottle fly explanation satisfying.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Without a “smoking gun” more clearly identifying the original motivation for the song, we are left to guess. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">It’s a good thing some nameless, American genius changed the lyrics in the 1940s - we know what that song’s all about. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Ninety-nine bottles of beer on the wall, ninety-nine bottles of b-e-e-e-e-e-r, take one down, and pass it around, ninety-eight bottles of beer on the wall.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbveiCvM2ivqX6O9qkAVdLfI_6wFy8Dt7iLKFjGBUxe1_aNLTBwkodd8qtpi8tPHEw0fMWunPqpD-y2Ejg8b7z-kLKwbPfonMYfFFU5ruv9qLFcy0E89CcEQ7_Fv3pPIIUk1Jwqcnulr5rOrvlFSgekKoGT29maH_66L_V36VWXNe3dUZQlsF_ZA2/s1685/Bottles%20of%20Beer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="1685" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbveiCvM2ivqX6O9qkAVdLfI_6wFy8Dt7iLKFjGBUxe1_aNLTBwkodd8qtpi8tPHEw0fMWunPqpD-y2Ejg8b7z-kLKwbPfonMYfFFU5ruv9qLFcy0E89CcEQ7_Fv3pPIIUk1Jwqcnulr5rOrvlFSgekKoGT29maH_66L_V36VWXNe3dUZQlsF_ZA2/w640-h124/Bottles%20of%20Beer.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /> </p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:
Since publishing this post, I was made aware of a reference suggesting
the song was actually about the hand grenades. Further digging on my
part found an earlier version of the song that was about blue-bottle
flies. Apparently both speculations may have been true. See my update,
<a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/11/birds-bottles-and-flies-early-history.html">Birds, Bottles and Flies, the Early History of "Ninety-Nine Bottles of Beer on the Wall."</a> </span> <br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><br /></div> <hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “’Green bottle’ academic not hanging around,” Brian Hunt, <i><span class="tm9">National Post</span></i> (Toronto, Ontario), April 1, 1999, Section B, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> The song, “One More River for to Cross,” was another counting-song well known during that period. The lyrics of that song,
sometimes referred to as “Noah’s Ark” or “Old Noah,” count the animals boarding Noah’s Ark one-by-one, two-by-two and so-on. </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm9">The College Folio</span></i> (Western Reserve University College for Women, Cleveland, Ohio), Volume 9, Number
3, December 1900, page 95</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> “Wireless Notes,” <i><span class="tm9">The Manchester Guardian,</span></i> February 24, 1933, page 10.</p><p class="Normal"><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html/#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The Times</span></i> (London), November 2, 1886, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html/#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">Belfast News-Letter</span></i> (Belfast, Northern Ireland), July 28, 1888, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html/#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The Times</span></i> (London), November 2, 1886, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html/#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The Guardian</span></i> (Manchester), July 4, 1885, page 1 (“Apply to . . . James Sinclair” to
inquire about the “’Parmalee’ automatic fire extinguishing apparatus.”); <i><span class="tm16">The Boston Globe</span></i>, November 17, 1878, page 7 (“Parmalee’s Automatic Sprinklers.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/10/blue-bottles-green-bottles-and-flies.html/#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">Belfast News-Letter</span></i> (Belfast, Northern Ireland), July 28, 1888, page 4.</p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal">NOTE: This post was revised on November 3, 2022, to add references to the "blue/green bottle" hand grenade fire extinguishers as one possible explanation of the original intent of the song. The earlier version only referred to "blue bottle files." <br /></p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"> </p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-59802910098925472702022-08-19T17:45:00.005-07:002022-08-19T17:45:59.504-07:00Cable Surfing and Kites - Fun and Games on the Streets of San Francisco - 1890s Style<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Kids these days just don’t know how to have fun. What with the cell-phones, the video games and the social mediums, no one can find time to go outside and play anymore (or at least
that’s one complaint I’ve heard going around). Some would blame climate change for keeping people inactive and inside, while others pin the blame on channel surfing or (in this age of cable television) cable surfing,
if you will.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Ironically, however, about 130 years ago, in the Streets of San Francisco (and environs), cable surfing was one of the ways kids got out to play. They surfed cables running under the Streets
of San Francisco that powered the city’s now-iconic cable cars. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEoCjK08k9iE6pL40z_XbYUDKUf-Z9SWyVuLKHk3_XQp2ULUPvvkOcIjBQjZjir_eB-DALnfAMhMS_vz29tBCxD1b4SNWBhrfqp_UZjd4I31jVV19GIG9nkQUR8n5N_l1y46P1CbEH30JWfxsF_j2qZM393rIWjTPC8pKpkl6zVG1UdndATm3BYztu/s2210/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20cable%20skiing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2210" data-original-width="1850" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEoCjK08k9iE6pL40z_XbYUDKUf-Z9SWyVuLKHk3_XQp2ULUPvvkOcIjBQjZjir_eB-DALnfAMhMS_vz29tBCxD1b4SNWBhrfqp_UZjd4I31jVV19GIG9nkQUR8n5N_l1y46P1CbEH30JWfxsF_j2qZM393rIWjTPC8pKpkl6zVG1UdndATm3BYztu/w536-h640/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20cable%20skiing.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5">The cable lines afford some odd amusements to the boys. A single roller-skate and a long bent wire were the equipment with which I some time ago saw a daring little scamp have a perfectly
glorious time on Union street. The wire was bent in some way, so that when thrust through the slot it caught the cable, and, standing upon one foot, the other swinging free, the amateur gripman was sailing into paradise on
an even keel, when a stony-hearted policeman saw and summarily ended his enjoyment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Kids in Oakland enjoyed a similar, yet more elaborate, system of riding the cables, at least until they were replaced by regular old trolleys.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Before the trolley superseded the cable on the Mountain View road in Oakland the boys living along that line had a contrivance on a similar principle, but on a more elaborate scale, that for
a long time was s source of endless joy to them and unbounded terror to passing horses. Their contrivance consisted of a rude platform on four very small truck wheel. Some mechanical genius among them had rigged up a very
practicable sort of grip, and for a time it is probable that this primitive car made more trips in a day and carried more passengers than did the combined rolling stock of the road’s lawful owners.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">These descriptions are both drawn from an article by Adeline Knapp, that appeared in the </span><em><span class="tm8">San Francisco Call</span></em><span class="tm5"> on March 1, 1896 (page 16), entitled “Street Sports in San Francisco.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRaAoo17lFLK6uUDDZPyNWnVUhrgYBjHbBG0OhthJ2KFMuMhPeDoN6xlMEcQuyqzLfwU5573a6UUCM5xKrTlnKtTLy9g6I-DXz7NbjIKy1ibof4J2jen_yFnoJabsrEGIpvHiS7Q5dDAi5bzvk6K9wDkvBHeYf-BB5-nXhii_mHKN8ads_AIW232s8/s2799/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20street%20sports%20title.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1515" data-original-width="2799" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRaAoo17lFLK6uUDDZPyNWnVUhrgYBjHbBG0OhthJ2KFMuMhPeDoN6xlMEcQuyqzLfwU5573a6UUCM5xKrTlnKtTLy9g6I-DXz7NbjIKy1ibof4J2jen_yFnoJabsrEGIpvHiS7Q5dDAi5bzvk6K9wDkvBHeYf-BB5-nXhii_mHKN8ads_AIW232s8/w400-h216/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20street%20sports%20title.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><span class="tm5">Other local street sports included kite flying, “Duck,” land-toboggans and craps.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">The popularity of kite-flying in San Francisco was uplifted by the weather patterns, the terrain and the presence of significant Chinese and Japanese populations, “with whom the pastime
is almost national.” The writer waxed nostalgic, </span><em><span class="tm8">Mary Poppins’</span></em><span class="tm5"> Mr. Banks-wise, about the joys of flying kites for adults and children alike.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgou-V9lRt--ys-OPHZYG8JcRfQesOa2QrWlY-cVTuymDy1Nft73yNDghX_Dh3_NhfTVtUeGwkM2zqwOyhrcSVcLjz0NHwRsYqtEgdxnMrZ5Jsfg5IY6dIT0H__D3kWi1tuF58C45y7VGJdwkU_vcHRycFflS4hBKM11G-pyldQyXF-fsdPqkTuxGDB/s2334/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20kite%20flying.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2334" data-original-width="1838" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgou-V9lRt--ys-OPHZYG8JcRfQesOa2QrWlY-cVTuymDy1Nft73yNDghX_Dh3_NhfTVtUeGwkM2zqwOyhrcSVcLjz0NHwRsYqtEgdxnMrZ5Jsfg5IY6dIT0H__D3kWi1tuF58C45y7VGJdwkU_vcHRycFflS4hBKM11G-pyldQyXF-fsdPqkTuxGDB/w315-h400/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20kite%20flying.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><span class="tm5"> </span><p></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Just now, while Eastern children are still enjoying their winter coasting, sliding and skating, the boys of San Francisco are in the midst of the kite-flying season.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">This is a diversion that, to the extent to which it is carried here, is almost peculiar to San Francisco of American cities. It is not that boys in all cities do not fly kites, but the kite
season is a peculiarly interesting one in this particular City.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">There are several reasons for this. The steady, pleasant winds that blow at this season; the unusual advantages offered by our blessed green hills and the example set by the many Chinese and
Japanese in our midst, with whom the pastime is almost national, are some of these. It has sometimes, indeed, been a matter of surprise to me that our amusement-seekers have so long left this fascinating diversion to the
boys of the City. we are not wise, we grown-up San Franciscans, or we should fare forth with the children to fly our kits against the brilliant February sky and to feel ourselves growing young again as we ran with them against
the soft, strong, steady breeze. There is a certain joy in flying a kite, in feeling the life, bird-like thing tugging at the sustaining string, and to exult in its flight in which you are yourself an important factor.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">But whether we join in the sport or are impelled by considerations of supposed dignity to refrain from it, it is well worth the while of a lover of the beautiful to pay a visit to Rincon or
Telegraph or Russian Hill, or any of the highlands that lay parkward or toward North Beach, and there watch the boys send up their kites. Sometimes the air seems fairly alive with them. There will be great white sails spread
out against the blue, side by side with the elaborate gilded and decorated creation of some Chinese kite-maker, while lower down flutter the quaint red and green and yellow birds affected by the Japanese. Dancing, pulling,
swaying, sailing out over the City, they seem as really alive as are the gulls that circle and swirl above the waters of the bay. The sight, once beheld, is something ever after to remember with delight.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Coasting downhill was another popular sport. The style of coasting varied by neighborhood, on Russian, Telegraph and Rincon Hills, with a wheeled street luge, sled or roller skates as the
preferred means of coasting.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">The snow and ice bring many joys to Eastern children that our youngsters by the Golden Gate can know nothing of. Coasting, however, is not one of these. I have dared many a perilous descent
in my childhood days, but never anything half so thrilling as a plunge I saw four boys take recently down the grade from Jones to Taylor streets on Broadway.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Their coaster was of a sort the most primitive, a long board on what had evidently once been the rollers of a pair of skates. The boy who sat at the rear end manipulated a sort of sweep attached
to the board and which apparently served as brake and rudder. Down they swept, like a small whirlwind, with a yell and a whirring of wheels that would have struck terror to the heart of a tenderfoot. Seeing them one might
have thought they were rushing headlong to destruction, but the watchful angel that seems to guard the destinies of boys was, as usual, close at hand, and the daring quartet made the descent safely, and running quietly around
the corner into Taylor street just as I had closed my eyes to avoid seeing them dashed to atoms.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">The boys who live about Telegraph and Russian hills have a perilous fashion of coasting on rough sleds down the sides of the cliffs, a descent sufficiently allied to danger to render it royal
sport for a boy. In the raining season, when the ground is wet, slippery and treacherous, coasting over snowdrifts is not half so exciting. It is really a very pretty and nerve-tingling sight to see the little fellows scramble
up the face of an almost perpendicular cliff and dash down again, a whole line of them, in single file, in their rudely built sleds. Were the sight not close at hand we might well deem it worth traveling far to witness as
a picturesque exhibition of reckless daring.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">It is only among the North Beach hills that this sort of thing is popular. The boys of that locality are of a more reckless nature, even in their play, than are their fellows south of Market
street, for instance. This may be because they are of different nationality or because of the greater freedom of life on the high hills that overlook the water. Whatever may be the reason, it is certain that one sees no
such life-and-limb-endangering sport among the dwellers on the south side. The boys about Rincon Hill have a pretty way of coasting on roller-skates, and is as interesting sight to see a string of them, hand in hand, come
swinging down the steep grades of Harrison and Bryant streets. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">I spent a pleasant half hour or more not long ago watching a sturdy lad of perhaps 15 treating half a dozen little chaps to rides on his feet. He was mounted on roller-skates himself, and
upon his downward trips he would take a small boy on each foot. Clinging tightly to their friend’s legs, the small chaps wriggled and screamed with delight as the queer trio buzzed along down the hill. If appearances
go for anything each member of the queer coasting party was about as uncomfortable as human beings could well be, but it would have been hard to tell which was the most supremely happy.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">“Shooting craps” was popular among newsboys and “small girls in some of the lower districts of the City.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">I have seen a painfully large number of groups of girls this winter engaged in this pastime, sitting on the sidewalks at the foot of flights of steps or against convenient area-rails. The
sight is a curious if not particularly attractive one. The object of the game seems to be the increase of the collection of buttons which each girl makes on a long string. I have wondered a good deal as to how the game sprang
into such wide popularity among them. The circumstance is certainly one to be noted with regret.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">And finally, they played a game called “duck on a rock.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Hop-scotch seems to be a favorite diversion among both boys and girls south of Market street, while on the north side “duck-on-a-rock” holds first place in juvenile esteem. Here
again topography plays an important part in determining preference. There are stones to be had in plenty along the rocky cliffs and streets, and the cliffs themselves make jolly backgrounds against which to set up a “duck.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Knapp’s article does not explain the game, but a description of the game from a decade later seems consistent with the accompanying picture.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Duck-on-a-rock is an old game, but for generation after generation it holds its place in the hearts of the boys who know how to play it. Here it is now for all of you, and girls may become
really quite expert at “throwing straight,” if they will try to play the game, too.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">A large stone with a smooth top is chosen for the rock, and each player is provided with a stone of the right size to be easily held in that hand. These are the ducks.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">Draw a line twenty-five to thirty feet distant from the rock, according to the size of the field played in, and back of this line is “home.” The next step in the game is to “pink
for duck,” which consists in each player’s throwing his stone from “home” to the rock. The one whose stone lies farthest from the rock, when all have thrown, is “It,” and must place his
stone on the rock for the others to throw at, their object being to knock it off. He must stand near the rock.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">If any player knocks the stone from the rock, there must instantly be a general stampede for “home.” The player who is “It” must quickly replace the stone on the rock,
and when he has done so must try to touch any player who has not yet reached “home.” The one so touched becomes “It” and must place his “duck” on the rock to be thrown at, standing near
by himself.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span><em><span class="tm8">Cherokee Harmonizer</span></em><span class="tm5"> (Centre, Alabama), July 19, 1906, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">There are other complications and alternate procedures for determining who is it, that kick in in the event that no one knocks the duck from its perch on the first try.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5">Adeline Knapp saw in the game (at least as played on Powell Street in San Francisco) a vision of the potential strength of alloys being smelted in the American melting pot.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5">I watched a group of boys playing this game on Powell street, at the foot of the high bluff up which Vallejo street clambers and goes wandering heavenward. Quaint, foreign-looking little fellows
they were, making a pretty picture bending back and forth in their muscle-developing sport, and I caught phrases from half a dozen different languages in their talk. French, Italian, German, Irish, Mexican, Spanish and one
negro lad were among the group playing this Yankee game in this most interesting of cities. It is hard to forecast what is to be the outcome of all this mixing of races, but certainly if we are wise it should be something
good and of ultimate value.</span></p><p class="tm7" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"> </span></p><p class="tm7" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm5"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54sgeX71rCBQ5Rhp3tB_WRKA9TeIke6UiGmWFZP7RpeI03kZjjJqn6bbUNH5j6r6nn2RNoVufw-W4qqOo-Ysxd-YCZg0LnnQ_g3vzV4it81ZBlhdwsXEWm4H1CQRdAwqwV7CR48o-3cUqWefTNHCObfuZ2NIvvlQird3BgfYdQykwLcZZE8QB0Tc0/s2721/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20street%20sports%20duck%20on%20a%20rock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2294" data-original-width="2721" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54sgeX71rCBQ5Rhp3tB_WRKA9TeIke6UiGmWFZP7RpeI03kZjjJqn6bbUNH5j6r6nn2RNoVufw-W4qqOo-Ysxd-YCZg0LnnQ_g3vzV4it81ZBlhdwsXEWm4H1CQRdAwqwV7CR48o-3cUqWefTNHCObfuZ2NIvvlQird3BgfYdQykwLcZZE8QB0Tc0/w640-h540/san%20francisco%20call%20march%201%201896%20page%2016%20street%20sports%20duck%20on%20a%20rock.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm5"> </span>S<span class="tm8">an Francisco Call</span></em><span class="tm5">, March 1, 1896, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm5"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-44005957513075642182022-08-17T17:25:00.004-07:002022-09-22T11:08:26.771-07:00du Chaillu, Fremiet and Gemora - Going Ape over early influences on King Kong<p style="text-align: left;">
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> <span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisD2CZAZgewISmr2Vtof3bxkfXQjuR-y9NQ8E3_uEn5HZXFL5FBvHfdAnvPONXDOYMrrfadTAfIjgCnwcBSZ0TPgFesikJ5XOBr-ESYiO4g5RcpbQd06woGSOLgY41YBOyCNcE7EqBu5gCAY2Hk74SHfu-OUro3ts45I3TnwCNI8LAWjC-qZfzmbZW/s1797/gorilla%20and%20woman%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1797" data-original-width="1445" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisD2CZAZgewISmr2Vtof3bxkfXQjuR-y9NQ8E3_uEn5HZXFL5FBvHfdAnvPONXDOYMrrfadTAfIjgCnwcBSZ0TPgFesikJ5XOBr-ESYiO4g5RcpbQd06woGSOLgY41YBOyCNcE7EqBu5gCAY2Hk74SHfu-OUro3ts45I3TnwCNI8LAWjC-qZfzmbZW/w321-h400/gorilla%20and%20woman%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="321" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> became an instant classic upon release of the original film version in 1933. Critics praised the display of technical
advances that allowed for novel special effects which, for the first time, made film-makers “supernaturally powerful - on the screen. We can film anything.”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But not everything in the film was new.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In “King Kong” the late Edgar Wallace and the director, Merian C. Cooper, didn’t create anything new, but expressed the old in different, phantasmagoric terms.</span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The tale of “Beauty and the Beast” is given a Hollywoodian twist in scene and setting and character, but the same plot the cinema capitol has used ever since its foundation is
repeated here.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm9">The Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 16, 1933, Section 3, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The dramatic influences did not end with “Beauty and the Beast.” Elements of the plot may have been derived from earlier gorilla-themed films and even older artistic and literary
representations of gorillas abducting women.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For more than a decade before the release of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, women imperiled by gorillas had been a standard movie plot device in documentaries (real and fake), dramas, comedies, dramatic-comedies and sensational advertising images promising more sex, danger and lasciviousness
than the films actually delivered. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An expedition ventures deep into the jungle and finds natives ready to sacrifice a woman to appease a large gorilla and spare the rest of tribe. It sounds like the opening of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, but it is a description of the notorious fake-documentary, </span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1930). </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86l8hd4OBOGneqtSMMJccjPg9UYhUFPSys1TZqo-_3YLp_krB74lErWyHttPdM_okV3K1hMWDNYe3Bw-_RC6Ss9r5TJaB77Y5fykxMUs68hYWLGIqOhnsBdxJNh6cqhYnGkNFEzqj_sq3Q8gOVehdI6P3FmRtKT8wXKhAusi1RRKFeKYtYDmF4uHg/s835/Inagi%20St%20Louis%20Star%20and%20Times%20May%2010%201930%20page%205.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="547" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh86l8hd4OBOGneqtSMMJccjPg9UYhUFPSys1TZqo-_3YLp_krB74lErWyHttPdM_okV3K1hMWDNYe3Bw-_RC6Ss9r5TJaB77Y5fykxMUs68hYWLGIqOhnsBdxJNh6cqhYnGkNFEzqj_sq3Q8gOVehdI6P3FmRtKT8wXKhAusi1RRKFeKYtYDmF4uHg/s320/Inagi%20St%20Louis%20Star%20and%20Times%20May%2010%201930%20page%205.jpg" width="210" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A gorilla on a remote island loves a beautiful woman and is brought with her to the United States. The gorilla “develops a strange jealousy which drives the beast into a murderous
fury.” When panicked by disturbing lights and sounds, the gorilla “breaks out of cage in which he is confined, seizes and runs off with her.” In the end, the ape is killed and the woman saved. It reads
like the end of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong,</span></i><span class="tm8"> but it is from a review of the less-than-classic </span><i><span class="tm9">Lorraine of the Lions</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1925). </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmE0vAFzNWRKLsf5DlocU09Rvzf35r0gnZgPMmui0qV-M2Qk3cotYLRqUuGB9Nb_b9d_mCLZAaKbuGLsbdhKLFjeTCDI-Pf3hb_d_AZQ07-D0rAYQy3H1XAuRLPw2MIhqVjKpzcraOpKXJm9h4SQyReVZVUXaX7XMPh0FBJ_1Hm8q1lkT76zFeBEqy/s879/Billings%20Gazette%20January%2017%201926%20page%2017%20-%20lorraine%20of%20the%20lions%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmE0vAFzNWRKLsf5DlocU09Rvzf35r0gnZgPMmui0qV-M2Qk3cotYLRqUuGB9Nb_b9d_mCLZAaKbuGLsbdhKLFjeTCDI-Pf3hb_d_AZQ07-D0rAYQy3H1XAuRLPw2MIhqVjKpzcraOpKXJm9h4SQyReVZVUXaX7XMPh0FBJ_1Hm8q1lkT76zFeBEqy/s320/Billings%20Gazette%20January%2017%201926%20page%2017%20-%20lorraine%20of%20the%20lions%20ad.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">These and other jungle or gorilla-themed films may have influenced the creation and production of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">. Even the title of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> may have been influenced by earlier films. </span><i><span class="tm9">The King of the Kongo</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1929) </span><span class="tm8">was the first-ever “talking” serial with sound in every episode.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9RCT7fg1B3MrRaTojeUSiZGPT8f9SSnU3RHH6tamc_lOmj6dS7-tcVcTWlCKVjYQd3PgN-K8yeE_kpoyjJoO24d1aA6DZxGGOwLjygPLm2oKAX9n5ED0-ZfOfd5Sb-QuiN5WTTgVzNzVIpWYn_DGLv4HrSH0UnBfMaisjvUm3W1UW2jWzYhhMXU6S/s1537/filmdaily4950newy_0537%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1248" data-original-width="1537" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9RCT7fg1B3MrRaTojeUSiZGPT8f9SSnU3RHH6tamc_lOmj6dS7-tcVcTWlCKVjYQd3PgN-K8yeE_kpoyjJoO24d1aA6DZxGGOwLjygPLm2oKAX9n5ED0-ZfOfd5Sb-QuiN5WTTgVzNzVIpWYn_DGLv4HrSH0UnBfMaisjvUm3W1UW2jWzYhhMXU6S/s320/filmdaily4950newy_0537%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And the film </span><i><span class="tm9">Congorilla</span></i><span class="tm8"> combined the sounds of “Kong” and “gorilla” in 1932, the year before </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong’s</span></i><span class="tm8"> release.</span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2LkIBx_5Pd8abxE_kdtha7FuCWfWLiCiwHXnq55kQ2ntyQweiAwycmcIYtOaU4fBKWYibbpR_8O-eTgrcppjsY3VJRCVrGO6S4dH4j6cWD9BeH8LJVjN0cD2oCasbNH64fDQBIwOn5-6p7FBOArYyP8M_9DMLVp1eLJdRgGqh1C7cB_O1ZqySTCWP/s1293/motionpictureher108unse_0228%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="1293" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2LkIBx_5Pd8abxE_kdtha7FuCWfWLiCiwHXnq55kQ2ntyQweiAwycmcIYtOaU4fBKWYibbpR_8O-eTgrcppjsY3VJRCVrGO6S4dH4j6cWD9BeH8LJVjN0cD2oCasbNH64fDQBIwOn5-6p7FBOArYyP8M_9DMLVp1eLJdRgGqh1C7cB_O1ZqySTCWP/s320/motionpictureher108unse_0228%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm14" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Motion Picture Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 108, Number 3, July 16, 1932, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The abduction of women by gorillas had even been represented in high art since shortly after the existence of gorillas had been established by Western scientists and naturalists. A sculpture
by Emanuel Fremiet won the Medal of Honor at the Paris </span><i><span class="tm9">Salon</span></i><span class="tm8"> in 1887. The sculptural representations were likely influenced by fantastical tales told by local Africans
to gullible, early explorers. </span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">These and other artistic representations over the years may have had conscious or subconscious influence on the creation and naming of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> Along the way, a French-American naturalist, a French sculptor and a Phillipines-born costume designer/make-up
artist/actor may all have played a role in shaping the popular perception of gorillas and their portrayal in literature and on the screen, elements of which found their way into </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibgiZykOHoR-XlW9BpU1QyoyaJCqqFPoJdP0KJDQesR90D-8qYR-giWeADRqxij7JhyIFvGW1YCVBhWqaOCnkwC_7lpKOb52J7UdeSMdapbdMFMS6Nd8qmzOxcUiMK7P_XOLLRWMeLvZR0XB4hXF_XRCGdwRVfD-CuorecOYzkwhBgDDY9JqMmUCg7/s1315/Stark%20Mad%20advertisement%20January%201930.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1315" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibgiZykOHoR-XlW9BpU1QyoyaJCqqFPoJdP0KJDQesR90D-8qYR-giWeADRqxij7JhyIFvGW1YCVBhWqaOCnkwC_7lpKOb52J7UdeSMdapbdMFMS6Nd8qmzOxcUiMK7P_XOLLRWMeLvZR0XB4hXF_XRCGdwRVfD-CuorecOYzkwhBgDDY9JqMmUCg7/s320/Stark%20Mad%20advertisement%20January%201930.jpg" width="133" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Gorilla Tales</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gorillas live in such remote locations that Western naturalists were not even certain of their existence until the second half of the middle of the 19</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Century. Although rumors of their existence had been around for centuries, they were unknown (or at least unproven) to science until 1847 and unproven until 1859. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Early accounts of gorillas included accounts by native Africans that included dramatic tales of abductions or kidnappings of humans by gorillas. Those accounts were never taken very seriously
by naturalists, but the dramatic imagery took hold in the public perception (or mis-perception) of gorillas’ behavior for decades, coloring artistic and dramatic representations of the large apes, and ultimately inspiring
the creation of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1847, Americans Thomas S. Savage and Jeffries Wyman published their finding of the existence of a second large ape in Africa, in addition the the chimpanzee; an animal they referred
to as a gorilla. They had not observed them in the wild, but had access to a single skull and related stories about their behavior from locals and other explorers. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The silly stories about their carrying off women from the native towns, and vanquishing the elephants, related by voyagers and widely copied into books, are unhesitatingly denied. They have
been averred of the Chimpanzee, but this is still more preposterous. They probably had their origin in the marvellous accounts given by the natives, of the Enge-ena, to credulous traders.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Notice of the External Characters and Habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, a New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River,” Thomas S. Savage, M. D., Jeffries Wyman, M. D., </span><i><span class="tm9">Boston Journal of Natural History</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, Number 4, December, 1847, page 424.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The French-American zoologist, Paul du Chaillu, is widely regarded as first establishing proof of the existence of gorillas in 1859, with reports of observations made in the wild and dead
specimens put on display in New York City. Despite Savage’s early skepticism about the rumors of gorilla kidnappings, </span><i><span class="tm9">Harper’s Weekly’s</span></i><span class="tm8"> accounts of du Chaillu’s gorilla discoveries in 1859 added fuel to the fire.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisRTNpMDi0pPcpq_pKl-8Cf9-XdAQAaDRBMFf3y6-z7hwMbBjfKgCmVX13NStwwSfFoYTLJSA4zTvEAdvNuLII1Ag5XGfOKNnJ3v5p5z0g5mDqR7Gjrphh16cpFw0TgWLMJG9xB5G6UsPzeULwW5SpuFqDCN_TMGVgcCQNm6f1FqD_VyERt4V5MW9i/s2065/harpers%20weekly%20gorilla%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2065" data-original-width="1913" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisRTNpMDi0pPcpq_pKl-8Cf9-XdAQAaDRBMFf3y6-z7hwMbBjfKgCmVX13NStwwSfFoYTLJSA4zTvEAdvNuLII1Ag5XGfOKNnJ3v5p5z0g5mDqR7Gjrphh16cpFw0TgWLMJG9xB5G6UsPzeULwW5SpuFqDCN_TMGVgcCQNm6f1FqD_VyERt4V5MW9i/s320/harpers%20weekly%20gorilla%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Africans believe that gorillas are men like themselves, who would speak if they did not believe that they might be obliged to work. A sulky race of idlers, in truth! ill tempered, and
- though partial to young negresses, whom, it is said, they frequently keep for months together in captivity, and for whose society they desert their proper spouses - very fierce and implacable to man.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Harper’s Weekly</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 5, 1859, page 148. </span></p><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Winwood Reade, who visited Africa shortly after Paul du Chaillu, cautioned against accepting stories that were “not sufficiently absurd to be put aside as incredible,” but “were
not so thoroughly corroborated” as accounts of other behaviors he took more seriously. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[One such] story is the one so often told, not only of gorillas, but of all large monkeys - of women being run away with. At a village on the right-hand bank of the Fernand Vaz, the women
are said to have been frequently chased by gorillas as they went to fill their calabashes at the spring. A woman was brought to me who stated that she herself had excited the passion of a gorilla, and had hardly escaped him.
In all this, however, there is nothing wonderful. We know that monkeys are susceptible animals. But when one hears of a woman being carried off to the woods and living among apes in a semi-domesticated state, we are justified
in thorough disbelief.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">W. Winwood Reade, </span><i><span class="tm9">Savage Africa</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1864, page 184.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Gorilla Art</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1859, as news of du Chaillu’s discoveries trickled back to Europe, a French sculptor named Emanuel Fremiet created what may be the first artistic rendering of a gorilla abducting
a woman. His “Gorille Femelle,” in plaster, was submitted to the Paris Salon for exhibition in 1859. The jury rejected the sculpture, in part (it is believed) because they saw in the sculpture a “scene
of appalling lust.” <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But the joke was on them, because the gorilla was female. That fact was engraved directly on the base of the piece </span><span class="tm8"><span class="tm8">(<i>Gorille Femelle</i>)</span>, just in case the anatomically correct, sculpted form wasn’t enough
to convince them. Although the jury rejected the piece from exhibition in the salon, the sculptor Nieuwerkerke, then the Director of Fine Arts, ordered the piece to be placed in a side bay, behind a green curtain, so that
it was available for viewing, despite not being technically on display in the exhibit.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The critic, Theophile Gautier, pronounced it a “masterpiece.” But before the piece was ever cast in bronze, Belgian workers destroyed the plaster original one day, carried away
by a feeling they did not explain.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifooJwnX1whTTLP8TcVeTYgxzwcZs4pEPSExnb08sx1VPKQK8gcgwEOjdHyi-l_JHgpmXNrjqs88fzPqKMyNv-gSOBqyQ-Uw9QsCuUzGs1CZig1t8HkrJ-RxTGEnoO1Sp4bKWdzAXKLV-tdukpTvB1bn0ks1YQ5m0wRWpjkgmbcGlTf_zHT4S5aooz/s650/fremiet%20gorilla%20carrying%20off%20a%20negress%201859.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="650" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifooJwnX1whTTLP8TcVeTYgxzwcZs4pEPSExnb08sx1VPKQK8gcgwEOjdHyi-l_JHgpmXNrjqs88fzPqKMyNv-gSOBqyQ-Uw9QsCuUzGs1CZig1t8HkrJ-RxTGEnoO1Sp4bKWdzAXKLV-tdukpTvB1bn0ks1YQ5m0wRWpjkgmbcGlTf_zHT4S5aooz/w400-h297/fremiet%20gorilla%20carrying%20off%20a%20negress%201859.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiCftLPqYQmRq0jRPlkEcHnHaZDJbyBLK55yeK_jtRRNj0GZ-9TgT1sbnfQWTtIN0kH-egq3b-_ewcpXd73yDajKJHAQMoEFNJGPCEBWrV54rMox-0wRQqn5Ou3xq9vBIcz-iLuFQlq2utADS1PCRYSYSyxaSPtSQhhmb0mZWSVNc26Dp2_RhWFnl/s636/gorille%20femelle.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="564" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiCftLPqYQmRq0jRPlkEcHnHaZDJbyBLK55yeK_jtRRNj0GZ-9TgT1sbnfQWTtIN0kH-egq3b-_ewcpXd73yDajKJHAQMoEFNJGPCEBWrV54rMox-0wRQqn5Ou3xq9vBIcz-iLuFQlq2utADS1PCRYSYSyxaSPtSQhhmb0mZWSVNc26Dp2_RhWFnl/w355-h400/gorille%20femelle.jpg" width="355" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">From a different perspective.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Fremiet revisited the gorilla-gets-girl motif more successfully nearly two decades later. In this case, the gorilla is portrayed with an arrow or spear through its left shoulder and holding a rock as a potential weapon. This second sculpture won the Medal of Honor for sculpture at the Paris </span><i><span class="tm9">Salon</span></i><span class="tm8"> of 1887.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-wRvc6fNEmckkao0vXf1LtEGH3N1xerBPuJENou2dqmEPboV1rQXh-bgY7gl8hRfPM0cMpkI6YYwSlRtH45osjXLLNKLAcGmmZJ8Ij3WryGHFuczWNE2Qn49HJo7-W_rTI8Ml0Xcampw_pO6mE5FKTKOpqs2z332bKUWZpTBRpquuYhfLQeA67PK/s2036/fremiet%20gorilla%20carrying%20woman%20-%20two%20views.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1567" data-original-width="2036" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-wRvc6fNEmckkao0vXf1LtEGH3N1xerBPuJENou2dqmEPboV1rQXh-bgY7gl8hRfPM0cMpkI6YYwSlRtH45osjXLLNKLAcGmmZJ8Ij3WryGHFuczWNE2Qn49HJo7-W_rTI8Ml0Xcampw_pO6mE5FKTKOpqs2z332bKUWZpTBRpquuYhfLQeA67PK/w640-h492/fremiet%20gorilla%20carrying%20woman%20-%20two%20views.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Three years after Fremiet’s “Gorille enlevant une femme” won the Medal of Honor at the Paris Salon, </span><i><span class="tm9">Puck</span></i><span class="tm8"> magazine adopted the image as a political cartoon, lampooning the Speaker of the House, Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, who had recently made what were considered unilateral
changes to the quorum rules in the House of Representatives. Critics labeled him “Czar,” “dictator,” or “tyrant.”<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm18">The Reed Outrage.</span></b></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Speaker Reed, of the House of Representatives, has been guilty of one of the most disgraceful acts to be found in the whole history of that body. It was an outrageous usurpation of power
that he should decline to recognize long established rules for the government of that body, and in effect declare, “I am the rules.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Lancaster Intelligencer</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Pennsylvania), February 5, 1890, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">Puck</span></i><span class="tm8"> portrayed Reed as an ape-man in place of the original gorilla, with a gavel in place of the original stone, carrying off Columbia
instead of an African woman; an arrow labeled, “Carlisle” (Democratic Congressman from Kentucky, who led the opposition to the rules change) sticks out of his shoulder. <a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkb_B2LMECF0G_NiGC_nuPkWwY5LltNAVlitnu_M4YWVs3RdBDVI4vAVl3jPEH4SM0-9EgRI0D8V1npbrKV2t-UEZ70trO6qk4eK3xodI6-2bh0rGCip0SqNgZGjSS8gSL1hmo4Lzz8VNbSPY-T7gqwWYlxr8KKk660GYxUzZ8KNiekD3fcDQk2yiT/s1254/Puck%201889%20mdp.39015049004180-seq_433%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1057" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkb_B2LMECF0G_NiGC_nuPkWwY5LltNAVlitnu_M4YWVs3RdBDVI4vAVl3jPEH4SM0-9EgRI0D8V1npbrKV2t-UEZ70trO6qk4eK3xodI6-2bh0rGCip0SqNgZGjSS8gSL1hmo4Lzz8VNbSPY-T7gqwWYlxr8KKk660GYxUzZ8KNiekD3fcDQk2yiT/w338-h400/Puck%201889%20mdp.39015049004180-seq_433%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="338" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Despite the beastly depiction of the adoption of the rule, the rule remained in place and was eventually considered fair by all parties.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Quorum counting was invented by Speaker Reed, so far as regards its adoption by the House. The narrowness of the Republican margin, of course, and the impossibility of preserving a quorum
under the old rules if the Democrats persisted, as they did, in refusing to answer to their names, was what instigated this innovation. The departure, however, was so clearly in the interest of common fairness and common
sense that it soon appealed to everybody, and was adopted by Reed’s political enemies when in power.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Pawnee Courier-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Pawnee, Oklahoma), December 1, 1925, page 4.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">Fremiet’s vision gained more viewers and achieved a wider recognition a few years later, when the Eden Musee in New York City installed an animatronic wax-work model of the piece.
They advertised the piece with lithographic posters plastered all over the city. That poster may be the source of antique lithographs that come up for sale at auction periodically. The scene in the poster matches a description
of the setting of the wax-figure as displayed in the museum. It's not quite the Empire State Building, but they were on the highest point around. </span>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0xuL7zK7o_-KrcD3dsfq2OAy43iiEw8QCG-FLpZindL7Z-pue04gLOHp07YzlHZqzbLmmZcHR1JS0vSKAxWkqyw8w0p348L3pIBVoP-Dn7XCHPBog_xhMsnwZxBi2pBAlczgvXyTIeNI_ETc6x3712cO36h9VWzhxgpRLkxL7T57TRPctGREj1N6t/s483/full%20lithograph%20fremiet%201887%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="379" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0xuL7zK7o_-KrcD3dsfq2OAy43iiEw8QCG-FLpZindL7Z-pue04gLOHp07YzlHZqzbLmmZcHR1JS0vSKAxWkqyw8w0p348L3pIBVoP-Dn7XCHPBog_xhMsnwZxBi2pBAlczgvXyTIeNI_ETc6x3712cO36h9VWzhxgpRLkxL7T57TRPctGREj1N6t/w314-h400/full%20lithograph%20fremiet%201887%20copy.jpg" width="314" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8">The anti-vice activist, Anthony Comstock, took umbrage with the poster, but not the wax figure. The wax figure, it was said, had been made in Germany by a friend of Fremiet, furious that
his erstwhile fiance’s parents had married her off to an “ugly but immensely wealthy banker.” “It was more lifelike than Fremiet’s marble, for the girl’s features were the features of the
banker’s bride.”<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCMmQnj7VwZMe0Qf2Q1vdw9z_rluuf8lWjf4rGSoGGqHg_H-NwU08UzvIUFosT6eZ429x7YjSCPXsjWLjmAXbXNe971RJCaIl_e-Hyvcq8KN3gNAUEcpi2iKzjBivIIW9fo0p_kI0d_TREyarZ_dRhoorGs2J0ySeb1FptX8ybzJi3iSSxhxPDg9U4/s955/star%20gazette%20elmira%20nov%2029%201893%20page%204%20poster%20of%20wax%20figure%20dispute%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="955" data-original-width="867" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCMmQnj7VwZMe0Qf2Q1vdw9z_rluuf8lWjf4rGSoGGqHg_H-NwU08UzvIUFosT6eZ429x7YjSCPXsjWLjmAXbXNe971RJCaIl_e-Hyvcq8KN3gNAUEcpi2iKzjBivIIW9fo0p_kI0d_TREyarZ_dRhoorGs2J0ySeb1FptX8ybzJi3iSSxhxPDg9U4/s320/star%20gazette%20elmira%20nov%2029%201893%20page%204%20poster%20of%20wax%20figure%20dispute%20headline.jpg" width="291" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">From the </span><i><span class="tm9">New York World</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The huge wax gorilla that is carrying off a maiden at the Eden Musee was in fine working order Tuesday afternoon. The mechanism in his midst was moving smoothly. His eyes were rolling fiercely
as they turned towards the pursuers, who have wounded him with an arrow, as he looked down at the victim clasped in his long, hair right arm. His awful teeth were gnashing by clockwork and he was altogether horrid to the
crowd that gaped at him.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The World Tuesday called attention to this reproduction of Fremiet’s sculpture and described it as the latest thing in waxworks. It certainly is. Among the many people whose interest
was aroused was Anthony Comstock. He saw the group and he saw numerous life-size lithographic pictures of it. Manager E. J. Crane had covered 150 28-sheet stands with these posters. They are scattered all over New York,
Brooklyn, Jersey City, Hoboken, Mount Vernon, Yonkers and adjacent towns. The lithographs are much more lurid than the group itself. Mr. Comstock decided to object to the lithographs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . Fremiet’s sculpture of a gorilla carrying off a maiden is world-famous. Even the marble is sufficiently horrible. The ferocity of the huge beast and the deadly terror of his
victim contribute to make it repulsive. Yet the lover of art cannot but admire the sculpture, while he feels a thrill of disgust and an intense desire to spring at the throat of the giant ape and throttle him.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[The wax sculpture from Germany] was placed on exhibition in this city Saturday at the Eden Musee. It is almost inexpressibly horrible. It stands in a dimly lighted chamber in the middle
of a grove of trees. The full moon is coming up above the horizon. Clasped in the gorilla’s right arm and pressed tight to his shaggy bosom is the form of a girl. Her eyes are closed, for she has swooned, but even
in her fearful dread she seeks with all her feeble power to free herself from the embrace of the monster. Her shapely figure, scantily draped, seems to be not a feather’s weight in the gorilla’s powerful grasp.
One hand she presses against the gorilla’s hairy chest, in the vain attempt to release herself. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The beast himself is a nightmare.” If drunkards saw him in their dreams, no need for lectures on temperance. His long, muscular left arm hangs to his knees. In that hand he holds
a rock that he has grabbed up to hurl at his pursuers. For he is pursued. The feathers of an arrow that has struck him in his ruthless flight and part of the arrow shaft project from his paunch. He has his death wound.
Moved by hideous mechanism, he turns, now to scowl upon those he has left behind, now to gloat over the hapless maiden in his grasp. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There was a crowd about this group all last evening. Some women look at it - most of them looked only for a moment. “Dreadful! horrible!” they exclaimed, and hurried away.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Star-Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Elmira, New York), November 29, 1893, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At about the exact same time the wax version was making headlines in New York City, a Professor Bartlett in Boston gave a lecture on Emmanuel Fremiet, and “gave stereopticon views
of some of Fremiet’s most noted works, including the famous ‘Joan of Arc’ in the palace des Pyramids, Paris, and ‘The Horrible Gorilla and Young Girl,’ which he called [Fremiet’s] masterpiece.”<a href="#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a><a id="footnoteixback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Eden Musee in Montreal also obtained a wax version of the same piece in their collection. An image from their 1902 catalog looks more like a modern “Bigfoot” than Fremiet’s
gorilla. It’s not clear whether it was the same one that had been in New York, or a copy. But in either case, they cleaned up the more titillating aspect of the sculpture by adding clothes, and introduced more drama,
with signs of a struggle - a man, knife drawn, lying lifeless nearby.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihVamqr7sJ1D5ZpGTJg8YvZfSTxnVgvOWAeaJoq0mND09UTR_JwBU8t9eOQeq_wZiSsP-MgU6yN-b8PonNBGmRGqolMR2V11RmNTXmLtl_uJPEjwg1zJlTd1xxrk7A-JzqFIlWnsCP4N6q1h_1wJi5CeMSVuD_8L8nfBdYvnAu5_kKCsKBohRnvM1W/s1611/eden%20musee%20montreal%201902%20catalogueillustr00eden_0041%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1611" data-original-width="1198" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihVamqr7sJ1D5ZpGTJg8YvZfSTxnVgvOWAeaJoq0mND09UTR_JwBU8t9eOQeq_wZiSsP-MgU6yN-b8PonNBGmRGqolMR2V11RmNTXmLtl_uJPEjwg1zJlTd1xxrk7A-JzqFIlWnsCP4N6q1h_1wJi5CeMSVuD_8L8nfBdYvnAu5_kKCsKBohRnvM1W/w298-h400/eden%20musee%20montreal%201902%20catalogueillustr00eden_0041%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="298" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"> <span style="font-size: large;">Gorilla Myths</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Despite the fact that actual scientists and naturalists never took the rumors of gorilla kidnapping and trans-species sexual assaults seriously, those stories remained in the public consciousness
and spawned decades of implausible fake-news “reporting” on the issue. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One such item included an American showman who hired a woman to help him capture a gorilla in the Congo.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVA8M1yBs8bt4CaLvnbcNSjm3Ch40HEJg69dnkUxqIZpQN15zebdbXV5g4nkv21VBXCIH2QXVEMVkOAl2wS8gtn5OO4r8HT3we9ZqrD52XNFwn3GIVv7LpLvRtjY5ZxRjIZ_GlT2b75OLg7VstPAZS7tW3Rc2qIgGeL5v_XoKs--3MCjmJl_K3ALGv/s3588/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%20unk.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3535" data-original-width="3588" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVA8M1yBs8bt4CaLvnbcNSjm3Ch40HEJg69dnkUxqIZpQN15zebdbXV5g4nkv21VBXCIH2QXVEMVkOAl2wS8gtn5OO4r8HT3we9ZqrD52XNFwn3GIVv7LpLvRtjY5ZxRjIZ_GlT2b75OLg7VstPAZS7tW3Rc2qIgGeL5v_XoKs--3MCjmJl_K3ALGv/w400-h394/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%20unk.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Col. Charles J. (Buffalo) Jones, the famous cowman, who has just passed his seventieth year, is now somewhere in the interior of the French Congo, West Africa, upon a quest such as not even
a Hagenbeck [(circus owner)] had the hardihood to attempt. With the aid of a woman whom he has cast in the strangest role that ever fell to a huntress, the white-hair adventurer hopes to accomplish an exploit which has never
yet been achieved - the capture of a living adult male gorilla; which, to a degree surpassing all other brutes, combines the qualities of cunning might strength and fiendish ferocity.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 26, 1914, Sunday Magazine, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “huntress” was more Annie Oakley than Faye Wray; a member of Buffalo Jones’ earlier “lion-roping enterprise, and was the hero of many hairbreadth escapes.”</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6GvRMWPqB2l0q_sl9kElR5GzXBbTk4nZt9KkNedwM-7KfR9fZAZpSGZTHGXRNepOCU5ujyCfMxVfst3FJp2aLufqlJMtkZEi5ZPwq-PENRQ6Dexicn-1riY2o2YvPuU-kcf_D786NMAlqGttakeTZdw25WWa4-efADlboHY5lcsUflR8O4oibfGbe/s1737/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%20unk%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1737" data-original-width="1138" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6GvRMWPqB2l0q_sl9kElR5GzXBbTk4nZt9KkNedwM-7KfR9fZAZpSGZTHGXRNepOCU5ujyCfMxVfst3FJp2aLufqlJMtkZEi5ZPwq-PENRQ6Dexicn-1riY2o2YvPuU-kcf_D786NMAlqGttakeTZdw25WWa4-efADlboHY5lcsUflR8O4oibfGbe/w263-h400/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%20unk%202.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 26, 1914, Sunday Magazine, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8">The kidnapping danger was “real,” at least as supposedly told to Buffalo Jones in a letter to his sister, Olive, as told to him by a “reputable Englishman, Frank K. Williamson,
who had spent one-half of his three-score years in the French Congo, and was there proclaimed King by a tribe of cannibals.” </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html"><span class="tm8">The King of the Cannibals! Sounds like a bunch of Hokey Pokey</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. Coincidentally, the expression “hokey pokey” has its roots in an English music hall song, “The King of the Cannibal Islands.”<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a></span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHci_GogVCS-CXNjV9snRP5a_dgDl-C9JEke3ILqznTc4GLZo_nmCizlVll0qMpE70__1hX6lFGITz74OJA1Xs8FkTbULA9cxyy7T7bd0irzjJuWLKtwd_NGIYklzoHi3UivEhkdlo-D77qVjChbjXwloIl-kSF0cgS8NRM8_baKyRdak4Z59-w9N/s3267/st%20louis%20post-dispatch%20july%2026%201914.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3267" data-original-width="2721" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHci_GogVCS-CXNjV9snRP5a_dgDl-C9JEke3ILqznTc4GLZo_nmCizlVll0qMpE70__1hX6lFGITz74OJA1Xs8FkTbULA9cxyy7T7bd0irzjJuWLKtwd_NGIYklzoHi3UivEhkdlo-D77qVjChbjXwloIl-kSF0cgS8NRM8_baKyRdak4Z59-w9N/w334-h400/st%20louis%20post-dispatch%20july%2026%201914.jpg" width="334" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“I had always thought the tales of gorillas stealing women to be myths, but here I had authentic evidence from a trustworthy witness. The woman, he said, one day wandered off about
a mile from the village in search of food. A huge gorilla suddenly sprang from the bush, snatched her up in his harms and bore her away into the forest.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The brute beat her into submission with slaps of his great hands, and when her resistance became more frantic, bit her with his fangs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The astonishing thing is that when night came the animal set about building a hut for his captive, a thing which he never does for his mates of his own species. The female gorilla
plaits a nest for herself and her young ones in the topmost branches of a tree, but the male gorilla does not help, curling up at the bottom of the tree to protect the family from leopards and other enemies.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“It actually looked in this case, that the gorilla was aware his prisoner was accustomed to living indoors, and attempted to build for her a home such as that to which she was used.
From trees he tore limbs or uprooted saplings with his mighty hands and leaned them in a circle against a big tree, so as to form a sort of wigwam. He then covered the framework with brush and grass.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 26, 1914, Sunday Magazine, page 4.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GzY9HsDh_7pbJplono-XXV-QzjvfqS5yAUSj4eouRRRUNYogrFMEZEU5v1vcE9_oCYsYjP9-m-_-hDqx4CGW4WhA8_3IEzpkDP66EprHj4RxqwuETgNMY8pif6wS3PVzqnOYOSwIsnp-Xb89PrM40UasQ8I5YjHWO05vBeJeGTAs-cP8NibXH5C8/s2211/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%204%20mrs%20means%20and%20gorilla.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2211" data-original-width="1478" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GzY9HsDh_7pbJplono-XXV-QzjvfqS5yAUSj4eouRRRUNYogrFMEZEU5v1vcE9_oCYsYjP9-m-_-hDqx4CGW4WhA8_3IEzpkDP66EprHj4RxqwuETgNMY8pif6wS3PVzqnOYOSwIsnp-Xb89PrM40UasQ8I5YjHWO05vBeJeGTAs-cP8NibXH5C8/w268-h400/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20july%2026%201914%20page%204%20mrs%20means%20and%20gorilla.jpg" width="268" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1922, a full-page spread gave similar treatment to supposed attacks by an Orangutan. In this case, an orangutan had apparently kidnapped a young Malay girl. Her distraught father eventually
found her after a frantic, months-long search, only to have her run away again, to rejoin her orangutan lover in the forest. The story was illustrated with not one, but two sculptures by the French artist, Emanuel Fremiet.<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBavoWD7zBkpHnHO0G9i-fiJ_uWxUyret0czUL1gqBWLcti863lLc1Qw8zsIwl-xiC9swvV97s4U6i9Nfo2AqiF9ItWah0kWfwRkN3jUhkNP1cx5kZuYleREm8Tx9778vrNkIggdCJ6hEBx15i64UBgbvWbq-JPR-VumtrIBWYSiIW-Vp-TfyPjYMy/s5217/washington%20times%20nov%2012%201922%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4157" data-original-width="5217" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBavoWD7zBkpHnHO0G9i-fiJ_uWxUyret0czUL1gqBWLcti863lLc1Qw8zsIwl-xiC9swvV97s4U6i9Nfo2AqiF9ItWah0kWfwRkN3jUhkNP1cx5kZuYleREm8Tx9778vrNkIggdCJ6hEBx15i64UBgbvWbq-JPR-VumtrIBWYSiIW-Vp-TfyPjYMy/w640-h510/washington%20times%20nov%2012%201922%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Washington Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 12, 1922, </span><i><span class="tm9">The American Weekly</span></i><span class="tm8"> section, page 9.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Fremiet was apparently fascinated with struggles between humans and animals. Fremiet’s work includes at least eleven such pieces. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhfKWUB-cW-ZiSREBZ9tdHxetNyqoVGDFF7HkAup8Sbx-yKr0okFFf41weZFVFyi2D9_afW3AHlBO8FnH3PPy1uAfo0IfenIpmzAJsgiMqmv6TrD3hYvuGMWUQIVqLa3AC_-gtjqIEgjfUu9IHjh1KWfZb3xa-r3zOdjofRDcBy4X6gTe9t-WIJsHG/s4246/all%20pics%20small%20collage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1990" data-original-width="4246" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhfKWUB-cW-ZiSREBZ9tdHxetNyqoVGDFF7HkAup8Sbx-yKr0okFFf41weZFVFyi2D9_afW3AHlBO8FnH3PPy1uAfo0IfenIpmzAJsgiMqmv6TrD3hYvuGMWUQIVqLa3AC_-gtjqIEgjfUu9IHjh1KWfZb3xa-r3zOdjofRDcBy4X6gTe9t-WIJsHG/w640-h300/all%20pics%20small%20collage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two depict a gorilla carrying away a woman and one depicts an orangutan attacking a woman. Another sculpture depicts a large ape in a victory pose over a Roman gladiator. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two depict bears mauling men; one a stone age man who has already killed a bear cub, and the other a gladiator. Another flips the script, with a man holding the head of a bear in an apparent
victory pose. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Two depict struggles with elephants. In one, a man takes a baby elephant while looking over his shoulder, perhaps on the lookout for a vengeful adult elephant. In another, an elephant
is trapped; the human is not shown, but his handiwork is obvious in the man-made snare around its foot. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One depicts a mythological Centaur subduing a bear bare-handed. Finally, St. George, astride a horse in full armor, slays a dragon with his lance or spear.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In a seemingly more innocent scene, Fremiet portrays a half-human/half-animal Pan gently teasing a bear cub with a stick. But stick may be an arrow, so perhaps the Pan is merely giving
the young bear a taste of what to expect in the future - not so pleasant after all?</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSap3cqZt4B5omkg4Fuaj-gK3MX4FoxIvMdAis6IacZGy-7pnJyQCpx8pLEmzhijyLIdqjX5eukh-kDVe-gReEcwZ3ZXyz8dcRwr4eg8OS8VG6SNvK1_s-KQBy7chS8dFpfdeb1a9VZYWAeLWLg8ZHso2x0XJqYhPbUa9_XUAFfzv3-72ThvnFts2F/s2434/fremiet%20pan%20and%20bear.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1943" data-original-width="2434" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSap3cqZt4B5omkg4Fuaj-gK3MX4FoxIvMdAis6IacZGy-7pnJyQCpx8pLEmzhijyLIdqjX5eukh-kDVe-gReEcwZ3ZXyz8dcRwr4eg8OS8VG6SNvK1_s-KQBy7chS8dFpfdeb1a9VZYWAeLWLg8ZHso2x0XJqYhPbUa9_XUAFfzv3-72ThvnFts2F/w400-h319/fremiet%20pan%20and%20bear.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In several of these works, Fremiet portrayed humans as the initial aggressor. The two gladiators were presumably fighting with captive animals. The stone-age man had killed a bear cub
before being mauled by a bear and another beheaded a bear; a man is stealing a baby elephant and an elephant is caught in a snare. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;">Other pieces are more ambiguous. T<span class="tm8">he piece with the orangutan strangling a woman, for example, shows a knife and a young orangutan nearby. Was the human the aggressor and/or the mother orangutan simply protecting her small child? And in the second version of the gorilla abducting a woman, the female gorilla is shown with an arrow or spear through her shoulder, raising the question of whether she had been attacked first, or while running away. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In any case, “critical” analyses suggesting
that Fremiet’s gorilla statues somehow represent prevailing attitudes about race and sexuality<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a> seem misplaced. Taken as a whole, Fremiet’s many
sculptures portraying struggles between humans and animals seem to speak more to struggles between human brains and animal brawn, than race or sexuality. <span class="tm8">Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar and a lance merely a lance.</span> <br /></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">And, in any case, primitive abduction scenarios were never limited to specific species or specific races. Jamin's "Rapt a l'age de pierre" was painted one year after Fremiet exhibited his second gorilla-abduction piece. <br /></span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmKa-vhvAl3anQWrZTN56q4V_squIai-wY3-rop7oK2wHJ9Xqpy3PQSeodwM9m_K8kH-VLRCl-zzV4Y6V6bSMpUAV0a8svIK4otQeI_kTc3HeNJinJrPHRNp_gZRMSJ7bTFOEKcACP5t6BVFRo_NERvNghKTxnft6Xa5Y8T7UEd6TFIBJAh4i-swB/s3116/Rapt_a_l'age_de_pierre-Jamin_1888.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3116" data-original-width="2245" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmKa-vhvAl3anQWrZTN56q4V_squIai-wY3-rop7oK2wHJ9Xqpy3PQSeodwM9m_K8kH-VLRCl-zzV4Y6V6bSMpUAV0a8svIK4otQeI_kTc3HeNJinJrPHRNp_gZRMSJ7bTFOEKcACP5t6BVFRo_NERvNghKTxnft6Xa5Y8T7UEd6TFIBJAh4i-swB/w289-h400/Rapt_a_l'age_de_pierre-Jamin_1888.jpg" width="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rapt_a_l%27age_de_pierre-Jamin_1888.jpg" target="_blank">Rapt a l'age de pierre, Jamin, 1888, Wikimedia Commons</a>. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rapt_a_l%27age_de_pierre-Jamin_1888.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rapt_a_l%27age_de_pierre-Jamin_1888.jpg</a> <br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The press did not limit itself to fake-news about gorillas; fake-news about animals and animal behavior, generally, became such a problem that the President of the United States entered
into the fray against the so-called “nature fakirs” (fakers). </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvrNyPX00DcdZM4cJ468xFQYldM0RR-GRvD453kU2e3wzj20GZtQcQoRk-E_fudE-doHm4QAp7gI41YhwMoR3axTfpeNhcvmyQKqTWZhWThbg-l6AfA-JnTA7cW2Vj9CGw_LIrJueqMM0__a1z-oViIFUNXuPwW31gaY7nukxodUEbeU8vZCkuB6vd/s718/carbondale%20daily%20news%20aug%2020%201908%20page%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="685" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvrNyPX00DcdZM4cJ468xFQYldM0RR-GRvD453kU2e3wzj20GZtQcQoRk-E_fudE-doHm4QAp7gI41YhwMoR3axTfpeNhcvmyQKqTWZhWThbg-l6AfA-JnTA7cW2Vj9CGw_LIrJueqMM0__a1z-oViIFUNXuPwW31gaY7nukxodUEbeU8vZCkuB6vd/s320/carbondale%20daily%20news%20aug%2020%201908%20page%201.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[President Theodore Roosevelt] says:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Like the White Queen in ‘Through the Looking Glass,’ these writers can easily believe three impossible things before breakfast, and they do not mind in the least if the
impossibilities are mutually contradictory. Thus one story relates how a wolf with one bite reaches the heart of a bull caribou or a moose or a horse, a feat which of course has been mechanically impossible of performance
by any land carnivore since the death of the last saber toothed tiger. But the next story will cheerfully describe a doubtful contest between the wolf and a lynx or a bulldog, in which the latter survives twenty slashing
bites. Now, of course a wolf that could bite into the heart of a horse would swallow a bulldog or a lynx like a pill.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Carbondale Daily News </span></i><span class="tm8">(Carbondale, Pennsylvania), August 20, 1907, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Gorilla Stories</span> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As the scientific community grew to know more about gorillas and their habitat and behaviors, the old stories were given even less credence. But that didn’t stop artists from exploiting
the dramatic potential of gorilla-on-girl violence, including in the new medium of film.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A letter to the editor of a film industry magazine describes one of the early attempts at gorilla-themed fiction. </span></p>
<p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Dear Sir - Excuse the liberty I take in criticizing the motion pictures, but a picture was shown here last week in which a gorilla kidnaps a woman and they fall in love with each other. Outside
of frightening the children, it was a most disgusting exhibition. Brutal murders, gruesome and impossible subjects are NOT what the people want. A degenerate might find them interesting, but never a healthy human being.
</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm20" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Anthony, Kan., March 17, 1909.</span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Moving Picture World</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 4, Number 13, March 27, 1909, page 374.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The public’s interest and fascination in exotic jungle locations was boosted by ex-President Teddy Roosevelt’s extended safari and hunting expedition in Africa, almost immediately
after leaving office. Film footage of Roosevelt’s trip were edited into a commercial film, and shown all over the world. Roosevelt published his own account of his trip in a popular book, “African Game Trails,”
but with no mention of gorillas. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUV3B1FloV7LBB5N_IW66KoLOzZq7dVhbv_nkWANF3vlVtLtyOwfV0BY_Tgbx1s8GKEWTCzM9OaryB-b_RV1oqJPyhiEIupa1okatE_JkIGnHsPACNfb0uNexcqpnhv-scYo7dEliOdOuqzx0ft784q-FmdY4lRXW__z3gtccw6hWD3F5dV0jym7l/s612/roosevelt%20in%20africa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUV3B1FloV7LBB5N_IW66KoLOzZq7dVhbv_nkWANF3vlVtLtyOwfV0BY_Tgbx1s8GKEWTCzM9OaryB-b_RV1oqJPyhiEIupa1okatE_JkIGnHsPACNfb0uNexcqpnhv-scYo7dEliOdOuqzx0ft784q-FmdY4lRXW__z3gtccw6hWD3F5dV0jym7l/s320/roosevelt%20in%20africa.jpg" width="285" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Star-Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Elmira, New York), April 16, 1910, page 9.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk4gAn5RNcxQExrFI8Ye0ByOryBnE92UIi6RwmkZPJBP6DJf5zSbCWuHIOI_fxdFyXsL8IJD3P8XW9fe0xk5Bff9b5pVGKDF0PkPwcSoR627aagHvCEq-YdG6ep3xT3IBLcUb2diMMEgL098RjFa1NiBjAbP4gI16nsjoBchkoR-yuab5JHELyYMAO/s1611/african%20game%20trails%20frontispiece.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1611" data-original-width="970" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk4gAn5RNcxQExrFI8Ye0ByOryBnE92UIi6RwmkZPJBP6DJf5zSbCWuHIOI_fxdFyXsL8IJD3P8XW9fe0xk5Bff9b5pVGKDF0PkPwcSoR627aagHvCEq-YdG6ep3xT3IBLcUb2diMMEgL098RjFa1NiBjAbP4gI16nsjoBchkoR-yuab5JHELyYMAO/w241-h400/african%20game%20trails%20frontispiece.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Theodore Roosevelt, </span><i><span class="tm9">African Game Trails</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But even before Roosevelt arrived in Africa, a hunter name Fritz Duquesne beat him to the punch. He capitalized on interest in Roosevelt’s upcoming trip with a story entitled, “Hunting
Ahead of Roosevelt in East Africa.” The article included an account of his encounter with a gorilla. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Duquesne had been sent to Africa to capture living specimens of “each African quadrumana” (apes and monkeys) for a “German naturalist society.” He traveled with
a German professor who, like the filmmakers in </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, tried to capture the capture of a gorilla on film. In real life, however, it did not end well for the professor.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3sQhJ-bGnv6wGWl13cACoOleJjNRLq9w1fb3YdsM_W3tGhvPkvl4Ewg3O5LuHKyIttjxKpSI-SmCW_6vSYglt0GiFB8wO7PHBhp01NgOzFxS25js-FrY9NCaWOOWaKot7h98JkHXl4Ci_jTRhGdwoNBn_EW6WYFGnJpaZbjYm5hEeQZisqHfUtdp3/s4860/hunting%20ahead%20of%20roosevelt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2262" data-original-width="4860" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3sQhJ-bGnv6wGWl13cACoOleJjNRLq9w1fb3YdsM_W3tGhvPkvl4Ewg3O5LuHKyIttjxKpSI-SmCW_6vSYglt0GiFB8wO7PHBhp01NgOzFxS25js-FrY9NCaWOOWaKot7h98JkHXl4Ci_jTRhGdwoNBn_EW6WYFGnJpaZbjYm5hEeQZisqHfUtdp3/w400-h186/hunting%20ahead%20of%20roosevelt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The most dangerous animal of all to capture is the gorilla, as much on account of the country it inhabits as on account of its enormous strength, as the following incident will illustrate:</span>
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . [A] six-foot male gorilla descended unsuspectingly and entered the trap. I signaled, the four ropes were pulled at once, and we had our animal - for a moment. He roared in fury, twisting,
jumping and biting the ropes into pieces. The natives were pulled about like dolls as he tried to reach first one and then another. The professor jumped about in excitement, trying to focus a camera on the infuriated animal.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">At last the mighty arms of the gorilla broke a hole through the net and he tore the rest from him as though it were a rotten rag. Most of the natives fled in dismay. The professor dropped
his camera and tried to escape; in a moment the gorilla grasped him in its terrible hands.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . Out on the veld beside a native village a lonely little slab marked “Carl Bloch” sticks up above the grass. It is the professor’s grave. Hunting is not all exciting
adventure and laughing victory. It has its tears, like other things.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Columbia Record</span></i><span class="tm8"> (South Carolina), June 12, 1909, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Accounts of exploits by Roosevelt and others may have helped spur wider interest in adventure tales of remote, wild jungles and the beasts that inhabit them, including gorillas. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A few years later, Edgar Rice Burroughs introduced his character, “Tarzan of the Apes.” “Tarzan of the Apes” first appeared in serial form in 1912, and in book form
in 1914. In the original story, Tarzan was raised by “an ape, a huge, fierce, terrible beast of a species closely allied to the gorilla, yet more intelligent.” No gorillas kidnap any woman, but Terkoz, an ape
of the same tribe as Tarzan’s protectors, abducts Jane, an American woman alone in the jungle. Tarzan rescues Jane, subduing Terkoz with with a “half-Nelson of modern wrestling.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several plot elements of </span><i><span class="tm9">Tarzan</span></i><span class="tm8"> had appeared on stage five years before publication. “Melmoth the Man-Monkey” was
a human, living in Africa, with ape-like personality, strength and behaviors. Like Tarzan helping Jane who was marooned in Africa with her father, Melmoth helps a young woman named Lucy who is in Africa accompanying her primatologist
father on an expedition. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The level of humor in </span><i><span class="tm9">Melmoth</span></i><span class="tm8"> may be gleaned from one of the opening lines in the play: </span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“It’s the most necessary necessity
that ever necessitated a necessary necessitation.”<a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a></span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An early review of </span><i><span class="tm9">Melmoth</span></i><span class="tm8"> ties the story back to Fremiet’s gorilla-and-girl statue, and highlights the sculpture’s
lasting influence and notoriety. The reviewer praised the dramatic choice of making Melmoth’s condition a result of trauma within the womb, as opposed to an example of trans-species procreation.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">They hadn’t dared - and I don’t wonder - to give to their Melmoth a gorilla for a father and a woman for a mother, thus dramatizing </span><span class="tm21">that <span style="color: red;">dreadful piece of statuary which shows a beast more horrible than any faun or satyr, carrying a girl away</span></span><span class="tm8"><span style="color: red;"> to the forest</span>. It is told at the beginning of the play, that before Melmoth’s birth his mother was so frightened by a gorilla that her was marked by a facial resemblance to a monkey, not only, but was
also abnormally, unhumanly, ferociously brutish whenever his monkey overpowered his contrastingly exalted human nature.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Washington Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 2, 1907, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It’s hard to say whether Melmoth influenced Tarzan specifically, but Melmoth looks Tarzan-like in his leopard-skin tunic, in a cartoon of the character. </span></p><p><i><span class="tm9"></span></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMasvDbu9aav-Xt_qariNP9SFYxnMjhEqATvm1yZoz_9rhFdZEFb3WCX1_uP50ODCyeu9yAZZYG-b_dhz75fxz9GI61BTDHs2t5FXUNhLZ90wXv5aPPvTYJc5UG_3AkyrFwEe11VMPf5IQfZIlUT51YpoGadbnHgdK81_UMfWIG2Ja5H7oN5HNW3r/s1844/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20apr%206%201908%20page%206%20melmoth%20man%20monkey.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1844" data-original-width="1622" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMasvDbu9aav-Xt_qariNP9SFYxnMjhEqATvm1yZoz_9rhFdZEFb3WCX1_uP50ODCyeu9yAZZYG-b_dhz75fxz9GI61BTDHs2t5FXUNhLZ90wXv5aPPvTYJc5UG_3AkyrFwEe11VMPf5IQfZIlUT51YpoGadbnHgdK81_UMfWIG2Ja5H7oN5HNW3r/w351-h400/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20apr%206%201908%20page%206%20melmoth%20man%20monkey.jpg" width="351" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 6, 1908, page 6.</span>
</p></td></tr></tbody></table><i><span class="tm9"> </span></i><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15"><span style="font-size: large;">Gorilla’s on Film</span> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCjMZMxNr-0" target="_blank">with apologies to Duran Duran</a>)</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1913, the Solax film studio released “Beasts of the Jungle,” using actors inter-cut with an imported menagerie of animals. As in </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, a young woman tames a beast - although this time a tiger.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Beasts of the Jungle,” a thrilling animal drama, will be featured at the Mozart theater next week. The photoplay is said to be tinted, toned and accurately photographed. Scenes
are laid in the treasure-laden hills of the African Transvaal and the aromatic sphere of India. Settings and costumes were secured at a large expense. Animals and scenery used in the production were procured at a cost of
$18,000.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The picture tells the story of an American engineer and his little daughter. The child, lost in the jungle, finds herself a hut where a tiger has been trapped. Making friends with the beast,
when found by her parents, the child is permitted to take the animal home with her as a pet. A thrilling scene caps the climax, in which a struggle between a man-eating lion and the engineer takes place. As only means of
escape, with his family, the engineer sets fire to the building and destroys the beast.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Evening Express</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 1, 1913, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Some believe this film “spurred the cycle” of narrative jungle movies, with plots rather than documentary (or supposedly documentary) footage.<a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a>
The studio’s company of animals included a lion, a tiger, two elephants, a parrot and a monkey.</span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeOfsnrZmJ9VHMW0svYn46eFjoV7ezveKslmcjhsNowHDt4GIgeK92Wzx61gb-IP8KhybppxRn5930_nReHnv0FxR17pLw9xw-vQzGSvPuS_c_XBx0NAUKsI-H13j_03myGg8aQIoLc9h3GnVI_TlLLXEz6NglM2ZdcaM6Gu7oOamn4uZlW8SrjWS/s1035/solax%20beasts%20of%20the%20jungle%20menagerie%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="1035" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeOfsnrZmJ9VHMW0svYn46eFjoV7ezveKslmcjhsNowHDt4GIgeK92Wzx61gb-IP8KhybppxRn5930_nReHnv0FxR17pLw9xw-vQzGSvPuS_c_XBx0NAUKsI-H13j_03myGg8aQIoLc9h3GnVI_TlLLXEz6NglM2ZdcaM6Gu7oOamn4uZlW8SrjWS/s320/solax%20beasts%20of%20the%20jungle%20menagerie%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nra-oFyVERuZMbR6z4l8N6I-ltaU6yB6fuzH_aczQwEvtfeuTVhEeWPpdVigZV0qm87ZQRRhGsUZyP8ZB6AIZ0uUbERP4fxE6owgZ6ozrZ-qR38Tp13zJ9MZKU_aggRskR7xxpl5S0UcVsy7N6sRJnU5m_oFtfee2Z_hvpqkdhD9YBdrSE7H3mQi/s559/solax%20beasts%20of%20the%20jungle%20menagerie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="559" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nra-oFyVERuZMbR6z4l8N6I-ltaU6yB6fuzH_aczQwEvtfeuTVhEeWPpdVigZV0qm87ZQRRhGsUZyP8ZB6AIZ0uUbERP4fxE6owgZ6ozrZ-qR38Tp13zJ9MZKU_aggRskR7xxpl5S0UcVsy7N6sRJnU5m_oFtfee2Z_hvpqkdhD9YBdrSE7H3mQi/s320/solax%20beasts%20of%20the%20jungle%20menagerie.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nero, the lion, used in this production, is a big majestic animal only two years in captivity. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Princess, the tiger, is a large sinuous animal, by turns snarling or spitting, or submissive as a cat. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Big ponderous Jumbo and his young son Trump are elephants that, in the aggregate, weigh about a ton. Young and frail little Trump tips the scales at 700 pounds.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Laura, the parrot, is a marvel. Laura is on familiar terms with everybody, and glibly repeats at appropriate occasions whatever she hears about the studio, including “tales out of school.”
She is a linguist, and can say “Vilst tu ein Vienna snitzel und Pilsner haben?” . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Dick is a personage according to the Darwinian theory, and an animal according to common sense. Dick, the monkey, is a diversion between rehearsals. . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Moving Picture World</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 15, Number 2, January 11, 1913, page 162.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Not to be outdone, Universal Studios also established its own “zoo.” Universal’s gorilla starred in their comedy, “Joe Martin Turns ‘em Loose,” alongside
a zookeeper in drag.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Joe Martin is a real, live gorilla out in Universal City. Paul Bourgeois is in charge of the Universal Zoo. In this comic scream the gorilla is sent to him as a present. Mr. Bourgeois is
in the character of an old maid. She goes to a circus, and Joe, following unseen, unlocks all the animal cages and literally “turns ‘em loose.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Picture and the Picturegoer</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 1, 1916, page 318.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The year 1914 saw the release of several more movies with plot elements involving gorillas and girls. Episode 19 of </span><i><span class="tm9">The Perils of Pauline</span></i><span class="tm8"> featured a scene in which Pauline was attacked in a freight car by a gorilla who had escaped from a circus.<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a>
</span><i><span class="tm9">Almost Human</span></i><span class="tm8"> featured an almost-human gorilla who rescues a young girl from a burning house.<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a>
And </span><i><span class="tm9">What the Firelight Showed</span></i><span class="tm8"> featured a gorilla entering a home through a woman’s bedroom window - although the only real danger was posed by her protective
older brother. The “gorilla” was actually her boyfriend in disguise, sneaking in to invite her to a fancy ball. Her brother mistakes him for a real gorilla and shoots him dead.<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a>
And in England, Big Ben Films released a movie entitled </span><i><span class="tm9">The Gorilla</span></i><span class="tm8">, although I have been unable to find any synopsis of its plot.<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLQlWmORUu3njW4WpIk996mXW-T_6Wbvsi4k4I0L_lPypZsAMmJjELGS8iu9uC3QlRzv__38Pq1tGxvdpmNpcfcMvFpKm9WN4Q30gyZ9NEDoREswrSEtUB2aCk3xU_O0iwtAJcmOvAC8ps2t3IOtEtgvTtxumekv42r9f6f4IaW-6XnLDNEsLHcGdH/s467/bioscope-1914-03_1397.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="467" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLQlWmORUu3njW4WpIk996mXW-T_6Wbvsi4k4I0L_lPypZsAMmJjELGS8iu9uC3QlRzv__38Pq1tGxvdpmNpcfcMvFpKm9WN4Q30gyZ9NEDoREswrSEtUB2aCk3xU_O0iwtAJcmOvAC8ps2t3IOtEtgvTtxumekv42r9f6f4IaW-6XnLDNEsLHcGdH/s320/bioscope-1914-03_1397.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Tarzan of the Apes” hit the big screen in 1918, complete with a “huge gorilla.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D7_UgXUNxCZntkFvWjftKRw0eDZu6cfs15xjgnUsb01TXXZrVv7tgP7MbqLfFWzhtCrKlV1HTyhokN1FagsVJ_MtM1g2wEolnnjebgN1dX6V1ydMV30CYKrNyJ6WQYUeEujc01Ly8xwmyt6Go6BWiB3KmeYRGWraYv3tUd-t2rOTfpWmS5gkfliA/s1123/tarzan%20of%20the%20apes%201918.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="920" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D7_UgXUNxCZntkFvWjftKRw0eDZu6cfs15xjgnUsb01TXXZrVv7tgP7MbqLfFWzhtCrKlV1HTyhokN1FagsVJ_MtM1g2wEolnnjebgN1dX6V1ydMV30CYKrNyJ6WQYUeEujc01Ly8xwmyt6Go6BWiB3KmeYRGWraYv3tUd-t2rOTfpWmS5gkfliA/s320/tarzan%20of%20the%20apes%201918.jpg" width="262" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Motography</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 19, Number 26, June 29, 1918, page 1223.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">The headline promised the “man who bested huge gorilla,” the text promised “combat with a huge baboon,” and a different advertisement showed what appears to my untrained
eyes to be an orangutan. It’s not clear whether the copywriters were not clear about what a gorilla was, or all three appear in the film.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieztySH4APHmhsqwYSa0jORwdhlsibwAoMvtxSxh8b6nB5c8Pizm2AZZL7LBiG5PKgr10JHwnwUM8C3OnzXP8-U9DLyd_9RlY8t807NAxFBInSvLoiX-HiAtJEf8KkKc6Ql5Ct8ou2rnGxz91FGsgmHuMaCbogr4ANIeaTadvjBYFjz-4bG27OjKkS/s1333/tarzan%201913.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="853" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieztySH4APHmhsqwYSa0jORwdhlsibwAoMvtxSxh8b6nB5c8Pizm2AZZL7LBiG5PKgr10JHwnwUM8C3OnzXP8-U9DLyd_9RlY8t807NAxFBInSvLoiX-HiAtJEf8KkKc6Ql5Ct8ou2rnGxz91FGsgmHuMaCbogr4ANIeaTadvjBYFjz-4bG27OjKkS/s320/tarzan%201913.jpg" width="205" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1918, a plug for the value of using film in education claimed that photographic imagery was more memorable than a dry lecture. But they never promised reality - this one looks more like
a stop-action animation model.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj_ZYnvn_GGT_6hu8UF55lM-8Nt7CIZprd5DteLevuqR_hvne0lH3PMjrszXp8__LWUeej29_JVD-Y4a13qfhexIs_bdnTYmWNmSkvaHkhxNGtmQW1ZzjIIJofkw-U6QJHK1re3MCsQmv0UuX0MBQqOR3OABo-rUGkzT45UWSbIq61tyMaGYo-6bjM/s1316/1918%20eye%20gate%20teaching%20images.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="886" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj_ZYnvn_GGT_6hu8UF55lM-8Nt7CIZprd5DteLevuqR_hvne0lH3PMjrszXp8__LWUeej29_JVD-Y4a13qfhexIs_bdnTYmWNmSkvaHkhxNGtmQW1ZzjIIJofkw-U6QJHK1re3MCsQmv0UuX0MBQqOR3OABo-rUGkzT45UWSbIq61tyMaGYo-6bjM/s320/1918%20eye%20gate%20teaching%20images.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Reel and Slide</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 1918, page 5.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">The 1920 film, </span><i><span class="tm9">Go and Get It,</span></i><span class="tm8"> featured an Ape Man - a gorilla with a human criminal’s brain transplanted into its skull.<a href="#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a>
</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1fM_UNoAsYY8XOH_7yqea59Lr5Pciecv_lKwBnwOOllHcf30XGZp8ivD3g95PU8h_m-95yeBEC7-IZLOgpU5Ml7c4uv9T8j5QFI2whbeavtIJ0LAkDBV6jKFlEIUylKPvfLzDA-IXOuG2Zfc776oBSRjMYufEzHVpS3QKL6ewcT6Q0Oso0XXVvYf/s2027/go%20and%20get%20it%20austin%20american%20statesman%20apr%203%201921%20page%2022.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1827" data-original-width="2027" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1fM_UNoAsYY8XOH_7yqea59Lr5Pciecv_lKwBnwOOllHcf30XGZp8ivD3g95PU8h_m-95yeBEC7-IZLOgpU5Ml7c4uv9T8j5QFI2whbeavtIJ0LAkDBV6jKFlEIUylKPvfLzDA-IXOuG2Zfc776oBSRjMYufEzHVpS3QKL6ewcT6Q0Oso0XXVvYf/s320/go%20and%20get%20it%20austin%20american%20statesman%20apr%203%201921%20page%2022.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1925, something more closely resembling plot elements of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> hit the theaters. In Carl Laemmle’s </span><i><span class="tm9">Lorraine of the Lions</span></i><span class="tm8">, an ape on a deserted island falls in love with a beautiful woman, is captured and brought to the United States. Panicked by disturbing lights and sounds, he escapes, seizes the woman and runs off with her.
In the end, the ape is killed and the woman saved. Despite these similarities, the plot of </span><i><span class="tm9">Lorraine of the Lions</span></i><span class="tm8"> more closely resembles </span><i><span class="tm9">Tarzan of the Apes</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Lorraine of the Lions” . . . is a modern story which deals with the life of a girl who was shipwrecked on a south sea isle, growing up among the beasts of the jungle.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Her father was a circus man and was transporting the circus to America from Australia when the ship was wrecked. The girl and a large number of animals were the only ones saved. The child
grew up with the beasts never seeing the sight of a human being for twelve years.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The child’s grandfather conducts a successful search, bringing the girl back to civilization Her romantic experiences prove fascinating to her suitors but Bimi, the immense gorilla
brought back from the jungle by the girl develops a strange jealousy which drives the beast into a murderous fury.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Battle Creek Enquirer </span></i><span class="tm8">(Michigan), December 23, 1925, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">During a storm Bimi gets panic-stricken, breaks out of cage in which he is confined, seizes Lorraine and runs off with her. Don, fearing for Lorraine’s life, pursues, and rescues her.
Bimi is shot and killed, much to the regret of his mistress.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Motion Picture News</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 32, Number 7, August 15, 1925, page 845.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6aij_wQKBpJgtUFFLeq240-nJAJoPiHz67z9h083Arz5SFNvsoTuvCpHzARAPzp_nBjkvySboyb9y14GTdZIeI28R2atnOOM57ZXJWpFgMcNTwr1aDAhSKBO45lzmNw71B6wHMoypdOnMFw8N97ELj41X_JfHmXmUXFEAYWkoN2EYUzBAdKIaY9GP/s879/Billings%20Gazette%20January%2017%201926%20page%2017%20-%20lorraine%20of%20the%20lions%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6aij_wQKBpJgtUFFLeq240-nJAJoPiHz67z9h083Arz5SFNvsoTuvCpHzARAPzp_nBjkvySboyb9y14GTdZIeI28R2atnOOM57ZXJWpFgMcNTwr1aDAhSKBO45lzmNw71B6wHMoypdOnMFw8N97ELj41X_JfHmXmUXFEAYWkoN2EYUzBAdKIaY9GP/s320/Billings%20Gazette%20January%2017%201926%20page%2017%20-%20lorraine%20of%20the%20lions%20ad.jpg" width="199" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">The Billings Gazette </span></i><span class="tm8">(Montana), January 17, 1926, page 17.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Gorillas weren’t all drama and terror. </span><i><span class="tm9">The Gorilla</span></i><span class="tm8">, a gorilla comedy, became a hit on Broadway in 1925. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Sneaking in on padded monkey-feet, it opened April 28 to a typical first-night audience, seemingly all set for a cheese-cake feast. Those who came to sneer remained to cheer, for that is
just what they did. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">It is a slashing, smashing, crashing burlesque of the mystery play craze, with an equipment of gag and situation laughs that combine into easily the most screamingly and furiously funny play
in New York this year. . . . [I]t isn’t a satire, it is a roaring lampoon. Yet it has some grisly thrills and even sex punch, where the girl is brought onto the stage, her clothes mostly torn off her, unconscious,
and being carried off by a huge gorilla for the second act curtain.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">What a combination for a box-office winner.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Variety</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 78, Number 12, May 6, 1925, page 27.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A film adaptation of </span><i><span class="tm9">The Gorilla</span></i><span class="tm8"> was released two years later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoK30MMzt2fgYKFouMCDboHELlLKEHES7mGl4RbdhOW6aXEvnRimCyf2XTR2Mf4jpxo5VHkSwFOJtyqG0eOL3mL_96I59vgyDpTLBnxGROgWkjykPBCnGTp3sHexvr6L2s68KFNXmp6YdcME-Pd6F3PhNRScUb-rDpeeo7k3APb6veNNFzwII9fHx0/s1229/gorilla%20ad%201927.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1229" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoK30MMzt2fgYKFouMCDboHELlLKEHES7mGl4RbdhOW6aXEvnRimCyf2XTR2Mf4jpxo5VHkSwFOJtyqG0eOL3mL_96I59vgyDpTLBnxGROgWkjykPBCnGTp3sHexvr6L2s68KFNXmp6YdcME-Pd6F3PhNRScUb-rDpeeo7k3APb6veNNFzwII9fHx0/w400-h271/gorilla%20ad%201927.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">Exhibitor’s Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 31, Number 9, November 12, 1927, page 9.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">They made a talking remake in 1930.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxp-qcqEqnEeZQx-XNJLnJpbiIWHQuM-qpWB6NXwKXWxoQ94jIadbjDzGNpuWwFqevJvOOGQg_wbiO7ywuto7p05I5x7dFKY70qO4hgbVU6hD2YFgLDiDuiXLGcqaAAqqDhCtofkuSKDco6HS92Avp2fTXpcJI8n4s9ANseZrgtMSc-yqSn9wo8W-b/s852/Screenland%20vol%2022%20no%202%20december%201930%20page%209.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="658" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxp-qcqEqnEeZQx-XNJLnJpbiIWHQuM-qpWB6NXwKXWxoQ94jIadbjDzGNpuWwFqevJvOOGQg_wbiO7ywuto7p05I5x7dFKY70qO4hgbVU6hD2YFgLDiDuiXLGcqaAAqqDhCtofkuSKDco6HS92Avp2fTXpcJI8n4s9ANseZrgtMSc-yqSn9wo8W-b/w309-h400/Screenland%20vol%2022%20no%202%20december%201930%20page%209.jpg" width="309" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Screenland</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 22, Number 2, December 1930, page 8.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">The actor who played the gorilla in the silent version got some extra publicity out of the suit, for himself and his car. </span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRS7ek0JB8kd3akR3QkGMqkWwV6x7Nd62DC7q0Rfcel9y2cjHif0cUn2QltIAUbCyQAh9KAFTKIUsAGRM2h6nj8k2UpoXicPW-EE9C7tRdfh-G_oqT2rUKL_kdAEe5vjZ5ItyZ_qpdCroujaH_bvML_Ns0D2BVdEkYLhP389VOQtx7JEXc65h6E1Dn/s1630/los%20angeles%20times%20march%2018%201929.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1630" data-original-width="1275" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRS7ek0JB8kd3akR3QkGMqkWwV6x7Nd62DC7q0Rfcel9y2cjHif0cUn2QltIAUbCyQAh9KAFTKIUsAGRM2h6nj8k2UpoXicPW-EE9C7tRdfh-G_oqT2rUKL_kdAEe5vjZ5ItyZ_qpdCroujaH_bvML_Ns0D2BVdEkYLhP389VOQtx7JEXc65h6E1Dn/w313-h400/los%20angeles%20times%20march%2018%201929.jpg" width="313" /></a></div><br /><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The actors are Charles Gomorra, whose costumes have made the part of “The Gorilla” famous, and his friend, Miss Edna Marion, both of whom are Chrysler “72” owners.
The car here is “The Gorilla’s Chrysler “72” roadster.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 18, 1928, part VI (automobile section), page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Charles Gemora<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> (as spelled in </span><u><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0312599/"><span class="tm8">IMDB.com</span></a><a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a></u><span class="tm8">) enjoyed a long career in Hollywood, mostly as a makeup artist, but also as an actor and in the wardrobe department. One of the Phillipines-born<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a>
actor’s earliest film credits was as the “ape-suit creator” for the 1925 version of </span><i><span class="tm9">The Lost World</span></i><span class="tm8">. He later accumulated more than fifty acting credits as a “gorilla,” as well as a few as an “ape,” a chimpanzee and a bear.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He was not the only actor to play gorillas on screen during the period, but he may have been the most prolific - and perhaps the only one to make his own suit.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ABQD5qNEhsO-GZjrdXBOjVRh0JSssQsy-98WXVgDjzzuJNDzM7IGx6qf63rI7xhR2l5RVOlYgiJsAsxVD90FdqYT3My_KC5wTW-geeq0TNnVRPmATgw6FUeKKsIw7ht-tw_13d-MWSRBt8gRnmhxDkqGzoRsVMHi_VlNE91EbpvEDZMpuBrHgbxo/s3731/picture%20play%20vol%2028%20number%202%20april%201928%20screen%20gorilla%20actors%20pictureplaymagaz28unse_0225.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3731" data-original-width="2641" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ABQD5qNEhsO-GZjrdXBOjVRh0JSssQsy-98WXVgDjzzuJNDzM7IGx6qf63rI7xhR2l5RVOlYgiJsAsxVD90FdqYT3My_KC5wTW-geeq0TNnVRPmATgw6FUeKKsIw7ht-tw_13d-MWSRBt8gRnmhxDkqGzoRsVMHi_VlNE91EbpvEDZMpuBrHgbxo/w284-h400/picture%20play%20vol%2028%20number%202%20april%201928%20screen%20gorilla%20actors%20pictureplaymagaz28unse_0225.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Bottom Left: “Charles Gemora, left, in the disguise he himself made and used in ‘The Leopard Lady.’”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Picture Play</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 28, Number 2, April 1928, page 97.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The first-ever “all talking serial” featured a gorilla. </span><i><span class="tm9">King of the Kongo</span></i><span class="tm8"> ran for ten chapters, beginning in August 1929.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">The King of the Kongo</span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm9">A Serial That Talks</span></i></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">(Mascot Pict. Corp. - 10 Reels)</span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> . . . Right up with the parade, [Nat Levine] presents the serial fans with the latest fare done with theme song, synchronized score and talk. . . . The film combines an adventure story of
the Kongo, some cleverly interwoven library material, animals (with sound) and the usual hair-raising climax at the close of each chapter.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . In spite of warnings of a ferocious gorilla that holds a reputation as a killer of travellers enroute to the temple, the two set out; he, to find his brother and she to gather some tidings
of her father’s fate. <br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">Motion Picture News</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 40, Number 7, August 17, 1929, page 668.</span></div>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7tJfYDqQiu6YMp5akV2CkgLqD64DrWs6zEGDaea5aG17yHpMMldsda3XO4uN6jcFfXPI-VQQNAzuqBtNcHovMZq91MCySj7boyH5eKg-q6o4lyNvdZ9_-SG7ykXp9TYfJtaoevmGLD1WAO-MhUIohD8M8ZfJTuVU2zu-MuPYgnRkRw6vEsylf8h_y/s1570/evening%20journal%20wilmington%20delaware%20dec%2019%201929%20page%2030%20king%20of%20kongo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1570" data-original-width="1262" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7tJfYDqQiu6YMp5akV2CkgLqD64DrWs6zEGDaea5aG17yHpMMldsda3XO4uN6jcFfXPI-VQQNAzuqBtNcHovMZq91MCySj7boyH5eKg-q6o4lyNvdZ9_-SG7ykXp9TYfJtaoevmGLD1WAO-MhUIohD8M8ZfJTuVU2zu-MuPYgnRkRw6vEsylf8h_y/s320/evening%20journal%20wilmington%20delaware%20dec%2019%201929%20page%2030%20king%20of%20kongo.jpg" width="257" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">The Evening Journal </span></i><span class="tm8">(Wilmington, Delaware), December 19, 1929, page 30.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Like actual gorillas, gorilla suits were potentially dangerous. A Los Angeles movie theater’s advertising stunt resulted in a $300,000 gorilla suit lawsuit in 1929. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4eYnJcPGE2qeZg2e-q3WiyPhNsrhapq3RZOEMlDEbveSojxmtg2cHLpYnhnoKtwNqvXcL-A_aE-zdMukzA-HCVQtFwiLGmZiabuXExfhBnCaplydWzS-vzmLZ2E7GMrYiCe4KYXf-tlYPy7u5Pilon40_J-vnnz14UPhoqCqZqcCId8wZ811DcCio/s786/los%20angeles%20times%20december%2013%201929%20page%2021%20gorilla%20suit%20suit%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="666" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4eYnJcPGE2qeZg2e-q3WiyPhNsrhapq3RZOEMlDEbveSojxmtg2cHLpYnhnoKtwNqvXcL-A_aE-zdMukzA-HCVQtFwiLGmZiabuXExfhBnCaplydWzS-vzmLZ2E7GMrYiCe4KYXf-tlYPy7u5Pilon40_J-vnnz14UPhoqCqZqcCId8wZ811DcCio/w339-h400/los%20angeles%20times%20december%2013%201929%20page%2021%20gorilla%20suit%20suit%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="339" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBMzaJk59oAeqi0OTHe5yd3aP3ZFqrSnBigHcXBjmqO3_HDFIhytazDwQ8JXfYNFlX0bvXUn9-n7k0znwj1kfBJYBb90V_sMeGEEUvUkPOEnStrF2eXeZ2drnCyYfA8gTYAlboDztscTHckOKsYbIwikNmmgZj2cSYNkq2VJBbELYQsNc0532KTlz/s2214/los%20angeles%20times%20december%2013%201929%20page%2021%20gorilla%20suit%20suit%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2214" data-original-width="656" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBMzaJk59oAeqi0OTHe5yd3aP3ZFqrSnBigHcXBjmqO3_HDFIhytazDwQ8JXfYNFlX0bvXUn9-n7k0znwj1kfBJYBb90V_sMeGEEUvUkPOEnStrF2eXeZ2drnCyYfA8gTYAlboDztscTHckOKsYbIwikNmmgZj2cSYNkq2VJBbELYQsNc0532KTlz/w119-h400/los%20angeles%20times%20december%2013%201929%20page%2021%20gorilla%20suit%20suit%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="119" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 13, 1929, page 21.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p><span class="tm8"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLfO-W7_HYZ7sFCNSCGpDGKSZ-WkexerRKBdFM6EKMztwEdAQn3Zbfn2wWtqJo2V5YXkjA_-B1O7UGwWvwU8xJhjMZubxkx1a7oedzSuA2vMzsgz69BaKuCIvydGSoLuYSDGp6SPbTw_37M3fUCAOQaojEng1JTg-7OB8IcfbA2LxS3006arT5jubs/s1878/clip_107289630.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1878" data-original-width="1174" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLfO-W7_HYZ7sFCNSCGpDGKSZ-WkexerRKBdFM6EKMztwEdAQn3Zbfn2wWtqJo2V5YXkjA_-B1O7UGwWvwU8xJhjMZubxkx1a7oedzSuA2vMzsgz69BaKuCIvydGSoLuYSDGp6SPbTw_37M3fUCAOQaojEng1JTg-7OB8IcfbA2LxS3006arT5jubs/w250-h400/clip_107289630.jpg" width="250" /></a></div></span><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Publicity stunt proved basis for damage suit when Mrs. Hazel Pasley began action against Principal Theaters, Inc., in Los Angeles. Man dressed as gorilla to advertise a production came up
behind Mrs. Pasley on street, according to her charges, and seized her. Fright caused a nervous breakdown, she says; $302,300 damages are asked.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 18, 1929, page 4.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The name of the film or event being advertised is not mentioned in any of the articles about the case. Perhaps it was Charles Gemora the Gorilla Guy, the owner of a Chrysler “72”,
inside that suit. And perhaps the offending “gorilla” was promoting </span><i><span class="tm9">Stark Mad</span></i><span class="tm8">, a “serio-comic thriller” released in January 1929; another film in which Gemora wore his gorilla suit.</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Stark Mad” is the story of a millionaire who organizes an expedition to penetrate the Central American jungles in search of his long lost son. The party discovers the ruins of
an ancient city in the heart of the jungle. Here the party is intercepted by Prof. Dangerfield, an experienced explorer, who brings the long lost son into camp. The prodigal is insane from the results of a siege of the jungle
fever.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Between the activities of the insane man and those of Bungawunts, the gorilla, who steps into the picture and out again, usually taking with him some unsuspecting member of the exploring party,
the picture is packed with suspense and thrills from start to finish.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The comic side of the production is furnished by Louise Fazenda as Miss Fleming, secretary to the millionaire head of the party. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Chattanooga Daily Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Tennessee), August 18, 1929, page 47.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKm9DR4vji3mWim1CGvDVXnHLLdnv8f4j2TIL60DlpHI-_bMTexSKIXAuGDPnhg7dVSHc-DU6kPIkUn2pxixGqefUTMwjJ_SC03sA5T3-MTIKf3YIDzXHZfQ29mTVH3PY11pooJckyMzWjMjO8jBTWElbrLy7B90UE9Rm77s_HzFIaCDzXkQubpdHw/s2460/stark%20mad%20exhibitorsherald93unse_0841%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2460" data-original-width="1281" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKm9DR4vji3mWim1CGvDVXnHLLdnv8f4j2TIL60DlpHI-_bMTexSKIXAuGDPnhg7dVSHc-DU6kPIkUn2pxixGqefUTMwjJ_SC03sA5T3-MTIKf3YIDzXHZfQ29mTVH3PY11pooJckyMzWjMjO8jBTWElbrLy7B90UE9Rm77s_HzFIaCDzXkQubpdHw/s320/stark%20mad%20exhibitorsherald93unse_0841%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="167" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPUbDUNlgdjrQ1uClU7HVZelMHyx51oTK8dKYdsOnPezEtmlLK9247HsVTBoqLN89R4a_FdEAkfGMfHaxqVYudVrsKuhEb_sp1gPEP65Pg3No5pCIwiVNJGhAXxJNB-mAe2ZYh-hSjDrHVkWYFOi1aO3PNyyvifFqZFONvBXp_hasxTUn-SzC2yrW6/s3535/stark%20mad%20motionpicturenew39moti_0429%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3535" data-original-width="2617" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPUbDUNlgdjrQ1uClU7HVZelMHyx51oTK8dKYdsOnPezEtmlLK9247HsVTBoqLN89R4a_FdEAkfGMfHaxqVYudVrsKuhEb_sp1gPEP65Pg3No5pCIwiVNJGhAXxJNB-mAe2ZYh-hSjDrHVkWYFOi1aO3PNyyvifFqZFONvBXp_hasxTUn-SzC2yrW6/s320/stark%20mad%20motionpicturenew39moti_0429%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="237" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOoeaKg9co_tyY8VAEEUVNqOlpF_5cQ46rAeJwfEfhMkjsIOoXNWVEgYrecvOnrd8mV9w-ZCx33-eckZrAoI5-2IMeyewvJ_wPlQdQVUN04Oq-bfyvWi2zGNvdV4FSqyYJBGYDXUplnsoGaaHVwl0Izwh7_wnheF6QdlurItdk7kHfExke7BT3K7_C/s1371/stark%20mad%20motionpicturenew39moti_0429%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1371" data-original-width="1044" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOoeaKg9co_tyY8VAEEUVNqOlpF_5cQ46rAeJwfEfhMkjsIOoXNWVEgYrecvOnrd8mV9w-ZCx33-eckZrAoI5-2IMeyewvJ_wPlQdQVUN04Oq-bfyvWi2zGNvdV4FSqyYJBGYDXUplnsoGaaHVwl0Izwh7_wnheF6QdlurItdk7kHfExke7BT3K7_C/s320/stark%20mad%20motionpicturenew39moti_0429%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="244" /></a></div><br /></span><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3S3HRSBYdDnBtvO4PX104GYL5DlznDNQbqTsGgJxCNWz2bN_N7mezWFEJLciqL1Al8Dc2WOYfgLGf6h4CvwIhNocljcKJ4yAIoqUEzrB83RZBw4NfhXXLI13M8Pn2mK5oBVOb5rBj6Z2n2a3Z1v0Q1zjdTPe43djB9CjtMRCz43IK-9wt9EiJpiL8/s1646/stark%20mad%20clip_104316300.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1508" data-original-width="1646" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3S3HRSBYdDnBtvO4PX104GYL5DlznDNQbqTsGgJxCNWz2bN_N7mezWFEJLciqL1Al8Dc2WOYfgLGf6h4CvwIhNocljcKJ4yAIoqUEzrB83RZBw4NfhXXLI13M8Pn2mK5oBVOb5rBj6Z2n2a3Z1v0Q1zjdTPe43djB9CjtMRCz43IK-9wt9EiJpiL8/s320/stark%20mad%20clip_104316300.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></p><span class="tm8"> </span><span class="tm8">In 1930, the dance team of Salvo and Gloria toured the country with their new act, “The Peacock and the Gorilla.” A promotional shot for the act bears somewhat of a resemblance
to Fremiet’s sculpture.</span>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjossTfAmQxWczDKjCAd8fiV9vg5W_68srPS4FHlJOe7IBFHxzJ2vV6iEThuAyfLYmGAq-QanBQ7A-rEWgoyDQSGf4DhTGSaKkRLfvqrMX5lfhHtzWD4FvTPjUyiq-iLSQopIe8C-udUEUkcsnFnAWXcRc6j8_RN45mFPiVa_77luCWsL8JsfWNMV-I/s1479/Ashville%20citizen-times%20north%20carolina%20apr%205%201930%20page%2016%20gorilla%20dance%20-%20original%20gorilla%20stage%20costume%20smaller%20w%20natural%20history%20image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1212" data-original-width="1479" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjossTfAmQxWczDKjCAd8fiV9vg5W_68srPS4FHlJOe7IBFHxzJ2vV6iEThuAyfLYmGAq-QanBQ7A-rEWgoyDQSGf4DhTGSaKkRLfvqrMX5lfhHtzWD4FvTPjUyiq-iLSQopIe8C-udUEUkcsnFnAWXcRc6j8_RN45mFPiVa_77luCWsL8JsfWNMV-I/w400-h328/Ashville%20citizen-times%20north%20carolina%20apr%205%201930%20page%2016%20gorilla%20dance%20-%20original%20gorilla%20stage%20costume%20smaller%20w%20natural%20history%20image.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The gorilla costume to be worn by Salvo will be the original costume of the play, “The Gorilla.” In creating this unique act, Salvo and Gloria spent considerable time at the New
York zoo studying the movements and mannerisms of the gorillas. For artistry and weird contrast, “The Peacock and the Gorilla” has been lauded by many critics.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">Asheville Citizen-Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (North Carolina), April 5, 1930, page 16 (image on the right from “Gorillas - Real and Mythical,”
Carle E. Akeley, </span><i><span class="tm9">Natural History</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 23, Number 5, September-October, page 430).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">They were still performing the dance four years later, after the release of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, when they (according to one reviewer) “out-konged King Kong.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Salvo and Gloria, the new continental dancers from New York, gave the guests a breath-taking adventure last night when they introduced their thrill number, the ‘Peacock and the Gorilla.’
Gloria was a magnificent peacock and Salvo ‘out-konged King Kong’ in his spectacular gorilla costume, the original costume used in the New York play, ‘The Gorilla.’”</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Shreveport Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Louisiana), November 1, 1934, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8">, arguably the most notorious of the gorilla-themed films, was released in 1930. Like </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, it featured the sacrifice of a woman to appease a gorilla; but unlike </span><i><span class="tm9">Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, </span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> billed itself as a documentary. The documentation was fake, however, and the Federal Trade Commission eventually
elicited a confession from the man in the gorilla suit - Charles Gemora, admitting that the scenes had all been filmed in Hollywood with local actors. It was a big scandal, but made a lot of money. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Gorilla Talks! I mean, boys and girls, that that furry creature, who in “Ingagi” caused the epidermis to start perambulating up and down our spines, can converse. Even as
you and I. And perhaps sometimes better.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For the ape-like gent to whom the young lady was (perhaps not unwillingly) sacrificed in that now-famous film hoax, proves to be none other than the well-known screen colony figure of Charlie
Gemora - sculptor, artist, human being.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQfTdM9JdSITRm0bRHmdtHufIit3RVc49YxfzTC_DWCwBVqBjmw6EaLeNuHiXYqyWFqrTpzekh3OD4NDxeJADgZF5M61LncMJ90j-asvq-s6B7rbWStvrOpTMcR6mUkBrqZY3fGi2RWGrSsKYAa1WGWKKxvNP2BFOpRTV6LPGwIvhv3yHQl9OQrwt/s3768/motion%20picture%20volume%2041%20number%201%20february%201931%20page%2031%20gemora%20motionpicture41moti_0035.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3768" data-original-width="2655" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQfTdM9JdSITRm0bRHmdtHufIit3RVc49YxfzTC_DWCwBVqBjmw6EaLeNuHiXYqyWFqrTpzekh3OD4NDxeJADgZF5M61LncMJ90j-asvq-s6B7rbWStvrOpTMcR6mUkBrqZY3fGi2RWGrSsKYAa1WGWKKxvNP2BFOpRTV6LPGwIvhv3yHQl9OQrwt/w281-h400/motion%20picture%20volume%2041%20number%201%20february%201931%20page%2031%20gemora%20motionpicture41moti_0035.jpg" width="281" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Evolution: Gemora’s first conception of a gorilla (directly above) has evolved, with years of study, into the suit he wears to-day (top).</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Motion Picture</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 41, Number 1, February 1931, page 31.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm17" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Synthetic “Gorilla”</span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The synthetic gorilla which recently was discovered to be the gag in the film Ingagi is one of the most ingenious and difficult make-up jobs in the movies. . . . Only a handful of actors
in the world know how to make monkeys of themselves while a gorilla costume takes from two to three weeks to make with as many as 16 persons working on it constantly at a cost that approximates $1,200. It consists of three
suits of finely woven silk jersey, the one closest to the body made of the finest materials procurable. Chinese hair, two strands at a time, is implanted by hand in the outer. Silk floss muscles are sewn in the second. The
gorilla’s belly is of sheet rubber, the head of crude rubber over a solid copper foundation, through which piano wires are strung to move the jaws. The terrifying teeth were once the handle of a toothbrush, while the
tongue is a rubber bath sponge. Finger and toe nails, made of celluloid film, complete the imposing real gorilla make-up that can fool even a nation’s foremost scientists.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm9">Herald and Review</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Decatur, Illinois), August 28, 1930, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVlZz6m1iVR9L9FkEy0X4SbK-PwnGSxQHd5sEzcG0F7oa-QthLoM6huBiV-wdMZFT7PvfXsV5SwX-V-02g-q66ZDw7tAliUPT6CGOGmAYntMPwI5VWTWzCyZW05W66urg8xUiOgolvYtH201U4OVmZpQnGB9E9drPgxjCUMFar3qR_wClACb5133cO/s1229/ingagi%20controversy%20baltimore%20sun.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="1229" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVlZz6m1iVR9L9FkEy0X4SbK-PwnGSxQHd5sEzcG0F7oa-QthLoM6huBiV-wdMZFT7PvfXsV5SwX-V-02g-q66ZDw7tAliUPT6CGOGmAYntMPwI5VWTWzCyZW05W66urg8xUiOgolvYtH201U4OVmZpQnGB9E9drPgxjCUMFar3qR_wClACb5133cO/s320/ingagi%20controversy%20baltimore%20sun.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Reminiscent of the hilarious hoaxes put upon the grateful public by the late P. T. Barnum, this film stands along among the animal records and may be given a place comparable to that held
in literature by </span><u><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107480776/the-philadelphia-inquirer/"><span class="tm8">Captain Traprock’s Cruise of the Kawa</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> [(a fake account of a South Sea Islands exploration)].</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">The Baltimore Sun </span></i><span class="tm8">(Baltimore, Maryland), May 21, 1930, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[Ingagi] was advertised as an educational film and was supposed to be the authentic record of an intrepid African explorer, Sir Hubert Winstead, F. A. S, F. R. G. S., in the gorilla country.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Few pictures of its time were more popular until the Federal Trade Commission closed in. The story centered around the annual sacrifice of a virgin by an African tribe hoping to pacify a
ferocious gorilla by deserting the maid in a forest so she could be dragged off to the animal’s lair and added to his harem.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Evening Sun </span></i><span class="tm8">(Baltimore, Maryland), July 15, 1948, page 28.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">No record was ever found of the existence of the supposed explorer, Sir Hubert Winstead, F. A. S, F. R. G. S., despite his supposed title and lengthy, very specific credentials. Sir Hubert’s
last name may have been the first clue to the fake nature of the fake nature film. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In 1930, the town of Winsted, Connecticut was still remembered as the “nature-fake depot of old.”<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a>
Many of the fake “nature fakir” stories published decades earlier had appeared under the dateline of Winsted, Connecticut. A story about a giant frog shaking the foundations of the house it was under, for example,
was published under dateline Winsted, Connecticut, as dispatched to Joseph Pulitzer’s “yellow journalism” organ, the </span><i><span class="tm9">New York World</span></i><span class="tm8">. The victim, a Mr. Middlebrooks, went to great lengths to save his house from the monstrous frog.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The frog weighed fully six pounds, he says, and every time it croaked the bungalow cracked and shook.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Middlebrooks bought an anchor, strong rope and enough red flannel to bait 100 hooks, and will try to save his property by capturing the bullfrog. - Winsted (Conn.) dispatch to New York
World.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Arlington Enterprise</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Arlington, Kansas), August 13, 1909, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc57smOHFXxbluDNBk_htdiX-pM8_i-6AFd_eTpvp-gDaHjUaIFyfvly2-dm3OOqGzzWdHVLJ6AhZ0zrkjskZXt60aOPDhizr9k-aG8MX_ViYOLgYIvCFmU6j4r7lz1T_5HHYK8XL9BCkFTxLww5uYPcZpHSknVfDyZ-HAinZp2bzhIcq5ZoP8wsca/s956/winsted%20evening%20star%20dc%20jan%2030%201911%20page%204%20-%20fish%20story%20winsted.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="956" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc57smOHFXxbluDNBk_htdiX-pM8_i-6AFd_eTpvp-gDaHjUaIFyfvly2-dm3OOqGzzWdHVLJ6AhZ0zrkjskZXt60aOPDhizr9k-aG8MX_ViYOLgYIvCFmU6j4r7lz1T_5HHYK8XL9BCkFTxLww5uYPcZpHSknVfDyZ-HAinZp2bzhIcq5ZoP8wsca/w400-h335/winsted%20evening%20star%20dc%20jan%2030%201911%20page%204%20-%20fish%20story%20winsted.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm9">Evening Star</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Washington DC), January 30, 1911, page 4.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although producer [Merian C. Cooper] never listed "Ingagi" among his influences for "King Kong," it's long been held that RKO green- lighted "Kong," despite
the studio having fallen into receivership in the midst of the Depression, because of the bottom-line example of "Ingagi": Gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits. And if that was indeed the case,
there's no doubt that "King Kong" was by far the best thing to be spawned by "Ingagi."</span>
</p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 8, 2006, section E, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although the producer may not have listed the film as an influence, two plot elements were lifted directly out of I</span><i><span class="tm9">ngagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> and placed in the middle of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">, suggesting perhaps it was more of an influence than he cared to admit. </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “highlight” (or lowlight) of </span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> was a sequence in which a woman was sacrificed to a gorilla, with the suggestion of some sexual intent. The supposedly “real” gorilla was played by none other than Charles Gemora. In addition, the
character of Carl Denham in </span><i><span class="tm9">Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> describes (</span><u><a href="https://youtu.be/8iwihIeQDbs?t=1111"><span class="tm8">at about 18:30</span></a></u><span class="tm8">)<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxivback"></a> a scene he once shot in Africa, of a rhinoceros charging a cameraman. A scene matching
that description had appeared in </span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> (</span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CY0XS8Thhw&t=2495s"><span class="tm8">beginning at 41.35</span></a></u><span class="tm8">). </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Charles Gemora’s gorilla suit might, possibly, may have a more direct connection to </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">. Following his death in 1961, Gemora’s obituary in the entertainment trade magazine, </span><i><span class="tm9">Variety</span></i><span class="tm8"> (August 30, 1961, page 63) suggested that he “achieved his first measure of fame as the oversize gorilla of the film, ‘King Kong,’ and later appeared in
various ape guises in ‘The Unholy Three,’ ‘Beauty and the Beast’ and ‘Love Life of the Gorilla.’” There is, however, no proof or any other evidence of his participation in </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">. And, according to the </span><i><span class="tm9">American Film Institute</span></i><span class="tm8">, most modern sources suggest that all of the ape scenes in </span><i><span class="tm9">Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> were created through animation, and not a live actor. It seems unlikely that Gemora actually played the ape.<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Adding fuel to the fire, a 71-year old ex-stuntman and rodeo rider, working as a security guard in Chicago, Illinois, came forward in 1976, claiming to have played the role of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8"> in the original film, wearing his own custom-made, $3,500 ape suit, which he had specially made for his audition.<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxviback"></a>
His name was Carmen Nigro, although his professional name had reportedly been Ken Roady. He also claimed to have toured with his suit as part of a “girl-and-gorilla act” (similar to Salvo and Gloria’s peacock
and gorilla act). </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Nigro claims to have perfected his gorilla act during travels to Malaysia to see the gorilla in its natural habitat, and to have played the gorilla in </span><i><span class="tm9">The Unholy Three</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1930). Gorillas live in Africa not Malaysia, however, and IMDB.com credits Charles Gemora as having played the gorilla in </span><i><span class="tm9">The Unholy Three</span></i><span class="tm8">, so perhaps Nigro’s boasts should be taken with a grain of salt - or not taken at all. </span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm15" style="font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Fremiet’s gorilla sculptures, the wax museum copy and its advertising posters; </span><i><span class="tm9">Tarzan of the Apes</span></i><span class="tm8">, </span><i><span class="tm9">Lorraine of the Lions</span></i><span class="tm8"> and </span><i><span class="tm9">Stark Mad</span></i><span class="tm8">; </span><i><span class="tm9">The King of the Kongo, Congorilla</span></i><span class="tm8">, </span><i><span class="tm9">Ingagi</span></i><span class="tm8"> and even Charles Gemora’s gorilla suit; all of these and more may have been direct or indirect influences on the plot, portrayal and naming
of </span><i><span class="tm9">King Kong</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3LBQfFM_3jL1AC3_Rc7UEqPrK37FbrGGsSEQAP-HPjaCLaVsIDhyhmvVXUu1oRs9_YKfkfbvSSRLLoBpqhqIJGUKtajl9F3RgRJTL9SgkmgoSpymF1uL3zq2Fnjgkc74B6ZGh2TgCGpn7GeiDA9kv4J8l8EUYhZsY5jF2FqnuobwsjVWzcUOef2N5/s2430/1887%20salon%20illustrated%20catalogue%20gorille.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2430" data-original-width="1881" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3LBQfFM_3jL1AC3_Rc7UEqPrK37FbrGGsSEQAP-HPjaCLaVsIDhyhmvVXUu1oRs9_YKfkfbvSSRLLoBpqhqIJGUKtajl9F3RgRJTL9SgkmgoSpymF1uL3zq2Fnjgkc74B6ZGh2TgCGpn7GeiDA9kv4J8l8EUYhZsY5jF2FqnuobwsjVWzcUOef2N5/w496-h640/1887%20salon%20illustrated%20catalogue%20gorille.jpg" width="496" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">But don’t get me started on the influence of </span><i><span class="tm9">The Wild Women of Borneo</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJF06uCntvHqZCFKHShIwdxd0bLX2RW2g40uz9ogQ_tondkdqGfxuEPcwo7czrcKY1ELbMnViCr15BOo7kjRKcPoTQ8Q8CPdnaAyuJMDcSPYRCX09WITCJlOzFwBbu4_gjEGhSGtptlZJPThnmqMwG5FED3qVdygA-O0oSPCl787smls0lil9eV2A-/s3082/wild%20women%20of%20borneo%20newyorkstateexhi04eman_0149%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2802" data-original-width="3082" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJF06uCntvHqZCFKHShIwdxd0bLX2RW2g40uz9ogQ_tondkdqGfxuEPcwo7czrcKY1ELbMnViCr15BOo7kjRKcPoTQ8Q8CPdnaAyuJMDcSPYRCX09WITCJlOzFwBbu4_gjEGhSGtptlZJPThnmqMwG5FED3qVdygA-O0oSPCl787smls0lil9eV2A-/w400-h364/wild%20women%20of%20borneo%20newyorkstateexhi04eman_0149%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0mA8dOFgI67xeCyEbF1s2S5Q2YyjZT0-inIBvnY_ezW5WnoKqMVDjvmvdIgfT7N3nOqJNafsutLp0rpyAIZr3TzGfGfhrO__4aemSeALcP7yPQF4RvYtNriFdJf8mvp5HIB5HscJyGCTmamH0HXUW6_sFkiqiKkBKR4Zv5acZtVZ0XPxJdbNeStM/s1600/Punch%201939%20-%20Hitler%20as%20Fremiet%20Gorilla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1155" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0mA8dOFgI67xeCyEbF1s2S5Q2YyjZT0-inIBvnY_ezW5WnoKqMVDjvmvdIgfT7N3nOqJNafsutLp0rpyAIZr3TzGfGfhrO__4aemSeALcP7yPQF4RvYtNriFdJf8mvp5HIB5HscJyGCTmamH0HXUW6_sFkiqiKkBKR4Zv5acZtVZ0XPxJdbNeStM/w462-h640/Punch%201939%20-%20Hitler%20as%20Fremiet%20Gorilla.jpg" width="462" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hitler as Fremiet's Gorilla - <i>Punch</i> 1939<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p><hr style="text-align: left;" />
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Los Angeles Evening Post-Record</span></i>, March 11, 1933, page 8 (quoting the director, Merian C. Cooper). </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> In an exchange of letters in 1964, between naturalist and film maker, William Douglas Burden, and “King Kong” creator,
Merian C. Cooper, Burden recalled conversations the two had had during the years 1929 and 1930. Burden recalled that Cooper had “especially liked the strength of words beginning with ‘K,’ such as Kodak,
Kodiak Island, and Komodo. It was then, I believe, that you came up with the idea of Kong as a possible title for a gorilla picture. . . . I believe that it was the combination of the King of Komodo phrase in my book and
your invention of the name Kong that led to the title you used much later on, <i><span class="tm10">King Kong</span></i>.” Mark Cotta Vaz, <i><span class="tm10">Living Dangerously</span></i>, New York, Villard Books, 2005, page 193. Cooper’s love of K-words may have been the clincher, but even assuming these recollections are true, Cooper would likely have been
familiar with the serial, “The King of the Kongo,” in 1929, the same year he was said to have been taken by Burden’s phrase, “King of Komodo.” Consciously or subconsciously, it seems likely that
“King of the Kongo” may have had some influence on the later-named “King Kong.” </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> Jacques de Biez, <i><span class="tm10">E. Fremiet</span></i>, Paris, Jouve & Cie, 1859, pages 64 <i><span class="tm10">et seq</span></i>.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> Jacques de Biez, <i><span class="tm10">E. Fremiet</span></i>, Paris, Jouve & Cie, 1859, pages 64 <i><span class="tm10">et seq</span></i>.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> Art historians generally assess Fremiet’s gorilla abduction groups “in the context of shifting discourses of evolutionary
theory.” Other scholars have drawn connections between these works and “the racist slippage between Africans and apes present in fin-de-siecle French science and popular culture . . . .” One writer “argues
that Fremiet’s groups demonstrate the weakness of nonwhite subjects - a Negress, for example - and thus work to justify colonial rule.” <i><span class="tm10">See</span></i>, “Scarified Skin and Simian Symptoms: Experimental Medicine and Picasso’s Les Demoisells d’Avignon,” Kathleen Pierce, <i><span class="tm10">19thc-artworldwide.org</span></i> (<u><a href="https://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn18/pierce-on-experimental-medicine-and-picassos-les-demoiselles-davignon">https://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn18/pierce-on-experimental-medicine-and-picassos-les-demoiselles-davignon</a></u>),
citing Maria Pele Gindhard, “The Art and Science of Late Nineteenth-Century Images of Human Prehistory at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris” (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002),
139.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;">Looking at Fremiet’s entire <i><span class="tm10">oeuvre</span></i> of animal-human violence, however, may suggest that sometimes an ape is just an ape, and a victim is a victim, not representative
of larger sociological issues, or at least not those particular social issues. Fremiet’s work includes at least eleven pieces depicting physical struggles between animals and humans or human-like beings. Two depict
a gorilla carrying away a woman and one depicts an orangutan attacking a woman. Another sculpture depicts a large ape in a victory pose over a Roman gladiator. Two depict bears mauling men; one a stone age man who has already
killed a bear cub, and the other a gladiator. Another flips the script, portraying a man holding a bear head in an apparent victory pose. Two depict struggles with elephants. In one, a man takes a baby elephant while looking
over his shoulder, perhaps on the lookout for a vengeful adult elephant. In another, an elephant is caught in a man-made snare; the human is not shown, but his handiwork is obvious. One depicts a mythological Centaur subduing
a bear bare-handed. Finally, St. George, astride a horse in full armor, slays a dragon with his lance or spear.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;">In several of the works, human men are portrayed as the initial aggressor. The two gladiators were presumably fighting with captive animals. The stone-age man had killed a bear cub before being mauled by
a bear, a man is stealing a baby elephant, and an elephant is caught in a snare. In the piece with the orangutan strangling a woman, the circumstances are more ambiguous, but a knife and a young orangutan are nearby, so perhaps
the human was the aggressor or the adult orangutan was defending the young one. In the sculptures depicting women being taken by gorillas or strangled by an orangutan, the women are depicted wearing clothing more-or-less
typical of the clothing worn by women who live in the regions where those animals live. And the women are being taken or mauled involuntarily, so the suggestion that the sculptures imply “stereotypes about the lascivious
and degenerate sexuality of African, and particularly Hottentot, women” seems misplaced. And if those sorts of arguments were given any weight at all, what does that say about the sexual overtones of a centaur bear-hugging
a bear to death or a gladiator and stone-age man being bear-hugged to death by a bear? Or of the African man depicted stealing a baby elephant? Or St. George and the dragon? Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar and a lance
merely a lance.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Weekly Advertiser</span></i> (Montgomery, Alabama), March 12, 1891, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> Columbia was the female personification of the United States (a feminine Uncle Sam). Columbia was later mostly supplanted by Lady
Liberty, following the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Star-Gazette</span></i> (Elmira, New York), November 29, 1893, page 4.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Boston Globe</span></i>, November 29, 1893, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> See my post, “Hokey Pokey” and Madame Boki - Hawaiian Royalty and the History and Origin of “Hokey Pokey.” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Washington Times</span></i>, November 12, 1922, <i><span class="tm10">The American Weekly</span></i> section, page 9.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">See</span></i>, “Scarified Skin and Simian Symptoms: Experimental Medicine and Picasso’s Les
Demoisells d’Avignon,” Kathleen Pierce, <i><span class="tm10">19thc-artworldwide.org</span></i> (<u><a href="https://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn18/pierce-on-experimental-medicine-and-picassos-les-demoiselles-davignon">https://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn18/pierce-on-experimental-medicine-and-picassos-les-demoiselles-davignon</a></u>),
citing Maria Pele Gindhard, “The Art and Science of Late Nineteenth-Century Images of Human Prehistory at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris” (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002),
139.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Washington Post</span></i>, June 2, 1907, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> “Missing Links: The Jungle Origins of King Kong,” Gerald Peary, geraldpeary.com. <u><a href="http://www.geraldpeary.com/essays/jkl/kingkong-1.html">http://www.geraldpeary.com/essays/jkl/kingkong-1.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Moving Picture World</span></i>, Volume 22, Number 10, December 5, 1914, page 1437.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Bioscope</span></i>, Supplement to Volume 25, Number 421, November 5, 1914, page viii.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Bioscope</span></i>, Supplement to Volume 23, Number 391, April 9, 1914, page vii.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">The Bioscope,</span></i> Volume 23, Number 397, May 21, 1914, page 884.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Austin-American Statesman</span></i> (Texas), April 3, 1921, section two, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gemora">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gemora</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0312599/">https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0312599/</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> He has been variously described as “born in the Philippines,” “Spanish-American” and born to a father
in the U.S. Navy while stationed in the Philippines; none of which are mutually exclusive, so they may all be true.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm10">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, November 23, 1930, part 5, page 1.</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <u><a href="https://youtu.be/8iwihIeQDbs?t=1111">https://youtu.be/8iwihIeQDbs?t=1111</a></u> (<i><span class="tm10">King Kong</span></i>, in Italian).</p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> “King Kong, History” <i><span class="tm10">AFI Catalog of Feature Films, the First 100 Years 1893-1993</span></i>. <u><a href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/4005">https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/4005</a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> “Hints from a Gorilla: Start at the Top,” Peter Gorner (Chicago Tribune Service), <i><span class="tm10">The Miami Herald</span></i>, January 19, 1976, page 1D.</p> <br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-54044063023865900272022-06-21T18:45:00.005-07:002022-07-17T03:57:19.717-07:00Bender Like Billiken - the Idolatrous Origin of SLU's Nickname <p> </p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The mascot for the St. Louis University sports teams is a Billiken. Although obscure now, the Billiken was a worldwide phenomenon and household word a century ago when the name became attached
to the university. The Billiken was originally designed and marketed as a good luck charm, an idol of the “god of things as they ought to be.” </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4YNxWXVSZsmwRlS-IgWmq02v23Yirqoo9oKj4OYBI453tzRAN8paK5ySgD4vRPUe1Aq5KoiuenaEZuews5p2AL1wZtdvYdGxdZV7n8LveplGp47mVUXlPP5IuBDuTn-QcZYi-Vf_rLIbwxehwbM4QskPmxuX1ztGKjdSMzGygx91zPWhTjmATMJeM/s899/Billiken.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="580" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4YNxWXVSZsmwRlS-IgWmq02v23Yirqoo9oKj4OYBI453tzRAN8paK5ySgD4vRPUe1Aq5KoiuenaEZuews5p2AL1wZtdvYdGxdZV7n8LveplGp47mVUXlPP5IuBDuTn-QcZYi-Vf_rLIbwxehwbM4QskPmxuX1ztGKjdSMzGygx91zPWhTjmATMJeM/w258-h400/Billiken.jpg" width="258" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">I am the Prince of Happiness,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">I simply make you smile;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">I prove that life’s worth living</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">And that everything’s worth while.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"> -Billiken.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">At the time, the word mascot referred to all good luck charms, generally, and was not limited to team names, as generally understood today. Even teams with nicknames might have a “mascot,”
an actual person, sitting on the bench with them to bring them luck. Or a particular player or opponent might be thought of as a “mascot” during a run of good luck or bad luck, in which case he might be a “mascot”
for the opposing team. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">So it is unsurprising that a team might choose a “Billiken” as the mascot (good luck charm) for their team. St. Louis University was not the first or only team at the time to
use the term “Billiken” as their team nickname, or to invoke the powers of a “Billiken” good luck charm to help their cause. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">It gives me great pleasure to name the Wichita baseball club. I suggest a name that I think very appropriate. It suggests good luck, and happiness, something our boys should possess and
is a very good mascot. It is the “Billikens.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><i><span class="tm10"> </span>T<span class="tm15">he Wichita Eagle </span></i><span class="tm10">(Kansas), January 24, 1909, page 27.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A baseball team in Pueblo, Colorado adopted an image of an Indian called “Heap Crazy Fan” as a “Billiken of good luck for the team,”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
using “Billiken” in a generic sense, meaning a good luck charm.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">In Raleigh, North Carolina, a local fan of the Red Birds baseball team presented the team with a new “mascot,” in the sense of a good luck charm.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Mr. J. B. Pearce, the popular third-degree fan and supporter of the Red Birds, has presented the team with a mascot that always wears “the smile that won’t come off.” The
mascot is quite novel, it being a “Billikens doll.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The “Billikens” always wears a broad smile itself, and causes the same mark of good humor to mount the countenance of everyone that gazes upon it. It is indeed an ideal mascot
and will surely bring good luck to the Red Birds, who have accepted it and will take it on the trips as well as have it around when at home.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Raleigh Times</span></i><span class="tm10">, June 23, 1909, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">An amateur team in or near Philadelphia,<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> and a professional team in Fort Wayne, Indiana adopted the name “Billikens.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbklkiCQiKT-_HAFNgKwqQUMQr7VsPtT3vh9eyxiLevQl9R9jqR9zffX3sFGHePC6eUsYRtu1yHWZIELYrlesO9ZOqGlJqRfPAntynBH-SII2LF2dqgXGfnuK_Kqm3fa5dDB-k7jPG-WELIWFNeZVjwZpDh7BavyEZMFxxBRuF-hlfojKw_5ej1vgH/s562/fort%20wayne%20journal%20gazette%20june%2017%201909%20page%206.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="541" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbklkiCQiKT-_HAFNgKwqQUMQr7VsPtT3vh9eyxiLevQl9R9jqR9zffX3sFGHePC6eUsYRtu1yHWZIELYrlesO9ZOqGlJqRfPAntynBH-SII2LF2dqgXGfnuK_Kqm3fa5dDB-k7jPG-WELIWFNeZVjwZpDh7BavyEZMFxxBRuF-hlfojKw_5ej1vgH/w385-h400/fort%20wayne%20journal%20gazette%20june%2017%201909%20page%206.jpg" width="385" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette</span></i><span class="tm10">, June 17, 1909, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><br /><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A fan gave the New York Giants baseball team a “Billiken” that didn’t work very well - that is, until they moved it.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3NlGXI2ojGROJcvVTRhx_zUftBWA6o8NcgjwhyKoGj65aiMPgjmVa8bpYvCLAoI8rEx2uTV48l807l1UOOX7_5cJB8h_ZzKj0cAmFKVSYaoGYgus0pYZxi9j7OR-74eVJ-0XQt9H-gCsaYR3I1Y3Se87pDIqz_qRws7078us0u3QJlZmFdTY15Aod/s960/journal%20and%20tribune%20knoxville%20april%2024%201910%20giants%20billiken%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="960" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3NlGXI2ojGROJcvVTRhx_zUftBWA6o8NcgjwhyKoGj65aiMPgjmVa8bpYvCLAoI8rEx2uTV48l807l1UOOX7_5cJB8h_ZzKj0cAmFKVSYaoGYgus0pYZxi9j7OR-74eVJ-0XQt9H-gCsaYR3I1Y3Se87pDIqz_qRws7078us0u3QJlZmFdTY15Aod/w400-h394/journal%20and%20tribune%20knoxville%20april%2024%201910%20giants%20billiken%20pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“The Luck Changed for the Giants when they Moved Their Billiken”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">A billiken which some thoughtful “fan” had presented to the Giants on Tuesday had been relegated to the extreme outfield [for] its poor work, there was serious talk of asking
for waivers on it. In the fourth inning Seymour put the ball into the upper grand stand, just a few inches foul, for one of the longest hits ever made on the grounds.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Journal and Tribune (Knoxville, Tennessee), April 24, 1910, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A professional team from Montgomery, Alabama of the Southern League (and later the South Atlantic League), were called the “Billikens” for at least five years, from 1911 through
1916.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Montgomery team of the Southern League has dropped its old nickname “Climbers” and will be known this season as the “Billikens.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span><i><span class="tm15">The Lake County Times </span></i><span class="tm10">(Hammond, Indiana), April 3, 1911, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSuDTteipspGjt1exnWda51ky1xjHEsISXtUOEn3VItIzsovbUW_9G9bPoF03AqNraYHyg2-JWGhp_8Smga6qtji_c9PpryYe2zvsbJsj5CIEgNg9eA3V7qDq5IQlNJOL-qyY_dTexRfXqy6Je3XC2FlzlEZDlHPkU0x23tXljLguSFjEqSd1K9aR/s1401/chattanooga%20news%20oct%2019%201914%20page%209.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="1401" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSuDTteipspGjt1exnWda51ky1xjHEsISXtUOEn3VItIzsovbUW_9G9bPoF03AqNraYHyg2-JWGhp_8Smga6qtji_c9PpryYe2zvsbJsj5CIEgNg9eA3V7qDq5IQlNJOL-qyY_dTexRfXqy6Je3XC2FlzlEZDlHPkU0x23tXljLguSFjEqSd1K9aR/w640-h140/chattanooga%20news%20oct%2019%201914%20page%209.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Chattanooga News</span></i><span class="tm10"> (Tennessee), October 19, 1914, page 9.</span><span class="tm10"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">St. Louis University may not have been first, but they are the last one standing using Billiken as its team name or mascot. They mystery (if there is one) is why the stuck so quickly and
permanently, even as the Billiken fad faded from our collective consciousness to become a footnote of American pop-culture. The answer may be that St. Louis University adopted the name for a particular purpose, connected
to a particular circumstance directly related to the team, as opposed to other places, where they merely latched onto a fad which faded as the winds of time dispersed the ephemeral zeitgeist</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">In January 1910, when </span><i><span class="tm15">Billiken</span></i><span class="tm10"> was still a household word, St. Louis University hired the former University of Nebraska football
star as its new Athletic Director, football coach, baseball coach, track coach and jack of all trades. He only stayed on for two years, but left a lasting legacy. They say he looked like a </span><i><span class="tm15">Billiken</span></i><span class="tm10"> – hence the name.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Billikens - Up to 1911, St. Louis university’s athletic teams were Bulldogs.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> A sports writer thought the late
Coach Bender, smiling at the progress of a game, “looked like a billiken.” Billiken dolls were all the rage in those days and the name soon caught on with firm grip.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Journal Times</span></i><span class="tm10"> (Racine, Wisconsin), January 14, 1925, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZPHm0OHRY2U8L7A4AidMkiZvGXkBBED5XoVlX9HuUsjcfMRB-acWvgh0k63l5z8xW0KBL49kv6liFqYp2Ho8QceG84uYCwqkh5JlPaKNHdCUudMuUl7TKw8_hzZYYSJwTZjBWOGr0mxuXvtnkEq1F2M4mcjyZ0U9GB8pYpb8co3KuHBT5gRpxDkQC/s1199/nashville%20banner%20jan%2017%201935%20page%2010.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="1199" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZPHm0OHRY2U8L7A4AidMkiZvGXkBBED5XoVlX9HuUsjcfMRB-acWvgh0k63l5z8xW0KBL49kv6liFqYp2Ho8QceG84uYCwqkh5JlPaKNHdCUudMuUl7TKw8_hzZYYSJwTZjBWOGr0mxuXvtnkEq1F2M4mcjyZ0U9GB8pYpb8co3KuHBT5gRpxDkQC/w640-h290/nashville%20banner%20jan%2017%201935%20page%2010.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">Nashville Banner</span></i><span class="tm10">, January 17, 1935, page 10 (Note: The team had actually been called the “Blue and White,” not the
“Bulldogs.”).</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Footnote_Reference"><br /></span><p></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Bender had several features that may have reminded people of a Billiken; his “broad grin,”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a> “diminutive”
size, and a high forehead topped off with a pronounced hair flip.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSH6t5Yu3DPF839cVLFaIYtvnPHmj6m96Hji9_jpRKyMyzAt9WgJ2GvtRZ3RF0lz_BIFj_iCoYhOi1WXoDzZzZXnAOFjQTM7WEG3EK9mhMuLP_xrrKOELQ-3lnig8cR-JjM4Os_KWcvaBGRDSdrWwZfThqTIOu8vpNEApxUOiJoWJkXzqG3gW_2wCx/s546/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20feb%206%201910%20page%2031.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="546" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSH6t5Yu3DPF839cVLFaIYtvnPHmj6m96Hji9_jpRKyMyzAt9WgJ2GvtRZ3RF0lz_BIFj_iCoYhOi1WXoDzZzZXnAOFjQTM7WEG3EK9mhMuLP_xrrKOELQ-3lnig8cR-JjM4Os_KWcvaBGRDSdrWwZfThqTIOu8vpNEApxUOiJoWJkXzqG3gW_2wCx/s320/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20feb%206%201910%20page%2031.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Johnny is not much larger than a good-sized minute, but is well stocked with ginger and "pep." His complexion is pink, his forehead high, his wig is blond and he works overtime with a winning, piquant, 4x9 smile.<br /></div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10">, February 6, 1910, page 1S.</span></p><p></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Long before Bender’s resemblance to an idol inspired the name of Saint Louis University’s sports teams, Bender himself was enshrined as an “idol” himself.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Johnny Bender, Nebraska university’s stocky football captain, and his ten teammates were pitted against Kansas University today on the gridiron and Bender won. Six to nothing was the
final score of the fiercest, cleanest exhibition of the favorite college sport ever witnessed on McCook field.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Tonight the supporters of the Jayhawkers are rubbing their eyes in astonishment at the marvelous performance of the cornhusker captain, while the several hundred Nebraska rooters, who came
from Lincoln to witness the struggle, have enshrined him as their idol, the greatest of all the great football warriors who ever battled in defense of the scarlet and cream.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Nebraska State Journal</span></i><span class="tm10"> (Lincoln, Nebraska), November 20, 1903, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The passing of the reign of the pigskin for the season at Nebraska witnessed the permanent retirement of the greatest player that Booth has developed during his five years of mentorship of
the Cornhuskers. This is Johnny Bender, halfback, and quarter, the “Flying Dutchman” of the Nebraska eleven. Bender has proved himself a great foot ball player in every department of the game. Fleet of foot
and a dodger of marvelous dexterity, his long runs have thrilled thousands of foot ball devotees during his career. One of Bender’s most electrifying tricks . . . is that of hurdling tacklers who disputed his path.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">Omaha Daily Bee</span></i><span class="tm10">, November 27, 1904, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">In 1910, St. Louis University brought in John Bender to jump start the school’s tepid sporting prospects, installing him as Athletic Director, as well as football, baseball and track
coach. He lit a fire under his athletes, and their stock was on the rise.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHnxPkKNMIu0XUuJnAGBehXAq0G5wO6rwI0CQ0oZST0_AaiXWwNBkC7qjNpPAJPEaEmyyez0ZT_EPjaGimc5t6pp1l0zP5peXr5RODLlJEvIapwR6MAUphsv4OAP39sApPp8Y6Z72zpyBAqR7Zf_KwOiURQK0KeZamfhcPqrJkE5DeHtIxH1Gemko/s930/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%201%201910%20page%2015%20-%20new%20coach%20bender%20cartoon%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="738" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHnxPkKNMIu0XUuJnAGBehXAq0G5wO6rwI0CQ0oZST0_AaiXWwNBkC7qjNpPAJPEaEmyyez0ZT_EPjaGimc5t6pp1l0zP5peXr5RODLlJEvIapwR6MAUphsv4OAP39sApPp8Y6Z72zpyBAqR7Zf_KwOiURQK0KeZamfhcPqrJkE5DeHtIxH1Gemko/w508-h640/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%201%201910%20page%2015%20-%20new%20coach%20bender%20cartoon%20copy.jpg" width="508" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">In his first season as coach, the St. Louis University football team outscored their opponents 106 to 22, improving their record to 7-2, from a disappointing 3-5 in 1909. They were known
as “Billikens” before the end of the season. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">The earliest example I’ve found is from St. Louis University’s 3-0 squeaker of a win over in-state rival Missouri.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaxWlzrEh7En637g5E1X47svVip55vTD_ZKm85pOUOodB6qDMDwuLLQP7jEt_jBTnFbgaLaaV6D7SAjltGjQ7ligds5DJ_EHspFx4r1imr2gKxunBn6QTD2okFL2qw4GRpqkfNdddgvkgCepb3RjvxhjeWZIEUPOtopUMHBY_lz6reeo9IxOD0Lpef/s1726/kansas%20city%20star%20nov%206%201910%20page%2012%20-%20slu%20beats%20missouri.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1726" data-original-width="1274" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaxWlzrEh7En637g5E1X47svVip55vTD_ZKm85pOUOodB6qDMDwuLLQP7jEt_jBTnFbgaLaaV6D7SAjltGjQ7ligds5DJ_EHspFx4r1imr2gKxunBn6QTD2okFL2qw4GRpqkfNdddgvkgCepb3RjvxhjeWZIEUPOtopUMHBY_lz6reeo9IxOD0Lpef/w472-h640/kansas%20city%20star%20nov%206%201910%20page%2012%20-%20slu%20beats%20missouri.jpg" width="472" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Two recovered kicks by Hall and Burress and two line plungers put the leather on the St. Louis 1-foot line when the Billikens’s head, [(St. Louis quarterback)] Dockery, punted out of
his own 30-yard line.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Kansas City Star</span></i><span class="tm10">, November 6, 1910, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">They were still “Billikens” a few weeks later when Bender’s </span><i><span class="tm15">alma mater</span></i><span class="tm10">, Nebraska, refused an invitation to play St. Louis in a post-season game (perhaps the outcome of the Missouri game scared them off).</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Nebraska has declined to clash with Johnny Bender’s Billikens in a post-season battle. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Lincoln Star</span></i><span class="tm10"> (Lincoln, Nebraska), November 18, 1910, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Although the general reason they became “Billikens” is well known, the precise mechanism by which the name was attached to the school is unclear. The traditional explanation,
offered by St. Louis University’s sports information director in the 1930s, likely gets the essence of what happened correct, but a few critical details were later disputed by two of the men named in the story. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm10">Something to Word Billiken</span></b></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">The word “Billiken” has been a mystery to me for many years. I’ve never seen it listed in the dictionary, but thanks to George Killenberg we now know how it got started.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">He tells this story:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“During the fall of 1910, the strange-looking creature, representing the god of things as they should be, was the rage of the country. Girls wore miniature Billikens on the tips of
their hat-pins, and fellows sported Billiken watch fobs.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">One afternoon a cartoon of a Billiken was left thumb-tacked on the front door of Gunn’s Drug Store in St. Louis. Beneath it was written ‘Coach Bender.’ The author of it,
Charley McNamara, got the idea from the St. Louis University coach, John Bender, known as “Moonface” to his friends.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“Bender had such a roly-poly face that every time he smiled his balloon cheeks completely covered his squinty eyes. During practice one day the team ran off its plays with a gusto
that was particularly pleasing, and Cartoonist McNamara got his Billiken idea by watching Bender repeatedly resemble the popular image. Billy O’Conner, Post-Dispatch sports writer, saw Bender’s act one day and
exclaimed, ‘Why that guy’s a regular billiken.’</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“As was previously stated, McNamara drew the Billiken as a caricature of Bender and in a short time the whole team was called Billikens. As time went on the name was taken up by the
press and now is the official nickname.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Jackson Sun</span></i><span class="tm10"> (Jackson, Tennessee, October 10, 1937, page 14.</span></p><p><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p><span class="tm10">Killenberg may be forgiven for getting the story wrong. He was only twenty years old at the time he told the story. He was born after the events in question took place, and would have based
his story on what he had heard around campus, in one form or another.</span>
</p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Years later, one of the two men mentioned by name in the story (O’Connor) told a different version of events, and a coworker of the other one (McNamara) told a version
of events that does not seem to agree with the historical record.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Based largely on Kellenberger’s 1937 origin story, McNamara and O’Connor were invited to a homecoming basketball game in 1953, where they were presented with blue and white blankets
in honor of their supposed role in the creation of the nickname. The hubbub triggered a sudden interest in nailing down the details. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Killenberg’s story had seemed like a good story until a reporter from the </span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10"> started asking around the office. But no one could remember a cartoonist named McNamara. </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">When asked to clarify his role, if any, McNamara said that he had painted a Billiken for a football-themed window display at the drug store, but never labeled it as coach Bender.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“I don’t know where that story came from,” McNamara said. “I was no cartoonist. I was with the old Waters Pierce Oil Co. then. And I don’t remember ever being
at a football practice with Billy O’Connor. I didn’t have time for that in those days.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“What did happen, however, was that I painted a Billiken on a window of Billy Gunn’s drug store at the corner of Grand and Laclede one day when they needed something more to decorate
the window display devoted to St. Louis U. football.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“Billikens were all the rage in those days, the same as kewpie dolls and Teddy Bears were to be in a later time. I often think that it was lucky that it was the day of the Billiken,
not the Teddy Bear, or we might now be referring to Capt. Tom Lillis of the Teddy Bears.”</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">“Free Throws,” Robert Morrison, </span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10">, January 25, 1953, page 3B.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">A cartoonist for the </span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10"> did draw a number of cartoons of Bender when he first took the job in 1910, but none of them are labeled as a “Billiken.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBYnljA-4r828pmdsBXx1AtIaknsdbOZu4FN4pHEFrBBVtVvjgkaYu2C-bJFD2DP3NFgNHG9TU2Fpk5qLTujVj0RX43t-lZCmozBPl_dd42QxLsG1LiQgnVv91XxDoMTKY5gLwHrBSDf3oLvME4WxS4Q2dzR8SiSG8XDIXFql0m63I54ApY2iQJfji/s965/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(4).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="965" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBYnljA-4r828pmdsBXx1AtIaknsdbOZu4FN4pHEFrBBVtVvjgkaYu2C-bJFD2DP3NFgNHG9TU2Fpk5qLTujVj0RX43t-lZCmozBPl_dd42QxLsG1LiQgnVv91XxDoMTKY5gLwHrBSDf3oLvME4WxS4Q2dzR8SiSG8XDIXFql0m63I54ApY2iQJfji/s320/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(4).jpg" width="232" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNDJ2gryGy3T3Kces6d7iEHSFhgA8Uz95kNvXJMwcrj-nX_Cnby2bmqxI4MI3ySrLJACKbiTw8sZ5g8RkmIiDRc9LUyMZ9ds_q2LwPoTBOaybb8lEkzYHbYxDGGfQSeFvmfbVfXqYlGKGnlqTKVNUwL962tOez9tjcoweu_uFpBbIZRY6v_Vbrg06I/s584/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="584" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNDJ2gryGy3T3Kces6d7iEHSFhgA8Uz95kNvXJMwcrj-nX_Cnby2bmqxI4MI3ySrLJACKbiTw8sZ5g8RkmIiDRc9LUyMZ9ds_q2LwPoTBOaybb8lEkzYHbYxDGGfQSeFvmfbVfXqYlGKGnlqTKVNUwL962tOez9tjcoweu_uFpBbIZRY6v_Vbrg06I/s320/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm10"></span><span class="tm10"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpIvrGiD08iIoKPfKv3FQUPnmaJ_QCMKEMQ3gGDdZK8AelxnTbwIVDkER_E58pJohEV4bA7dKbOvUYlRJBDh-yJxKs41Ml24lXaDOnmM77A_vzc91C1kq8dF9qvbPYVNr7BEz4Zum7s3rpq6h2qznAav-n8hMfod_yNwdDWo2gGwMHffA-31ZEJg_I/s838/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="595" data-original-width="838" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpIvrGiD08iIoKPfKv3FQUPnmaJ_QCMKEMQ3gGDdZK8AelxnTbwIVDkER_E58pJohEV4bA7dKbOvUYlRJBDh-yJxKs41Ml24lXaDOnmM77A_vzc91C1kq8dF9qvbPYVNr7BEz4Zum7s3rpq6h2qznAav-n8hMfod_yNwdDWo2gGwMHffA-31ZEJg_I/s320/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdm_Pye8FlXv-WuWv2ALYWOhPdX3jHFObn3Z9uV_p1J0xUzRhegydQjmkx6sBDeI1YLLiKAxDeVJYj6ritSWtBCMT2GXS1t_omfOZdCFcHzjRlkf-SqEivSlw7dg4a9XenA1IUffK4NH-J3_ZM-CydeyCRHWflkvZ3uaVnXGjPIswvhpDfAFh4Uci1/s1014/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(5).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="921" data-original-width="1014" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdm_Pye8FlXv-WuWv2ALYWOhPdX3jHFObn3Z9uV_p1J0xUzRhegydQjmkx6sBDeI1YLLiKAxDeVJYj6ritSWtBCMT2GXS1t_omfOZdCFcHzjRlkf-SqEivSlw7dg4a9XenA1IUffK4NH-J3_ZM-CydeyCRHWflkvZ3uaVnXGjPIswvhpDfAFh4Uci1/s320/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy%20(5).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Although, in one of the pictures, he was sitting almost like "Billiken." <span class="tm10">The image is a
reference to his time coaching at the Haskell Indian Nations
University. He was quoted as saying it was more difficult to coach
Indians than white players. But he also dispelled the popular notions
about Indian football players frequently mentioned in the press of the
day (Jim Thorpe's team, the Carlisle Indians, were a college football
powerhouse at the time), that their "native trickery" of made
them naturally skilled at trick plays, or that they played a particularly rough and
dirty style of game.</span> </span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> <br /></span></p><p class="tm9"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycreEbJyL80i3_IxcuZUwVyna6VJDFBWaN3BEnXhxJAG-rmRPFYSQzFyqFq0Q1AKCBznliE1YyyLMof5r35PSItS_DJfWHaC5mnybJCtKjiSXZtXPOdEJYLoKujIIMNqD0DYSjhrJA1uOS5qHFovy3NLEwPSxqjlt9RXaxnaoBZTfK0qXT1e--cHU/s886/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="886" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycreEbJyL80i3_IxcuZUwVyna6VJDFBWaN3BEnXhxJAG-rmRPFYSQzFyqFq0Q1AKCBznliE1YyyLMof5r35PSItS_DJfWHaC5mnybJCtKjiSXZtXPOdEJYLoKujIIMNqD0DYSjhrJA1uOS5qHFovy3NLEwPSxqjlt9RXaxnaoBZTfK0qXT1e--cHU/s320/St%20Louis%20post%20dispatch%20february%206%201910%20page%2031%20-%20johnny%20bender%20cartoons%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10">, February 6, 1910, page 1S.</span></p><p><span class="tm10">The reporter apparently never spoke with McNamara, but he did talk to another old-time sportswriter who had worked with the paper at the time. Willis Johnson claimed that the name had been
adopted three years earlier, in 1907, which would have been impossible. </span>
</p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Willis Johnson, the veteran sports writer, places O’Connor’s invention as happening in 1907 - three years before Bender was head coach at St. Louis U.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“I remember very well, Billy O’Connor was the only one writing football at the time and he was the only one who made the post-season football trip to the west coast when St. Louis
U. played post-season games,” Johnson said.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Willis was reminded that the record showed Eddie Cochems was coach in 1907 when the Blue and White, or the Jesuits as St. Louis athletes then were known, played and lost to Washington State
and Multnomah A. C. of Portland in post-season games.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“Well, that’s when O’Connor wrote his story first naming them the Billikens,” Willis said. “The team had had a great season, then it had been soundly beaten
in the post-season games. The boys were pretty well beat up and O’Connor, who always saw the sunny side of things, made up that story about the Billikens because that’s what they looked like to him.”</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">“Free Throws,” Robert Morrison, </span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10">, January 25, 1953, page 3B.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Johnson’s story is impossible, yet interesting. His story is impossible because Billiken statuettes were not sold until 1908. So-called “Billiken” characters had appeared
in </span><i><span class="tm15">Canada West</span></i><span class="tm10"> magazine several times in 1907, as early as May, but they looked more like cherubs than the finished Billiken statuette. So there would have been
no occasion for O’Connor, or any other sportswriter, to refer to the team as “Billikens” in 1907.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Johnson’s story is interesting, because the opposing coach in one of the games St. Louis University played on the Pacific Northwest in 1907 was someone who would later be thought of
as resembling a “Billiken” - Johnny Bender. Bender coached Washington State to an 11-0 victory over St. Louis University on Christmas Day, 1907, just over two years before taking the reigns of the Athletic Department
of St. Louis University. St. Louis lost its next game, against the Multnomah Athletic Club of Portland on New Year’s Day, 11-6. The </span><i><span class="tm15">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm10">’s accounts of both games are available online on Newspapers.com. Not one of those accounts refer to the team as “Billikens.” </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">So, although O’Connor may not have called them “Billikens” in 1907, and although McNamara may not have labeled his painting of a “Billiken” as Coach Bender, it
seems likely that someone - anyone, perhaps more than one someone, recognized in Bender the features of a “Billiken.” </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Does he look like a Billiken? You be the judge.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="Footnote_Reference"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1yyATTy0-SDe38nQZOhM2KOvOcjpCm1UDfNRPwpiJXZ4WiNylQediUwQSgG7xlpuYQywKaxHrcDfCJJxPL28nttSHecPSJm8r9iewOPhqaJTO89JNk92GFMRYkWzEjNT1-TelC10N8HfVPOxqXaUaCzqL1bqjQdBANcL3f09RfKNByQYFBH2-NTn/s570/bender-billiken%20merged%20image%20from%20slu%20copy%20side%20by%20side.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="570" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1yyATTy0-SDe38nQZOhM2KOvOcjpCm1UDfNRPwpiJXZ4WiNylQediUwQSgG7xlpuYQywKaxHrcDfCJJxPL28nttSHecPSJm8r9iewOPhqaJTO89JNk92GFMRYkWzEjNT1-TelC10N8HfVPOxqXaUaCzqL1bqjQdBANcL3f09RfKNByQYFBH2-NTn/w640-h450/bender-billiken%20merged%20image%20from%20slu%20copy%20side%20by%20side.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"></span><u><a href="http://www.slu.edu/Images/viewer/Billiken/bender.png"><span class="tm10">Source image from slu.edu</span></a></u><span class="tm10">.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="Footnote_Reference"><br /></span><span class="tm10"> </span><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><br /><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8WnAPPglyMoaCqBsbPkQJIbPsrRqeAgEvwWCq1J9VgNJRwD__YJBGf1hsc4UhKeZa6VEStqbqzmOmV4vOF42f7CUUaaYF4FX0dyvj1bW28au54yo6z_0NzPWwQJaOWHgkIXzAB-aUh1eaS1xjgN9xW9Q_Hahn_7_Yf5S3mXOJvz_JQC1BhpAiQUT/s2565/chicago%20tribune%20may%2015%201908%20page%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2565" data-original-width="865" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8WnAPPglyMoaCqBsbPkQJIbPsrRqeAgEvwWCq1J9VgNJRwD__YJBGf1hsc4UhKeZa6VEStqbqzmOmV4vOF42f7CUUaaYF4FX0dyvj1bW28au54yo6z_0NzPWwQJaOWHgkIXzAB-aUh1eaS1xjgN9xW9Q_Hahn_7_Yf5S3mXOJvz_JQC1BhpAiQUT/w216-h640/chicago%20tribune%20may%2015%201908%20page%202.jpg" width="216" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm10">Bender may also have had a hand in the naming of the University of Houston Cougars and the Kansas State Wildcats.</span></p><p class="tm9"><span class="tm10"><a href="https://twitter.com/GoBigRedCast/status/1168329952757989376">https://twitter.com/GoBigRedCast/status/1168329952757989376</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm21"><span class="tm10"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The Topeka State Journal</span></i> (Kansas), April 17, 1909, page 2.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i>, May 17, 1909, page 10.</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> Note: The team had actually been called the “Blue and White,” not the “Bulldogs.”</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm16">The St. Louis Star-Times</span></i>, March 20, 1936, page 33.</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-40946839500174205472022-06-20T09:06:00.000-07:002022-06-20T09:06:21.626-07:00Spitballs and Licorice - a History of the "Licorice Ball"<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-U-QBdTLV16FS--XHBYyXp1e1Z-4x3cK1wfzNbZ04QQZnUNgU9KlBdAI_S5yExnQekbynl3QZ9L2nSDWTEUYhc7r87CXZtNStYc-nd6ZgiF3JDwm_rUMCZyjsxlwab9xuA5XWywbBpzxniBXgqyyEU4mPL8qak720blaa3iZBex53m31M3TIafkVo/s972/clip_101750302%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="972" data-original-width="691" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-U-QBdTLV16FS--XHBYyXp1e1Z-4x3cK1wfzNbZ04QQZnUNgU9KlBdAI_S5yExnQekbynl3QZ9L2nSDWTEUYhc7r87CXZtNStYc-nd6ZgiF3JDwm_rUMCZyjsxlwab9xuA5XWywbBpzxniBXgqyyEU4mPL8qak720blaa3iZBex53m31M3TIafkVo/w454-h640/clip_101750302%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">There was once a “freak” pitch called the “licorice ball.” It was banned from baseball (along with several other “freak” deliveries) even before the
spitball.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The earliest reference to a “licorice ball” I’ve found is from 1910. The pitch is mentioned in a report on the goings-on in the Cactus League,<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a>
but is described as a “big league trick,” so it may have been used elsewhere earlier. The description of the pitch’s intended use here was different from how it was described several years later. In this
case, it was s defensive act, to prevent the opposing pitcher from throwing an effective “spit ball.” This was at a time when the same ball was generally used throughout the entire game, so any alterations to
the baseball by one pitcher could affect the ball’s use by the other.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">It was the licorice ball versus the slipper elm [(“spit ball”)<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a>] Monday, in that Labor day game. . . . Knowing
that he could not pitch his game in the condition that he was in, Anderson tried a big league trick to prevent Kane’s spits all over almost every ball he throws . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">To prevent this, Anderson went into the game with enough licorice to smear the mouths of a half hundred small boys. Before the second inning was over, the brand new balls looked like the
big burnt wood bat that Powell, Douglas’s catcher, uses to such good advantage. Concealed in his rear pocket, it was applied freely to the ball in the hope that it would prevent Kane’s real spitters from breaking.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">El Paso Herald</span></em><span class="tm7">, September 7, 1910, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">When the President of the Canadian League inspected a “Licorice” ball a few years later, a description of its use was consistent with the earlier report.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFg9x_AxTKddDN8kFR0U1NrY13gUmbAgHyahiQqSBjBP_clk2toAxFq1f5H0sNA7x8sfE2QNxDDpxO_ir6l_W-XVPPAdKx_9RowlWb0xdk5lsvigWkI2sWcf_A64bmCDGFqt7QXtWmkFKfaVvH0K6ESlAu3FHXc8zvBozBM1jkVgEviMZP2XhKlfC8/s546/ottawa%20journal%2031%20july%201913%20page%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="546" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFg9x_AxTKddDN8kFR0U1NrY13gUmbAgHyahiQqSBjBP_clk2toAxFq1f5H0sNA7x8sfE2QNxDDpxO_ir6l_W-XVPPAdKx_9RowlWb0xdk5lsvigWkI2sWcf_A64bmCDGFqt7QXtWmkFKfaVvH0K6ESlAu3FHXc8zvBozBM1jkVgEviMZP2XhKlfC8/w400-h184/ottawa%20journal%2031%20july%201913%20page%204.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm7"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">London claimed that the Senators put licorice on the ball in order to spoil Bobby Hicks’ spitter. The ball used was inspected by President Fitzgerald and declared to be in good shape.
He therefore notified the London club that their protest had been disallowed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm11">The Ottawa Journal</span></em><span class="tm7">, July 31, 1913, page 4.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Earlier that season, the “licorice ball” was spotted in the Pacific Coast League, in a game between Los Angeles and Sacramento. The catcher was thrown out of the game for “discoloring
new balls with licorice.”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> That umpire was ahead of his time, because the major leagues would not ban the “licorice ball” for another seven
years.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">The “licorice ball” got a lot of press in 1915, and continuing until it was banned in the Major Leagues in 1920, one year before the now-more familiar “spit ball”
was finally banned. This time the pitch was an offensive weapon, not defensive, using partial discoloration of the ball to confuse the batter’s recognition of the spin and speed of the pitch.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8Xe0YpVcDFaacUfiOMw812ux0-VoT-bABXHTsmPjAGM4h-xA2AwbmEN9SBcJIggIvs4tQQMgU0LtuzQcM2rzMFZDH_nmM6mlWO4OwtFO6qIyda5Ki-a4JWZ9ms0Pa2D6dpFxsswnYrN2DmGgB3unRRntDrUnCjUOiP12O-UN5kvwc76nd9UKqosP/s1283/san%20bernardino%20news%20march%2015%201915%20page%206%20look%20out%20licorice%20ball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="1283" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8Xe0YpVcDFaacUfiOMw812ux0-VoT-bABXHTsmPjAGM4h-xA2AwbmEN9SBcJIggIvs4tQQMgU0LtuzQcM2rzMFZDH_nmM6mlWO4OwtFO6qIyda5Ki-a4JWZ9ms0Pa2D6dpFxsswnYrN2DmGgB3unRRntDrUnCjUOiP12O-UN5kvwc76nd9UKqosP/w400-h145/san%20bernardino%20news%20march%2015%201915%20page%206%20look%20out%20licorice%20ball.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">San Bernardino News</span></em><span class="tm7"> (California), March 15, 1915, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><span class="tm7">The pitch first came into prominence in what was framed as what would today have become a “Twitter feud” or “beef” between Tom Seaton, pitcher for the Brooklyn Feds
(Brooklyn’s Federal League team) and Hall-of-Famer, Christy Mathewson. Tom Seaton pitched the “licorice ball,” Christy Mathewson thought it was illegal.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Tom Seaton had better watch out or he will get into a controversy with Christy Mathewson. The latest winter league freak is the “licorice ball,” of which the star pitcher of the
Brooklyn Feds is supposed to be the inventor. An acquaintance of Seaton has been spreading news about this wonderful idea of his. The first essential in the use of the “licorice ball” is to have a piece of hard,
black licorice in the jowls. The pitcher must apply black saliva to one side of the ball, leaving the other side clean. He must throw it in such a way that the black revolves around the white and gives the batter’s
eye alternate flashes of light and dark that will cause him to wink or blink and thereby fail to get an accurate gauge on where it is coming.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">We retailed this yarn to Christy Mathewson the other day and the veteran pitcher of the Giants had one of the best laughs in his life. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“I believe Seaton is the same fellow who thought he could get away with an emeryless emery ball by scarring the horsehide with his hard fingernails,” said Big Six. “I wonder
what his fingernails are made out of if they are strong enough for that. Perhaps his brain is composed of the same substance. But even he ought to know that the ‘licorice ball’ would be barred for the same reason
that the emery ball is - defacing it. Even if it were allowed, the only effect I can imagine it having is putting the catcher’s glove on the bum.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">Argus-Leader</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), January 16, 1915, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCS_wWq4lX3wmjYBngQcXw3e4xflBdS5SR4_QH4Vqood38luHYb6VJTnh7P5503JYNZ_1_pBSIAZoWVjP7_K4GyIxWyN-P-3lvO0Wfx2vW7_nRfkI85R-Fdrlg_u29hxRUDORk0JkL0DtBauLIz3_s1BZtWUQ5q9STvSHfemwUhZXOnqB7TeowBZHA/s714/allentown%20democrat%20mar%2015%201915%20page%206%20spitballers%20and%20licorice%20ball%20pitchers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="714" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCS_wWq4lX3wmjYBngQcXw3e4xflBdS5SR4_QH4Vqood38luHYb6VJTnh7P5503JYNZ_1_pBSIAZoWVjP7_K4GyIxWyN-P-3lvO0Wfx2vW7_nRfkI85R-Fdrlg_u29hxRUDORk0JkL0DtBauLIz3_s1BZtWUQ5q9STvSHfemwUhZXOnqB7TeowBZHA/w400-h216/allentown%20democrat%20mar%2015%201915%20page%206%20spitballers%20and%20licorice%20ball%20pitchers.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Spitball pitching isn’t a common practice in the big leagues any more, yet the fact stands out that the best pitchers in the leagues use the moistened twister. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Tom Seaton, pitcher for the Brookfeds, has discovered the “licorice ball.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“And lemme tell you,” asserted Tom when announcing his discovery, “that ball is going to be some fooler - some fooler, believe me.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“What’s it like?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“Well, first of all I get five cents worth of licorice. Then I put a chunk of it in my mouth. Pretty soon the saliva gets very black. Are you following me?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“We’re ahead of you.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“Now as soon as I get that licorice worked up nicely I smear half of the ball with the black saliva. Then I let loose with all my speed.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“And then?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“Well, when that ball whistles up toward the plate it’s sure to confuse the batter. As the ball whirls round and round the batter alternately sees black and white. That’ll
cause him to pause, in fascination. While he’s in that pause bing! The ball has whistled over the plate for a strike.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">“Great idea,” ain’t it” concluded Seaton.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Allentown Democrat</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Allentown, Pennsylvania), March 15, 1915, page 6.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Despite Tom Seaton’s big talk, he was not the first pitcher caught using the pitch in the big leagues that season. That honor went to “Smokey Joe” Wood, the Boston Red
Sox’ “speed marvel.” In this instance, the pitch seems to have been more about making the ball difficult to see than Seaton’s plan of dazzling the batters. The umpires refused to act.</span></p><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhws4CNoEWTKAuPlTGYAlxOVQ20xjZe86KK9gTXqHsdTYAtAkLfseHaO004d17FcvpDJdEhob8NOU7WTHsa2g0b8ao629JhmkflRqFHLuGq2rrC2dWnJ9jBhDj3ExqF2z-XXgKHECqC0i27o0qwyZrvyjLsMu_3xtKZpTnX6h7IlQKDT-FpzewM0Y6p/s602/buffalo%20evening%20news%20june%2014%201915%20page%2015%20licorice%20ball%20marvel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="593" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhws4CNoEWTKAuPlTGYAlxOVQ20xjZe86KK9gTXqHsdTYAtAkLfseHaO004d17FcvpDJdEhob8NOU7WTHsa2g0b8ao629JhmkflRqFHLuGq2rrC2dWnJ9jBhDj3ExqF2z-XXgKHECqC0i27o0qwyZrvyjLsMu_3xtKZpTnX6h7IlQKDT-FpzewM0Y6p/w394-h400/buffalo%20evening%20news%20june%2014%201915%20page%2015%20licorice%20ball%20marvel.jpg" width="394" /></a></div><br /> Wood was facing the Yankees in what he finally developed into a 13-inning battle. The day was dark and as it got late it grew darker. To the grandstand and press box spectators it looked
very much like Wood was doing as Donovan said - “spitting licorice juice on the ball to discolor it.” The pellet that the Smokey one hurled across the plate or thereabouts looked very dark - when you were able
to see it at all. The Yankees didn’t have much to say individually. Few of them saw the ball, except when they were in the field.<p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">Buffalo Evening News</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Buffalo, New York), June 14, 1915, page 15.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXegrd_VICciOWCN86hgFh_TVi2b25jmEl4W-V0soGtcQTyI7roZpO-eAEkBhRhJtLBJ31Os9qsRTg4W4MWS2QfcfI6ojnMClrTU3p7GkO0f0JCjD_3b6eiA66FydCoHiJDaxaHpobfcUSVUCe-vovzqXIIUVFjhk6xWwziHISSbnXbV-N-BC-0c1P/s1297/lansing%20state%20journal%20june%2026%201915%20page%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="1297" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXegrd_VICciOWCN86hgFh_TVi2b25jmEl4W-V0soGtcQTyI7roZpO-eAEkBhRhJtLBJ31Os9qsRTg4W4MWS2QfcfI6ojnMClrTU3p7GkO0f0JCjD_3b6eiA66FydCoHiJDaxaHpobfcUSVUCe-vovzqXIIUVFjhk6xWwziHISSbnXbV-N-BC-0c1P/w400-h135/lansing%20state%20journal%20june%2026%201915%20page%206.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">Lansing State Journal</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Lansing, Michigan), June 26, 1915, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">Despite the pitch’s name, some people thought it may have been a different substance.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMFkMh5IZy6AD-KOG5qjAHjNZR5k4-M7qHHaqTg7nboDuqeyAK4WCuudgeUiSmpBhKdAlxy0iSOnOYcIPmUgdpGQqO_xEx-2pqMI3J7ddsylSs6Zj42lp7_F-33Cj_nxbtcjX_O9VAzZZsrTU90v2VlwbfKv2lTMtR-wRlhzzW1V_9mm54WYe-2Xp-/s688/evening%20journal%20wilmington%20delaware%20may%2029%201917%20page%208%20licorice%20ball%20cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="688" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMFkMh5IZy6AD-KOG5qjAHjNZR5k4-M7qHHaqTg7nboDuqeyAK4WCuudgeUiSmpBhKdAlxy0iSOnOYcIPmUgdpGQqO_xEx-2pqMI3J7ddsylSs6Zj42lp7_F-33Cj_nxbtcjX_O9VAzZZsrTU90v2VlwbfKv2lTMtR-wRlhzzW1V_9mm54WYe-2Xp-/w640-h604/evening%20journal%20wilmington%20delaware%20may%2029%201917%20page%208%20licorice%20ball%20cartoon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">The licorice ball is the newest invention of pitchers. Bet it’s only the juice off a big chew of tobacco most of them carry around.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">Evening Journal</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Wilmington Delaware), May 29, 1917, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">There were debates about whether it was legal or not, and whether it should be banned or not. One veteran umpire thought the pitch was A-OK. His description of the pitch and its effect
on the ball seems to differ from some earlier descriptions.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgjn6_KJ2JuvkdoahYQ-Eqy1Db3hb-d1QCm2yh8xRb-VX7i7vp1jWXxs7NjuHGnxJw8gpm0UR9_pxLopkZis2tPKKCSYYMZqsKlwMqlCoswZQnU6BqcgrhiUsagRy_VzBLGmyjADOKDt-pJbJC2s5CIi_cmAWnJg1hFz4PO5B84pTFaiy7cToX2lX/s623/el%20paso%20herald%20june%2020%201917%20page%2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="623" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgjn6_KJ2JuvkdoahYQ-Eqy1Db3hb-d1QCm2yh8xRb-VX7i7vp1jWXxs7NjuHGnxJw8gpm0UR9_pxLopkZis2tPKKCSYYMZqsKlwMqlCoswZQnU6BqcgrhiUsagRy_VzBLGmyjADOKDt-pJbJC2s5CIi_cmAWnJg1hFz4PO5B84pTFaiy7cToX2lX/w400-h331/el%20paso%20herald%20june%2020%201917%20page%2011.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Umpire Billy Evans, one of the real students of baseball, has both eyes and both ears open all the time. Billy knows what every pitcher in the American league has, or has not. He knows what
kind of ball each batter is weak on and he even knows the bats. So it isn’t at all extraordinary that Billy knows all about the “Shine ball,” or as some of the dopesters call it, the “licorice ball.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Of course, Cy Falkenberg, famous exponent of the emery ball, is using it. And Eddie Cicotte of the White Sox, has used it all season. Shore of the Red Sox and Bader of the same team, the
latter one of the season’s phenoms, are using it, as are Dumont and Show of the Griffmen.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">The shine ball can’t be barred, according to Evans. The pitcher just puts a high light on one side of it and it makes a lovely floater for the batter to miss. He doesn’t harm
the cover of the ball and he doesn’t discolor it. It really brightens up the leather and takes off some of the dirt.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">El Paso Herald</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Texas), June 20, 1917, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">But not everyone agreed. The American Association banned the pitch before the 1918 season.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjiHWyoUMrJvyGsQK_2WZT0yCI-tx2nLJpzUHfJa3y7_kAGCXvNITmBxtSvbv9j0GVXItioLNcE7IgGg50IdXNRFyX0o9JnB2SieSsMxmeX1hTdSlVJQNBgg5OwJVeGwCPD1WEFAVyb0MwJg_w0CgBYITHTJymE1yQxwjQdMayhxG-stDAY1aQLeyH/s881/clip_101751045.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="881" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjiHWyoUMrJvyGsQK_2WZT0yCI-tx2nLJpzUHfJa3y7_kAGCXvNITmBxtSvbv9j0GVXItioLNcE7IgGg50IdXNRFyX0o9JnB2SieSsMxmeX1hTdSlVJQNBgg5OwJVeGwCPD1WEFAVyb0MwJg_w0CgBYITHTJymE1yQxwjQdMayhxG-stDAY1aQLeyH/w400-h385/clip_101751045.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Buffalo Enquirer</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Buffalo, New York), December 18, 1917, page 10.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>T<span class="tm7">he National and American Leagues took up the issue during the same off-season.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBTZjUSJOqX71qzNvCja1xZrFy_GQvvOQvgngDUT3aIhHJHu329qPlJv8ZPmz4vA53MykuxJBR_GyvxUoRwgDlUYYiwtRAdLSjKKDDpeKmcRIav0p2rpW5kmBFf6jwoeOFaBdJ1i6HH-7G4C_pBt7vcrOuda8GZBzifUTzwmBSi-uRnxu7qX64uWb/s911/lincoln%20star%20feb%2010%201918%20page%205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="726" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBTZjUSJOqX71qzNvCja1xZrFy_GQvvOQvgngDUT3aIhHJHu329qPlJv8ZPmz4vA53MykuxJBR_GyvxUoRwgDlUYYiwtRAdLSjKKDDpeKmcRIav0p2rpW5kmBFf6jwoeOFaBdJ1i6HH-7G4C_pBt7vcrOuda8GZBzifUTzwmBSi-uRnxu7qX64uWb/w319-h400/lincoln%20star%20feb%2010%201918%20page%205.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Lincoln Star</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Lincoln, Nebraska), February 10, 1918, page 5.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p><span class="tm7">But they would not act until the 1920 season, when they banned all “freak” pitching, although they gave the old-time spitballers a one-year reprieve.</span></p><p><span class="tm7"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH-vAzfObSzeDS5D-w2iLBhm2TFtmD7AXdMXckAnDccdFf_efNLV8PGprQitlsmLTEocMEfwG8Xs8dIMQX7n1TiyZtydQ0Yz6D0VKZmbSEgt1YKlRmDjSX8d5xtUwN-PgTtkX62SV4mixdtIHRrBzhMZpPC_-j0FY_T9KBy1Q8TSQzTG_Gv9-9nmtq/s1464/pittsburgh%20post%20gazette%20feb%2010%201920%20page%2011%20banned%20both%20leagues%20rule%20committee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="1464" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH-vAzfObSzeDS5D-w2iLBhm2TFtmD7AXdMXckAnDccdFf_efNLV8PGprQitlsmLTEocMEfwG8Xs8dIMQX7n1TiyZtydQ0Yz6D0VKZmbSEgt1YKlRmDjSX8d5xtUwN-PgTtkX62SV4mixdtIHRrBzhMZpPC_-j0FY_T9KBy1Q8TSQzTG_Gv9-9nmtq/w400-h164/pittsburgh%20post%20gazette%20feb%2010%201920%20page%2011%20banned%20both%20leagues%20rule%20committee.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">Chicago, Feb. 9. - The elimination of all forms of freak pitching, including the spitball, the shiner, the emery ball, the licorice ball and other types of unfair slab work, was unanimously
agreed upon by the rules committee of the two major leagues in joint session here this afternoon. Withe the single exception of the spitball, the new order of things takes effect at once.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette </span></em><span class="tm7">(Pennsylvania), February 10, 1920, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguFVm3G7DNlYi25ZzWuZrvtunHxoWpKW6dlBp1zsnDV6I4Ev2fjBqyZSxlg_LKC8vgOnIaK5AIPVBdmHTiAG0e9-DFLGvvOFc96GIH9sImw9oIMEC9bu9PxaYQHxmyDdb0WeWZFW0QielU64sle5oVNiYI_-FDdfww8VvLNu3J2qjlM4XvUuK4pf5B/s607/clip_104065787.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="190" data-original-width="607" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguFVm3G7DNlYi25ZzWuZrvtunHxoWpKW6dlBp1zsnDV6I4Ev2fjBqyZSxlg_LKC8vgOnIaK5AIPVBdmHTiAG0e9-DFLGvvOFc96GIH9sImw9oIMEC9bu9PxaYQHxmyDdb0WeWZFW0QielU64sle5oVNiYI_-FDdfww8VvLNu3J2qjlM4XvUuK4pf5B/w400-h125/clip_104065787.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Enid Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm7"> (Enid, Oklahoma), February 10, 1920, page 4.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm7">By 1926, the “licorice ball” was a distant memory. An old-time pitcher brought it up in the context of yet another pitching controversy - pitchers using resin.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-C6JpVJzW8pXqJTnJ87Px_V9UWLWEtoRNa2lNrZn4Rmcoxfp84GbFk7U8UgKG-w0X9KfjaX3e0yaVJTaDPsr66v1XKJbibUKtO_ByRAGuBcJqB24HgfeOgr4bHiUYnE79wZx-h1AafuebMg6UO3_Xl4DgikUxqjKc78MtTj-mXx-OWQQfz-pQSlR7/s1618/clip_101750302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1618" data-original-width="691" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-C6JpVJzW8pXqJTnJ87Px_V9UWLWEtoRNa2lNrZn4Rmcoxfp84GbFk7U8UgKG-w0X9KfjaX3e0yaVJTaDPsr66v1XKJbibUKtO_ByRAGuBcJqB24HgfeOgr4bHiUYnE79wZx-h1AafuebMg6UO3_Xl4DgikUxqjKc78MtTj-mXx-OWQQfz-pQSlR7/w274-h640/clip_101750302.jpg" width="274" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">The controversy about the use of resin by pitchers gives the old-time ball players a big laugh.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">The so-called “emery ball” was used for years before it was condemned in a great blare of publicity for possessing freak attributes that even its users were not aware of. Ten
years ago the same ball that was tossed out by the umpire at the beginning of a game was still in use when the ninth inning closed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">After the first inning it was as black as an undertaker’s derby. The pitcher and infielders had changed its color by a mixture of tobacco juice, resin, licorice and dirt. On a dark
day it was almost impossible to see. And still they had some pretty good hitters in those days. Delehanty, Burkett, McGraw, Chief Meyers, Larry Doyle, LaJoie, Honus Wagner and numerous others made quite a few base hits.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm7">And today the ball has to be white as snow. If it has the slightest blemish or abrasion, it is tossed out. There must be an interesting difference in the baseball bills of the league today.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm7"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Birmingham News </span></em><span class="tm7">(Birmingham, Alabama), March 30, 1926, page 20.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> The Cactus League was an independent league in the American Southwest and Mexico. In 1910, the league included teams from Bisbee, Arizona,
El Paso, Texas, Douglas, Arizona and Cananea, Mexico. “Cactus League Standing,” <em><span class="tm8">Bisbee Daily Review</span></em>, May 17, 1910, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> “Slippery elm” was a tree bark, chewed by pitchers to increase salivation and, perhaps, increase the slipperiness of the
spit on the ball. See, for example, <em><span class="tm8">The Pittsburgh Press</span></em>, April 25, 1910, page 6 (“Walsh, master artist of the ‘spit ball,’ pitches it in the most common way. He uses a
trifle of slippery elm bark in his mouth and moistens a spot an inch square between the seams of the ball. His thumb he clinches tightly lengthwise on the opposite seam and, swinging his arm straight overhand with terrific
force, he drives the ball straight at the plate.”). </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm8">The Tacoma Daily Ledger</span></em> (Tacoma, Washington), April 13, 1913, page 29.</p>
<br /><br />Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-79659725131163246022022-06-18T14:14:00.002-07:002024-02-06T11:53:41.868-08:00Cockshy, Aunt Sally, Roly Poly and Doll Racks - a Dodgy History of Carnival Throwing Games<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibTYAIec2YjivG6k2X0XZxHTdKNkcATUDdW9k_rkye6CSnCtCiEZu1RnB0HrLU1cfk1dTPmGZlkE4fArzwDlmQHn2Zvz8m5UE0-1bd3f9HO7E9queA1yv1h5E_PpriZaJ5Qvr4gBhJ3YMJEeLTb-IR5Sf2cR7oe5UYP_oM9tAL9UUGWPnPZn7u9eJ8/s481/ebay%20sale%20newspaper%201913%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="421" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibTYAIec2YjivG6k2X0XZxHTdKNkcATUDdW9k_rkye6CSnCtCiEZu1RnB0HrLU1cfk1dTPmGZlkE4fArzwDlmQHn2Zvz8m5UE0-1bd3f9HO7E9queA1yv1h5E_PpriZaJ5Qvr4gBhJ3YMJEeLTb-IR5Sf2cR7oe5UYP_oM9tAL9UUGWPnPZn7u9eJ8/s320/ebay%20sale%20newspaper%201913%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Professional Baby Doll Racks” advertisement, </span><i><span class="tm9">Wholesale Catalogue, N. Shure Co.</span></i><span class="tm8">, Chicago, 1913. On the left is Shure’s No. 118 Baby Doll Rack; on the right, No. 99, the “Chicago Special.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The history of carnival throwing games includes numerous now-socially unacceptable, racist and frequently dangerous games. But the dangers of those games are frequently exaggerated or misunderstood.
A comment made in Ms. Magazine, for example, is absolutely untrue.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">In the late 19</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> century, nearly every city had a carnival with a game . . . in which white revelers paid to throw baseballs, or
rocks, at a Black man’s head.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“How America Bought and Sold Racism, and Why it Still Matters,” Lisa Hix, </span><i><span class="tm9">Ms. Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8"> (</span><u><a href="https://msmagazine.com/2015/11/24/how-america-bought-and-sold-racism-and-why-it-still-matters/"><span class="tm8">msmagaine.com</span></a></u><span class="tm8">), November 24, 2015.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Many people did pay to throw balls at the head of so-called “African Dodgers,” and baseballs were apparently sometimes used; but softer balls were also frequently, and some “dodgers”
wore head protection. And the people being thrown at were not kidnapped; they were willing participants, adults or teenagers (who were a greater part of the workforce at the time) who performed the job for pay. Also, there
is no record anywhere of anyone paying to throw rocks at anyone’s head, or anyone being paid to let people throw rocks at their head. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although most “dodgers” were black men, many “African dodgers” were white men in blackface. Complicating the matter, some writers confuse references to completely
safe games with references to a more dangerous game that sometimes shared the same name. And in evaluating the overall danger of the game as generally played, they fail to note that many of the reported injuries were caused
by bad people cheating the game to intentionally do harm, and not through the inherent dangers of regular gameplay. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The unsavory history of carnival throwing games did not start with racist-named names in the United States. The earliest game with a race-specific target (inanimate, not live) came out
of England. And long before humans were placed in danger as targets of carnival games, roosters were beaten to death for sport on Shrove Tuesday. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">I have written before about the </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/dodgers-and-dips-dark-history-of-dunk.html"><span class="tm8">history of the dunk tank and its more dangerous, immediate predecessor, the “African Dodger</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> An “African Dodger” (generally black or in blackface) stuck his head through a sheet and dodged balls thrown at his head.
Dunk tanks were a progressive-era improvement over the “dodger,” in which striking a mechanical target would drop a man from his seat into a tank of water. Early dunk tanks, in keeping with the “African
Dodger” tradition, were generally staffed with black men or white men in blackface, and marketed as the “African Dip.” Some early dunk tanks were staffed with women and marketed as “Sappho Dips,”
which promised a different kind of thrill.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Both “African Dodger” and “African Dip” were sometimes referred to as “N[-word] Baby” or “Hit the N[-word] Baby,” although that name was more
commonly associated with (and likely borrowed from) the earlier carnival game of “doll racks.” In that game, now commonly known as “Carnival Punks” or “Knock Down Dolls,” the targets are
figures or “dolls,” arranged on racks. Customers threw balls at them to knock them down. </span></p><p><span class="tm8">The ambiguity of the three different games being referred to, on occasion, by the same name, has resulted in some confusion in commentary about the games by writers not familiar all of the
games, names and their history.<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a> The word “babies,” in the name of the game itself, has also caused confusion. Some writers wonder whether infant
human babies were, in fact, used as targets for baseball-throwing carnival goers.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a> And some less-cautious writers (particularly on social media) repeat, as absolute
fact, that actual human babies were used as targets for baseball-throwing carnival-goers. That suggestion is absolutely false.</span><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">People making those mistakes appear to have overlooked the earlier history of doll rack “N[-word] Babies, and its influence on the alternate name later used for “African Dodgers”
and the “African Dip.” Doll racks were commonly (but not exclusively) known as “N[-word] Babies” as early as 1880, at about the same time as the earliest references to “African Dodgers”
appeared in print. “African Dodgers,” however, were not regularly referred to as “Hit the N[-word] Baby” (or the like), until after 1910. </span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The alternative name for “dodgers” and “dips” appears to have been borrowed from the doll rack game. The doll rack game, in turn, took the name from children’s
black baby dolls, which were commonly called, “N[-word] Babies.” Despite the name, the dolls on the doll racks were not necessarily black, and were frequently white or of diverse colors. And surprisingly, perhaps,
their namesake, black baby dolls, were a popular plaything for white children, appearing frequently in advertisements for Christmas gifts and mentioned in published letters to Santa Claus.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The name, “N[-word] Babies,” may also have been borrowed from an earlier ball-game, which involved throwing balls (sometimes baseballs, sometimes something softer) at people.
The game was a children’s playground game, variously known as “hat ball,” “roly poly” or “N[-word Babies.” The “babies” in these games, however ,were not the person being
thrown at, but tokens used to keep score. And the people being thrown at were not generally black or in blackface; they were any of the other playmates or classmates playing the game. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLQk0pYA_8NcL6ItDw-1LSQwwjG286NgAzaJ1JLdYJ5At-vQGmzpkTLFcQUPBxFlfTemzuqRPhydp2zbsZ020k8Z1diTKXVXMwt2QQ--OJyYhjssUbDpQ593TA4deuBQPaJPUVoSkrdMSkq92PmWALs4U8red2DaunH3eWhREQ7ZgCxo3IlxUjzhXB/s1099/scouts%20playing%20hat%20ball.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="1099" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLQk0pYA_8NcL6ItDw-1LSQwwjG286NgAzaJ1JLdYJ5At-vQGmzpkTLFcQUPBxFlfTemzuqRPhydp2zbsZ020k8Z1diTKXVXMwt2QQ--OJyYhjssUbDpQ593TA4deuBQPaJPUVoSkrdMSkq92PmWALs4U8red2DaunH3eWhREQ7ZgCxo3IlxUjzhXB/w400-h326/scouts%20playing%20hat%20ball.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Handbook for Scoutmasters, a Manual of Leadership</span></i><span class="tm8">, Boy Scouts of America, Sixth Imprint, 1924, page 334.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although generally a children’s game, “hat ball” or “roly poly” was also played on college campuses, most famously at Yale. Yale Seniors played the game so
regularly, that plans to erect a statue in the middle of their “N[-word] Babies” grounds caused a mostly peaceful riot and little bit of arson. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJbKLNCIBjuWVNzc2VY220VGvprzW7nUKWGSS42xvUZdmwuytwTDVr3dn3t8iBkxUjU_yuYS_y0Zr3AP6TzWlEl7Dxw3qqmUwJLZn2P7S1ucgI0Y_qKy-MIo34NVENW_CQORlcQTpZF2DirfPru8b255MXhHk7pK6NHWne4QMYcYULUU-WTF9a7Wq/s2033/Yale%20Record%201898%20page%2015.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1562" data-original-width="2033" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJbKLNCIBjuWVNzc2VY220VGvprzW7nUKWGSS42xvUZdmwuytwTDVr3dn3t8iBkxUjU_yuYS_y0Zr3AP6TzWlEl7Dxw3qqmUwJLZn2P7S1ucgI0Y_qKy-MIo34NVENW_CQORlcQTpZF2DirfPru8b255MXhHk7pK6NHWne4QMYcYULUU-WTF9a7Wq/w400-h308/Yale%20Record%201898%20page%2015.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Why didn't he get into a game of N[-word] Baby?" <i>The Yale Record</i> 1898.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The doll rack may have originated in Italy as early as 1877, before being introduced in the United States by 1878, where it became known as “N[-word] Babies” as early as 1880.
But the doll rack game was not the first game in which people threw things at a figure intended to represent a black person. That dubious distinction belongs to a game that originated in England, not the United States -
“Aunt Sally.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally” involved throwing sticks or cudgels at a life-sized wooden “head.” The purpose of the game was not to hit the head, but to break a clay pipe inserted
into an opening at the “mouth” of the head. The name of the game may have been borrowed from the title of a popular song, which had recently been performed in England by American blackface minstrels.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFImiqwyfIaptGPrPU4HL4n7tnRnZhlnDBtXRU6TLEiKopjjUBhQRox1HhH0SNEXWAtucZBmGlODIZSWNH-XCtiUCsKKgLa_Ho7TsbJf_cjhJN9ZBNtFxYo4_hb1YM4B-wJscFcjPPI4qeswbISdbn0meny83jFGqeakK1zuZYzul9vQsKRJgGLSdV/s1222/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20may%2028%201905%20part%205%20page%206%20aunt%20sally%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1222" data-original-width="873" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFImiqwyfIaptGPrPU4HL4n7tnRnZhlnDBtXRU6TLEiKopjjUBhQRox1HhH0SNEXWAtucZBmGlODIZSWNH-XCtiUCsKKgLa_Ho7TsbJf_cjhJN9ZBNtFxYo4_hb1YM4B-wJscFcjPPI4qeswbISdbn0meny83jFGqeakK1zuZYzul9vQsKRJgGLSdV/w286-h400/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20may%2028%201905%20part%205%20page%206%20aunt%20sally%20pic.jpg" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 28, 1905, part 5, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Appearing on the scene decades before the earliest references to the “African Dodger” game (1858, 1881), it is possible that this game, with an inanimate head, may have inspired
the later game with a live human head. Although most descriptions of the game describe the “head” on a stationary pole or post, an early description of the game as played in the United States describes a mechanism
to move the head.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A wooden figure representing a very black negro woman, with a profusion of woolly hair, a jaunty straw hat, very red lips, and a short pipe stuck in her mouth. She swings or bows on a pivot
by means of a string under her smock, which a man at ten yards distance pulls.</span><i><span class="tm9"> </span></i></p><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">Reading Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Reading, Pennsylvania), August 4, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The continuing influence of this early game persisted for more than half a century. Clay pipe targets were still used as carnival game targets as late as the 1930s, as depicted in a sideshow, rifle shooting gallery portrayed in the 1933 film, "Female," starring Ruth Chatterton and George Brent.</span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihcTPpeMv54KdKqXLHuIH1c3qrQ5zoqza-f6A5zjWkgiZwAWuvYXNTsioUGhHYgtH479OynbD_dA0wUr_OOWyaprJl4kIwyF96e7XHf-_tcHBrOONUtsB9eDDaHy-jWFNkwl74Nt1vTeBWynZjrYHfh7tG6Dt6yLl2_D7i2DnsX4wNmXx3HJ1teU_aPQw/s4128/Clay%20Pipe%20shooting%20game%20-%201933%20film%20-%20Female.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2322" data-original-width="4128" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihcTPpeMv54KdKqXLHuIH1c3qrQ5zoqza-f6A5zjWkgiZwAWuvYXNTsioUGhHYgtH479OynbD_dA0wUr_OOWyaprJl4kIwyF96e7XHf-_tcHBrOONUtsB9eDDaHy-jWFNkwl74Nt1vTeBWynZjrYHfh7tG6Dt6yLl2_D7i2DnsX4wNmXx3HJ1teU_aPQw/w400-h225/Clay%20Pipe%20shooting%20game%20-%201933%20film%20-%20Female.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 80px;">Still from the film, "Female," Warner Brothers, 1933, as seen on Turner Classic Movies.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally” was, in turn, based on an earlier game, “cockshy” or “knock-em-down,” in which people won prizes by throwing sticks at knick-knacks or coins balanced
atop a stick or pole stuck into a hole the ground. Throwers won the item if they knocked the item off the stick, and far enough away from the base of the stick to land outside of the hole the stick was in.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsnO3Ed679e2eVpAxttZko4R7BvzSEV2a9xGxMYbiDkmkiewLdGTysq1bTbwxLOenECQPlDKY2X_AOMaPPEkedLawFYZAPWpMBwsCBnNHJHF9uBSpCKJRra9IuJKYHOgyx3EnHZMYxU8gyBUe6nm0LBvGuy4xkF36AT5DX3gjoAmnsUH3WVFGeOFnC/s1680/john%20doyle%20sketch%20403%20a%20fair%20game.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1680" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsnO3Ed679e2eVpAxttZko4R7BvzSEV2a9xGxMYbiDkmkiewLdGTysq1bTbwxLOenECQPlDKY2X_AOMaPPEkedLawFYZAPWpMBwsCBnNHJHF9uBSpCKJRra9IuJKYHOgyx3EnHZMYxU8gyBUe6nm0LBvGuy4xkF36AT5DX3gjoAmnsUH3WVFGeOFnC/w400-h250/john%20doyle%20sketch%20403%20a%20fair%20game.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span class="tm8">John Doyle, “A Fair Game,” HB Sketches No. 403, 1835.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">“Cock-shy” was an enlightenment-era improvement over a predecessor, which had been banned as inhumane and pointlessly cruel. The earlier game went by a literal, descriptive
name, which explains the name of “Cock-shy” - “Throwing at Cocks” or “Shying at Cocks,” which was precisely what it sounds like, namely throwing sticks or cudgels at roosters. The “game”
was perhaps even less sporting than what one might expect - the birds were tied to a stake, or otherwise restrained from movement, and thrown at until dead. In some versions of the game, once the bird was maimed or dead,
they put it in a basket, and people took turns trying to knock the bird out of the basket - a kind of live pinata. The winner took the bird home for Shrove Tuesday dinner. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Throwing at cocks” was also widely disdained, the target of religious sermons and legal crusades. The game was the subject of an early anti-animal cruelty campaign, and an
early victory for activists. It was banned almost everywhere by 1800. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another dangerous game, falling somewhere between “throwing at cocks” and “cockshy,” was local to Leicester, England. On Shrove Tuesday, a few designated “Whipping Toms” would attack anyone crossing a particular square. Townspeople in the square defended themselves
with sticks - FUN(?)!!! Surprisingly, perhaps, “Whipping Toms” was considered a progressive improvement over “throwing at cocks”; people, at least, had the choice to play along and could fight back.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm8">“Throwing at Cocks”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Song. COCK-THROWING.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Cocke a doodle doe, ‘tis the bravest Game,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Takes a Cocke from his Dame,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> And binds him to a stake,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">How he struts, how he throwes,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">How he swaggers, how he crowes,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> As if the day newly brake.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">How his Mistress cackles </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">thus to find him in shackles,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> And tyed to a packe-thread garter.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Oh the Bears and the Bulls</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Are but corpulent gulls</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> To the valiant Shrove-tide Martyre.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">John Brand, </span><i><span class="tm9">Observations on Popular Antiquities, Chiefly Illustrating the Origin of Our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 1, London, R. C. and J. Rivington, 1813, page 68 (citing, “</span><i><span class="tm9">Men-Miracles, with other Poems</span></i><span class="tm8">, by M. Lluellin, Student of Christ-church, Oxon,” 12 mo. Lond. 1679, p 48).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Throwing (or “shying”) at Cocks” was known in England as early as the 1640s, where it was widely played on Shrove Tuesday, the last day of the Christian calendar
before Lent. Lent is a period of relative abstinence, so it was natural to have a day of excess before it started. In the French tradition, Shrove Tuesday coincides with the end of </span><i><span class="tm9">Mardi Gras</span></i><span class="tm8">, literally, “Fat Tuesday” in French. The English would also fatten up by eating pancakes, another ancient Shrove Tuesday tradition. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They still celebrate Shrove Tuesday in England as “Pancake Day,” but long ago abandoned the “throwing at cocks” to mark the day. Efforts to ban the practice were
underway by the mid-1700s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><b><span class="tm15">Proverbs xii. 10.</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">A righteous Man regardeth the Life of his Beast</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Clemency to Brute Creatures, the Duty asserted in this Proverb, is what the present Season in particular calls upon us to enforce. For, besides that the First Lesson for this Morning’s
Service doth evidently suggest it to us, the Custom which obtains among the lower sorts of our Countrymen of torturing one part of the Brute Creation on Shrove-Tuesdays, a Custom which can never be reflected on by any humane
Person without Horror . . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">[T]here is one kind of [Cruelty] so extraordinarily shocking, and so peculiarly English, that it is in a very high Degree shameful to us, and cries aloud for particular Reprehension. It is
our Cruelty to Cocks upon </span><i><span class="tm9">Shrove-Tuesdays</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Clemency to Brutes, the Substance of Two Sermons Preached on a Shrove-Sunday, With Particular View to Dissuade from that Species of Cruelty Annually Practiced
in England, the Throwing at Cocks</span></i><span class="tm8">, London, R. and J. Dodsley, 1761, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The ingenious artist, Hogarth, has satirized this barbarity in the first of the prints called the Four Stages of Cruelty. Trusler’s description is as follows: “We have several
groupes of Boys at their different barbarous diversions; one is throwing at a Cock, the universal Shrove-tide amusement, beating the harmless feathered animal to jelly.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Brand, </span><i><span class="tm9">Observations on Popular Antiquities</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 1,</span><i><span class="tm9"> </span></i><span class="tm8">page 67.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznJZuNLUcHHCLSVvISq5MewJ05LLDqNM--kBLrrRHDOavQK-_9RCUw9ohprF67k142A-tMLQjabprtmxWXJHjU7AanZzmaxS-pkSDIimVWlwbw41tMVyJSBgFFtBEeiuYgMb6bX2n6Wn9N1gihhPIC7_xzPOx5PVyeQE7t-qx9ttk_028a68rSSg7/s854/William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="730" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznJZuNLUcHHCLSVvISq5MewJ05LLDqNM--kBLrrRHDOavQK-_9RCUw9ohprF67k142A-tMLQjabprtmxWXJHjU7AanZzmaxS-pkSDIimVWlwbw41tMVyJSBgFFtBEeiuYgMb6bX2n6Wn9N1gihhPIC7_xzPOx5PVyeQE7t-qx9ttk_028a68rSSg7/w343-h400/William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project%20-%20Copy%20(2).jpg" width="343" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQCkj7E96VjKS_gzaawEs3Dwyeu21bWxEykheacda0PYSDpdRSHbMufjbIIkEyVQPYLZ0xKVj8Kd1rXZlt0R4qMUPYCu5z2-iYv4DUmXzgKHkXgjhdnOD_S6L26ecQHXobs1uA2n2AitDoOIAlAwXHPRukdl5ZOSrNNwsxYe3UheQViL4Vs7kf1KLc/s1979/William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1979" data-original-width="1778" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQCkj7E96VjKS_gzaawEs3Dwyeu21bWxEykheacda0PYSDpdRSHbMufjbIIkEyVQPYLZ0xKVj8Kd1rXZlt0R4qMUPYCu5z2-iYv4DUmXzgKHkXgjhdnOD_S6L26ecQHXobs1uA2n2AitDoOIAlAwXHPRukdl5ZOSrNNwsxYe3UheQViL4Vs7kf1KLc/w359-h400/William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="359" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">William Hogarth, “The First Stage of Cruelty - Children Torturing Animals,” 1751. Wikimedia Commons.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">One popular account of the origin of the practice is that it was to punish roosters for spoiling a Saxon revolt against their Danish overlords.</span><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">When the Danes were masters of England, and lorded it over the natives of the island, the inhabitants of a certain great city, grown weary of their slavery, had form’d a secret conspiracy,
to murder their masters in one bloody night, and twelve men had undertaken to enter the town house by a stratagem, and seizing the arms, surprize the guard which kept it; at which time their fellows, upon a signal given, were
to come out of their houses and murder all opposers: but when they were putting it in execution, the unusual crowing and fluttering of the cocks, about the place they attempted to enter at, discover’d their design, upon
which the Danes became so inrag’d, that they doubled their cruelty and us’d them with more severity than ever: soon after they forced from the Danish yoak, and to revenge themselves on the cocks, for the misfortune
they involv’d them in, instituted this custom of knocking them on the head, on Shrove-Tuesday, the day on which it happen’d; this sport, tho’ at first only practis’d in one city, in process of time
became a natural divertisement, and has continued ever since the Danes first lost this island.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">The British Apollo</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 1, 3d Edition, London, Theodore Sanders, 1726, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another theory held that the roosters were being punished for St. Peter’s crime of denying Jesus three times before the cock crowed (Luke 22:54-62).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Alluding to these cruelties, Sir Charles Sedley, in an epigram on a cock, says: -</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“May’st thou be punished for St. Peter’s crime,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“And on Shrove Tuesday perish in thy prime.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Taunton Courier</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Taunton, England), February 29, 1832, page 7. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was also known (and banned) in England’s North American colonies. The lawmakers of Charleston, South Carolina, however, may have missed the irony of the selective punishment
of some types of people for drumming without a permit, by means more inhumane than the banned practice of throwing at cocks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Enacted, no person to throw sticks at cocks or otherwise . . . on forfeiture of </span><i><span class="tm9">twenty shillings</span></i><span class="tm8"> for every offense. And no negro to beat any drum on holidays or otherwise, without permission of some officer, on pain of whipping.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The South-Carolina Gazette </span></i><span class="tm8">(Charleston, South Carolina), July 2, 1750, page 7. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Our British overlords in Philadelphia also banned the annual war against Roosters, while at the same time conscripting idlers into military service against the French, during the French
and Indian War.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">This day being Shrove-Tuesday, the Constables of the several wards of this city . . . went round their different wards, to prevent that barbarous Custom of throwing at Cocks, and picked up
several loose and idle Persons, which they though might employ their time much better by throwing at the great french Cock in America.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Pennsylvania Gazette </span></i><span class="tm8">(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), May 12, 1757, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The closing line of that article, about throwing at the great “french Cock in America,” may be a pun, of sorts, on the words “Gaul” (France) and Gallus, the Latin
word for rooster. The same pun may lie at the heart of a third traditional explanation of the origin of the sport, one based on the traditional enmity between England and France.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A Cock has the misfortune to be called in Latin by the same word which signifies a Frenchman. “In our wars with France, in former ages, our ingenious forefathers,” says he, “invented
this embelmatical way of expression their derision of, and resentment towards that nation; and poor Monsieur at the stake was pelted by Men and Boys in a very rough and hostile manner.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Brand, </span><i><span class="tm9">Observations on Popular Antiquities, </span></i><span class="tm8">Volume 1, page 68 (citing, </span><i><span class="tm9">Gentleman’s Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8">, vol. vii. for Jan. 1737, p. 6).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Writing in 1791, John Brand described the preparation and gameplay in detail, at least as once practiced in Heston, Middlesex. It involved training the bird, and generated profit for the
bird owner.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The owner of the Cock trains his bird for some time before Shrove Tuesday, and throws a stick at him himself, in order to prepare him for the fatal day, by accustoming him to watch the threatened
danger, and, by springing aside, avoid the fatal blow. He holds the poor victim on the spot marked out, by a cord fixed to his leg, at the distance of nine or ten yards, so as to be out of the way of the stick himself. Another
spot is marked, at the distance of twenty-two yards, for the person who throws to stand upon. He has three </span><i><span class="tm9">shys</span></i><span class="tm8">, or throws, for two pence, and wins the Cock if he can knock him down and run up and catch him before the bird recovers his legs. The inhuman pastime does not end with the Cock’s
life, for when killed it is put into a hat, and won as second time by the person who can strike it out. Broomsticks are generally used to </span><i><span class="tm9">shy</span></i><span class="tm8"> with. The Cock, if well trained, eludes the blows of his cruel persecutors for a long time, and thereby clears to his master a considerable sum of money.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Brand, </span><i><span class="tm9">Observations on Popular Antiquities, </span></i><span class="tm8">Volume 1, page 67. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “game” was subject of widespread derision, and universally banned (officially) before the end of the 19</span><sup><span class="tm8">th</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Century.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A man of kindness to his beast is kind,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And brutal actions show a brutal mind;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Remember! He who made thee, made the brute,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Who gave thee speech and reason, formed him mute.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">He can’t complain, but God’s all-seeing eye</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Beholds thy cruelty: - He hears his cry.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">He was design’d thy servant, not thy drudge;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">And know - that his Creator is thy Judge.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Derby Mercury</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Derby, England), February 5, 1845, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But nature abhors a vacuum, and when one throwing game is banned, another emerges to take its place. The town of Leicester, England abolished “throwing at cocks on Shrove Tuesday”
in 1784. They replaced it with a new tradition that was only cruel to humans - the “Whipping Toms.” It may have been less “humane,” in that it endangered humans instead of fowl, but it may have seemed
more sporting, as at least humans could fight back. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Each Shrove Tuesday, three men were designated as “Whipping Toms” and armed with small coaching whips. The “Whipping Toms” were accompanied by three bell ringers,
who would ring their bells incessantly. A mob of citizens, armed with sticks, clubs or (in some descriptions of the event) with hurling or field hockey sticks, would try to stop the bell ringers from ringing their bells;
the “Whipping Toms” defended the bell ringers - hilarity ensued. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">By some accounts, the “Whipping Toms” game was started to replace the banned game of “throwing at cocks.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. R. Harris said that the only account he recollected having heard in his youth was that the present custom was substituted for the more barbarous one of cock-fighting and throwing at cocks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Leicestershire Mercury </span></i><span class="tm8">(Leicester, England), January 4, 1840, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Other theories included, that the “Lord of the Castle” in “ancient times” had been in the habit of clearing out the square at a certain time of day, that it was done
to “prevent the Newarke from becoming a highway,” by closing the gates once a year to demonstrate that the public had no right to a thoroughfare, or that it arose from ridicule of the “monkish custom”
of self-flagellation.<a href="#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A fourth theory suggested it was intended to replace a different kind of rooster-torturing game - a sort of live-pinata, in which the goal was to strike the caged bird; the “winner”
got took the bird home for dinner.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A Correspondent supposes the vulgar sport practiced annually on Shrove Tuesday in the Newark, to have had its origin in the following barbarous custom, which was formerly practised at Wakes,
Horse Races, and Fairs in this County. “A cock being tied or fastened into a hat or basket, half a dozen carters, blindfolded, and armed with their cart whips, were placed round it, who, after being turned thrice about,
began to whip the cock, which if any one struck so as to make it cry out, it became his property. The joke was, that instead of whipping the cock, they flogged each other heartily.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Leicester Chronicle</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Leicester, England), March 4, 1815, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">With these cruel and dangerous games banned everywhere, they were replaced with games requiring more skill, but bearing a name drawn from its brutal forerunner - “Cockshy” or,
less poetically, “knock-em-down.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm8">“Cockshy” or “Knock-em-Down.”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">COCKSHY, a game at fairs and races, where trinkets are set upon sticks, and for one penny three throws at them are accorded, the thrower keeping whatever he knocks off. From the ancient game
of throwing or “shying” at live cocks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">John Camden Hotten, </span><i><span class="tm9">A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words</span></i><span class="tm8">, 2</span><sup><span class="tm8">nd</span></sup><span class="tm8"> Edition, London, John Camden Hotten, 1860, page 119. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In the game of “Cockshy” or “Knock-em-Down,” contestants threw sticks or cudgels at knick-knacks or coins balanced atop a stick or pole stuck into the ground. In
some descriptions of the game, the pole on which the items are placed is stuck into the ground in the middle of a hole or depression, and the item is only won if the thing balanced on top falls outside of the hole. It was
not enough to knock it off the top, the thrower had to impart enough energy to the thing so that it fell sufficiently far from the pole. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">H. B.’s Caricatures. - In the midst of the gloom of November, with bad news coming “thick as hail” upon us, three new sketches of the great artist appear, to counterbalance
the general mass of hill, and make us laugh in spite of chartism, American insolvency, and the melbourne cabinet. . . . <br /></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">No. 620 is a scene at a fair; the amusement is that species of “cock-shy” which rewards the practitioner with a wooden pear or a tin snuff-box, in exchange for a great many ineffectual
pennyworths of timber. Lord Melbourne, backed by Lord John Russell, is doing his best, with a heavy stick with O’Connell’s delicate features carved on the knob, to knock down a chosen object, the church; special
instructions are given him by his friend not to touch the cap of liberty, which is planted in front of it. The Queen is looking on, and admits that her venture on the issue is a heavy one - no less than a CROWN; while Prince
Albert of Saxe Coburg generously offers to stand HALF THE STAKE. The master of the sticks, who is able to put up a church to be shyed at, is, of course, O’Connell.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Blackburn Standard</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Blackburn, England), November 13, 1839, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIkVKDCZrYjSrulDM7mmyBFVOzbdmFK7mwLkUDDuWWA6WDvLIdOIZieC9UCUrz1pcn4nVycBP-kOT0hwXFyIcv3lD22NIawKSGhHF9bstxBwMFY2YvnUAqQiaZW1BLGMqEfQZ0WazOLAFKry38A_Mc_ZR4V-2VvHWtmi1D8udhWWHSv7ue8XhV8R8X/s1680/john%20doyle%20sketch%20no%20620%20another%20heavy%20blow.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1680" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIkVKDCZrYjSrulDM7mmyBFVOzbdmFK7mwLkUDDuWWA6WDvLIdOIZieC9UCUrz1pcn4nVycBP-kOT0hwXFyIcv3lD22NIawKSGhHF9bstxBwMFY2YvnUAqQiaZW1BLGMqEfQZ0WazOLAFKry38A_Mc_ZR4V-2VvHWtmi1D8udhWWHSv7ue8XhV8R8X/w400-h250/john%20doyle%20sketch%20no%20620%20another%20heavy%20blow.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span class="tm8">John Doyle, “Another Heavy Blow,” HB Sketches No. 620, 1839.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnoteix"><sup>ix</sup></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_D8zFjtC_qTB04W9y32Jrkke8hhbh7fNxkJsX9Xq4aynDvQhl33029d-Jy7DW73-ntdq-G-MXUIuX5_w-qCHZTVvTsu-U4IgZi7sVz0svrVfzJcNa2ITU-zp0gzBAZClCPRNdTD1m0poJMdY3NktdBO_uAlEu20y09qCC3mzbOceQB3eSmL9k5VG/s1030/knock%20down%20similar%20to%20aunt%20sally.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1030" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_D8zFjtC_qTB04W9y32Jrkke8hhbh7fNxkJsX9Xq4aynDvQhl33029d-Jy7DW73-ntdq-G-MXUIuX5_w-qCHZTVvTsu-U4IgZi7sVz0svrVfzJcNa2ITU-zp0gzBAZClCPRNdTD1m0poJMdY3NktdBO_uAlEu20y09qCC3mzbOceQB3eSmL9k5VG/w400-h276/knock%20down%20similar%20to%20aunt%20sally.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Every Little Boy’s Book, a Complete Cyclopaedia of In and Outdoor Games With and Without Toys</span></i><span class="tm8">, London, Routledge, Warne, and Routledge, 1864, page 118.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Unlike “throwing at cocks” and “Whipping Toms,” “cock-shy” was not generally limited to Shrove Tuesday. It was widely played at fairs and race tracks
at any time of year. And although it was generally portrayed as a low form of entertainment, that didn’t stop some members of the aristocracy from playing the game.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Lord Brougham on the Epsom Race Course. - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The Sunday Times says, “Amongst the celebrated characters we encountered on strolling along the course was Lord Brougham, with his pocket handkerchief full of knick-knacks that he had
knocked over playing at ‘cockshy.’</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Leeds Mercury</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Leeds, England), June 8, 1850, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another aristocrat, the Duke of Beaufort, helped make a later variant of “cockshy” famous.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggK1NP_mBpxc469KF2JOtE4-pesPQdX8jkyOUZ3ik6ZzQM-HSTbgsUj9yem4PWg22WhP7THYUpDazCwTLvNuRpn_acQeWdFm2I6JMYddUo0KgCC2pzYsyaFI-fSP1S--tFwxppBcbTQEzTYsNoWWsP6IkA32X_lL-1377CeNuzADGG6vwb5_ktkgoT/s1141/punch%20dec%2025%201858%20aunt%20sally%20poem%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="738" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggK1NP_mBpxc469KF2JOtE4-pesPQdX8jkyOUZ3ik6ZzQM-HSTbgsUj9yem4PWg22WhP7THYUpDazCwTLvNuRpn_acQeWdFm2I6JMYddUo0KgCC2pzYsyaFI-fSP1S--tFwxppBcbTQEzTYsNoWWsP6IkA32X_lL-1377CeNuzADGG6vwb5_ktkgoT/w259-h400/punch%20dec%2025%201858%20aunt%20sally%20poem%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="259" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Punch</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 25, 1858, page 254.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An early reference to a doll rack game (1877) described it as, “a modification of Aunt Sally.” “Aunt Sally” was a modification of “cockshy,” but instead
of knocking something off a stick, the goal was to break a clay tobacco pipe stuck in the mouth of a wooden head. The game first came came into widespread attention in the press following the arrest of an aristocrat for throwing
a stick at another race patron. </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">The Duke of Beaufort and “Aunt Sally.”</span></div>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The case of “Weatherley v. the Duke of Beaufort” (tried in the Queen’s Bench on Monday) presents features of interest and amusement to persons in the habit of frequenting
race-courses, while at the same moment the proceedings will not be without a material degree of usefulness. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The story of “Aunt Sally” is simple enough, and may be told in a few sentences. Last Brighton races his Grace the Duke of Beaufort was beguiling himself with a game which enjoys
much popularity with the race-going multitude. The pastime of “Aunt Sally” is played in this wise: - A wooden head, similar to a barber’s block, is stuck on a thin crowbar about four feet high, and at that
portion of the face of the block which should be adorned by the nasal organ there is a small hole. “Nature hates a vacuum,” and to obviate the vacuity in the head of the doll, the spirited proprietor of “Aunt
Sally” inserts the bowl end of a pipe, and emulous persons desirous of breaking “Aunt Sally’s” extempore nose are permitted to have so many “shies” at a certain distance for a stated charge.
On every occasion on which the imaginary nose of “Aunt Sally” is broken by the player he is rewarded by a shilling from the pocket of the proprietor of the amusing device.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Trewman’s Exeter Flying Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, December 16, 1858, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Duke was arrested at the race for throwing sticks at a man whose horse bumped into the Duke while he was playing “Aunt Sally.” The Duke was reportedly a crack shot with
the sticks, and injured the man. The victim of the hurling was also arrested for cursing at the Duke. They were both found guilty, the victim receiving a small fine for cursing, and the Duke a large fine for injuring Mr.
Weatherley.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was sufficiently established by the mid-1860s to merit inclusion in a book of children’s games.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm17"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXrNrSA6WW16_ER8inCdh3NyEBpoYVwpc7qbDGT-DM9BC0VJJpevrYV9MpEgKYw4jy_3cUf3oQIq5qefcJ7E6sKchrhRozkt6f63aNl_d7W9F9i1-NBbewk1SU3nZ0twmgOtLJmp1Kjor2c_VOTgU2vNtQQ8ZvKiQWZRNAlRGpwPA-RHx9zXmCPMov/s629/aunt%20sally%20game%20described.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="486" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXrNrSA6WW16_ER8inCdh3NyEBpoYVwpc7qbDGT-DM9BC0VJJpevrYV9MpEgKYw4jy_3cUf3oQIq5qefcJ7E6sKchrhRozkt6f63aNl_d7W9F9i1-NBbewk1SU3nZ0twmgOtLJmp1Kjor2c_VOTgU2vNtQQ8ZvKiQWZRNAlRGpwPA-RHx9zXmCPMov/s320/aunt%20sally%20game%20described.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">AUNT SALLY.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This amusing game is of a very simple character, consisting essentially in throwing at a small object. Aunt Sally herself is composed of a head and bust cut out of a solid block of wood,
and generally carved with negro features, and painted black. In the middle of her nose, or between her lips, a hole is bored, into which is stuck a short pipe. To break it is the object of the game. An iron rod serves to
support the wooden figure at a proper elevation from the ground; and when in gala costume, Aunt Sally is usually arrayed in a mob cap and a petticoat. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Every Little Boy’s Book, a Complete Cyclopaedia of In and Outdoor Games With and Without Toys</span></i><span class="tm8">, London, Routledge, Warne, and Routledge, 1864, page 118.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The rules set out in some descriptions of the game make it even more difficult, with players trying to break the pipe without hitting the head.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Who or what is “Aunt Sally?” A black doll or lay figure, white pipe in mouth, with whom a game, much in vogue at county fairs and country races in England, is played. The sport
consists in throwing sticks, some eighteen inches long and two thick, at “Aunt Sally’s” pipe, which, according to the Duke of Beaufort, is supposed, by what figure or rhetoric we are not informed, to be the
old lady’s nose. The effort of the player is to knock the pipe out of “Aunt Sally’s” mouth without touching her.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The New York Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, January 6, 1859, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally” may refer to the heroine of a song lyric performed by American blackface minstrel shows on the English stage.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Ethiopian Serenaders are not really and truly genuine black men, but only gentlemen in black - that is to say, they smear their faces with dirt, wear woollen wigs, and talk the gibberish,
we presume, of the unfortunate negro class in the American states. The titles of some of the pieces executed by these imitation blacks, “Come, darkies, sing,” “The old jawbone,” <span style="color: red;">“My old aunt
Sally,”</span> &c., are sufficiently significant of the character.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Birmingham Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Birmingham, England), April 18, 1846, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally” may have become a stock character, in the same vein as “Aunt Jemima,” who had also been the character in an old minstrel song. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Take my advice, and try the strength </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Of Aunt Jemima’s plaster;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Sheepskin and beeswax</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Make this awful plaster;</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The more you try to take it off,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The more it sticks the faster.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Aunt Jemima’s Plaster,” </span><i><span class="tm9">The Punch Songster</span></i><span class="tm8">, Richmond, Virginia, Punch Office, 1864.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1890, one year after the Pearl Milling Co. introduced its “Aunt Jemima Pancake Flour,” Burns’ Oat Mills introduced a rival pancake mix, “Aunt Sally’s Pancake
Flour” (the pancake batter may have looked like the plaster in the song). Presumably, “Aunt Sally” was understood at the time to be someone similar to “Aunt Jemima.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8NnS71QLhlv9BVVJ_OJrUN-CstMXrffCCTfupSn4TGiAITAW2YFrEpS4Hlx6H0QyaoCWn3XZwnYC9Nbd3y9JeJK8yTJnPEyt8zCijLdajQxp7_YgDJCNlmPMvwbpt2LFpDq-PyIIo6_RCvmBqAeob8PPWdBzsBkwEoSeAjHTXlYZKHfvQGlXfXqyO/s666/clip_103869447.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="666" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8NnS71QLhlv9BVVJ_OJrUN-CstMXrffCCTfupSn4TGiAITAW2YFrEpS4Hlx6H0QyaoCWn3XZwnYC9Nbd3y9JeJK8yTJnPEyt8zCijLdajQxp7_YgDJCNlmPMvwbpt2LFpDq-PyIIo6_RCvmBqAeob8PPWdBzsBkwEoSeAjHTXlYZKHfvQGlXfXqyO/w400-h221/clip_103869447.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm9">The Muncie Daily Herald</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Muncie, Indiana), April 26, 1897, page 1.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span class="tm8">“Aunt Sally” may also have become a stock character on the stage. Six decades later, when a black comedian named Lew Booker played a character named “Aunt Mandy,”
his performance was referred to as “getting over Sal,” an expression perhaps derived from the “Aunt Sally” character. A few years later, however, “Getting over Sal” became a popular ragtime
tune, so perhaps this item referred to the music or dance, more than a stock character.</span></p><p><span class="tm8"> </span>
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5Lt5gpepe9Iu9HJOvTVyYQgVDFUxdexQ_506OIPC2YnMCjcPBDr_XUTk-XCvQjYnYQrgvhQjh2ISnejzANWSCEO_fIx3p-o3ZxX13WHn7o7Cs99Hj4ZtNJ_Dh2-9k8cJ5fZjw_Cl4aLRhi7J7d8Be9SzTj_g17AOYYtwiEImj0R0dnWVopxE7nLn/s1205/the%20new%20york%20age%20april%2027%201911%20page%206%20-%20lew%20booker%20getting%20over%20sal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1205" data-original-width="745" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5Lt5gpepe9Iu9HJOvTVyYQgVDFUxdexQ_506OIPC2YnMCjcPBDr_XUTk-XCvQjYnYQrgvhQjh2ISnejzANWSCEO_fIx3p-o3ZxX13WHn7o7Cs99Hj4ZtNJ_Dh2-9k8cJ5fZjw_Cl4aLRhi7J7d8Be9SzTj_g17AOYYtwiEImj0R0dnWVopxE7nLn/w248-h400/the%20new%20york%20age%20april%2027%201911%20page%206%20-%20lew%20booker%20getting%20over%20sal.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The New York Age</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 27, 1911, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p><span class="tm8">In any case, the lyrics to the old minstrel song, “My Old Aunt Sally,” even relate, to some extent, to the game play. Whereas, in the game, Aunt Sally dodgers sticks thrown
at her pipe, in the song, Aunt Sally dodges an attacking animal (bull or dog).</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I gib her a piece ob my advice, to hunt some udder lodgin,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De bull kept gwine round de stump, an Sally kept a dodgin,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">She jump a rod or two aside, you orter seen her bound it,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">If de bull ain’t broke de stump, he still is gwine round it. . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Music of the Ethiopian Serenaders, Nine Songs and a Set of Cotillions</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, E. Ferrett & Co., 1845.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An alternate version of the lyrics has Aunt Sally running around the stump to dodge a dog, instead of a bull.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZjZWt46ohw59oyP1cdBjWMcptviDhT8vzgUekEiQpZGH6W1YmYwf3XfE5Pe58zUX-EpH9gNWz9biLAmiol6FF-_HKF4FUj4Zfq067U4Pn4hnOUFu7i7CrJDFhieut9AJAnW9n8Hwc_66Gpbv8Hn-Ho6iXYZ0QgXbsd1rrWzbWAiBTA-364NLoApI/s1624/ole%20aunt%20sally%20-%20w%20dog%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1624" data-original-width="1579" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZjZWt46ohw59oyP1cdBjWMcptviDhT8vzgUekEiQpZGH6W1YmYwf3XfE5Pe58zUX-EpH9gNWz9biLAmiol6FF-_HKF4FUj4Zfq067U4Pn4hnOUFu7i7CrJDFhieut9AJAnW9n8Hwc_66Gpbv8Hn-Ho6iXYZ0QgXbsd1rrWzbWAiBTA-364NLoApI/w389-h400/ole%20aunt%20sally%20-%20w%20dog%20pic.jpg" width="389" /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">I gab her a piece ob my advice, to hunt some udder lodgin;</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">De dog kept gwine roun’ de stump, An Sal she kept a dodgin’,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">She jump’d a rod or two aside, you ought to seen her bound it,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An if de dog ain’t lost his breath, he still is runnin’ roun’ it. . . .</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Lloyd’s Song Book</span></i><span class="tm8">, London, E. Lloyd, 1847, page 42.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although most descriptions of the game refer to the wooden head placed on a rigid stick or pole, some versions of the game involved a moving, dodging head, making the gameplay more difficult,
but more similar to the lyrics of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Latest. - The newest amusement is a game called Aunt Sally and the wooden pins. Those who have been to the Derby races in England will understand this game. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A wooden figure representing a very black negro woman, with a profusion of woolly hair, a jaunty straw hat, very red lips, and a short pipe stuck in her mouth. She swings or bows on a pivot
by means of a string under her smock, which a man at ten yards distance pulls. The game is to knock the pipe out of Aunt Sally’s by throwing the wooden pins at it from a fixed distance while the man with the strings
keeps her in a bowing motion. The candidates for this honor pay a fee, of course, for the trial, and receive a prize if they succeed. The fun of the thing is that no one hits the pipe and everybody laughs and thinks he can.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Reading Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Reading, Pennsylvania), August 4, 1868, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Coincidentally, the year before the Duke of Beaufort put “Aunt Sally” in the headlines, a story told by a recently emancipated enslaved woman known may have presaged the game.
Her son had purchased her freedom out of slavery in Alabama and brought her to New York, where she was interviewed. She was known as “Aunt Sally,” and her “mistress” used to hit her on the head with
a stick.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A TALK WITH A SLAVE WOMAN. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An intelligent coloured clergyman from the West, a few weeks since, was seeking means in New York to buy his mother out of slavery in Alabama. Three hundred dollars was the price, and a number
of persons subscribed each a little, so that he soon raised the money. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">She is a tall person, though now bent a little, jet black, of about sixty years of age, with a most intelligent, expressive face, and a large benevolent pair of spectacles over her great nose.
She talks without hardly a trace of negro accent - our friend, Mr, Godkin, of the Daily News, who has just been in the South, says, with a much better accent than the Southern whites. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . “Did your mistress whip you?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Oh, yes; she’d hit me with a stick of wood on the head.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Wells Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Wells, England), April 25, 1857, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game, however, may have been a decade older, so any similarity between her story and the “Aunt Sally” game may have been mere coincidence. In an article published shortly
after the Duke of Beaufort’s run-in with the law, a writer recalled an incident, eleven years earlier, in which a man enlisted the “sympathetic appreciation” of a group of “Wigan colliers” because
he had, ”‘propelled the bludgeon’ at Aunt Sally’s pipe, knocking it out almost every time.” If the recollection is true, the game had been going on since at least 1846, the same year the “Ethiopian
Serenaders” came to England. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The original Ethiopian Serenaders . . . will have the honour of appearing for the first time in Europe on the above evening at the Hanover-square Rooms, in one of their inimitable entertainments.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Morning Post </span></i><span class="tm8">(London), January 20, 1846, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Their songs included, “Old Dan Tucker,” “Lucy Neal,” “Lucy Long,” “My Old Aunt Sally,” and “Dis Ni--ar’s Journey to New York.”<a href="#footnotex"><sup>x</sup></a><a id="footnotexback"></a>
They and other minstrel groups performed the song in Britain for several years, and it was published as sheet music. In 1849, the Queen’s Theatre, London, staged a “Black Ballet, entitled, ‘Old Aunt Sally;
or, Buffalo Girls, can’t you come out to-night?’”<a href="#footnotexi"><sup>xi</sup></a><a id="footnotexiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Early references to the “Aunt Sally” game are all from England, or refer to the game being played in England. That changed in the mid-1860s. In April of 1866, the </span><i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> described the game as played in London on Good Friday.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The streets are full, the omnibuses crowded; there are railway excursions, the Crystal Palace is thronged - forty or fifty thousand were there yesterday - and multitudes gather in the parks
and play kiss in the ring or have a shie at Old Aunt Sally . . . . Aunt Sally is a big black doll on a stick, with a pipe in her mouth, and an orange or some toy for a prize, which you win by hitting her with a stick if you
are lucky.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 16, 1866, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was available for purchase in Brooklyn by July of the same year.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PJghz3Fcp-8NujDM8yopNqzDLQUd_gVoEymDQwMrEDm_QhSLJfpDlb5bS641ys2SvBextjBNqQnhhA-tqzyueH1STg8_rIjI61dwggocIWJ6OuL5KgcfmC9dcZdN9Bnrdx_ELlY535_dbsPO-KkO06qnnvH6vdqRBEogw5Fn3ZNp-BOhRlkOkvtA/s670/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20jul%2019%201866%20page%202%20-%20ad%20for%20aunt%20sally%20new%20outdoor%20game.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="670" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PJghz3Fcp-8NujDM8yopNqzDLQUd_gVoEymDQwMrEDm_QhSLJfpDlb5bS641ys2SvBextjBNqQnhhA-tqzyueH1STg8_rIjI61dwggocIWJ6OuL5KgcfmC9dcZdN9Bnrdx_ELlY535_dbsPO-KkO06qnnvH6vdqRBEogw5Fn3ZNp-BOhRlkOkvtA/w400-h145/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20jul%2019%201866%20page%202%20-%20ad%20for%20aunt%20sally%20new%20outdoor%20game.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 19, 1866, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><span class="tm8">A couple years later, the </span><i><span class="tm9">Reading Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Reading, Pennsylvania) described the “newest amusement” from England, played with a moving head that “swings or bows on a pivot by means of a string under her smock.<a href="#footnotexii"><sup>xii</sup></a>
Descriptions of the game, and instructions on how to build an “Aunt Sally,” appeared in print in the United States on occasion over the next several decades, although it does not seem to have ever become as popular
or ubiquitous as “doll racks,” “African Dodgers” and “African Dips” would later become.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEp-ECLyiD_eA9_dgVHqVuJSC-SzY0FazNoYQbEj_jHL-7Q9IXkE-uYC2YXjjjn2K7ATbpmKNHQNuQS4K3-rbINOQTxhf_tUYVaDVKMOw8EL4v_s3t5ftuOJF-oIYqiWmxdsojgrISpMVuF2PH9kjFnM1Db_M9ks9pDS7_MFkV8XIGdKGHFavN9vy7/s821/united%20opinion%20bradford%20VT%20sep%202%201887%20page%203%20-%20aunt%20sally%20game%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="637" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEp-ECLyiD_eA9_dgVHqVuJSC-SzY0FazNoYQbEj_jHL-7Q9IXkE-uYC2YXjjjn2K7ATbpmKNHQNuQS4K3-rbINOQTxhf_tUYVaDVKMOw8EL4v_s3t5ftuOJF-oIYqiWmxdsojgrISpMVuF2PH9kjFnM1Db_M9ks9pDS7_MFkV8XIGdKGHFavN9vy7/s320/united%20opinion%20bradford%20VT%20sep%202%201887%20page%203%20-%20aunt%20sally%20game%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The United Opinion</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Bradford, Vermont), September 2, 1887, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPSNLa-MESUXgfiGFvzzkVhxXQfQrJov94THxPaOx-wCEiGv8Zx4-qDmX70X88zO0lqsXuy2kgqt2yA5MxOIW62FkzuEJYW3UQjVMl_09vIwW6EVfH6jDtnbRTGwZ7icWcO5cP122mw7fLJiKfSGMpszYNCROLF-4qGd64j8MaikDoNiI6XcesFDT/s1222/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20may%2028%201905%20part%205%20page%206%20aunt%20sally%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1222" data-original-width="873" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPSNLa-MESUXgfiGFvzzkVhxXQfQrJov94THxPaOx-wCEiGv8Zx4-qDmX70X88zO0lqsXuy2kgqt2yA5MxOIW62FkzuEJYW3UQjVMl_09vIwW6EVfH6jDtnbRTGwZ7icWcO5cP122mw7fLJiKfSGMpszYNCROLF-4qGd64j8MaikDoNiI6XcesFDT/s320/pittsburgh%20daily%20post%20may%2028%201905%20part%205%20page%206%20aunt%20sally%20pic.jpg" width="229" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Pittsburgh Daily Post</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 28, 1905, part 5, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> In some cases, the game was apparently recast as a man with a different name. <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_4zWHK2GNbJAXNbPbMPXNTLrlHoUM5ewvf2PoIvpLGYOmjf2d0fd5Myd5ghCm1VBET7oOomBfRC4QrTuv0wLxFXL6ba_ewwrKR1ZtHQrVgzm7hzb0rUsJvIIUTCaGWVeUGeCjVjYSTTle4uuj6XOItop5E-_t8DlDUxhTGIrRl4Uf5Lom7HGQkw3B/s1733/st%20nicholas%20vol%2031%20no%2011%20sep%201904%20page%20103%20-%20sambo%20aunt%20sally%20detail%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1733" data-original-width="952" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_4zWHK2GNbJAXNbPbMPXNTLrlHoUM5ewvf2PoIvpLGYOmjf2d0fd5Myd5ghCm1VBET7oOomBfRC4QrTuv0wLxFXL6ba_ewwrKR1ZtHQrVgzm7hzb0rUsJvIIUTCaGWVeUGeCjVjYSTTle4uuj6XOItop5E-_t8DlDUxhTGIrRl4Uf5Lom7HGQkw3B/w220-h400/st%20nicholas%20vol%2031%20no%2011%20sep%201904%20page%20103%20-%20sambo%20aunt%20sally%20detail%202.jpg" width="220" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“SAMBO” 5 Shots for 1 cent. Break the pipe and get a prize.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“The County Fair,” </span><i><span class="tm9">St. Nicholas</span></i><span class="tm8"> (children’s magazine), Volume 31, Number 11, September 1904, page 1003.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although it was the first game involving throwing things at a figure representing a black person, “Aunt Sally” would be eclipsed by the more popular carnival games; “Doll
Rack” (1878), “African Dodger” (by 1881) and “African Dip” (1910). The doll-rack game would become widely known as “N[-word] Baby,” and both “African Dodger” and the
“African Dip” would occasionally be referred to as “N[-word] Baby.” Those games, however, would not be the first games to be known by that name. An earlier game widely known by that name was a children’s
playground game, also referred to as “Hat Ball” or “Roly Poly.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm20">“Hat Ball” or “Roly Poly”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicCnTsASdCRzI0nYifgI76CXJqJfCZkyYjctwGcH9Bn1uUPoL27u4li2vmTtCIsuaCwcpFnlOvgrEkUQ0JE51qzNgzB8ZqbrTR4aoFPKO3HiZjyW3jWC7rjxlQJDc0wbeR21s06_bL4mPDv7gGe_hr2bOxOPZ4uqgSMnqBTURdxAPmPuql0vgFbzou/s1437/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="1437" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicCnTsASdCRzI0nYifgI76CXJqJfCZkyYjctwGcH9Bn1uUPoL27u4li2vmTtCIsuaCwcpFnlOvgrEkUQ0JE51qzNgzB8ZqbrTR4aoFPKO3HiZjyW3jWC7rjxlQJDc0wbeR21s06_bL4mPDv7gGe_hr2bOxOPZ4uqgSMnqBTURdxAPmPuql0vgFbzou/w640-h440/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">ANOTHER CHIP FROM LIFE.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“N[-word] Baby” in Ancient Rome; hitherto supposed to be the stoning of Stephen, the Martyr.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">The Yale Record</span></i><span class="tm8">, Volume 17, Number 14, May 11, 1888, page 158.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Hat Ball” and “Roly Poly” were forms of dodgeball, typically played with a baseball, although sometimes something softer, like a rubber ball or tennis ball. The
players all started at a central location. In “Hat Ball,” the central location was a group of hats, one belonging to each player; in “Roly Poly,” a group of holes in the ground, one for each player.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWUIy25WVfNY3SqgeC4iNKEQmM3BWB-p_M4KDh879rl6X9QkksJlpKmqz0rOJX8ow_3fZtvuce5Pzxvy5mXDYXEKkIFMmqa0yn4mxldGdyX2r3MWFoRl6dWfZ5iKGsoWHW0bF1d_rtWmzwXeXLkuJIaCYua-MbRmcG3_sdOKHJrracozQzxmPCo9V/s1912/hat%20ball%20illustration%20bw.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1912" data-original-width="1364" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWUIy25WVfNY3SqgeC4iNKEQmM3BWB-p_M4KDh879rl6X9QkksJlpKmqz0rOJX8ow_3fZtvuce5Pzxvy5mXDYXEKkIFMmqa0yn4mxldGdyX2r3MWFoRl6dWfZ5iKGsoWHW0bF1d_rtWmzwXeXLkuJIaCYua-MbRmcG3_sdOKHJrracozQzxmPCo9V/w285-h400/hat%20ball%20illustration%20bw.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">"'Now, look out, look out! Freddy,' said Watts, as he bent over the row of hats."</p><p>"Hat Ball," Juliana Conover, <i>The Churchman</i>, Volume 71, Number 6, February 8, 1896, page 192.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Play started with someone tossing (hat ball) or rolling (roly poly) the ball into one of the hats/holes. The person whose hat/hole the ball landed rush to retrieve the ball and threw it
at one of the other players. The other players ran away, trying to avoid being hit. The person hit with the ball received a strike against them, or, if the person throwing the ball failed to hit anyone, they would receive
a strike. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YDi28ZtLFJluy07SRdHFxQeMyNUi1Vn7W6Ig076z9DfsCLMg9WLzZvGWH1Wppyeqe_jyVGaSaVaHfp6HvMdbjhKIqq9eln25Kh59b2m9StMKR7LpstYaHdHGJ8HTh22EewiAUzXO2mvkHhmW4VZ6niiDv3DtGFAS0gCNwbpjilwcIqrBShXbZdO7/s1099/scouts%20playing%20hat%20ball.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="1099" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-YDi28ZtLFJluy07SRdHFxQeMyNUi1Vn7W6Ig076z9DfsCLMg9WLzZvGWH1Wppyeqe_jyVGaSaVaHfp6HvMdbjhKIqq9eln25Kh59b2m9StMKR7LpstYaHdHGJ8HTh22EewiAUzXO2mvkHhmW4VZ6niiDv3DtGFAS0gCNwbpjilwcIqrBShXbZdO7/w400-h326/scouts%20playing%20hat%20ball.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>Handbook for Scoutmasters, a Manual of Leadership</i>, Sixth Imprint, Boy Scouts of America, 1924, page 334.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A marker or token, for example a stone or stick, was placed in each player’s hat/hole for each strike against them in the game. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The scoring stones placed in the holes are often named “Babies.” In Austria they are similarly called </span><i><span class="tm9">Kinder</span></i><span class="tm8"> (children).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">John D. Champlin, </span><i><span class="tm9">The Young Folks’ Cyclopaedia of Games and Sports</span></i><span class="tm8">, Second Edition, Revised, New York, 1899, page 586.</span></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">When a player reached a certain number of markers in their hat/hole, they were punished by standing against a wall, and letting every other player throw the ball at them in turn.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_kzSuIjM_1WIvMC-3Rt5oL82HZ97K_tiNCVVVIt5jXACoZQAQSNkPGruHeEajWDcbW3tcPhx82ZEbk1l3LFRPdwKitFEwExyBI87jxAwj-r6HOjafWpNhMcoL4E3xVtgtdp2ZJ2Ai4oQXQkkXv3eVGDdk-cz8X89MDjl70C4jNAE5afhLlsmx3aj/s2654/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20oct%209%201910%20sock%20about%20game%20play.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2654" data-original-width="2284" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_kzSuIjM_1WIvMC-3Rt5oL82HZ97K_tiNCVVVIt5jXACoZQAQSNkPGruHeEajWDcbW3tcPhx82ZEbk1l3LFRPdwKitFEwExyBI87jxAwj-r6HOjafWpNhMcoL4E3xVtgtdp2ZJ2Ai4oQXQkkXv3eVGDdk-cz8X89MDjl70C4jNAE5afhLlsmx3aj/w344-h400/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20oct%209%201910%20sock%20about%20game%20play.jpg" width="344" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For missing a human target the unlucky hole-owner would have a ‘n[-word] baby’ - a pebble - put in the hole. The game would go on until one of the players had ten ‘n[-word]
babies’ in his hole. Then he was the real victim and the real fun would begin.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The victim was compelled to fold his arms, on a level with his head, against the brick wall of a house abutting on the lot, and his face buried in his arms. The other players, standing off
about 10 or 15 feet distant from the human target, would in turn pitch the hard rubber ball at the victim with might and main, endeavoring to give him a good soak in the back. When all the players had had a whack at the fellow
against the wall the rolling of the ball into the holes was resumed.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 9, 1910, Magazine Section, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Hat ball could be dangerous.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0-2WxzSFM7KKzvTWajytzCc2QEfFLB9mYDPw8brIfMpJW16jYxi5IDd4jHbZ14jDVNV_yq1Xyv3LU5wCKpG9uV5JGg7QMyCyI1n0I7IL4dSvnYv30rL74v7oI1YhGdXpzhTS0J_Cc3iC8C-xLZJzj5M2Yv-lhDaUEmA6vgYQmzAP6pzdUSVxFMIS/s681/allentown%20leader%20june%2020%201900%20page%206%20hat%20ball%20injury.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="681" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0-2WxzSFM7KKzvTWajytzCc2QEfFLB9mYDPw8brIfMpJW16jYxi5IDd4jHbZ14jDVNV_yq1Xyv3LU5wCKpG9uV5JGg7QMyCyI1n0I7IL4dSvnYv30rL74v7oI1YhGdXpzhTS0J_Cc3iC8C-xLZJzj5M2Yv-lhDaUEmA6vgYQmzAP6pzdUSVxFMIS/w400-h274/allentown%20leader%20june%2020%201900%20page%206%20hat%20ball%20injury.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Allentown Leader</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Allentown, Pennsylvania), June 20, 1900, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">At least one boy was killed while playing “roly poly”; not from being hit by the ball, but for reasons more closely related to </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-grim-reality-of-trolley-dodgers.html"><span class="tm8">the reason the Los Angeles Dodgers are called the “Dodgers”</span></a><a href="#footnotexiii"><sup>xiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexiiiback"></a></u><span class="tm8"> - he was run over by a trolley.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">KILLED BY THE TROLLEY.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The lad, with several playmates, . . . were playing roly-poly on Sprague avenue, in front of Ayers & Rogers’ livery stable. The ball fell in a hole and the owner of that hole had
a right to “pet” the ball at the others. Glynn and Gardner plunged across the trolley tracks, not seeing the car right upon them. Gardner then saw the danger and shouted to Glynn to look out, and Glynn stopped
and looked the wrong way.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Middletown Daily Argus</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Middletown, New York), May 5, 1898, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Unlike games sometimes known as “N[-word] Baby,” the “N[-word] Babies” in this game were not people, dolls or mannequins, but the markers or tokens used to count
the number of strikes against a player. And the people being thrown at were not necessarily black, but were their family, friends, playmates, classmates, and sometimes (“accidentally”) their teachers. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeU-iXWRtET6dpa6927gluu4uj1RBR8GI8RbPQJ_WEeaYHlC07I2t7H0K3E1HsPqBszWlT51SuGJOLv2S3nETPK9LNgQzI8-rqN_cjS8qppogpO5zsdQWErfTUj0w8R7txWiEQc2lrRP-Fl6QO93sV8hQVSZQN0z62LinDl_yWS60VDX8JLpb2rUaV/s3145/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20oct%209%201910%20soaking%20the%20schoolmaster.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2613" data-original-width="3145" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeU-iXWRtET6dpa6927gluu4uj1RBR8GI8RbPQJ_WEeaYHlC07I2t7H0K3E1HsPqBszWlT51SuGJOLv2S3nETPK9LNgQzI8-rqN_cjS8qppogpO5zsdQWErfTUj0w8R7txWiEQc2lrRP-Fl6QO93sV8hQVSZQN0z62LinDl_yWS60VDX8JLpb2rUaV/w400-h333/st%20louis%20globe%20democrat%20oct%209%201910%20soaking%20the%20schoolmaster.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The Boys Took a Mischievous Delight in ‘Accidentally’ Soaking the Schoolmaster.” </span></p><p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 9, 1910, Magazine Section, page 2. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Peaches” was again the stellar target, as he was the first one to get three “n[-word] babies.” Scout James Hafer was also represented on the “n[-word] baby”
roll of honor, he being about the second one to get three “black chiles.” . . . [T]hey make very good targets.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Birmingham News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Birmingham, Alabama), July 18, 1926, Feature Section, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Sticks and stones being generally dark in color, the name was likely a reference to a small, black baby. </span><span class="tm8">The expression, “n[-word] baby” was commonly used to refer to a black babies, as illustrated in the caption of this illustration to a macabre short story, in which a medical student steals a baby from his medical school cadaver room so he can study in his room, but is discovered when he drops it on the street.</span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguadL8-UZ6yfrd8ngemrodLuRKL6IzUt-Eis2S4G5RgHEp3Xe8tDsNSTVgDZ8bOsAMEgNDyGddZSQtxA0zgMVBcQaRSciItzymx4gpGcrARkyyDKDW-7Nbb214T1lMUSEZlp_GJZ7tV34sb79IYMxicbrEXEab25EWs9f33_A-kY7xCl1HyQwO7LAf/s1641/Louisiana%20swamp%20doctor%20stolen%20cadaver%20story%20image.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1641" data-original-width="1223" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguadL8-UZ6yfrd8ngemrodLuRKL6IzUt-Eis2S4G5RgHEp3Xe8tDsNSTVgDZ8bOsAMEgNDyGddZSQtxA0zgMVBcQaRSciItzymx4gpGcrARkyyDKDW-7Nbb214T1lMUSEZlp_GJZ7tV34sb79IYMxicbrEXEab25EWs9f33_A-kY7xCl1HyQwO7LAf/w298-h400/Louisiana%20swamp%20doctor%20stolen%20cadaver%20story%20image.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;">"Stealing a Baby," Madison Tensas, M. D., <i>The Louisiana Swamp Doctor and Other Sketches</i>, Philadelphia, T. B. Peterson & Brothers, c1881, page 137.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="tm8"></span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Black dolls, generally referred to as “N[-word] Babies,” were popular
playthings among white children at the time, frequently appearing in Christmas shopping advertisements and listed in children’s published letters to Santa. Playing off the popularity of black dolls among white children,
a “humorous” anecdote, widely reprinted in 1885 and 1886, suggested that white dolls were similarly popular among black children.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycChMKRXDrniiKQMtZQIJx-9fn55kF_WFDoFuE9CRe107qwBqii1oPafj6nrB1LwHSX6KkgHw994tWF8vth0xBq6iEPavtQgfEpieGZRy5LKLZVfUoQDmN-dOI_cWZDSNlrSKccRxoKzFeGRCV6PjxDMgkDZb8x_G4r--q8IY1fm6pq7CKOPPBWIX/s741/scranton%20tribune%20april%204%201886%20page%202%20n-baby%20image%20accompanying%20story%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="526" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiycChMKRXDrniiKQMtZQIJx-9fn55kF_WFDoFuE9CRe107qwBqii1oPafj6nrB1LwHSX6KkgHw994tWF8vth0xBq6iEPavtQgfEpieGZRy5LKLZVfUoQDmN-dOI_cWZDSNlrSKccRxoKzFeGRCV6PjxDMgkDZb8x_G4r--q8IY1fm6pq7CKOPPBWIX/w284-h400/scranton%20tribune%20april%204%201886%20page%202%20n-baby%20image%20accompanying%20story%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“I don’t think them colored chil’n got much use fur them black n[-word] doll babies nohow. N[-word] chil’n ‘beeged to have white doll babies; you hear me speakin’,
boss. I axed Lucindy what she want fur Christmus giff, an’ I say, ‘Want wun o’ them black dolls, chile?’ An’ she say, ‘No, no, mammy, dis chile don’ want no fool n[-word] baby.”
</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Scranton, Pennsylvania), April 4, 1886, page 2 (from the </span><i><span class="tm9">Mobile</span></i><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm9">Register</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Alabama)).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“N[-word] Babies” would also become a common name for baby-shaped licorice candies. Rumors persist that Twizzlers’ candy “NIBS” is a shortened form of “NI---
Babies,” but that does not seem to be the case. See my earlier post, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/05/cocoa-nibs-coffee-nibs-licorice-nibs.html"><span class="tm8">“Cocoa Nibs, Coffee Nibs, Licorice Nibs and His Royal Oriental Nibs - Racism and Licorice.”</span></a><a href="#footnotexiv"><sup>xiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexivback"></a></u></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In some places and at some times, the name of game was transferred to the players at whom the ball was being thrown. But all of those references appeared at a time after the doll-rack
version of “N[-word] Baby” had become widely known by that name, so the change in nomenclature may have been in imitation of that game.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Despite mostly being a children’s game, a version (or versions) of the game was famously played by students a Yale, where it was referred to as “Roly Poly,” “N[-word]
Baby,” or, more poetically (in Latin), </span><i><span class="tm9">Niger Infans</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An early reference to “roly poly” in a Yale publication mentioned that a teacher at nearby Bethany, Connecticut had described “graphically the rules and attractions of
roly-poly to an attentive audience.”<a href="#footnotexv"><sup>xv</sup></a><a id="footnotexvback"></a> The December 1877 issue of the Yale Record announced that, “a few fortunate Seniors got out yesterday. ‘N[-word]
baby’ and ‘foot-and-a-half’ [another ball game] again.”<a href="#footnotexvi"><sup>xvi</sup></a><a id="footnotexviback"></a> On April 3, 1879, the </span><i><span class="tm9">Yale Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8"> reported that, “Top-spinning, marbles and ‘n[-word] baby’ were resumed by the Seniors yesterday.”<a href="#footnotexvii"><sup>xvii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiback"></a>
In 1881, “According to the </span><i><span class="tm9">Yale News</span></i><span class="tm8">, ‘n[-word] </span><i><span class="tm9">babies</span></i><span class="tm8">,’ stilts and kites are the playthings of the seniors.’”<a href="#footnotexviii"><sup>xviii</sup></a><a id="footnotexviiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Senior year fails to offer the student at Yale anything that is startling, and so he goes back to his early childhood for amusement. . . . he takes off his coat and plays “n[-word] baby”
beneath the great elms of the campus from morning until dark. If “n[-word] baby” grows tiresome he plays “three cornered cat” or pitches marbles.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Meriden Daily Republican</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Meriden, Connecticut), April 1, 1895, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The traditional location of the game was in front of Durfee Hall.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">For the first time this Spring the Seniors indulged in their traditional sport of “N[-word] Baby” in front of Durfee yesterday afternoon.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Yale Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 5, 1886, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">This cartoon of “N[-word] Baby in Ancient Rome,” from the </span><i><span class="tm9">Yale Record</span></i><span class="tm8"> (1889), clearly represents Durfee Hall at Yale.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMqYzHCxE6Hh05txSI4UYbCqn4-63bUF5G3nyw8RwKBoVEmKoiqRU1K11B79wo3fxM6uqc1Nrrk5YNsFLglNEfin8995_0p4M91fxam6pCeFpuorTsFGTD8UkJj07m_sWVflvc6TPR23jzRvWg72BNfVKtEjAOwmdDYor46WE7HzLA4pSRAVpZKQq/s913/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="913" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMqYzHCxE6Hh05txSI4UYbCqn4-63bUF5G3nyw8RwKBoVEmKoiqRU1K11B79wo3fxM6uqc1Nrrk5YNsFLglNEfin8995_0p4M91fxam6pCeFpuorTsFGTD8UkJj07m_sWVflvc6TPR23jzRvWg72BNfVKtEjAOwmdDYor46WE7HzLA4pSRAVpZKQq/w400-h296/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158%20-%20Copy%20(2)%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxdomTIzR7tTmDWmNcZAfkgGxiWoyUcJoyEPYck7RX42ZCDSfvoG7KPypnbj5U-5VJIA0gdkmIPXAD_VssaX3HN2toC1iUo1RFUZD2Apwqt7Lj59Hl6NK8XWWjcYjRsFCebiFdYKJAeJ2Rnywju2wBZh_OwZae3TjuY6lv_v-_rZ66nu77MKMHARj/s417/durfee%20hall%20-%20Copy%20revised%20crop%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="393" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxdomTIzR7tTmDWmNcZAfkgGxiWoyUcJoyEPYck7RX42ZCDSfvoG7KPypnbj5U-5VJIA0gdkmIPXAD_VssaX3HN2toC1iUo1RFUZD2Apwqt7Lj59Hl6NK8XWWjcYjRsFCebiFdYKJAeJ2Rnywju2wBZh_OwZae3TjuY6lv_v-_rZ66nu77MKMHARj/w378-h400/durfee%20hall%20-%20Copy%20revised%20crop%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="378" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Durfee Hall, Yale University, around 1900.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnotexix"><sup>xix</sup></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1879, the </span><i><span class="tm9">Yale Record</span></i><span class="tm8"> featured a mock “Classical Conversation” between Horatius and Virgilius. At one point, the
dialogue turned to </span><i><span class="tm9">harpastum</span></i><span class="tm8">, an ancient Roman ball game.<a href="#footnotexx"><sup>xx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxback"></a> As the punchline of the piece, Virgilius
responds, “Our ancestors had a game which they called </span><i><span class="tm9">niger infans</span></i><span class="tm8">. Do you know the rules and philosophy of that game?”<a href="#footnotexxi"><sup>xxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1886, the New York Times reported that the faculty at Yale were cracking down on all sorts of Senior sports on campus, at least those played on campus before 4:00 PM. The accompanying
description of the game suggests it was different at that time from the game described elsewhere.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">By the new decree no student while on the campus shall indulge in “n[-word] baby,” bench tennis, marbles, or any similar game, except after 4 P. M. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“N[-word] baby” is the pastime of pastimes. It is particularly sacred to Seniors, many of whom make a scientific study of its mysteries. To play it successfully and systematically
one needs a light rubber ball - one of the tennis variety preferred - a brick wall, and a pair of particularly heavy trousers. The contestants take turns in throwing the ball at the wall, and the spot touched by the sphere
on its rebound is carefully noted. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">He whose record on the back shot is smallest then stands two or three feet from the wall and facing it. Next he makes a profound bow, keeping his knees rigid and maintaining his eccentric
attitude until the round is over. standing on a line at close range the other merry Seniors take turns in throwing the ball at the victim, selecting as a target the section most likely to be hit under the circumstances.
Each man has three shots. If he hits, well and good; if he misses he has to take his turn as a target for the man who a moment before was bowed down before the wall. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As a game “n[-word] baby” tends to develop an accurate eye, a vigorous right arm, a chastened spirit, and a delicacy about sitting down. How long it has been played at Yale nobody
seems to know, but college versifiers for years have had more or less to say about </span><i><span class="tm9">niger infans</span></i><span class="tm8">. It is one of the good old institutions, and it may be that it will flourish just as kindly as ever even if grave and dignified Seniors are forbidden to play it before 4 o’clock in the afternoon.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 21, 1886, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another account of the game at Yale, published in the New York Times a decade later, describes a version similar to the traditional game of “roly poly.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There is another game in college circles that is more or less in vogue, and which is productive of an enormous amount of fun for those who take part in it. It is known as “roly-poly,”
or by the less classical term “n[-word] baby.” This game is confined strictly to the campus, although some years ago the popular section wherein it was played more than elsewhere about Yale was in the open space
now occupied by Osborn Hall. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As many students engage in the game as there are holes made in the ground by those who participate in the lively exercises. Generally the number of holes scooped out of the ground is half
a dozen. Each hole is a few feet from the next one. Possibly the depth of each is about three inches. It is made large enough to hold conveniently a sphere about the size of a regulation baseball. A rubber ball is generally
used in the game, although there have been occasions when the hard, stone-like baseball has been put into play.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Each man is assigned to guard one of the little scooped-out spots in the ground. The man who rolls the ball has the sole purpose in view at each roll to get the ball into one of these holes.
At every roll every player is on the watch to see if the ball gets into his hole in the ground. The moment it does, he darts for it, grabs it up, and fires it at the student that makes the best target for his aim. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">In the meantime, while he is bending over to snatch the ball for the throw, the other students are scampering away in the distance with a wild yell to get out of reach of the man who throws
the ball. the student who is struck three times with the ball becomes the victim of his fellows in the game. They indulge in a lot of horse play with him for several minutes, much to the delight of scores of on-looking students.
He is led up to the side of the nearest building, and there vigorously thumped by every man who had a hand in the game. It is royal sport.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">New York Times</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 15, 1896, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was so entrenched at Yale by the mid-1890s, that plans to erect a statue of the late President of Yale on their traditional “n-word] baby” grounds caused a riot. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4DcbZt6tHjMtqkBco31DJRDI0N3F-7KZu1xMKSmgK_iiKAYMLstQwfI4tkNcmBJNmvn9JvCTCKQSdklkHjuXhkAiJlUiuXSAImRkD4CjaISZz4ydCCNq_1TI8eDal801zv8sOf3hJ6Vq9bi2_wDqZ4iIV_iXEUMMyxTdBFPpC7-r9FzQ-VpKEHkL/s903/st%20paul%20globe%20june%207%201896%20page%2016%20yale%20students%20defiant%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="903" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs4DcbZt6tHjMtqkBco31DJRDI0N3F-7KZu1xMKSmgK_iiKAYMLstQwfI4tkNcmBJNmvn9JvCTCKQSdklkHjuXhkAiJlUiuXSAImRkD4CjaISZz4ydCCNq_1TI8eDal801zv8sOf3hJ6Vq9bi2_wDqZ4iIV_iXEUMMyxTdBFPpC7-r9FzQ-VpKEHkL/s320/st%20paul%20globe%20june%207%201896%20page%2016%20yale%20students%20defiant%20headline.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">New Haven, Conn, June 6. – About 100 members of the graduating class of the academic department of Yale, Thursday, tore down the staging which had been put in position for the erection
of the statue of the late President Woolsey, of the university. After the staging had been torn down several hundred students set fire to it and danced about the blaze, in defiance of Treasurer William W. Farnam, and the
corporation, who gave orders to erect the statue in front of Durfee, on the spot where the seniors play “n[-word] baby’ and “four-cornered cat.” This ground has been sacred to the senior class, and
the outbreak Thursday was a demonstration of the feeling of the undergraduates toward the corporation for destroying one of the bits of tradition that remain of “Old Yale.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Saint Paul Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 7, 1896, page 16. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The University acceded to their demands, and a change in location was announced a few days later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQANnSVdAFkX9z2G3Qp31zPbUBO1duVblZO-q8aTzEuhGNhumgyjkeiGg-dkov8_frOYRqUyA0At958nRoelldDoNM2rGEOWxs2bP1pK1PP0To5BeeRKtE-uzAJ4hn05hPcDxXkDH_nn6nilbIZasJ79OI89w6kbA5epccC5zK2gGSP8BhE5sW2n2Y/s293/yale%20daily%20news%20june%2010%201896%20page%201%20woolsey%20statue%20plans.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="290" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQANnSVdAFkX9z2G3Qp31zPbUBO1duVblZO-q8aTzEuhGNhumgyjkeiGg-dkov8_frOYRqUyA0At958nRoelldDoNM2rGEOWxs2bP1pK1PP0To5BeeRKtE-uzAJ4hn05hPcDxXkDH_nn6nilbIZasJ79OI89w6kbA5epccC5zK2gGSP8BhE5sW2n2Y/w396-h400/yale%20daily%20news%20june%2010%201896%20page%201%20woolsey%20statue%20plans.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="tm9">Yale Daily News</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 10, 1896, page 1.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9"></span></i><span class="tm8">The statue now stands in the middle of the Old Campus Courtyard at Yale, within sight of (but not directly in front of) Durfee Hall - “Boola Boola”!!!</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm8">“Doll Racks”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The carnival game now generally known as “punks” or “knock down dolls” may have originated in Italy. The earliest reference to such a game I could find is from “Holiday
Letters, No. 3,” from the London Correspondent of The </span><i><span class="tm9">Gloucester </span></i><span class="tm8">(England)</span><i><span class="tm9"> Journal</span></i><span class="tm8">, in a description of a fair they attended in Como, Italy.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The favourite amusement was a modification of Aunt Sally.<a href="#footnotexxii"><sup>xxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiback"></a> A number of dolls were set up on a frame with shelves. Each
doll had a name, mostly of an unpleasant character, such as “Cain,” “the Turk,” “the Tartar,” and “the Devil.” Every player paid a </span><i><span class="tm9">soldo</span></i><span class="tm8"> and received three balls, which he hurled in succession at the dolls. They were so close together and the player was so close to them that it seemed impossible he should miss
them. But the dolls were rather firmly fixed, and it took a very decided blow to knock them down; the result was that most of the players missed and lost their money. Those who succeeded had their </span><i><span class="tm9">soldo</span></i><span class="tm8"> back.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Gloucester Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Gloucester, England) October 6, 1877, page 8. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Italian origin seems to be supported by the earliest mention of the game in the United States. An “expatriated Italian nobleman in Jacksonville, Fla.” ran a doll-rack game in
1878. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">How a Nobleman Makes a Living.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">An expatriated Italian nobleman in Jacksonville, Fla., fired with the hope of retrieving his confiscated fortunes, has set up a novel establishment on Bay street. He has a dozen dolls, arranged
on three tiers, and furnishes his customers with three balls for a dime. If you can knock down a doll with each ball, the Count pays you one of the dollars of our daddies. Of course the odds are greatly in his favor, and
the illustrious foreigner wears a happy expression. - Savannah News.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Buffalo Commercial </span></i><span class="tm8">(Buffalo, New York), February 18, 1878, page 2 (from the </span><i><span class="tm9">Savannah News</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Georgia).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">It is not certain that the supposed “expatriated nobleman” in Jacksonville was, in fact, the person who introduced the game to the United States. Since the game was apparently
known in Italy, it could have been introduced by any number of Italian immigrants, independently in different places. But the game appears to have been relatively unknown, novel and interesting enough, that the story of the
game in Jacksonville was reprinted in newspapers across the country, from Vermont to California, Georgia to Minnesota, and points in between.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If Jacksonville’s Italian expat deserves credit, it may be possible to identify him, or at least narrow it down to one of only a few suspects. The United States census for 1880 lists
nine people in Jacksonville who were born in Italy. Three of them lived together as lodgers in the same house, and had occupations correspond to the skills necessary to build, run and operate a carnival doll-rack game; John
Mereti (age 24) was a “showman,” Alphonso Russo (age 22) a “huxter” (presumably a huckster<a href="#footnotexxiii"><sup>xxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxiiiback"></a>), and Lepan Leoni (age 24) a “mechanic.”
One can imagine the showman running the show, the huckster bringing in the business and the mechanic building and maintaining the game. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Interestingly, other lodgers in the same house were Cuban-born “segar makers.” Although the original story describes the payoff for knocking over a doll as cash money, cigars
would later become the stereotypical prize for knocking over dolls at the fair. Were they in on the scheme as well?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Whether or not Mereti, Russo and/or Leoni were specifically responsible for introducing the doll-rack game in the United States, it does not appear to have been very well known (if at all)
until after descriptions of their game appeared in print. Later references to the game do not appear in print until a few years later, when separate articles describing something similar popped up in Illinois (1880)<a href="#footnotexxiv"><sup>xxiv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxivback"></a>,
Michigan and Colorado (1881)<a href="#footnotexxv"><sup>xxv</sup></a><a id="footnotexxvback"></a>. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">If the game was still relatively unknown in 1881, an article about a doll-rack concession in Detroit, Michigan would have spread awareness of the game to an even wider audience. Like the
article about the Italian nobleman in Jacksonville, the story out of Detroit was widely reprinted, appearing in newspapers in at least Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia and South Carolina.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Took Three Throws.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">There is always a crowd around the place on Griswold street where you can throw three balls at the doll-babies on a wooden rack and earn a cigar made of cabbage-leaves and old flypaper for
every one you hit.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Detroit Free Press</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 1, 1881, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was a common sight at Coney Island and New Jersey by the early 1880s.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“I hain’t been in New York no mor’n two days, an’ I’m goin’ back East again. The’ ain’t nothin’ to do down here but gad about at Coney
Island and spend all your money for yaller glasses, and throwin’ balls at doll babies for cigars. . . . - </span><i><span class="tm9">N. Y. Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Butte Miner</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Montana), September 13, 1882, page 1.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The difference between Long Beach [New York] and the watering places resorted to at the west of it is quickly apparent. Everything here is reposeful and quiet. There is no commingling of
sounds from discordant organs, no “peanuts 5 cents a package,” no invitations to knock down the doll and get half a dollar.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Union</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 7, 1884, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">[A] man in his shirt sleeves had four lines of wooden dolls on a frame work. He noisily harangues the crowd to induce them to spend their money with him.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Come now, knock down the babies down,” he shouts. “Three shots for five cents. You knock down one doll and you get a good cigar; you knock down two and you get two cigars;
three and you get half a dollar.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Daily Register</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Red Bank, New Jersey), September 10, 1884, page 1.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-f7o-oZS3WMZI_KBeWjeBeHN5WHDXsv2kI4lyOBaNQvAPeP-8aGRsaFiSxxffkliH4Kn1ht9iKVMDGZE7NboJi8u5KUlAgzHvdktdgd2gYE0pRv4hOHSkg0SX3epIx_CVN8xHj9DwX-4dXW0WXo6kbEZJDQnw6VCY9NfALPls0W-rEI0bZovs2EXZ/s2052/star%20gazette%20elmira%20ny%20july%2031%201939%20page%2013%20-%20reverend%20knock%20down%20baby%20dolls.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2052" data-original-width="1424" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-f7o-oZS3WMZI_KBeWjeBeHN5WHDXsv2kI4lyOBaNQvAPeP-8aGRsaFiSxxffkliH4Kn1ht9iKVMDGZE7NboJi8u5KUlAgzHvdktdgd2gYE0pRv4hOHSkg0SX3epIx_CVN8xHj9DwX-4dXW0WXo6kbEZJDQnw6VCY9NfALPls0W-rEI0bZovs2EXZ/s320/star%20gazette%20elmira%20ny%20july%2031%201939%20page%2013%20-%20reverend%20knock%20down%20baby%20dolls.jpg" width="222" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;">"The Rev. L. J. Szczepanski winds up, preparing to knock down the baby dolls at one of the "concessions." <i>Star Gazette</i> (Elmira, New York), July 31, 1939, page 13.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The 1881 article about the doll rack in Detroit reached across the pond, where it was reprinted in at least one newspaper. English readers may have been paying attention (if they hadn’t
already copied the game after the 1877 story about Como, Italy). Less than two months after the Detroit story appeared in the </span><i><span class="tm9">Derby Daily Telegraph</span></i><span class="tm8"> (October 14, 1881, page 4), a similar game, but under a new name, was the subject of a prosecution for operating an unlicensed tobacco shop in Chester, England.
A tobacconist named Peter Brown was arrested for selling cigars without a license. His defense was that he hadn’t sold them, he gave them away for free, as prizes for knocking down his dolls, which he called “Zulu
girls.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Defendant was there with a stand in which were three rows of dolls called “Zulu girls.” About six yards from the stand was a box containing cigars and three balls. Witness paid
a penny for three balls, and threw them, and knocked two dolls down, getting a cigar for each. . . . Defendant was shouting that a cigar should be given for each “girl” knocked down. . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Cheshire Observer</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Chester, England), December 3, 1881, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Like “Aunt Sally” before it, the name of the game, “Zulu girls,” was likely influenced by the recent events in English pop-culture. A troupe of Zulus, billed as
the “Friendly Zulus,” had been performing at the London Aquarium for many months, under the auspices of a promoter called the Great Farini. Among the troupe were the Zulu King, Cetewayo’s, daughters, Unomodloza
and Unozendabo, the Zulu Princesses, and an eight month old Zulu baby.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghs6RRx6Gb5zd2KmCcYT-EB7WXU70bGCn37K_DhAjTCO2BJwLFBK6RrH3QT6KqNQlv8yyWzb0WWd2PAkdszBdmBI2ep_wER4OcWpPIgzEZMPGzFcgvtT_74F7TNeaI3_wkVZ7fMB0AoHvOZJfmAWR0afLUqaEmrPqdGpO1pCySaz78DTpz5aEY-f-o/s2977/punch%20september%2027%201879%20cetawayo%20farini.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2977" data-original-width="2184" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghs6RRx6Gb5zd2KmCcYT-EB7WXU70bGCn37K_DhAjTCO2BJwLFBK6RrH3QT6KqNQlv8yyWzb0WWd2PAkdszBdmBI2ep_wER4OcWpPIgzEZMPGzFcgvtT_74F7TNeaI3_wkVZ7fMB0AoHvOZJfmAWR0afLUqaEmrPqdGpO1pCySaz78DTpz5aEY-f-o/s320/punch%20september%2027%201879%20cetawayo%20farini.jpg" width="235" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">An early doll rack in California also bore a name drawn from contemporary pop-culture. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A new game, in which a lot of dolls standing are thrown at with soft balls, is called “babies on our block.” You pay for throwing, and if you knock down enough dolls you get a
forfeit [(prize)] from the proprietor.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Fresno Weekly Republican</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 11, 1882, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Babies on our Block” was the title of a song performed by Edward Harrigan, of Harrigan & Hart, in a stage play called, the “Mulligan Guard Ball,” a sequel to
the “Mulligan Guard Picnic”<a href="#footnotexxvi"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> (Another sequel, the “Mulligan Guard Chowder” may be related to the origin of the expression, “Mulligan
Stew” - see my post, </span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/irish-stew-irish-militias-and-chowder.html"><span class="tm8">“Irish Stew, Irish Militias and Chowder Parties - a History and Etymology of ‘Mulligan Stew.’”</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.)<a href="#footnotexxvii"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> If the game had been invented in the 1990s, might someone would have called it, the “New Kids on the Block”? </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBg3lbnynqOSy16eD818mv7ZCAhpCoXgD-PZIaEv5FVoqOvoK-n5qkL10HCUcTXvRO7S7VZ82m7ZMv8h-UN4MfG-AqrwdbRxlTuD72aDJJI25gCmiSGXlrYIn16qKfJAZWPRiJjzqQBg0WRjpnuc5OXNrcp1xhDSHzTbO3WwoiOU6t44oGMChWQ3q/s894/race%20for%20the%20doll%20rack.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="894" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBg3lbnynqOSy16eD818mv7ZCAhpCoXgD-PZIaEv5FVoqOvoK-n5qkL10HCUcTXvRO7S7VZ82m7ZMv8h-UN4MfG-AqrwdbRxlTuD72aDJJI25gCmiSGXlrYIn16qKfJAZWPRiJjzqQBg0WRjpnuc5OXNrcp1xhDSHzTbO3WwoiOU6t44oGMChWQ3q/w400-h235/race%20for%20the%20doll%20rack.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Those names, however, did not stick. In the United States, early references to the game generally referred to them simply as “dolls” or “doll babies,” and later
typically as a “doll rack.” But even as early as 1880, some people referred to the game by a name that would stick with the game for decades.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The dolls were frequently referred to as “N[-word] Babies.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Second Regiment. The Fifth Annual Picnic. Such a time as there was! The galvanic battery man was there, ready to shock a whole community at the rate of five cents per shock. . . . the n[-word]-baby-and-baseball
man was on hand with his targets and seductive smile, “One baby, one cigar; two babies, two cigars; three babies, ten cigars . . . .” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 23, 1880, page 8. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Along the shores of the classic Kiswaukee a dancing hall had been erected, Fisher’s Hall it was called . . . elsewhere they were throwing at a mark, the mark a dozen n[-word] babies
with cigars for prizes to those who hit them . . . . </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">True Republican</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Sycamore, Illinois), September 4, 1880, page 1. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Frank Burrows is the boss to throw base-balls. He walked off with a fine clock from the N[-word] Baby Show, by knocking down three babies in succession. Come and try your muscle and
win a clock or a box of cigars.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Morning Astorian</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Oregon), March 5, 1882, page 3.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><span class="tm8">Despite the name, the dolls or figures used to play the game did not represent black people. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">This undated postcard, for example, apparently shows a racially diverse set of dolls.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QUsGwpGOe2ZEGdcM1P2CpZqpSk0MGHAK_Y-EhFvwUnGWAz9ST79oAnfpZOrhvBcE1L92F8lHgwyz_kKfcdUbEqFfIVq2muesXuSMsS33eUYnCVOTKYBngQW-8ryJCxyTXxwpLBk1dIbr25OBIPvT3hGwPwgVjnqPlNdih6-g3a6qgWXdT2xJjxdV/s850/postcard.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="850" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QUsGwpGOe2ZEGdcM1P2CpZqpSk0MGHAK_Y-EhFvwUnGWAz9ST79oAnfpZOrhvBcE1L92F8lHgwyz_kKfcdUbEqFfIVq2muesXuSMsS33eUYnCVOTKYBngQW-8ryJCxyTXxwpLBk1dIbr25OBIPvT3hGwPwgVjnqPlNdih6-g3a6qgWXdT2xJjxdV/w400-h301/postcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"> </span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Eight years after the earliest mention of doll racks in Jacksonville, Florida, the game was a common sight at carnivals and fairs, as shown in a depiction of a typical, American State Fair
in </span><i><span class="tm9">Puck</span></i><span class="tm8"> magazine, in 1886.<a href="#footnotexxviii"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> But despite the fact that the game was already widely (although
not exclusively) known as “N[-word] Babies,” an enlarged detail from the image shows that the dolls used in the game were not necessarily black dolls. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNG_-f__YlSWlNLT53sP8Uo_AIGWgVWciuGBxyJYs_2enEwtE96-E5BN5EiLLteFkDWtdTIzPL5hky8B596KfJQuqwTTNbAse9x8tqFW4zaHcO25mSBJFfwHfm2Ef0l8tixfSUm1JRDcyrhgfuTK0KVHaflkcIL-SHcAb09fP4Jjrz7dms-_723xlz/s3858/puck%201887%20state%20fair%20-%20african%20dodgers%20and%20white%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3858" data-original-width="2677" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNG_-f__YlSWlNLT53sP8Uo_AIGWgVWciuGBxyJYs_2enEwtE96-E5BN5EiLLteFkDWtdTIzPL5hky8B596KfJQuqwTTNbAse9x8tqFW4zaHcO25mSBJFfwHfm2Ef0l8tixfSUm1JRDcyrhgfuTK0KVHaflkcIL-SHcAb09fP4Jjrz7dms-_723xlz/w278-h400/puck%201887%20state%20fair%20-%20african%20dodgers%20and%20white%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3).jpg" width="278" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXQakIzOcSLyEP5nOdt6_vD8bD6M0yzmOA8NVtCdZEVzPSB0DnHmdxfseX6BVPjidzSkYZXbrrzoNutKZDWyE3Y3IC5Xc0O6wKvGKWEojHlKy5cdRScBZq63duPjglVcN1dOL6gQtpVYj4V7j1244-eldXafWB8VSNUuVGgUmpMJSDNc7gzqWQDsm/s786/puck%201887%20state%20fair%20-%20african%20dodgers%20and%20white%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3)%20detail%20closer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="570" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXQakIzOcSLyEP5nOdt6_vD8bD6M0yzmOA8NVtCdZEVzPSB0DnHmdxfseX6BVPjidzSkYZXbrrzoNutKZDWyE3Y3IC5Xc0O6wKvGKWEojHlKy5cdRScBZq63duPjglVcN1dOL6gQtpVYj4V7j1244-eldXafWB8VSNUuVGgUmpMJSDNc7gzqWQDsm/s320/puck%201887%20state%20fair%20-%20african%20dodgers%20and%20white%20doll%20rack%20-%20Copy%20(3)%20detail%20closer.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm17"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ1fItnko2KqAmbhyvbzpgJ8zYNwosc264n31k3re3xJpC8nkJNL1w3-tRbLUXRku96CpZ7TWLWLmLehRtL4YUJbDP8qYkP_QrXmIHSoHnCCNOMfXnTEJV_fRj7CQzWQazl-Ve7T9FVHqkGJ7ffzZw3gmEqGA25lj-vd_a7ODHHTSyxeHiAsyitZz6/s1011/st%20nicholas%20vol%2031%20no%2011%20sep%201904%20page%20105%20doll%20rack.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="874" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ1fItnko2KqAmbhyvbzpgJ8zYNwosc264n31k3re3xJpC8nkJNL1w3-tRbLUXRku96CpZ7TWLWLmLehRtL4YUJbDP8qYkP_QrXmIHSoHnCCNOMfXnTEJV_fRj7CQzWQazl-Ve7T9FVHqkGJ7ffzZw3gmEqGA25lj-vd_a7ODHHTSyxeHiAsyitZz6/s320/st%20nicholas%20vol%2031%20no%2011%20sep%201904%20page%20105%20doll%20rack.jpg" width="277" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“The County Fair,” </span><i><span class="tm9">St. Nicholas</span></i><span class="tm8"> (children’s magazine), Volume 31, Number 11, September 1904, page 1005.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Professional doll racks sold by the N. Shure Company (from at least as early as 1913 through 1936<a href="#footnotexxix"><sup>xxix</sup></a>) show only one black
face among thirty-six characters.<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin8Ku2PWvtz24i6hFeBCGdLkEzqqZoyUEyD58DQaj143oH-YkXMPWKwZLFx2nfIV5seCiTy5jDYcJ4rb3lqu5fI5h5Pz_IV8hlZRFtIzHWX-4Iar0UsjjcPa1twbLdg3yhzkWywyIFhCTZ5t5METC3hBAz9nQgAgoBpZZ8MDV_NT-F4DuBoGZyXR82/s1448/ebay%20sale%20newspaper%201913%20doll%20rack.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="994" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin8Ku2PWvtz24i6hFeBCGdLkEzqqZoyUEyD58DQaj143oH-YkXMPWKwZLFx2nfIV5seCiTy5jDYcJ4rb3lqu5fI5h5Pz_IV8hlZRFtIzHWX-4Iar0UsjjcPa1twbLdg3yhzkWywyIFhCTZ5t5METC3hBAz9nQgAgoBpZZ8MDV_NT-F4DuBoGZyXR82/w275-h400/ebay%20sale%20newspaper%201913%20doll%20rack.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">eBay item 311790611168, seller gdawg, “Great ads from a 1913 Shure publication.”</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="tm8"></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVFTfTX8Td7Yxrtbe0W31reiZivZR4cOsHYwYaaNGLKAr8dP4LEz9JLgCJdvH-BnEnS7JB08cbtVHkZRPq1CsQ5F4CR-0Z-W7xxccjgd8W1glUc_kpAtN37CBiDCvgoBgKUL4871GKZiLerxLHIqCGjloznKJXL2FSgxxD14yEMb5qWGmAfJkp4P9K/s1600/1936%20newspaper%20ad%20doll%20rack%20ebay%20sale.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1190" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVFTfTX8Td7Yxrtbe0W31reiZivZR4cOsHYwYaaNGLKAr8dP4LEz9JLgCJdvH-BnEnS7JB08cbtVHkZRPq1CsQ5F4CR-0Z-W7xxccjgd8W1glUc_kpAtN37CBiDCvgoBgKUL4871GKZiLerxLHIqCGjloznKJXL2FSgxxD14yEMb5qWGmAfJkp4P9K/w298-h400/1936%20newspaper%20ad%20doll%20rack%20ebay%20sale.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm8">eBay item 153382625966, seller gdawg, “Great ads from a 1936 Shure publication.”</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br />
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><span class="tm8"></span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The N. Shure Company was in business in Chicago selling “toys, notions, stationery, etc.”<a href="#footnotexxx"><sup>xxx</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxback"></a> from as early as
1901. By 1911, they billed themselves as a wholesale supply house for “Streetmen, Venders, Schemists, Premium Men, Novelty Dealers, Rustlers, Fair and Carnival Workers.”</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsgN1IJzP1msEL_8kww2wU6UqkN_OFhCwazMMxw-bqV8jjFETEMI9qiYBJ2B-fy7fHS047IZb2dHhsanH43cH215kDHIdpXiLPfeTD_suaFtL0VSyBqzYB3QC72BIQiyH_YFqUiBQoiyCF4CU1yrIYFMfsc-hMr9m6OwGtS4KyldGgmTzZA5ww5wS5/s684/new%20york%20clipper%20sep%2023%201911%20novelties%20carnivals.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="684" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsgN1IJzP1msEL_8kww2wU6UqkN_OFhCwazMMxw-bqV8jjFETEMI9qiYBJ2B-fy7fHS047IZb2dHhsanH43cH215kDHIdpXiLPfeTD_suaFtL0VSyBqzYB3QC72BIQiyH_YFqUiBQoiyCF4CU1yrIYFMfsc-hMr9m6OwGtS4KyldGgmTzZA5ww5wS5/w400-h196/new%20york%20clipper%20sep%2023%201911%20novelties%20carnivals.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><i><span class="tm9">New York Clipper</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 23, 1911, page 24.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p><span class="tm8">If it’s true that they were one of the leading suppliers, and these were their typical doll rack offerings, then even where the game was frequently known as “N[-word] Baby,”
people were not throwing at black doll figures, much less live human babies of any race.</span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Do-it-yourself instructions from the 1920s suggest having doll rack figures “with names of local celebrities painted under them on the rack, the audience will howl with delight, and
will clamor for a shot at the dolls, and ‘the prizes.’”<a href="#footnotexxxi"><sup>xxxi</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHCe_upy-xeNcaSc-VZy_unoeRirkUdWwWiTxoA1bicA1OFqSalXc6zR9m7nQQ8EJpVw4I-bm1HEvHUuwppbx6wHm2uHTlu9wkyooTjytbuCEaO698sXkYVQBnSDWLQyUOMRFi0ljfUWA0QcNthicnRtw7pU2TliQCb0EV703Ul300DcRCBZgDppac/s824/doll%20rack%20instructions%20shows%20and%20stunts.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="524" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHCe_upy-xeNcaSc-VZy_unoeRirkUdWwWiTxoA1bicA1OFqSalXc6zR9m7nQQ8EJpVw4I-bm1HEvHUuwppbx6wHm2uHTlu9wkyooTjytbuCEaO698sXkYVQBnSDWLQyUOMRFi0ljfUWA0QcNthicnRtw7pU2TliQCb0EV703Ul300DcRCBZgDppac/s320/doll%20rack%20instructions%20shows%20and%20stunts.jpg" width="203" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Paint crosspieces in white with local names in black,” </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">F. V. Degenhardt, </span><i><span class="tm9">“Shows and Stunts,” Practical Entertainment for Everyone</span></i><span class="tm8">, St. Charles, Illinois, the Universal Press, 1925, page 20.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Do-it-yourself instructions for making backyard carnival games, including a doll rack and an inanimate “dodger” game, show a variety of non-descript faces - although Hitler is
recognizable.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYcCWFvT0K1FO4EYDyDueXymo4v13JK0VYZ5WAtzr_uBZB2EEwtkMnpFeRB5co2f23scfdDVVTQFKXVKB2oG1-VED9ZqEO2NKWqHfjaGqLPf-8r767t4VOcXqf0WtQrmO1uD9tZGAu7oBGWdv7VfRsw4bNAmpTNLXN--6im2i24kDPzWFdULjiTOO/s1824/boy%20mechanic%20doll%20rack%20instructions%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1195" data-original-width="1824" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRYcCWFvT0K1FO4EYDyDueXymo4v13JK0VYZ5WAtzr_uBZB2EEwtkMnpFeRB5co2f23scfdDVVTQFKXVKB2oG1-VED9ZqEO2NKWqHfjaGqLPf-8r767t4VOcXqf0WtQrmO1uD9tZGAu7oBGWdv7VfRsw4bNAmpTNLXN--6im2i24kDPzWFdULjiTOO/w400-h263/boy%20mechanic%20doll%20rack%20instructions%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdyEnz0HCF-9u8k4TksCRqZZQryiHXnf7L1gLTu90d6o3w5TQAX3Jf8lfW9y1tfkIFcUZvREQ-Ggyv0xClOGrhEZDSs_P65eFJHVLlFEud-GbHXnvFDjt58Dj8ZIi84ROKIDwVb-GjK5JqaONYJp-78Nlot8R0diISHl3JT39iTGkrKW_D0uZkrFEW/s1824/boy%20mechanic%20doll%20rack%20instructions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="1824" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdyEnz0HCF-9u8k4TksCRqZZQryiHXnf7L1gLTu90d6o3w5TQAX3Jf8lfW9y1tfkIFcUZvREQ-Ggyv0xClOGrhEZDSs_P65eFJHVLlFEud-GbHXnvFDjt58Dj8ZIi84ROKIDwVb-GjK5JqaONYJp-78Nlot8R0diISHl3JT39iTGkrKW_D0uZkrFEW/w400-h141/boy%20mechanic%20doll%20rack%20instructions.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Mussolini suffered a similar fate, at least metaphorically, in a political cartoon depicting a different game - the “African Dodger.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0DoR-uLAvcmmfhdOryhf6m5xVRJbRg9RyS6IXxhUSDeVVVj-6NhSE_R3n1n5o9jVSEEFZGAxMsBBISRax_HPnJNNwoff-YUaKuxF6BYikttf-8TXvA8Cdz14mj7TmpXEzqhCqR74iY_BpkkS-qFknfiaR2qSLTaBXDZ4eB4WW6Lk1vkaePbjfIxpm/s1959/albequerque%20tribune%20nov%207%201935%20page%206%20african%20dodger%20political%20cartoon%20mussolini.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1959" data-original-width="1717" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0DoR-uLAvcmmfhdOryhf6m5xVRJbRg9RyS6IXxhUSDeVVVj-6NhSE_R3n1n5o9jVSEEFZGAxMsBBISRax_HPnJNNwoff-YUaKuxF6BYikttf-8TXvA8Cdz14mj7TmpXEzqhCqR74iY_BpkkS-qFknfiaR2qSLTaBXDZ4eB4WW6Lk1vkaePbjfIxpm/w350-h400/albequerque%20tribune%20nov%207%201935%20page%206%20african%20dodger%20political%20cartoon%20mussolini.jpg" width="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Albuquerque Tribune</i> (New Mexico), November 7, 1935, page 6.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm8">“Dodgers” and “Dips”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">References to “Doll Racks” (1877) appear in the historical record several years before the earliest references to “African Dodgers” (1881); and the earliest, unambiguous
reference to an “African Dodger” game as an “N[-word] Baby” that I have seen did not appear until 1910. One reference to an “African Dodger” with a sign bearing the name “Patagonian
Baby” appeared as early as 1887,<a href="#footnotexxxii"><sup>xxxii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiback"></a> although even that would have been more than seven years after the earliest reference to a doll rack as “N[-word]
Babies” (July 1880).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">As used with respect to these games, however, the name was a a misnomer. The “dodgers” and “dips” were not babies; they were grown men or adolescents who willingly
accepted the risks of the games for pay - and they were not necessarily black. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In “African Dodger,” the “dodger” stuck their head through a canvas sheet, taunted the throwers, and tried to avoid a baseball (sometimes a softer, mock-baseball)
thrown at their head. The game provided the challenge of hitting a moving target, with the added motivation provided by the smack-talk and taunting. Although “African Dodger” was, by far, the most common name
for the game, it was occasionally known as “Negro Dodger,” “Coon Dodger” or “N[-word] Dodger.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “Dodger” was generally a black man, although sometimes a white man in blackface, or simply a white person, despite the race-specific name. The earliest reference to an “African
Dodger” that I have been able to find, in fact, refers to the “dodger” in that instance as a “burnt cork artist,” a reference to the material used to blacken the face of a blackface performer.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">There is a new dodge in the African dodger line this year. In place of the burnt cork artist who heretofore has been in the habit of sticking his head through a hole made in a canvass background,
a man has substituted a monkey. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Indiana Herald</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Huntington, Indiana), September 23, 1881, page 3. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A drawing accompanying the second-earliest reference to an “African Dodger,” on the other hand, appears to depict a more authentic person of African descent.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzXLbi8fWbdYAQACTK1xPVsLgb2aFTfJ_HS_zgvX87DFtAHwPLHeXsgKP3sOPYp1i4-aonWhnuXyLq0MIb6aV7QajU9VyAaHo7EnxuunGbxsy4MWlAeyM59jH-zJlgvWJiGY8iwYh2YjqsGoiLXq7tRH9QRDajA12zfrM0m_UxRWgJGbDjau5z6X9/s2938/Johnny%20Headstrong%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2938" data-original-width="2535" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzXLbi8fWbdYAQACTK1xPVsLgb2aFTfJ_HS_zgvX87DFtAHwPLHeXsgKP3sOPYp1i4-aonWhnuXyLq0MIb6aV7QajU9VyAaHo7EnxuunGbxsy4MWlAeyM59jH-zJlgvWJiGY8iwYh2YjqsGoiLXq7tRH9QRDajA12zfrM0m_UxRWgJGbDjau5z6X9/w345-h400/Johnny%20Headstrong%202.jpg" width="345" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Johnny Headstrong’s Trip to Coney Island</span></i><span class="tm8">, New York, McLoughlin Bros., 1882 (Johnny hit a bystander, instead of the intended target).</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm8">In 1897 Boston, it was a white man named “Red” in blackface.</span><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEfRRbYJsUUtbnXmp7YzK3BHoOmZOaMjR5OV12KpQ0iC4QUrbXeLovRpa1d-8TNcsLZ-1pxdT6drpL1nV-EMrZJumptegGqf93NNh9CgcXs1CJpyWff-OK6DUdDapuEIwfcuczfYMnL9ZPs-uOXTxpYPd5CAQ-4GLRlRypn9t4P6BJ4lFCCvxqvkrV/s1467/boston%20globe%20july%206%201897%20page%207%20african%20dodger%20on%20common%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1467" data-original-width="1403" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEfRRbYJsUUtbnXmp7YzK3BHoOmZOaMjR5OV12KpQ0iC4QUrbXeLovRpa1d-8TNcsLZ-1pxdT6drpL1nV-EMrZJumptegGqf93NNh9CgcXs1CJpyWff-OK6DUdDapuEIwfcuczfYMnL9ZPs-uOXTxpYPd5CAQ-4GLRlRypn9t4P6BJ4lFCCvxqvkrV/w383-h400/boston%20globe%20july%206%201897%20page%207%20african%20dodger%20on%20common%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="383" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Then there was the painted African dodger, who didn’t look like a Tech alumnus. The man at the throwing end called him “Red.” And Red was very fly. He wore a rimless tall
hat and chewed tobacco, and he perspired black paint. He dodged and he ducked and he had the biggest audience of the day to see him do it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 6, 1897, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1934, presumably white high school students in Alexandria, Indiana played “n[-word] baby” as the “dodger” in an African Dodger game. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGhZhnkCRtJKDADmsTpuHTYOnjYfBTKaZfFICbRGC-uGuUYImxyNve5jgZlVdzuM0UY4KtjhEXkMucmigd6SkEwc7dSOz3D1bXRLS30sY8YCT_j-lWD3HgBOoq4V_byWxifLRu8ZwLuyJVumCT_TSvzauJNKvOJWiVEBkZ7Lm87Q3M4eGTAmNX6oN/s762/alexandria%20times%20tribune%20-%20indiana%20oct%2031%201934%20page%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="609" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGhZhnkCRtJKDADmsTpuHTYOnjYfBTKaZfFICbRGC-uGuUYImxyNve5jgZlVdzuM0UY4KtjhEXkMucmigd6SkEwc7dSOz3D1bXRLS30sY8YCT_j-lWD3HgBOoq4V_byWxifLRu8ZwLuyJVumCT_TSvzauJNKvOJWiVEBkZ7Lm87Q3M4eGTAmNX6oN/s320/alexandria%20times%20tribune%20-%20indiana%20oct%2031%201934%20page%201.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The “n[-word] babies will stand back of a canvas partition with only their heads exposed to the public, and as a target for the hurlers. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">The use of tennis balls will preclude any possibility of injury.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Alexandria Times-Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Alexandria, Indiana), October 31, 1934, page 1. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijqlqP-eFfSmsnl4iAzQHOf5jA8w7wPrYe6Hzdh17DHFDwAEIkcdGqOiLMqWIjf_tzTkYowj7CqFzQnEi6cfJD6kNkCNfLI_IZRg11_sal90G-jG75CBoPFH0617KrrdckeiCQQXXGoDSEgVtzbRB4REJ8HF4g08MkGVbgsIaS3hi1CyoLW9cbR-9s/s844/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20sep%2018%201902%20page%2016%20want%20ad%20white%20or%20black.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="844" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijqlqP-eFfSmsnl4iAzQHOf5jA8w7wPrYe6Hzdh17DHFDwAEIkcdGqOiLMqWIjf_tzTkYowj7CqFzQnEi6cfJD6kNkCNfLI_IZRg11_sal90G-jG75CBoPFH0617KrrdckeiCQQXXGoDSEgVtzbRB4REJ8HF4g08MkGVbgsIaS3hi1CyoLW9cbR-9s/w400-h78/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20sep%2018%201902%20page%2016%20want%20ad%20white%20or%20black.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">MAN WANTED - White or colored man to do African Dodger.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 18, 1902, page 16.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HJwlO374e42NriWM2OxqCcikUEbQztL0MvYy9q1IayKG_d7YOj6sY9K7jSkB2dFSPRhvC12IYERBC1SsHM2OE9ZJgLIXb7x-ugc5f0A07aGSFe7Hkx4zJHIs-BmbJy-oerBtjILv5r4YDiJnvYevYt6Y4sMBqCBozI4NS6gtKSyWLzPc2yB5sV3I/s868/indianapolis%20news%20june%209%201904%20page%208.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="868" height="103" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HJwlO374e42NriWM2OxqCcikUEbQztL0MvYy9q1IayKG_d7YOj6sY9K7jSkB2dFSPRhvC12IYERBC1SsHM2OE9ZJgLIXb7x-ugc5f0A07aGSFe7Hkx4zJHIs-BmbJy-oerBtjILv5r4YDiJnvYevYt6Y4sMBqCBozI4NS6gtKSyWLzPc2yB5sV3I/w400-h103/indianapolis%20news%20june%209%201904%20page%208.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">WANTED - Colored man to work in African dodger street.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Indianapolis News</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 9, 1904, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Which raises an interesting question: is it worse to have a dangerous game called “African dodgers” or to discriminate in favor of white people to fill that job?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXR4RBgBCAP0kaiqxlPT-9Qz5-7aLR1lzapxLKR1fsCHLAH2W1M0uXYaKkPYLhPiv5VtCWEKu0vlNjkjcpd3g5JECZgvxYQpWQje8c7QSNXHQzea4PBXJAbQ7SU8RYGeqonzlRFYhkprAgn1IDNKXNKmLUYPi2-Z_PXd_QZT1eh8gf2_I9_x9HjuFP/s630/St%20joseph%20gazette%20aug%2028%201910%20page%208%20white%20african%20dodger.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="630" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXR4RBgBCAP0kaiqxlPT-9Qz5-7aLR1lzapxLKR1fsCHLAH2W1M0uXYaKkPYLhPiv5VtCWEKu0vlNjkjcpd3g5JECZgvxYQpWQje8c7QSNXHQzea4PBXJAbQ7SU8RYGeqonzlRFYhkprAgn1IDNKXNKmLUYPi2-Z_PXd_QZT1eh8gf2_I9_x9HjuFP/w400-h115/St%20joseph%20gazette%20aug%2028%201910%20page%208%20white%20african%20dodger.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">WANTED - White “African dodgers” for fairs. Six weeks sure.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Joseph Gazette</span></i><span class="tm8"> (St. Joseph, Missouri), August 28, 1910, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRw5PlGaSK84UvqUwyapZU2PaPB1rm1mN_7HN14tctC-KEbNmWRdX6P0fbAAYG2oLkb_lE-Cf1r6Nazd3JV-twPXtOz5Ks7wjdB0fsDpLK4CRvBQe0TDwNXZXoGV9YrFpKs0ywscnxksoXPpHUcrnb2X_k9sWTIjPAqv32AQ6NtqVus17GwFS2NMFK/s555/spokane%20spokesman%20review%20aug%205%201922%20page%209%20want%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="555" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRw5PlGaSK84UvqUwyapZU2PaPB1rm1mN_7HN14tctC-KEbNmWRdX6P0fbAAYG2oLkb_lE-Cf1r6Nazd3JV-twPXtOz5Ks7wjdB0fsDpLK4CRvBQe0TDwNXZXoGV9YrFpKs0ywscnxksoXPpHUcrnb2X_k9sWTIjPAqv32AQ6NtqVus17GwFS2NMFK/w400-h394/spokane%20spokesman%20review%20aug%205%201922%20page%209%20want%20ad.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm8"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Wanted - African dodger; 60 cents an hour; 50-foot alley.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . . An “African dodger” is a man who is willing to place his head through a hole in a canvass wall and allow men to try to hit it with a baseball. There is no restriction as
to color in filing the order, it was stated, but negroes have been the most successful in this pursuit in the past.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Spokesman-Review </span></i><span class="tm8">(Spokane, Washington), August 5, 1922, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The game was dangerous, regardless of the race of the “Dodger.” It was dangerous for the white actor who blacked up to play an “African Dodger” at Coney Island in
1909. He had picked the wrong day to be there - it was the night the New York baseball Giants showed up, </span><i><span class="tm9">en masse</span></i><span class="tm8">, including pitchers Rube Marquard and Christy Mathewson. Someone fooled him with a curveball.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm15">Coney Island Faker Up Against Wrong Men</span></b></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">New York World: - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Found anything yet, Jack?” queried one actor of another as they met in front of the Knickerbocker.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Nothing permanent,” sighed the other. “Had a small job at Coney, but I quit it suddenly a week ago. . . . [T]he only thing that came my way was a job as an African dodger.
You stick your head through a hole in a canvass and they throw baseballs at you. I was all blacked up, so none of my friends could spot me, and it wasn’t especially hard work. The average man can’t throw anywhere
near a target, and any time a real good shot came at me I ducked in safety. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“I had been having it rather easy, and I was getting a little careless. Anyhow I never noticed a crow of husky looking guys that were buying the right to throw, and I didn’t wake
up till a ball came whizzing down the tent. It was very wide, and I only grinned, but the next instant it changed its route and hit me on the jaw. Before I got the shock of that one off my brain another swift shot got me
on the forehead. I peered out at the group, and resigned right there. Just simply beat it, that’s all. The bunch was made up of Bugs Raymond, George Wiltse, Otis Crandall, Rube Marquard and Christy Mathewson, and
each of them had bought a dollar’s worth of throws.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Ottawa Citizen</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Ottawa, Ontario), October 16, 1909, page 11.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But those risks could be minimized, to some extent, with protective equipment. The main piece of protective equipment was the large sheet in front of the dodger, which protected the rest
of the body from the balls. The head presented a smaller target, and could be moved more readily. The game was played in such a way that being hit at all was apparently very rare, and injury even more rare. Some games
even provided protective head gear, or at least demanded that their employees provide their own head protection.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFWcsfBu5P4Impzc827Dv4hItqJvHzZs3fGIcrrB0dO6btQAl6eyMznb8I8KvR3P7frIxb-36-7KfjNsBJ9eQuNWgZK1yxlJb7DSRKhgvcsgjAICXn4E0HdYDQTRvzZM2iI-UdCAxLxaalqyS1wiU0lt_g-JhOSF8dIF1wPfNg9rBsc071f8RY85a/s766/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20march%2017%201910%20page%2020.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="766" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFWcsfBu5P4Impzc827Dv4hItqJvHzZs3fGIcrrB0dO6btQAl6eyMznb8I8KvR3P7frIxb-36-7KfjNsBJ9eQuNWgZK1yxlJb7DSRKhgvcsgjAICXn4E0HdYDQTRvzZM2iI-UdCAxLxaalqyS1wiU0lt_g-JhOSF8dIF1wPfNg9rBsc071f8RY85a/w400-h134/st%20louis%20post%20dispatch%20march%2017%201910%20page%2020.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">MAN Wtd. - Colored man as African dodger for church bazar. . . . must furnish head protection.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 17, 1910, page 20.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But the game could also be dangerous for people who wore protection (although it is unclear how widespread the use of gear was).</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxI-Ca-fM9SmdbXqDmdAleRN5bO-IUfUada_avoQGYFeb3AEeAjqqgdyv7fbS1AQr0wpUIXgDnhY3Cdi5-hmACOulaaHNjr1K7MLmcgFguCAcqsLGZolSJcI0M58JfkoYnODaT3MJA3QlVw6OelbdT0tHuwEAskkyPbpbVFy-kWlTo2vRKJ4sjxN6O/s712/daily%20news%20democrat%20-%20huntington%20indiana%20aug%2024%201906%20page%203%20-%20unlucky%20hit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="712" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxI-Ca-fM9SmdbXqDmdAleRN5bO-IUfUada_avoQGYFeb3AEeAjqqgdyv7fbS1AQr0wpUIXgDnhY3Cdi5-hmACOulaaHNjr1K7MLmcgFguCAcqsLGZolSJcI0M58JfkoYnODaT3MJA3QlVw6OelbdT0tHuwEAskkyPbpbVFy-kWlTo2vRKJ4sjxN6O/w400-h134/daily%20news%20democrat%20-%20huntington%20indiana%20aug%2024%201906%20page%203%20-%20unlucky%20hit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">While using his head as a mark in a street stand at the Warren fair Wednesday Oscar Jones sixteen-year-old son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Jones, of Bluffton, was struck on the head by a base
ball and lay unconscious for a short time. The outfit is called “The African Dodger.” A canvass is suspended with a hole in the center. The man with a black face, in this case the Jones boy, with a pad on the
top of his head, sticks his head through the hole and base balls are thrown at him. If the balls come near the head is ducked and the balls strikes the pad and there is no injury done. However, the pad which Jones wore failed
to serve its purpose and his bare head received the blow.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Daily News-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Huntington, Indiana), August 24, 1906, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Another protective measure was the use, generally, of balls that may have looked like baseballs, but were softer and lighter. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The usual style of balls used for the purpose of hitting the dodger are the </span><span class="tm21">small sort of cheap balls sold at toy stores</span><span class="tm8">. This is, of course, a judicious policy on the part of the fakir, as he does not want his dodger disabled by a hard base ball. The dodger
likes it better, too. He can then allow himself to be hit occasionally “just to keep the excitement up” without special danger of being hurt.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, August 11, 1889, page 19.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The African dodger had his head sticking through a sheet: three shots for five, with a </span><span class="tm21">rubber ball</span><span class="tm8">; “now you see him, now you don’t, when you can, soak it to him.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, April 27, 1902, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Commonly the distance between the screen and the counter where the balls are sold and where the throwers stand is 25 feet, and there are really not a great many people who can at that distance
throw a ball with certainty through the hole; and the colored man is very watchful and a very alert dodger. They get him sometimes, for there may be three or four men or more throwing at the same time.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The </span><span class="tm21">balls regularly supplied are soft and cannot do serious injury</span><span class="tm8"> . . . . </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Idaho Statesman</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Boise, Idaho), September 17, 1911, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The boys amused themselves by </span><span class="tm21">pegging soft rubber balls at his head</span><span class="tm8">, which was stuck through a canvas.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Merchants Journal</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Topeka, Kansas), January 31, 1914, page 28.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Booths and shows were erected along a regular midway parade and all kinds of attractions and money getters were there to appeal to the public taste and bring in the change. There was the
“African Dodger,” who defied anybody to </span><span class="tm21">hit his dome with a tennis ball</span><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The News-Mesenger </span></i><span class="tm8">(Fremont, Ohio), June 6, 1919, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> “African Dodger” balls were even marketed as a distinct product.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX8KRHC6uv6-1uYC9bZ0kMd9tqACAxr3E8QmfQtTMOBmaOho2mra9MmCXuE6MhZyCNhh7JVCtYiPePzrCIE9LR3q84SvOsHL8NRRn2psQCv6dJzf1se7f4WvFjKkVZbN5jI4uJnSmi21NKRimHndB4FME9n3tzSsZsBJeL1cEuP4uhzk31KPhNCPm/s836/philadelphia%20inquirer%20march%2026%201922%20page%2025.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="836" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX8KRHC6uv6-1uYC9bZ0kMd9tqACAxr3E8QmfQtTMOBmaOho2mra9MmCXuE6MhZyCNhh7JVCtYiPePzrCIE9LR3q84SvOsHL8NRRn2psQCv6dJzf1se7f4WvFjKkVZbN5jI4uJnSmi21NKRimHndB4FME9n3tzSsZsBJeL1cEuP4uhzk31KPhNCPm/w400-h181/philadelphia%20inquirer%20march%2026%201922%20page%2025.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Philadelphia Inquirer</span></i><span class="tm8">, March 26, 1922, page 25.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Although want ads reassuring job seekers that it would be a “soft ball,” and job seekers looking for such reassurances, may suggest that that was always not always the case,
or at least that people may not generally have been aware that that was the case.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">A request for two African Dodgers made by a concessionaire at the Great Lakes Exposition is just one of the unusual requests submitted to the Ohio State Employment Service, records reveal.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">One of the positions was filled by a professional boxer who refused to take the job until he was assured the throwers would use a soft ball.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Daily Times</span></i><span class="tm8"> (New Philadelphia, Ohio), September 4, 1936, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4kAhQl_2BUyEzonqQWLWFqK9lh-byxQo_3j1-a6FXZYrtGzYZ0NQs4Lfh_PiRqFWNc6PZbHA0M7phvWfLgfIi6eow9m3Vh3BwnwDLDXbonXacdwcvUA659MrVJXLg2osR2j-YuuVGzyKZ_flttDFxBqn4EAVuMKWNrVOlkscyR9aclcb1kcm-hH9J/s649/miami%20herald%20oct%2019%201940%20page%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="649" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4kAhQl_2BUyEzonqQWLWFqK9lh-byxQo_3j1-a6FXZYrtGzYZ0NQs4Lfh_PiRqFWNc6PZbHA0M7phvWfLgfIi6eow9m3Vh3BwnwDLDXbonXacdwcvUA659MrVJXLg2osR2j-YuuVGzyKZ_flttDFxBqn4EAVuMKWNrVOlkscyR9aclcb1kcm-hH9J/w400-h156/miami%20herald%20oct%2019%201940%20page%2017.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">COLORED. experienced African ball dodger (soft ball), one evening’s work. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Miami Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, October 19, 1940, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Despite the apparent dangers, and perhaps because of the several safety precautions, there was apparently no shortage of people signing up to become “African Dodgers.” They
remained a common part of carnivals, fairs and amusement parks like Coney Island for decades. But that’s not to say there were never complaints. In 1914, for example, the “African Dodgers” of Coney Island
threatened to go on strike for better pay.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8edHUAIVs-6J5pvme8rA8NVHYqmBpOFuChz2DFdUHX6jX61wrqqqbkdrw8Yvsc5OMsU2WSTsVBU1AlJupBkgX30qNSTUR3NOdoJGRxKY4rLz5_n8zunVNJpJXfsYe752Sy1ZsMWL9aHyRXmYFcOh9FxCp_GeTyrCv3As5Qrk3hKf5pc1bTcDvXfGA/s619/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20june%208%201914%20page%201%20-%20african%20dodgers%20kick.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="619" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8edHUAIVs-6J5pvme8rA8NVHYqmBpOFuChz2DFdUHX6jX61wrqqqbkdrw8Yvsc5OMsU2WSTsVBU1AlJupBkgX30qNSTUR3NOdoJGRxKY4rLz5_n8zunVNJpJXfsYe752Sy1ZsMWL9aHyRXmYFcOh9FxCp_GeTyrCv3As5Qrk3hKf5pc1bTcDvXfGA/w400-h140/brooklyn%20daily%20eagle%20june%208%201914%20page%201%20-%20african%20dodgers%20kick.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">That “the visitors to Coney Island are becoming far too accurate for comfort and small salaries,” is the claim of the African ball dodgers in the various resorts, and accordingly
they are talking of combining and going on strike for a salary of $30 per week.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Our heads are sore,” said one dusky dodger, reflectively patting the top of his cranium, “with all these ball players coming down here and whacking us. We want $30 per
instead of $12. The bosses can afford it.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></i><span class="tm8">, June 8, 1914, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">By way of comparison, a woman working in a box factory could earn $8 a week in 1914, the Ford Motor Company announced that year it would pay a minimum wage of $5 per day ($30 a week, with
a six day workweek), and in London, England that year, workers demanded a minimum wage equivalent to $7.50 per week. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">So even $12 they earned, to say nothing of the $30 per week they requested, would have been decent pay for what may seem like unskilled labor. But there were skills involved. Aside from the obvious, speed, quickness
and alertness, chief among the required skills were practical psychology and diplomatic smack-talking.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">An African dodger must have a quick eye and ability to dodge; must be able, at a glance, to size up an audience and utter such taunts and jests as will tend to irritate a customer so that
he will spend more money in his desire to “get even” with the dodger and hit him “a good one” so as to remove the smile, and still he must be diplomatic enough not to anger the customer to the extent
that he will not “play any more.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm8">, November 27, 1915, page 10. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “African Dodger” game was so dangerous that it came under scrutiny by legislatures. But when the New York legislature initially looked into banning it, they reportedly abandoned
their plans because no one could point to any particular instance in which an “African Dodger” had been injured.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">The African Dodger is Preserved</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The State Senate has decided not to kill off that fine old pastime, popular at Coney Island and country fairs, which consists in throwing baseballs at the head of an African.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Somebody at Albany seems to have waked up to the idea that this temporary open season never had resulted in an increased mortality among our colored fellow citizens. No records were produced
to show that a skull had been cracked or could be.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">As a matter of fact, hitting the head is just about as good a gamble as locating a wandering pea under the shellman’s little walnut husks. You take a chance, and the other fellow takes
the money.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Binghamton Press</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Binghamton, New York), March 15, 1915, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">They apparently did eventually ban the game, however, and other states followed. Later that same year, Massachusetts prepared legislation based on New York’s law.<a href="#footnotexxxiii"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a><a id="footnotexxxiiiback"></a>
But drafting legislation to accomplish its intended purpose, without creating unintended consequences, is a difficult proposition. Would it make criminals out of baseball players?</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm15">NOT AFRICAN DODGERS</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm15">Baseball Players Opposed to Bill They Say Would Make Them Criminals</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Boston, Jan. 27 - Friends of baseball today opposed before a legislative committee a bill which they asserted would make players criminals in this state. The measure, intended to prohibit
“African dodging,” provides that any person, who for hire or in a public place, invites any person or persons to throw, release or shoot a ball at his head, shall be fined not more than $100, or imprisoned for
not more than one year. Those opposed to the bill argued that it would make baseball batsmen or catchers technical criminals.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Lewiston Daily Sun</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Lewiston, Maine), January 28, 1916, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">And the technical application of the law did take the innocent fun out of at least church bazaar.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm15">AFRICAN-DODGER GAME DECLARED HARMLESS</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm15"></span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm14" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="tm15">Pastor of First Methodist Church Comments on Friday Night Incident.</span></b></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Rev. Herbert J. Burgstahler, pastor of the First Methodist Church, North Fitzhigh street, characterized the so-called African-dodger game that was closed by a policeman at the Epworth League
carnival on Friday evening at the church as an “innocent, wholesome game” and said that the suppression was due to the efforts of certain interests in Rochester that are out to “muzzle the churches.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Mr. Burgstahler said the game that received police attention offered no danger at all to the young girl who took the part of the dodger. Soft rubber balls were thrown, and the carnival was
mainly for children.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Rochester Democrat and Chronicle</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Rochester, New York), May 14, 1911, page 37.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The dangers of being an “African Dodger,” however, were real, even if rare. The dangers increased dramatically when the throwers cheated. Among the reports of injuries to “dodgers,”
a significant percentage of those reports suggest the customers cheated, switched balls, or otherwise changed the game with a specific intent to do harm, in which case the injuries were not caused by normal gameplay. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><span class="tm8">The balls regularly supplied are soft and cannot do serious injury</span><span class="tm8">; but other missiles are sometimes worked in. Occasionally some man in the crowd may throw a brickbat at the negro’s head, or may think it is funny to throw a tomato or something of that sort.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">While a dodger may sometimes get hurt, he is likely to go on through the season free from injury. One New York man in the show business who has put dodger games on the road for years had
in his employ one dodger who followed this business regularly season after season for 10 years and was never seriously injured. He made this his regular occupation. Probably half the colored men in the dodger business are
interested in the same way and the pay is good.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Idaho Statesman</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Boise, Idaho), September 17, 1911, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Before daylight, the crowds armed with torpedos made things interesting for the fakirs and many times was the African dodger struck by something which smarted more than a soft ball.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Lowell Sun</span></i><span class="tm8"> (Lowell, Massachusetts), July 5, 1894, page 1. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">“COON HITTING” PERIL</span></p>
<p class="tm14"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Subjected to a fusilade of balls thrown by a squad of local baseball players, William White, a negro, who acted as the target in a “hit the coon” show at the Hanover Fair last
Friday, was injured so seriously that he was removed to the York Hospital to-day for treatment.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Although it was played unfairly, the negro would not be downed in his own game, and he took the punishment courageously. Supplying themselves with heavy balls, the sportsmen visited the gallery
with the intention of putting the elusive “coon” out of commission.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Substituting the heavy balls for the light one which they bought from the showman, the players were enabled to throw straight and hard, and they hit the “coon” nearly every time.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Philadelphia Record</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 22, 1908, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A local baseball player surprised a “dodger” by throwing from a neighboring doll-rack game, using a real, hard baseball, instead of a softer “African Dodger” ball.
Because it was a surprise throw, from a neighboring concession, the “dodger” was injured, despite wearing protection.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “African Dodger” was doing business in a booth adjacent to the “N[-word] Baby” rack. The North Belleville base ball player sauntered along with a friend and purchased
three base balls with which to throw at the n[-word] babies.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Just as he was preparing to throw at the n[-word] babies, the African Dodger stuck his head out of the opening in the screen at the rear of his booth. The ball player decided the African’s
head was a better mark than the “N[-word] Babies” and he sent a fast straight one at Mr. African. The ball went true, but because the man who threw it was standing to one side, the missile struck beneath the large
pad worn by the African. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The man who threw the ball was taken to the central police station and later released after he told his story.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Semi-Weekly Advocate </span></i><span class="tm8">(Belleville, Illinois), June 9, 1914, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A young boy was injured playing “African dodger” at home, when his playmates used concrete.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm14" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm8">Played N[-word] Baby; Eye is Seriously Injured</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Long Beach, May 23. - The young son of Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Clayton, 737 Lime avenue, smeared his face with blacking and stuck his head through a hole in a canvas, simulating an “African
dodger” whom he had watched with interest on the Pike yesterday afternoon.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">. . . Young Clayton was struck squarely in the left eye with a piece of concrete. The missile had been delivered with great speed and the eye was badly, but not permanently, injured.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Los Angeles Herald</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 24, 1910, page 14.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “African Dip” was a progressive-era improvement over the “dodger.” Known today as the dunk tank, the only real danger was becoming wet or cold. The “dodger”
was replaced by a man shielded by protective netting and sitting on a seat suspended above a tank of water. Instead of throwing at their head, customers threw balls at a target next to the tank. If they struck the target,
the bench would collapse and the person on it would fall into the tank of water. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY7rSHQPSiL1pPAnN_c4nlfv5cU8KiRpyhBvZpLXL3zelvq_bAbsl7P0UMRNwXmHAi6twlgUELF6cKB6Q1tyocBW912dYBf3NV0-pO1h5bzpyNX6NTUtt1oVPsPDdOi9LG4GUqq3Mtpd_L_1MTVh23C_4wPqcDgN_3WL01V98sqlp4HuoUZGJ9V2Qe/s873/The%20Strand%20Magazine%20Volume%2043%201912%20-%20african%20dip%20photograph.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="593" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY7rSHQPSiL1pPAnN_c4nlfv5cU8KiRpyhBvZpLXL3zelvq_bAbsl7P0UMRNwXmHAi6twlgUELF6cKB6Q1tyocBW912dYBf3NV0-pO1h5bzpyNX6NTUtt1oVPsPDdOi9LG4GUqq3Mtpd_L_1MTVh23C_4wPqcDgN_3WL01V98sqlp4HuoUZGJ9V2Qe/w271-h400/The%20Strand%20Magazine%20Volume%2043%201912%20-%20african%20dip%20photograph.jpg" width="271" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The Strand Magazine</span></i><span class="tm8"> (London, England), Volume 43, Number 255, March 1912, page 358 (photographed on the beach, in or near Los Angeles,
California).</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In the early days of dunk tanks, continuing in the familiar tradition of the “African Dodger,” the person dunked (“dipped”) into the tank was generally black (although
sometimes it was a white person in blackface), and the ability to talk some good smack was still an import aspect of the game. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25XqUY7ibJayGsMCz9DUfiaIWRGJ8OiZN0MXbkDijtlr_JFLSafLennf_sgj3CyytkiAAWHbgC6k--9yoSrQgmeItEm5GhXIRZNGe3qIrLBB33INY8wO47F6WbZPLKNQJrI7Mdc07v3sH1834iUz85yMpGkgNFwPOWlXbpr0-44ua-fujjepK7FvH/s2223/baltimore%20sun%20september%207%201913%20page%2022%20african%20dip.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2223" data-original-width="1672" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25XqUY7ibJayGsMCz9DUfiaIWRGJ8OiZN0MXbkDijtlr_JFLSafLennf_sgj3CyytkiAAWHbgC6k--9yoSrQgmeItEm5GhXIRZNGe3qIrLBB33INY8wO47F6WbZPLKNQJrI7Mdc07v3sH1834iUz85yMpGkgNFwPOWlXbpr0-44ua-fujjepK7FvH/w301-h400/baltimore%20sun%20september%207%201913%20page%2022%20african%20dip.jpg" width="301" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Come on here, boys, have a try at knocking the n[-word] in the tank. Three balls for a nickel and a cigar to the man who knocks him in!” . . . And the n[-word], teeth chattering
and bones quaking, had to grin and invite them to “Come on boys, knock me in!”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm9">The Baltimore Sun</span></i><span class="tm8">, September 7, 1913, page 22.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgddiWjm085UPFeQaWJmJdHyUkZhE3oiZ95S2Kef8kEYpZgcHVgWsnNG4rdRTgRtbFrdnk9GlozV7asdD0u5oxHigSeDWtHJ40RtBryH7nRmb2Bl1dyWYQmuVJ2rZ5vMIgyGAuF2znN2EixDud44vySfesI2ukFPRBa3dPNs1b-bf5FGwBEsBo7aP2z/s829/chicago%20tribune%20july%2025%201915%20page%2034%20-%20african%20dip%20article%20pic.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="528" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgddiWjm085UPFeQaWJmJdHyUkZhE3oiZ95S2Kef8kEYpZgcHVgWsnNG4rdRTgRtbFrdnk9GlozV7asdD0u5oxHigSeDWtHJ40RtBryH7nRmb2Bl1dyWYQmuVJ2rZ5vMIgyGAuF2znN2EixDud44vySfesI2ukFPRBa3dPNs1b-bf5FGwBEsBo7aP2z/w255-h400/chicago%20tribune%20july%2025%201915%20page%2034%20-%20african%20dip%20article%20pic.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">"Yas, sah, cap; ah'm right here!" </p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm8">, July 25, 1915, part 5, page 6.</span><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In St. Louis, Missouri, they mixed their various carnival throwing game metaphors, referring to a dunk tank as being like a doll rack, while referring to the Washington University fraternity
brothers being dunked as “African Dodgers.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Next in success to the movies was the hybrid concession of the Lock and Chain Society. This exhibit was like the old-time “n[-word]-baby-down-one-cigar,” except that if the baseballs
struck their mark a pin was knocked from a loosely hung seat upon which one of the Lock and Chain men were seated and, with the collapse of his seat, he was precipitated into a tank of water underneath.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The sight of the collegians shivering and dripping in bathing suits and the chill breezes was irresistible to the crowd, who willingly contributed dimes to make the “African dodger”
more miserable and shrieked with merriment as this sinister purpose was accomplished.</span></p>
<p class="tm11"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm8">, May 11, 1916, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Perhaps inspired by the name of the new gaming apparatus, a black performer from California, named Jim Jonny, performed an "original number" entitled, "African Dip," in Ciudad Lineal, Madrid, Spain. </span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdab2zHRNnQPF1dKOakdEDL2SHFHP1QfdC5Bzv2NKo3EKHr2AShnQffncB01H17YVJKoUZrK9kkh4aOYUDqVn15P3BTJoEBTYxnaYiRzOAtNH0eMTh5Q0lQPXH2kE8PiCHnJn9_18BU1bpZfGPF1MX8XMc4omPwkx4YPIPETO_-ZJVgRRxzB-0xM2/s1034/Mundo%20Grafico%20volume%203%201912%20-%20African%20Dip%20-%20nickname%20of%20performer%20Jim%20Jonny%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1034" data-original-width="433" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdab2zHRNnQPF1dKOakdEDL2SHFHP1QfdC5Bzv2NKo3EKHr2AShnQffncB01H17YVJKoUZrK9kkh4aOYUDqVn15P3BTJoEBTYxnaYiRzOAtNH0eMTh5Q0lQPXH2kE8PiCHnJn9_18BU1bpZfGPF1MX8XMc4omPwkx4YPIPETO_-ZJVgRRxzB-0xM2/w168-h400/Mundo%20Grafico%20volume%203%201912%20-%20African%20Dip%20-%20nickname%20of%20performer%20Jim%20Jonny%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>Mundo Grafico</i> (Madrid), Volume 2, Number 38, July 10, 1912.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="tm8"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Some early versions of the game, however, were marketed as the “Sappho Dip,” with a woman in the hot seat, instead of a man, which promised a different kind of thrill.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ61xWWBbNlLD3dgz13aUaS2HHCt-QLeLZT6blgJzLHFhIfkyuqld-1BRSV_qHlGUTKbZua4XgjLeeomZtoVY8sIWzt6VZo09VNeZiQAyfvSwP_8n0onBU6pxCrRmHBMx6qcRp7_i6cn1mYEljtZa1VLg5OuLPEHcykgol3wkVCB_c20FHudBWTC2P/s546/San%20Bernardino%20County%20Sun%20Feb%2025%201912%20page%204%20-%20suggistive%20sappho%20dips%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="546" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ61xWWBbNlLD3dgz13aUaS2HHCt-QLeLZT6blgJzLHFhIfkyuqld-1BRSV_qHlGUTKbZua4XgjLeeomZtoVY8sIWzt6VZo09VNeZiQAyfvSwP_8n0onBU6pxCrRmHBMx6qcRp7_i6cn1mYEljtZa1VLg5OuLPEHcykgol3wkVCB_c20FHudBWTC2P/w400-h208/San%20Bernardino%20County%20Sun%20Feb%2025%201912%20page%204%20-%20suggistive%20sappho%20dips%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The “Sappho dips,” a suggestive ball throwing contrivance arranged to catch the nickels of minds perverted were closed out by the police yesterday. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm11" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The Midway violators sought to steal back during the closing hours of the show last night and the man and woman conducting the game were arrested.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><i><span class="tm9">The San Bernardino County Sun</span></i><span class="tm8">, February 25, 1912, page 4. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">For more information the early history of the “African Dodger” and “African Dip,” see my previous post, “</span><u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/dodgers-and-dips-dark-history-of-dunk.html"><span class="tm8">Dodgers and Dips - the Dark History of the Dunk Tank</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvh6lEYGfgRynCMQadjl-5tR5P6SKU6HF8Ndst-E_KSt_riSCdIjqt5TN_w0l-ksBFK5k_y5z4dkRxTSLxrjQLenT_1ZMhYXtLzUBBDeLK17TuKMnXGf7PZrFUwgNE1ewYJDOTS5Fuli07h0X91-Lnmom-2IVZTUPKCY9QD54YmJPj85Lfa1FzLq31/s1824/boy%20mechanic%20dodger%20game%20instructinos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1526" data-original-width="1824" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvh6lEYGfgRynCMQadjl-5tR5P6SKU6HF8Ndst-E_KSt_riSCdIjqt5TN_w0l-ksBFK5k_y5z4dkRxTSLxrjQLenT_1ZMhYXtLzUBBDeLK17TuKMnXGf7PZrFUwgNE1ewYJDOTS5Fuli07h0X91-Lnmom-2IVZTUPKCY9QD54YmJPj85Lfa1FzLq31/w400-h335/boy%20mechanic%20dodger%20game%20instructinos.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2xvbpkYWsW4BQaEbrfAM_rYy4z6bdi9cdTNiAxNKjLUpf5L_HueJtm0Ov0RmUje1Gu0f22mYe7PgoyTj_UJacGatjPXcSucjSePZnw9_mYgqbXM54PwC8xKmEQxiqxsVBXDF-jGAo4qPffo6s9ZQyN55WJZ45GkIXApgiLH6p9bnhziIKRobOAfua/s932/123244762_10223800829226933_7463815860368184496_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="932" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2xvbpkYWsW4BQaEbrfAM_rYy4z6bdi9cdTNiAxNKjLUpf5L_HueJtm0Ov0RmUje1Gu0f22mYe7PgoyTj_UJacGatjPXcSucjSePZnw9_mYgqbXM54PwC8xKmEQxiqxsVBXDF-jGAo4qPffo6s9ZQyN55WJZ45GkIXApgiLH6p9bnhziIKRobOAfua/w640-h412/123244762_10223800829226933_7463815860368184496_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
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<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> Update: Edited September 20, 2023, to add reference to image of clay pipes used as shooting gallery targets, in the 1933 Warner Brothers film, "Female."<br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> eBay item number 311790611168; seller gdawg; updated March 8, 2022; accessed June 3, 2022.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://msmagazine.com/2015/11/24/how-america-bought-and-sold-racism-and-why-it-still-matters/">https://msmagazine.com/2015/11/24/how-america-bought-and-sold-racism-and-why-it-still-matters/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> “Dodgers and Dips - the Dark History of the Dunk Tank,” Early Sports ‘n’ Pop-Culture History Blog, June
6, 2016. https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/dodgers-and-dips-dark-history-of-dunk.html</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> Ferris State University’s Jim Crow Museum posted an article online about the “African Dodger” game that mentions
doll racks, but only as a later replacement for the “African Dodger,” although doll racks came first, and were known as “N[-word] Babies” for several decades before the “African Dodger”
was known by that name. Their article includes a citation to an article as an example of a reference to an “African Dodger,” although it seems to clearly refer to a doll rack game. See, “The African Dodger,”
Franklin Hughes, ferris.edu <u><a href="https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2012/october.htm">https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2012/october.htm</a></u> (citing “Elks’ Jubilee Ends,”
<i><span class="tm12">The Washington Herald</span></i>, June 19, 1908, page 14 (“’n[-word] babies’ were hit with baseballs until they were unable to maintain their upright position . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal"> </p>
<p class="Normal">The fact-checking site, Snopes.com, has an article about dunk tanks and “African Dodgers” that includes at least two citations to references it characterizes as being about “African Dodgers,”
but which seem more likely to be references to doll rack games. See, “Was a Violently Racist Carnival Game Once Popular in America?” Dan MacGuill, Snopes.com, February 26, 2018, <u><a href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/racist-carnival-game/">https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/racist-carnival-game/</a></u> (citing an advertisement for a “Soldiers Reunion,” Jackson County Banner (Brownstown,
Indiana), July 7, 1948, page 2 (“Hit the ‘N[-word] Babies’”) and “Harris School Notes,” The Lake Park News (Lake Park, Iowa), November 14, 1935, page 8 (“the crowd enjoyed themselves
in visiting the various booths or trying to ring a duck’s neck in a tank of water or hit the n[-word] baby.”). The reference to “ringing a duck’s neck” is also likely a ring toss game with rubber
duckies, not public strangulation of live ducks. </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> Having found no direct evidence of human infants being used as targets, the writer for the fact-checking site, Snopes.com, asked the Jim
Crow Museum “whether toddlers were subjected to being human targets.” Had that writer been familiar with the history of doll racks and the name, “N[-word] Babies,” they may not have asked the question.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> “A Fair Game,” National Portrait Gallery. <u><a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw216821/A-Fair-Game?search=sp&sText=fair+game&firstRun=true&OConly=true&rNo=1">https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw216821/A-Fair-Game?search=sp&sText=fair+game&firstRun=true&OConly=true&rNo=1</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_The_First_Stage_of_Cruelty-_Children_Torturing_Animals_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> </span> <i><span class="tm16">The Leicestershire Mercury </span></i><span class="tm17">(Leicester, England), January 4, 1840, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteix"></a><a href="#footnoteixback"><sup>ix</sup></a> “Another Heavy Blow,” National Portrait Gallery. <u><a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw232153/Another-Heavy-Blow?set=546;Political+Sketches+by+H.B.+(vol+V)&displayNo=60&wPage=2&search=ap&rNo=129">https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw232153/Another-Heavy-Blow?set=546;Political+Sketches+by+H.B.+(vol+V)&displayNo=60&wPage=2&search=ap&rNo=129</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotex"></a><a href="#footnotexback"><sup>x</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Morning Post</span></i> (London), February 25, 1846, page 5.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexi"></a><a href="#footnotexiback"><sup>xi</sup></a> Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper (London), March 18, 1849, page 6.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiback"><sup>xii</sup></a> Reading Times (Reading, Pennsylvania), August 4, 1868, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiii"></a><a href="#footnotexiiiback"><sup>xiii</sup></a> See my earlier post, “The Grim Reality of the ‘Trolley Dodgers,’” <i><span class="tm12">Early Sports ‘n’ Pop-Culture History Blog</span></i>. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-grim-reality-of-trolley-dodgers.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-grim-reality-of-trolley-dodgers.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexiv"></a><a href="#footnotexivback"><sup>xiv</sup></a> “Cocoa Nibs, Coffee Nibs, Licorice Nibs and His Royal Oriental Nibs - Racism and Licorice,” <i><span class="tm12">Early Sports ‘n’ Pop-Culture History Blog</span></i>. <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/05/cocoa-nibs-coffee-nibs-licorice-nibs.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/05/cocoa-nibs-coffee-nibs-licorice-nibs.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexv"></a><a href="#footnotexvback"><sup>xv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Yale Record</span></i>, Volume 2, Number 32, May 6, 1874, page 392.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvi"></a><a href="#footnotexviback"><sup>xvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Yale Record</span></i>, Volume 6, Number 7, December 15, 1877, page 82.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexvii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiback"><sup>xvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Yale Daily News</span></i>, April 3, 1879, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexviii"></a><a href="#footnotexviiiback"><sup>xviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Yale Record</span></i>, Volume 9, Number 13, April 2, 1881, page 149.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexix"></a><a href="#footnotexixback"><sup>xix</sup></a> <u><a href="https://lostnewengland.com/2019/09/durfee-hall-new-haven-connecticut/">https://lostnewengland.com/2019/09/durfee-hall-new-haven-connecticut/</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexx"></a><a href="#footnotexxback"><sup>xx</sup></a> <u><a href="https://historyofsoccer.info/the-ancient-game-of-harpastum">https://historyofsoccer.info/the-ancient-game-of-harpastum</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxiback"><sup>xxi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Yale Record</span></i>, Volume 7, Number 14, April 5, 1879, page 161.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiback"><sup>xxii</sup></a> “Aunt Sally” refers to an earlier British throwing game, in which players threw sticks at clay pipes stuck in a wooden
head.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxiiiback"><sup>xxiii</sup></a> Perusing online document archives, “huckster” appears to have been the dominant spelling at the time in the United
States and England. The spelling, “huxter,” however, also appears in print with significant frequency, particularly in British publications. The occupation apparently spelled, h-u-x-t-e-r may well refer to a
“huckster.”</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxiv"></a><a href="#footnotexxivback"><sup>xxiv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Chicago Tribune</span></i>, July 23, 1880, page 8.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxv"></a><a href="#footnotexxvback"><sup>xxv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Detroit Free Press</span></i>, September 1, 1881, page 3; <i><span class="tm12">The Express</span></i> (Fort Collins, Colorado), October 13, 1881, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvi"></a><a href="#footnotexxviback"><sup>xxvi</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">New York Daily Herald</span></i>, January 14, 1879, page 3 (“The ‘Mulligan Guard Ball’
was presented in one act and seven scenes, and evoked from an immense audience screams of laughter equal to those produced by the”Mulligan Guard Picnic,” to which it is facetiously termed a sequel . . . The ‘Babies
on our Block’ and the ‘Hallway Door,’ two new songs sung by Mr. Harrigan, were well received . . . .”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxvii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiback"><sup>xxvii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Early Sports ‘n’ Pop-Culture History Blog</span></i>, “Irish Stew, Irish Militias
and Chowder Parties - a History and Etymology of ‘Mulligan Stew.’” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/irish-stew-irish-militias-and-chowder.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/06/irish-stew-irish-militias-and-chowder.html</a></u>
</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxviii"></a><a href="#footnotexxviiiback"><sup>xxviii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Puck</span></i>, Volume 20, Number 499, September 29, 1886, page 80.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxix"></a><a href="#footnotexxixback"><sup>xxix</sup></a> eBay.com, accessed June 2022. Two separate advertisements, posted by a seller ID gdawg. <u><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/311790611168?chn=ps">Item number 311790611168</a></u> lists “Great ads from a 1913 Original Paper Advertising. Shure publication. <u><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/1936-PAPER-AD-Carnival-Games-Sledge-Hammer-Striking-Machine-Ball-Doll-Rack-/153382625966">Item number 153382625966</a></u> lists “Great ads from a 1936 Shure publication.” </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxx"></a><a href="#footnotexxxback"><sup>xxx</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">Chicago Tribune,</span></i> April 28, 1901, page 23 (help wanted ad, seeking a “City Salesman - Experienced
in Toys, notions, stationery, etc., N. Shure Co., 264 E. Madison-st.”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxi"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiback"><sup>xxxi</sup></a> F. V. Degenhardt, <i><span class="tm12">“Shows and Stunts,” Practical Entertainment for Everyone</span></i>, St. Charles, Illinois, the Universal Press, 1925, page 21.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiback"><sup>xxxii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Sun</span></i> (New York), September 29, 1887, page 2.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotexxxiii"></a><a href="#footnotexxxiiiback"><sup>xxxiii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm12">The Boston Globe</span></i>, November 27, 1915, page 10.</p><p class="Normal"> </p><p class="Normal"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">For the purposes of becoming visible in search engines for appropriate searches - invisible text: </span></span> <br /></p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-76797717529872737392022-05-18T14:06:00.000-07:002024-02-06T11:54:37.626-08:00Cocoa Nibs, Coffee Nibs, Licorice Nibs and His Royal Oriental Nibs - Racism and Licorice<p>
</p><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><b><span class="tm11">NIB</span></b><span class="tm10"> . . . A very small piece or quantity of anything. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The English Dialect Dictionary</span></i><span class="tm14">, Volume 4, M-Q, London, H. Frowde, 1903.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><b><span class="tm11">NIBS</span></b><span class="tm10"> . . . An important or self-important person - usually in the phrases </span><i><span class="tm16">his nibs</span></i><span class="tm10"> or </span><i><span class="tm16">her nibs</span></i><span class="tm10"> as if a title of honor. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><i><u><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nibs"><span class="tm15">Meriam-Webster.com</span></a></u></i><span class="tm14">.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMRfUpHoUjuEE2yLDfUHU5mSIJAeLQpc4nzW837y9WcbKwPqQWoa9Dk5fwHR6PzC1sTVgawW7sd3QDKQAVeZEEndT8kVEGK-D1WbmOrVafsvArfMmeF3WkDSs586HjLDhqhhz_ZJ5dMkse0qFauOi3JFihRnTOf6rbbSmvDwop3qGcuWAHS-2V8h_Z/s1279/nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="1279" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMRfUpHoUjuEE2yLDfUHU5mSIJAeLQpc4nzW837y9WcbKwPqQWoa9Dk5fwHR6PzC1sTVgawW7sd3QDKQAVeZEEndT8kVEGK-D1WbmOrVafsvArfMmeF3WkDSs586HjLDhqhhz_ZJ5dMkse0qFauOi3JFihRnTOf6rbbSmvDwop3qGcuWAHS-2V8h_Z/w400-h151/nibs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A rumor circulating on social media platforms since at least 2015 suggests that the name of </span><i><span class="tm15">Twizzlers’</span></i><span class="tm14"> black licorice-flavored candy, “Nibs,” is a shortened form of “n[-word] babies.” This may not be true, however, as a race-neutral sense
of the word “Nib,” meaning a “very small piece or quantity of anything,” would explain the choice of the name, without resort to a speculative, racist acronym. Licorice “Nibs” are about
the same size and color as “cocoa nibs” and roasted “coffee nibs,” which were known ingredients in the candy and foot processing fields when “Nibs” took their name. Any passing similarity
to the word “n[-word] babies” may be mere coincidence.</span></p><p><span class="tm14">The rumor, even if false, is rooted in at least one fact. Small, baby-shaped licorice candies have, in fact, been offered for sale in the United States since at least the 1880s. Those
candies were frequently referred to as “n[-word] babies.” A race-neutral, alternate name, “licorice babies,” was at least as common as the problematic name by the 1900s, and became increasingly dominant
as the years passed. </span><i><span class="tm15">Twizzlers’</span></i><span class="tm14"> “Nibs,” however, are not and never have been baby-shaped, and there’s no indication that they were ever
marketed, or referred, to as “N[-word] Babies.”</span><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p><span class="tm14">Surprisingly, perhaps, if “Nibs” ever has been marketed in what might now be seen as a racially inappropriate name, it was in relation to Asians, not African-Americans. Beginning
in about 1930, “Nibs” were rebranded as “Oriental Nibs.” “Oriental,” in this case, likely alluded to the licorice root being widely harvested in the Middle East, as opposed to the Far East,
but that did not stop some people from associating them with Asia. </span></p><p><span class="tm14"> </span>
</p><span class="tm14"></span>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm17">NIBS</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">TWIZZLERS</span></i><span class="tm14"> brand </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> are manufactured by Hershey, the chocolate company, who bought out </span><i><span class="tm15">TWIZZLERS</span></i><span class="tm14">’ parent company, Y&S in the 1970s. Y&S stood for Young & Smylie, a licorice company from Brooklyn, New York, that dates back to 1845. </span></p><span class="tm14">Young & Smylie’s products included, Acme Licorice Pellets, a variety of wafers, lozenges and sticks, with many of them sold under the </span><i><span class="tm15">Y&S</span></i><span class="tm14"> brand name.</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK_aX1rFMRElDVScqWVGro8oXDLOZgI-nIVwxOM6JKbIPAX_QSEl4cfcDpUkdA91OTQqrm64O9LElZ6bUPrA6uSP950Nofl-XBClm-05FVpb-Fz-f4cSzWjaVdUrHXOCSOc1zEKP-VOLjV1mSC1tapnsDZan0_4uE8E3clEkDaDfOtuPfqKHKlqCQ_/s2938/grand%20trunk%20ry%20time%20table%201885%20young%20smylie%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2938" data-original-width="1836" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK_aX1rFMRElDVScqWVGro8oXDLOZgI-nIVwxOM6JKbIPAX_QSEl4cfcDpUkdA91OTQqrm64O9LElZ6bUPrA6uSP950Nofl-XBClm-05FVpb-Fz-f4cSzWjaVdUrHXOCSOc1zEKP-VOLjV1mSC1tapnsDZan0_4uE8E3clEkDaDfOtuPfqKHKlqCQ_/w250-h400/grand%20trunk%20ry%20time%20table%201885%20young%20smylie%20ad.jpg" width="250" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14">Young & Smylie advertisement, </span><i><span class="tm15">Grand Trunk RY Company of Canada, Official Time Table</span></i><span class="tm14">, 1885.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4rceWwshKjEpmkU7svhv7ePNJ42yN8LvBgUBEE5v1J5_QpB2QoTDYLri3W8QpuSVAZIB4A8isjCQWfhGvxIjttQRJk8grVMrlu5w75NH_ASk7vVpGhQS_Y7w6NfxT8xPd5qG7sRX7EL1cvPXFzoFO1IJEEdXpXh7KfQBZGSvOT-_aEyLf-waeqFs/s2159/corrugated%20licorice%20stick.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="2159" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4rceWwshKjEpmkU7svhv7ePNJ42yN8LvBgUBEE5v1J5_QpB2QoTDYLri3W8QpuSVAZIB4A8isjCQWfhGvxIjttQRJk8grVMrlu5w75NH_ASk7vVpGhQS_Y7w6NfxT8xPd5qG7sRX7EL1cvPXFzoFO1IJEEdXpXh7KfQBZGSvOT-_aEyLf-waeqFs/w400-h175/corrugated%20licorice%20stick.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNJ8groI3w4etDvyxZ-R7WC0MreylKVabmC5aTgomD5O9J_0Dn2Bf2kMrCN4-VLOUl6xBoeasjl5wQT5sM56dcfmyK6Wldq3I6PVS6fgtUYcwDyuneBy2bhmAw5AHO3L9yJUDbTf65uv5EMNBQ6rUXeqe6VqwUuflTQpmdR3liutq0ENKtE3DnTq3/s1500/acme%20licorice%20pellets.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNJ8groI3w4etDvyxZ-R7WC0MreylKVabmC5aTgomD5O9J_0Dn2Bf2kMrCN4-VLOUl6xBoeasjl5wQT5sM56dcfmyK6Wldq3I6PVS6fgtUYcwDyuneBy2bhmAw5AHO3L9yJUDbTf65uv5EMNBQ6rUXeqe6VqwUuflTQpmdR3liutq0ENKtE3DnTq3/w400-h300/acme%20licorice%20pellets.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">In 1902, Young & Smylie joined forces with several other licorice companies, H. W. Petherbridge, F. B. & V. P. Scudder, Stamford Manufacturing, and MacAndrews & Forbes, to form
the National Licorice Company, with Charles A. Smylie as President. National Licorice changed its name to Y&S in 1968. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-09xB6KZr7Q8LEVmLBtV45PymLvb4QiMqKGSU__WR0L4i_6oj8hERv-Z7mm9rkuCNB3eT9TrK7lpq6-o8PwqfZchQnedbK3xSL1OXfyWltvt8E2OuoVxURoM7dX8gnDGAwGD90_M8GsTNUg-YTxKjcRUqrVKw63GjvReWyyLQz9E7KsfzhTz6hDH2/s2863/y%20and%20s%20licorice%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1844" data-original-width="2863" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-09xB6KZr7Q8LEVmLBtV45PymLvb4QiMqKGSU__WR0L4i_6oj8hERv-Z7mm9rkuCNB3eT9TrK7lpq6-o8PwqfZchQnedbK3xSL1OXfyWltvt8E2OuoVxURoM7dX8gnDGAwGD90_M8GsTNUg-YTxKjcRUqrVKw63GjvReWyyLQz9E7KsfzhTz6hDH2/w400-h258/y%20and%20s%20licorice%20ad.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The National Licorice Company became entangled in anti-trust litigation, as part of the so-called “Licorice Trust.” They were also implicated in the “Tobacco Trust”
litigation, since licorice paste was one of the main ingredients in plug chewing tobacco.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhduW9vgtvJaowFsX0BfAhTTJs7ZMhL9JoejR4pafyyBfKY_33GbmlwFWuYzq_kmjN_0G0MCxL5zsD1crz7ZiKU81P6kRt8ZaqlJHCmwcxhN46uiWldiCIb6yGEIuiGWnql3PtRvNHbPVSPavp8J7qfc_spTDmq6kVYn6fvf1gYD1jWcYdp5yXY-CPQ/s920/baltimore%20sun%20july%2011%201907%20page%202%20-%20licorice%20trust.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="920" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhduW9vgtvJaowFsX0BfAhTTJs7ZMhL9JoejR4pafyyBfKY_33GbmlwFWuYzq_kmjN_0G0MCxL5zsD1crz7ZiKU81P6kRt8ZaqlJHCmwcxhN46uiWldiCIb6yGEIuiGWnql3PtRvNHbPVSPavp8J7qfc_spTDmq6kVYn6fvf1gYD1jWcYdp5yXY-CPQ/s320/baltimore%20sun%20july%2011%201907%20page%202%20-%20licorice%20trust.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Baltimore Sun</span></i><span class="tm14">, July 11, 1907, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The National Licorice Company introduced </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> brand licorice bits in 1923. <br /></span></p><p class="Normal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2PXCRMFiokBZ52vROKaJXLhQGPL3_L3AXEoUve-Xe74xgvpdy0t5bxXNBq0tcwlSIxgANMHa3kxfay_4OBY-IqExGvdQ8tpxszb9yjGvz1JY0Mub5uXWbcuoUysVROhk0Hdj8JDzzcAgbB6OEnVI82zoDO6vQxJ9CkjOfMnFtPIkE4ZlbPSf2_dk/s2286/des%20moines%20tribune%20nov%208%201923%20page%209%20-%20nationals%20licorice%20nibs%20ad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2286" data-original-width="1162" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2PXCRMFiokBZ52vROKaJXLhQGPL3_L3AXEoUve-Xe74xgvpdy0t5bxXNBq0tcwlSIxgANMHa3kxfay_4OBY-IqExGvdQ8tpxszb9yjGvz1JY0Mub5uXWbcuoUysVROhk0Hdj8JDzzcAgbB6OEnVI82zoDO6vQxJ9CkjOfMnFtPIkE4ZlbPSf2_dk/w204-h400/des%20moines%20tribune%20nov%208%201923%20page%209%20-%20nationals%20licorice%20nibs%20ad.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Des Moines Tribune</span></i><span class="tm14">, November 8, 1923, page 9.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="tm19"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14">Licorice Nibs Here.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Harry S. Hays, the licorice man, is in the city introducing a new confection called Licorice Nibs. It’s the same licorice that we all loved so much when we were youngsters and with
many of us the taste has never disappeared, only that we remember licorice as a stick and our personal vanity keeps us from buying and chewing licorice sticks. Now that objection is removed. Licorice Nibs, is simply our
old friend licorice in a new form - in small square bits - attractive to look at and attractively packaged.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i><span class="tm14">, October 29, 1923, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><span class="tm14">Licorice </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> are very small pieces of candy, which may explain why they were given a name that means, in one sense of the word
“nibs,” a “very small piece or quantity of anything.” The word was applied to “small nibs of turfy loam,”<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a> a “small nib
of lime,”<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a> “small nibs of charcoal,”<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a> or “small nibs of coal.”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a>
</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The word “nibs” had been used with a different type of licorice candy several years earlier. Significantly, with respect to the suggestion that </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> is short for “N[-word] Babies”), these earlier licorice “nibs” were apparently not black on the outside, so there would have been no particular reason
to refer to them by that name. The licorice was encased within “little tubes of crystal sugar,” perhaps like </span><i><span class="tm15">Good ‘n’ Plenty</span></i><span class="tm14"> or licorice pastels. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_QI25abTXEvVazyfkxkF8SS7aTy7ny8ypWSsuQWcCDwSvz1z4KJoYP8DkIBGHP8aMLYev-1eH5lAxHFGXRG7W5g3KFFcW8jsSMxCvca3EAUq-z7J1QEVLcFOuO0IsRVHvcODW3nKQwjYWAz7GBBbnJd1waU-rk-MXM9OTArUJp_vQOSe0kyKJ_Mg/s1420/asbury%20park%20press%20nov%2012%201915%20page%205%20-%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="1420" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_QI25abTXEvVazyfkxkF8SS7aTy7ny8ypWSsuQWcCDwSvz1z4KJoYP8DkIBGHP8aMLYev-1eH5lAxHFGXRG7W5g3KFFcW8jsSMxCvca3EAUq-z7J1QEVLcFOuO0IsRVHvcODW3nKQwjYWAz7GBBbnJd1waU-rk-MXM9OTArUJp_vQOSe0kyKJ_Mg/w400-h179/asbury%20park%20press%20nov%2012%201915%20page%205%20-%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Licorice Nibs. - Dainty little tubes of crystal sugar
and filled with delicious licorice candy. Very tasty for those who
like good licorice candy. Lb. 25c.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Asbury Park Press </span></i><span class="tm14">(Asbury Park, New Jersey), November 12, 1915, page 5.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">There were also at least two other types of “nibs” commonly used in food production. Licorice </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> are about the same size, and of a similar color (or shade), as coffee nibs and cocoa nibs, so it would not have been a stretch to apply the same name to small pieces of licorice.
</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Coffee Nibs.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Each [coffee] berry has two seeds usually called coffee beans or coffee nibs, and these are the coffee of commerce.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Webster’s Weekly </span></i><span class="tm14">(Reidsville, North Carolina), November 21, 1901, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTMiVBDJPHlVxVahHPHyjADyPcQecNbLmKS0lQ4Z6kVKrpQedCU9GvYKB6O7DuxzJxDiYAD0oP__HrCcNooax9edOl0j3-Gxfkk_ACf0tvJLVP_OtVPLcj0fcBIkA0en-IK0s3beKhIpurtIBOWI3mDkGcYi6CdYyZexODyCymZp1UkMudWHJDBdii/s1030/coffee%20nibs%20detail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="1030" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTMiVBDJPHlVxVahHPHyjADyPcQecNbLmKS0lQ4Z6kVKrpQedCU9GvYKB6O7DuxzJxDiYAD0oP__HrCcNooax9edOl0j3-Gxfkk_ACf0tvJLVP_OtVPLcj0fcBIkA0en-IK0s3beKhIpurtIBOWI3mDkGcYi6CdYyZexODyCymZp1UkMudWHJDBdii/w400-h294/coffee%20nibs%20detail.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Here the coffee nibs, or “beans,” have been shoveled into heaps, to dry in the hot sun. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Visual Educatio</span></i><span class="tm14">n, Volume 4, Number 1, January 1923, page 48.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Cocoa Nibs.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">To prepare the [cocoa] seeds for use, they are roasted, crushed, and winnowed to remove the husks. The husks are known in commerce as “shells”; the crushed seeds are called “cocoa-nibs”;
cocoa-nibs ground to a paste makes “flaked cocoa”; flaked cocoa mixed with sugar and aromatized is “chocolate.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Universal Exposition of 1889 at Paris</span></i><span class="tm14">, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, 1891, page 713.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gThP82MgNMZg-iAaDEbc5fAXGGCPWaoWnE6t4zY_sXs8WGHRJA8ZDgthIYVgB-eVpeHCuP7qZ6hiA3UP0LFpHoOPJfLa6Ye7A672jw69RV1MzwFUeGzSFuaVrpkpPEF5nss5J0-IU1QJy5cwlQGW7QHtjos72HdwrYVUpnWzWK4A44-AIpQiLOHR/s1427/uc1.31822042770255-seq_13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1174" data-original-width="1427" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gThP82MgNMZg-iAaDEbc5fAXGGCPWaoWnE6t4zY_sXs8WGHRJA8ZDgthIYVgB-eVpeHCuP7qZ6hiA3UP0LFpHoOPJfLa6Ye7A672jw69RV1MzwFUeGzSFuaVrpkpPEF5nss5J0-IU1QJy5cwlQGW7QHtjos72HdwrYVUpnWzWK4A44-AIpQiLOHR/w400-h329/uc1.31822042770255-seq_13.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUoaa6z5fRm0XJSihNOk5LrtHF2AHXeIkzZ429rwtF-3qPUeHbBUYWFHjb2rATxU__FBFghKrmpthxxe24M1Uk2Exo248MAKg5A_smALlrX5x9iFCSNlCTmfPGwlEpzW81xjJsCfUj9C6FNvUKRJxJ4-XfIh1WQaIhiK6qi2ESDf9zdVwyUnQOq_v/s1409/uc1.31822042770255-seq_21.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1169" data-original-width="1409" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUoaa6z5fRm0XJSihNOk5LrtHF2AHXeIkzZ429rwtF-3qPUeHbBUYWFHjb2rATxU__FBFghKrmpthxxe24M1Uk2Exo248MAKg5A_smALlrX5x9iFCSNlCTmfPGwlEpzW81xjJsCfUj9C6FNvUKRJxJ4-XfIh1WQaIhiK6qi2ESDf9zdVwyUnQOq_v/w400-h331/uc1.31822042770255-seq_21.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtBfFxvuB0G-lkRAjMXIWsE_LOIX2iirymiGeqDGY_muVecb59KT4VI4ZylL7QzKdhZsvCAkqKY6RGWRotVW2bgF4cGZr5vvMMcx8kIBk86PJoV0XXMcZk1mnr2HWAqBGVznjSweV3dpsTaK5kCGhbuUWOV4x9gTuqJNQtJN6Crb5yH6lHeMk52iJ/s1415/uc1.31822042770255-seq_22.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1186" data-original-width="1415" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtBfFxvuB0G-lkRAjMXIWsE_LOIX2iirymiGeqDGY_muVecb59KT4VI4ZylL7QzKdhZsvCAkqKY6RGWRotVW2bgF4cGZr5vvMMcx8kIBk86PJoV0XXMcZk1mnr2HWAqBGVznjSweV3dpsTaK5kCGhbuUWOV4x9gTuqJNQtJN6Crb5yH6lHeMk52iJ/w400-h335/uc1.31822042770255-seq_22.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Story of Chocolate and Cocoa</span></i><span class="tm14">, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Hershey Chocolate Corporation, 1926, pages 11, 19, 20.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The expression, “Cocoa Nibs,” was even used in a marketing campaign for cocoa in England. In the 1910s and ’20s, Rowntree’s (who would later develop the “Kit-Kat”
bar), marketed its “Elect Cocoa” with mascots known as the “Cocoa Nibs.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuq1SZzsElDOFY8rcYGUSEiRPmGB2McKzm_PuPnCeKKy-1NON42jNDw_4uAiHkD4C7sWehvs6xBarGtBm9g2WQ9VrNMtYODHuOERbCmQEcgMvpdpWAwYRs9MVPQiDCwP39Zf-VtJcv_UwqE62_PGgVFktTiHK5YITV_5nPowllGA3Cj5lOwfArF2sh/s1467/chi.78231760-seq_235%20detail.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1467" data-original-width="969" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuq1SZzsElDOFY8rcYGUSEiRPmGB2McKzm_PuPnCeKKy-1NON42jNDw_4uAiHkD4C7sWehvs6xBarGtBm9g2WQ9VrNMtYODHuOERbCmQEcgMvpdpWAwYRs9MVPQiDCwP39Zf-VtJcv_UwqE62_PGgVFktTiHK5YITV_5nPowllGA3Cj5lOwfArF2sh/w264-h400/chi.78231760-seq_235%20detail.jpg" width="264" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Poster</span></i><span class="tm14">, Volume 13, Number 5, May 1, 1922, page 45.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvSgAnlrm8HzeIgQxpYTvtnHyUm6bVmcV3rMLYMOjYfqUHs-6Scqja9hV-TNWa0bW8NcAhxNiYBq4-bNTcPznZPAcx3Ga8ir4laZ8BrEf-z6w68HBEofcL93Dm6u0tEdxdgThPmjPjNrWBeyZKxif1-oVdAYVYYFcJIecjG2eqRM89y6SZcFY3kWv/s1588/lincolnshire%20echo%20dec%2018%201919%20page%202%20cocoa%20nibs%20characters.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1036" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvSgAnlrm8HzeIgQxpYTvtnHyUm6bVmcV3rMLYMOjYfqUHs-6Scqja9hV-TNWa0bW8NcAhxNiYBq4-bNTcPznZPAcx3Ga8ir4laZ8BrEf-z6w68HBEofcL93Dm6u0tEdxdgThPmjPjNrWBeyZKxif1-oVdAYVYYFcJIecjG2eqRM89y6SZcFY3kWv/w261-h400/lincolnshire%20echo%20dec%2018%201919%20page%202%20cocoa%20nibs%20characters.jpg" width="261" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><br /><p></p><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The Cocoa Nibs held out a cup,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">To cheer the poor old fellow up.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“Drink lots of this, and when you’ve done,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“You’ll have more colour than the sun.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Lincolnshire Echo</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Lincoln, England), December 18, 1919, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm17">“His Nibs”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The brand name of licorice </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> may not be based on “N[-word] Babies,” but the word “nibs” could be
insulting in one sense of the word. “His/Her Nibs” was used ironically, as a mock-aristocratic title, to refer to an “important or self-important person.” It was frequently expanded to “His/Her
Royal Nibs” or, when used with respect to someone from the “East” (Middle or Far), “His/Her Oriental Nibs.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">For example, the King of Hawaii.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a><a id="footnotevback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioaoQ3lmqqfm4FK1qWPMq62CPwJ9nnPF2QrxeVGvgWxJbRgW6GfOpwR--mIDEG-3Vp_Mg1LBNZajCCPoOz7lNCANT29KjX9LeEkKzK46pMoM5vEh3L5KI5-CZxu-9sZQ6xqIz_WSmOCVU_teAG7Pmkx9TWmgXSqfOP4OES4Hxp-tdYmTuSe3Sl_z1q/s801/oakland%20tribune%20oct%2031%201881%20page%201%20-%20royal%20nibs%20kalakaua.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="801" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioaoQ3lmqqfm4FK1qWPMq62CPwJ9nnPF2QrxeVGvgWxJbRgW6GfOpwR--mIDEG-3Vp_Mg1LBNZajCCPoOz7lNCANT29KjX9LeEkKzK46pMoM5vEh3L5KI5-CZxu-9sZQ6xqIz_WSmOCVU_teAG7Pmkx9TWmgXSqfOP4OES4Hxp-tdYmTuSe3Sl_z1q/w400-h300/oakland%20tribune%20oct%2031%201881%20page%201%20-%20royal%20nibs%20kalakaua.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The King of England.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span><span class="tm21">His Royal nibs, King Ed. the VII</span><span class="tm14">, had finished reading the evening papers that had been brought in by a page dressed in such gorgeous livery
that so far as clothes went even General Miles would look like three worn ten cent pieces by comparison.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The Elk City Enterprise</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Elk City, Kansas), March 29, 1901, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A fictional Mayor.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNWNuk_BItR-BAvELV8qyRmVDNKGu5D8mZwB_snLP-brI-xOzZob4LTgfR8mZX3-Ud91FmPniXxQ-nuKijFQJBgkHCUPv0C__dqrLTrURKCcccGbEK0ZaJQYfXzNJsmbnPXvZS3N41G5GTCcTxCZLji4YoIX7KR7yFkzn5QqunfP29r1OsR0TpZK-/s1381/buffalo%20times%20march%2019%201902%20page%201%20royal%20nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="843" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNWNuk_BItR-BAvELV8qyRmVDNKGu5D8mZwB_snLP-brI-xOzZob4LTgfR8mZX3-Ud91FmPniXxQ-nuKijFQJBgkHCUPv0C__dqrLTrURKCcccGbEK0ZaJQYfXzNJsmbnPXvZS3N41G5GTCcTxCZLji4YoIX7KR7yFkzn5QqunfP29r1OsR0TpZK-/s320/buffalo%20times%20march%2019%201902%20page%201%20royal%20nibs.jpg" width="195" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">By Clothes-line Press. Washington D. C., March 19. - The pennyroyal train bearing </span><span class="tm21">His Royal Nibs, Lord Helpus ‘Rastus, Knight of the Golden Fleece</span><span class="tm14">, arrived at the Grand Central station here at 8:30 A. M. There was a large crowd at the station and several locomotives
made considerable noise by way of salute. His Royal Nibs went to the Shoreham for Breakfast.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The Buffalo Times </span></i><span class="tm14">(Buffalo, New York), March 19, 1902, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A stage play, in which the title character, “His Royal Nibs,” was Satan - King of the Underworld.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MceK07X_6KsQv7c0GVHleFryMQ7M7VrfUKcXjNRWLC7jfwvN6e_jhqW7JTzE_tQ7G9YAZ1nSAv1ns9pKp7xKAz-3Z90tOJQL9cY1FpF2E7AfvB-7EGVHs87w9a4Kc-cI79WVygwXIOZOQ-0baO5UdUlFGGjbylL9nj-UwIiw7FJqW3VmqOJrbpj_/s1825/san%20francisco%20call%20april%2018%201904%20page%2012%20-%20royal%20nibs%20stage%20play.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1825" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MceK07X_6KsQv7c0GVHleFryMQ7M7VrfUKcXjNRWLC7jfwvN6e_jhqW7JTzE_tQ7G9YAZ1nSAv1ns9pKp7xKAz-3Z90tOJQL9cY1FpF2E7AfvB-7EGVHs87w9a4Kc-cI79WVygwXIOZOQ-0baO5UdUlFGGjbylL9nj-UwIiw7FJqW3VmqOJrbpj_/s320/san%20francisco%20call%20april%2018%201904%20page%2012%20-%20royal%20nibs%20stage%20play.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The San Francisco Call</span></i><span class="tm14">, April 18, 1904, page 12.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Among the thousands of references to “His/Her Nibs” or “His/Her Royal Nibs,” there are a small handful (a few nibs?) of examples of “His/Her Oriental Nibs,”
when the person being referred to is from the “East.” </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Sunset Cox has had an interview with the </span><span class="tm21">Sultan of Turkey</span><span class="tm14">, during which they discussed the tariff question. As </span><span class="tm21">his Oriental Nibs</span><span class="tm14"> is reported to have about two hundred wives, he would doubtless find the speech of the witty ex-Congressman on the tariff on corsets peculiarly interesting.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Humboldt Times</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Humboldt, California), September 15, 1885, page 2.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">When </span><span class="tm21">the Shah</span><span class="tm14"> visited England, and went to the Gaiety Theater, London, to witness the ballet, </span><span class="tm21">his royal oriental nibs</span><span class="tm14"> was filled with astonishment to find those light-heeled nymphs of the footlights arrayed very much like the ladies of his harem, back home in Tehran.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The Chicago Inter-Ocean</span></i><span class="tm14">, November 27, 1887, page 17.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span><span class="tm21">His Oriental Nibs, Hadji Hassein Ghooly Khan, Embassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from Nasr-Ed-Din, Shah-in-Shah (King-of-Kings) of Persia</span><span class="tm14">, to this part of the “Wild and Wooly West,” has packed his diplomatic portfolio and departed these shores, without any leave-taking of the President or the State Department.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The National Tribune</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Washington DC), July 18, 1889, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfktu1WqBpvk2FJK0qYikWNb7Bn0nbLcUg7HS-VJeeh6Xewjkp9yEx0ZPKsBtAEKXyuok7FlPsoMJ4apbNWUWCYb51MofSs9LENpQXR8gRDgq7yraXSMm5reLKy-xDRDs3NEbMTmyRpMmR4nNQYf4Jdi0C-udQmuHZtb8ItE8xio57IupSyB2GZaRd/s646/stockton%20daily%20evening%20record%20nov%2024%201900%20page%208.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="646" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfktu1WqBpvk2FJK0qYikWNb7Bn0nbLcUg7HS-VJeeh6Xewjkp9yEx0ZPKsBtAEKXyuok7FlPsoMJ4apbNWUWCYb51MofSs9LENpQXR8gRDgq7yraXSMm5reLKy-xDRDs3NEbMTmyRpMmR4nNQYf4Jdi0C-udQmuHZtb8ItE8xio57IupSyB2GZaRd/s320/stockton%20daily%20evening%20record%20nov%2024%201900%20page%208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Constantinople, November 24. - United States Charge d’Affairs Griscom called upon Tewifik Pasha, Minister for Foreign Affairs, yesterday to urge a settlement of the difficulty in relation
to granting of an exaquatur to Dr. Thomas H. Norton, who some time ago was appointed by President McKinley to establish a consulate at Harpoot. The Porte is firm in its refusal to grant an exequatur.</span></p><i><span class="tm15">Stockton Daily Evening Record</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Stockton, California), November 24, 1900, page 8.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">He says he can’t abide </span><span class="tm21">his Oriental Nibs</span><span class="tm14">, but as [the Hindu mystic, </span><span class="tm21">Swami Lal Singh</span><span class="tm14">] is a friend of Mrs. Stevenson’s he has to swallow him.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">“‘Where’s Emily?’A Serial Mystery Story,” Carolyn Wells, </span><i><span class="tm15">Herald and Review</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Decatur, Illinois), September 27, 1927, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">“Where’s Emily?” would again be widely published throughout the United States in 1930. That same year, the National Licorice Company’s hometown newspaper, </span><i><span class="tm15">The New York Daily News</span></i><span class="tm14">, exposed a fake-prince’s return to New York under an assumed name, several years after first being deported under his previous assumed name. He was
apparently a sort of high-end gigolo, ingratiating himself with wealthy women who bathed in the glow of his exotic fake-titles and regal bearing. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">He did not choose this title for himself, but the </span><i><span class="tm15">New York Daily News</span></i><span class="tm14"> referred to him as “his royal Oriental Nibs.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb9jP-B9mQnWqqP4KpNncoTv-2Kdxb2iR6tXbEXz1wBJQHcrMILzlubV6LbNkO-hWNN7L1NEtQaJN_L0YreAzcCxtefkBTA668I1eMdGlytLqxaJd-JJ8_5HF6aYrv8juR4yKCBpM-HnZWpUhh_5mhAI8T8FQLa5Ulb4FT4ssoeRgdnrunZPIBqrEp/s1306/clip_101527994.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="1306" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb9jP-B9mQnWqqP4KpNncoTv-2Kdxb2iR6tXbEXz1wBJQHcrMILzlubV6LbNkO-hWNN7L1NEtQaJN_L0YreAzcCxtefkBTA668I1eMdGlytLqxaJd-JJ8_5HF6aYrv8juR4yKCBpM-HnZWpUhh_5mhAI8T8FQLa5Ulb4FT4ssoeRgdnrunZPIBqrEp/s320/clip_101527994.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">His royal highness, Prince Mohamid Pasha, descendant of ancient Egyptian kings, is honoring New York with his regal Oriental presence. . . .</span>
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Whispers of the Oriental potentate’s presence came to The News. This investigator took one look and, strangely enough, found Prince Pasha to bear a remarkably close resemblance to none
other than the quince prince Zerdecheno of 1922, 1924 and 1925; formerly exposed by The News as an erstwhile pants presser, book salesman, hotel heat and general all-around four-flusher.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Deported by the immigration authorities after his last visit here in 1925, when The News had exposed and nipped his royal pretensions for the second time, the self-styled prince of Kurdistan
and scion of the Pharaohs has bounced back again with a new title, but evidently with the same old tricks up his sleeve. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">A request to see the passport brought a laconic, “Some othair day - later, perhaps,” from </span><span class="tm21">his royal, Oriental nibs</span><span class="tm14">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The New York Daily News</span></i><span class="tm14">, March 10, 1930, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN6LfTXNoszOXkUbNLCiGCDPyZ28Alxg9B67IgtwOkUBvNgp_C9woruzrEfLjL3FzwonxixDuxk8kKvCruJR5KWGcfJABf-L32QXH7EqmbpfxJfuUu8WtcYV_rc1kKdrSKc-O--80I5x0G2wMl6IvDkdZucJYlsk1yb_yAWIwqcCQDmd3eeOah29Or/s864/new%20york%20daily%20news%20march%2010%201930.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="661" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN6LfTXNoszOXkUbNLCiGCDPyZ28Alxg9B67IgtwOkUBvNgp_C9woruzrEfLjL3FzwonxixDuxk8kKvCruJR5KWGcfJABf-L32QXH7EqmbpfxJfuUu8WtcYV_rc1kKdrSKc-O--80I5x0G2wMl6IvDkdZucJYlsk1yb_yAWIwqcCQDmd3eeOah29Or/s320/new%20york%20daily%20news%20march%2010%201930.jpg" width="245" /></a></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">This time he would get to stay in the United States, but only after finally admitting (and proving) that he had been born in Detroit. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">But that didn’t end his charade. A decade or so later, he was hauled into court on charges of disorderly conduct, related to a fight with the husband of one of his companions during
her divorce proceedings.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9HQcVxNCo5YqtKMvsjK7NxVnEM-5__RS2Dice3Kxn948K8im4KP2K1w-fJi46DMteT27rgxK_KMecdFC0kRSFd_0XyfsVRMkxsqj0i22ktyVrYNGhcYN1ZY5foHAZ4Y8hD5DNTUpmtpyXliUirG7XgstroYsm3urfYAzj8YfqHszTVmXJtW1lpWN/s1444/his%20royal%20oriental%20nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1444" data-original-width="1279" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9HQcVxNCo5YqtKMvsjK7NxVnEM-5__RS2Dice3Kxn948K8im4KP2K1w-fJi46DMteT27rgxK_KMecdFC0kRSFd_0XyfsVRMkxsqj0i22ktyVrYNGhcYN1ZY5foHAZ4Y8hD5DNTUpmtpyXliUirG7XgstroYsm3urfYAzj8YfqHszTVmXJtW1lpWN/s320/his%20royal%20oriental%20nibs.jpg" width="283" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">A cane-swinging duel<a href="#footnotevi"><sup>vi</sup></a><a id="footnoteviback"></a> over red-headed Irene Hendy, above, mother of a 15-year old boy, caused the self-appointed Emir of Kurdistan
to be presented at court himself in Long Island City.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">El Paso Times</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Texas), The Sunday Home Magazine, September 20, 1942.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">He was found not guilty, in part on the strength of a love letter from his married girlfriend - or ex-girlfriend; during the trial she referred to him as an “imbecile.” A reporter
who recognized him during the trial quoted him as having said, </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“It is humiliating to acknowledge I was born in Detroit.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm17">“Oriental Nibs”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">By the end of 1930, the National Licorice Company had rebranded its <i>NIBS</i> as “Oriental</span><span class="tm14"><span class="tm14">”</span> <i>NIBS</i>. Was the change an allusion to the mock- aristocratic sense of “His
Nibs”? Or simply an added element of exoticism for marketing purposes? Was the change influenced by a fake Turkish “Prince” who was in the news in 1930 and 1931? Or reprints of “Where’s Emily?”
It’s not clear why the National Licorice Company rebranded “Nibs” as “Oriental</span><span class="tm14"><span class="tm14">”</span> <i>NIBS</i> that year, but the new name was at least suggestive of “His Oriental Nibs,” and of the “Oriental”
origins of licorice, whether they knew it or not. </span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68gvVVpmE4MPuyuM40ZLhpvgrKqUec3LBpPAvYargNAeyxAMYdFyqmhKQUD2YI2mgvMCamKeZ_cnBBQiO4eLPwPeZ8HraDVKIHRX8rn6Y7fNCpBXATNnWA3J7nLxR_ul0UEl8cTSSr7DQEpAUcSgu-5y1S2AYcYt3_8w8S5eoD1EwxEQdm7M8uQ7A/s2840/cedar%20rapids%20gazette%20nov%201%201923%20page%208%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2840" data-original-width="1558" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi68gvVVpmE4MPuyuM40ZLhpvgrKqUec3LBpPAvYargNAeyxAMYdFyqmhKQUD2YI2mgvMCamKeZ_cnBBQiO4eLPwPeZ8HraDVKIHRX8rn6Y7fNCpBXATNnWA3J7nLxR_ul0UEl8cTSSr7DQEpAUcSgu-5y1S2AYcYt3_8w8S5eoD1EwxEQdm7M8uQ7A/w220-h400/cedar%20rapids%20gazette%20nov%201%201923%20page%208%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" width="220" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></i><span class="tm14">, November 1, 1923, page 8.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"> </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">When introduced in 1923, National Licorice’s </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> featured images of Egyptian pyramids and palm trees on its packaging. If that seems kinda random, it might be explained by the fact that the world was then in the grips of “Tut-mania,” in the wake
of the discovery of King Tut’s tomb in November 1922 by Howard Carter and The Earl of Carnarvon.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">King Tut’s name was “plastered” “here, there ‘n everywhere” in marketing and advertising the following year.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIRFcQObQTe8PKF0caMAJRS9cehg6KmNKygr4Y97vd_xtqB83B4Udx3K_noPH2FCC4QiNkHpsLfaqi8hPufXj5YC82FYzfD_43jlcO7JbP5kCGzByJ9BzueDTeeZSsNDq5rHueJoFhgjBzUqH9ttOQqQoWsWbjbkdDL-dagbTo0mUYCu4F2rLhpicu/s691/columbus%20telegram%20april%2019%201923%20page%203%20king%20tut%20plastered%20everywhere.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="691" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIRFcQObQTe8PKF0caMAJRS9cehg6KmNKygr4Y97vd_xtqB83B4Udx3K_noPH2FCC4QiNkHpsLfaqi8hPufXj5YC82FYzfD_43jlcO7JbP5kCGzByJ9BzueDTeeZSsNDq5rHueJoFhgjBzUqH9ttOQqQoWsWbjbkdDL-dagbTo0mUYCu4F2rLhpicu/s320/columbus%20telegram%20april%2019%201923%20page%203%20king%20tut%20plastered%20everywhere.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The “King Tut” label is going to be plastered on half a hundred articles of merchandise this summer. . . . “King Tut” dresses, “King Tut” suits for men,
“King Tut” marcelle waves, “King Tut” candies, “King Tut” labels for canned fruit and vegetables, “King Tut” patent medicines, “King Tut” corn remedy, are among the
things either already or soon to be placed on the market . . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Columbus Telegram</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Columbus, Nebraska), April 19, 1923, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgja16TOztnn6HOKWAh4HY6sv7jdOfKpe4IcXee1jqkqGR4uR988kYto7nvMkYgJZP7WYgFv-ZHnQQ6qlXx_i3aLZyzm6WnvwXLNQskrcE4d6l7Z4LEIPvZ1gE4jh10dLr2ORdSib_VMDiiurBt8Tfh4GVXUxK3ditkq_M0O_mqv87SEcM3RDYovqfU/s2191/international%20confectioner%201923%20king%20tut.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1576" data-original-width="2191" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgja16TOztnn6HOKWAh4HY6sv7jdOfKpe4IcXee1jqkqGR4uR988kYto7nvMkYgJZP7WYgFv-ZHnQQ6qlXx_i3aLZyzm6WnvwXLNQskrcE4d6l7Z4LEIPvZ1gE4jh10dLr2ORdSib_VMDiiurBt8Tfh4GVXUxK3ditkq_M0O_mqv87SEcM3RDYovqfU/w400-h288/international%20confectioner%201923%20king%20tut.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">International Confectioner</span></i><span class="tm14">, March 1923, page 49.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm14">Whether National Licorice had this in mind or not, King Tut’s name was even more appropriate for use with respect to its licorice candy, than merely reflecting the King Tut-obsessed
Zeitgeist, as was the case with most other products.</span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTypd80WHV70fr0Dmy5FigQQ-OTLFZW2CR35R5-0nKoO6EmTeL_2V90S9_0k0C4a5o1TiNmnMVbUMR5qeV6X9FFYsvd5QbJtIio_UIsK92pibEJpBPiAzSjyNutpwEMyIpj7tQF7ygyoCrlNQrBXZ4HPXO7HHNu8Slg8QgS7LrKHl56drfZKuuTOWr/s922/chicago%20tribune%20january%2011%201935%20page%2018%20egyptian%20licorice%20king%20tut.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="922" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTypd80WHV70fr0Dmy5FigQQ-OTLFZW2CR35R5-0nKoO6EmTeL_2V90S9_0k0C4a5o1TiNmnMVbUMR5qeV6X9FFYsvd5QbJtIio_UIsK92pibEJpBPiAzSjyNutpwEMyIpj7tQF7ygyoCrlNQrBXZ4HPXO7HHNu8Slg8QgS7LrKHl56drfZKuuTOWr/s320/chicago%20tribune%20january%2011%201935%20page%2018%20egyptian%20licorice%20king%20tut.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><span class="tm14"></span><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Even the famous King Tut was tucked away with licorice root in his tomb. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Chicago Tribune</span></i><span class="tm14">, January 11, 1935, page 18.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcX5x15ecK7aHUOYxf95K8OaPboSl74dBVph8OG5vBJ8fL6VDTc6pimHxg8S1mG5_c4fsHMGMOQaGL1gKtxR8bQZNivKWZVOrQRgs8GAnh8RwroIVMgi01FmoZAODUWY3sVgy7mZYu7t3ugUMpV5d14yiXH4NUi3O33OuFNygIfcR1nm7kBvKWBSpC/s2280/record%20hackensack%20jun%2022%201953%20page%2023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="2280" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcX5x15ecK7aHUOYxf95K8OaPboSl74dBVph8OG5vBJ8fL6VDTc6pimHxg8S1mG5_c4fsHMGMOQaGL1gKtxR8bQZNivKWZVOrQRgs8GAnh8RwroIVMgi01FmoZAODUWY3sVgy7mZYu7t3ugUMpV5d14yiXH4NUi3O33OuFNygIfcR1nm7kBvKWBSpC/w400-h88/record%20hackensack%20jun%2022%201953%20page%2023.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Record </span></i><span class="tm14">(Hackensack, New Jersey), June 22, 1953, page 23.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Gkrp3VQcUuCIffBbPNqzTV_60KA4eYrwVCSlPm7B1XCyUE5l-svOvprRkKkgsYF0fy1DVyRbUaxpepPiwQECIpaZYQS7Pbosi6ily2uSEapTZDUoIlscx59eRFEAWxAzE8-9ZlyKL0NLwoLukglt8IOM_3oWCyICvNZu6-4DJrzD0aVJeKncJ_Bz/s323/Screenshot%202022-05-08%20at%2009-29-48%20National%20Licorice%20Company%20-%20Oriental%20NIBS%20-%20candy%20boxes%20-%201960's%20detail.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="323" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Gkrp3VQcUuCIffBbPNqzTV_60KA4eYrwVCSlPm7B1XCyUE5l-svOvprRkKkgsYF0fy1DVyRbUaxpepPiwQECIpaZYQS7Pbosi6ily2uSEapTZDUoIlscx59eRFEAWxAzE8-9ZlyKL0NLwoLukglt8IOM_3oWCyICvNZu6-4DJrzD0aVJeKncJ_Bz/w400-h270/Screenshot%202022-05-08%20at%2009-29-48%20National%20Licorice%20Company%20-%20Oriental%20NIBS%20-%20candy%20boxes%20-%201960's%20detail.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Later </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> packaging also featured images of camels, which were directly related to the history of cultivating licorice. At
one time, much of the licorice imported to the United States was transported by camel from its source to initial processing facilities. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The principal articles of export from Smyrna to the United States are licorice root, emery stone, figs, opium, canary seed, carpets and rugs . . . . During the last quarter nearly $50,000
of licorice root has been sent to America. . . . The Stamford manufacturing company of Connecticut is a large exporter of this root. It comes to Smyrna in huge bales loaded on camels. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Hartford Courant</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Hartford, Connecticut), November 27, 1885, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">National Licorice had the good sense not to use the name of King Tut, just King Tut-adjacent, Egyptian imagery, so its packaging remained relevant even after King Tut faded from the headlines.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">In about 1930, the National Licorice Company rebranded </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> as “Oriental” </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14">. Although the word “Oriental” has fallen into disfavor, and might be interpreted as problematic if used
today, at the time, it was understood as referring to something from the “East” (the word comes ultimately from Latin, </span><i><span class="tm15">orientalis</span></i><span class="tm14">, “of or belonging to the east”<a href="#footnotevii"><sup>vii</sup></a><a id="footnoteviiback"></a>). The word was most frequently used with respect to the
Far East, but was also used with respect to the Middle East.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkZETnsjZK0SwuJ73x_mQmGsHlXVkqw1BiyV51OZg0b59RiDMfweWfDJLmbLUNhs7V7cawiTmXrSJw_N5VhHMZ3CHdRsXXzOSmX03MIJ47xpvJcmlIg-MjuW2xdVP-FAWeg6Rx_PWIUy-C1FHAXi90VadH3yQFVSkq9-eyXTOMkORuL2TpW9E4Nerv/s949/salt%20lake%20telegram%201930%20dec%2020%20page%2025%20oriental%20nibs%20detail.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="949" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkZETnsjZK0SwuJ73x_mQmGsHlXVkqw1BiyV51OZg0b59RiDMfweWfDJLmbLUNhs7V7cawiTmXrSJw_N5VhHMZ3CHdRsXXzOSmX03MIJ47xpvJcmlIg-MjuW2xdVP-FAWeg6Rx_PWIUy-C1FHAXi90VadH3yQFVSkq9-eyXTOMkORuL2TpW9E4Nerv/s320/salt%20lake%20telegram%201930%20dec%2020%20page%2025%20oriental%20nibs%20detail.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Salt Lake Telegram</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Utah), December 20, 1930, page 25.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-yS50q4cQZyZQxj7t4u6zXNwvtyVk1sr8DgWNCaz8CALhybZHDxiPElKUMCqL4NPeFhBmKPl68QsBRO1czvtYh5F7G51pyMBlOokixa2BNS-mC5IHy-krrS2xKoUzxtKNiwqCOTHcYUmOYWSSfDScWyzwGlvAwlXn7wESnvALaM7wI-5qmOv21Ibb/s1670/ottawa%20citizen%20sep%2025%201931%20page%2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1670" data-original-width="1119" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-yS50q4cQZyZQxj7t4u6zXNwvtyVk1sr8DgWNCaz8CALhybZHDxiPElKUMCqL4NPeFhBmKPl68QsBRO1czvtYh5F7G51pyMBlOokixa2BNS-mC5IHy-krrS2xKoUzxtKNiwqCOTHcYUmOYWSSfDScWyzwGlvAwlXn7wESnvALaM7wI-5qmOv21Ibb/w268-h400/ottawa%20citizen%20sep%2025%201931%20page%2020.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Ottawa Citizen</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Ottawa, Ontario), September 25, 1931, page 20.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj4MHKCcXuWLuDsFZ8_v6ASUi_teWjHnDMlZYCjB2yyxCCz8eGnPOo3sW03ZacLsNEDnv2_rwbXca9TfVcdGMaoTOlgBm06CCH7I9FiG7euqlUUqPR0vOvH0aBAOwV6eryLnpbQzLDjljTlKzT6_tU5MAFwv_Q8N_06lKW6pSoT9Rmvq1zLW4uLp0r/s1379/statesman%20journal%20salem%20OR%20may%2010%201935%20page%208%20oriental%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="1379" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj4MHKCcXuWLuDsFZ8_v6ASUi_teWjHnDMlZYCjB2yyxCCz8eGnPOo3sW03ZacLsNEDnv2_rwbXca9TfVcdGMaoTOlgBm06CCH7I9FiG7euqlUUqPR0vOvH0aBAOwV6eryLnpbQzLDjljTlKzT6_tU5MAFwv_Q8N_06lKW6pSoT9Rmvq1zLW4uLp0r/w400-h111/statesman%20journal%20salem%20OR%20may%2010%201935%20page%208%20oriental%20licorice%20nibs.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Statesman Journal </span></i><span class="tm14">(Salem, Oregon), May 10, 1935, page 8.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm14">Although the pyramids and camels were strictly Middle Eastern, another element of the packaging may have been more suggestive of the Far East. The font used for the word “Oriental”
on </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS’</span></i><span class="tm14"> packaging seems similar to stylistic “Chinese” fonts, like those known as Mandarin or Wonton. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyMnbJqTeu191bf6CPqqZdktjgsFBFFVdE2NHDC8fN4Mpqr8ILztJRP6kPZwz4qLbJF2srvhI-N9pbTnLJwgL1Hnrxjhjl-ErG39e7Bhphg6GZJuV36mJJQpL2DEDogZEZJsKd0HhgLtkLdd6YW-2L3i_so6EZUtdCD_EpajaTnRPDVNfFFrjnjHf/s232/Screenshot%202022-05-08%20at%2009-29-48%20National%20Licorice%20Company%20-%20Oriental%20NIBS%20-%20candy%20boxes%20-%201960's%20detail%20font.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="41" data-original-width="232" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgyMnbJqTeu191bf6CPqqZdktjgsFBFFVdE2NHDC8fN4Mpqr8ILztJRP6kPZwz4qLbJF2srvhI-N9pbTnLJwgL1Hnrxjhjl-ErG39e7Bhphg6GZJuV36mJJQpL2DEDogZEZJsKd0HhgLtkLdd6YW-2L3i_so6EZUtdCD_EpajaTnRPDVNfFFrjnjHf/w400-h71/Screenshot%202022-05-08%20at%2009-29-48%20National%20Licorice%20Company%20-%20Oriental%20NIBS%20-%20candy%20boxes%20-%201960's%20detail%20font.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFq54R6CZvK63Yyf9NdNpW_Chb6Zn0g9HZSEACDgjxw-5vQHFBsVY5HJcGDY5WFR8OLgtVrloydPl1ELbNF8pjk3046w7t3ZD4A3i2gZXzORtWYoqPzwU96-K72oBxdm4Qm-18pAMO5T90eD8tfrbfRWZ3Irht1OgF7OkpMOrIOnsl7pGtJGqfWgg-/s500/mandarin%20font%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="500" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFq54R6CZvK63Yyf9NdNpW_Chb6Zn0g9HZSEACDgjxw-5vQHFBsVY5HJcGDY5WFR8OLgtVrloydPl1ELbNF8pjk3046w7t3ZD4A3i2gZXzORtWYoqPzwU96-K72oBxdm4Qm-18pAMO5T90eD8tfrbfRWZ3Irht1OgF7OkpMOrIOnsl7pGtJGqfWgg-/s320/mandarin%20font%202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="tm14"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6E9QY-ka2-EnpjvToPQya4ErI4fGH2Kxz_O4MynJkF5xZBundaqt4AyRD7sFCiRmSTtKFX2uvgNOEBQAtXVt7BDoNFML73W2myDHHoljicpQyjcHvhxPGIiLL5MF1bIvYefwjAI7sp_OWIjPWlsqZJMXqrnpVp5pv3Hu08U7E9nTeY6gTYXRAz7gW/s536/wonton-by-da-font-mafia_4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="149" data-original-width="536" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6E9QY-ka2-EnpjvToPQya4ErI4fGH2Kxz_O4MynJkF5xZBundaqt4AyRD7sFCiRmSTtKFX2uvgNOEBQAtXVt7BDoNFML73W2myDHHoljicpQyjcHvhxPGIiLL5MF1bIvYefwjAI7sp_OWIjPWlsqZJMXqrnpVp5pv3Hu08U7E9nTeY6gTYXRAz7gW/s320/wonton-by-da-font-mafia_4.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Although originally “Oriental” only in the Middle Eastern sense, some people associated “Oriental” </span><i><span class="tm15">NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> fondly with the Far East. A Chinese family from New York City, for example, celebrated “Chinese New Year” with “Oriental licorice . . . Nibs.” When
they moved to Florida, and couldn’t find them in the stores, so they wrote to the newspaper for advice in where to find them.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Chinese of Brevard:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm19" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Happy New Year to All.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">We are a Chinese family from New York. Our family tradition around New Year’s has been to surprise each other with miniature packages of goodies as candied ginger, lichee nuts and Oriental
licorice. We are well supplied with the first two items but have been unable to find a particular licorice brand called Nibs. Can you find them for us? And may the year 4667, the Year of the Fowl, bring you prosperity.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Ling Tsun, Indian Harbour Beach</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">Florida Today</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Cocoa, Florida), February 14, 1969, page 1C.</span></p><p><span class="tm17"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm17">“Licorice Babies”/“N[-word] Babies”</span></span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">TWIZZLERS’ NIBS</span></i><span class="tm14"> may not have been originally called “N[-word] Babies,” but there were, in fact, licorice flavored
candies that were called “N[-word] Babies,” from at least as early as 1883.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">J. B. Whitehill’s store is headquarters for fancy and plain candies, such as . . . n[-word babies, O. F. L. drops, gum babies, licorice drops, mint lozengers, O. H. drops and stick candies
of all kinds.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The Jeffersonian-Democrat</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Brookville, Pennsylvania), October 24, 1883, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">This early example does not unambiguously show that the candies were baby-shaped; nor does one a few years later, although the differentiation between “licorice drops” and “n[-word]
babies” suggests that perhaps they were.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm23" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14">Special Sale of Candy.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Mixed candy . . . red hots, cocoa beans, maple beans, cachone, cinnamon imperials at 50c per box or 15c per lb: licorice drops, n[-word] babies, peanut bar, maple sugar, 10c per lb. . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Davenport Morning Star</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Davenport, Iowa), November 29, 1890, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A few years later, another example more directly states that the candies are “in the form of” babies.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14">CHILDREN GET SICK.</span></p>
<p class="tm19" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14">They Buy All Sorts of Confections and Trouble Results.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"> . . . The youngsters in these days have, pennies, nickels and even dimes, and they are not slow in imitating their elders by way of astonishing their inner man with all sorts of indigestible
things. . . . Various kinds of gaudily wrapped gum, warranted to cure dyspepsia, headache, dizziness, etc.; licorice in the form of n[-word] babies, or long black sticks that look as inviting as railroad spikes or cold weinerwurst
. . . .</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Quad-City Times</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Davenport, Iowa), February 10, 1894, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Early references to the candy (before 1900) all use the name, “n[-word] babies,” whereas after 1900, the name, “licorice babies” seems to have been used at least
as often, and to have become increasingly dominant over the years.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The booby prize, which was a small licorice baby, was won by Miss Clara Kirchner and Geo. A. McGrath.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Marion Star</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Marion, Ohio), January 31, 1900, page 8.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Licorice babies, by any name, became part of the pop-culture, beyond the candy. In 1901, Mose Gumble wrote the song, “I Loves My Licorice Baby,” although n this instance (presumably),
the “Licorice Baby” was a black woman, not the candy.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A widely circulated, viral joke in the 1910s called them “licorice babies.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm23" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="tm10">She Didn’t Care</span></b></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Kind Old Lady - While you were gone, little girl, a bad boy came up to the porch and ran away with your licorice babies.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Little Girl - Oh, I don’t care much.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Kind Old Lady - But he ate them all up.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Little Girl - Then he’ll be sorry, ‘cause they wasn’t licorice babies. I made ‘em out of tar.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Los Angeles Evening Express</span></i><span class="tm14">, August 14, 1914, page 12.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrKdF031OHmgaoVaPex_5LuCPrmW7gkQdQfncP3KYbU79bysdrpZjXV62lgtaLshUJ_dKkPfTkSTXzdyXgcL542eIMnwUGDC_3G5q534BGhVQ6pF9IutzuoONTH1zPnLYorGuG7nfdIWH_eJz5UzwG3Mb0XqEulmvIoPknHOR3nc6vcS4zChQSTY2/s781/boston%20globe%20aug%2020%201914%20page%2014%20-%20licorice%20babies%20joke.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="781" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrKdF031OHmgaoVaPex_5LuCPrmW7gkQdQfncP3KYbU79bysdrpZjXV62lgtaLshUJ_dKkPfTkSTXzdyXgcL542eIMnwUGDC_3G5q534BGhVQ6pF9IutzuoONTH1zPnLYorGuG7nfdIWH_eJz5UzwG3Mb0XqEulmvIoPknHOR3nc6vcS4zChQSTY2/w400-h301/boston%20globe%20aug%2020%201914%20page%2014%20-%20licorice%20babies%20joke.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Boston Globe</span></i><span class="tm14">, August 20, 1914, page 14.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><span class="tm14">In Camden, New Jersey, the home of the MacAndrews & Forbes licorice manufacturing plant, the company’s sports teams (baseball, basketball, and bowling) were all known as the “Licorice
Babies,” and their baseball team played at “Licorice Ball Park.” </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">“Licorice babies” were the focus of a game played at children’s parties, as described Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson’s “Heart and Home Problems” advice column.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">You could have small licorice candy babies secreted all over the rooms and have a hunt and give a small prize to the one who discovers the greatest number.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Evening News</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Wilkes-Barrre, Pennsylvania), October 14, 1913, page 7.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Although sometimes, the game went by a different name.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">A “n[-word] baby” hunt was one of the features of the evening. Miss Rhea Jones won the first prize and Harry Holloway the booby.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Piqua Daily Call</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Piqua, Ohio), August 28, 1903, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">But even where race-neutral name was used for the candy, the game might go by a different racially problematic name.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Music and charades and a “coon hunt” with the little licorice babies as the trophies of the hunt, made a deal of merriment after a business meeting, and before a dainty supper.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><i><span class="tm15">The Hutchinson Gazette</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Hutchinson, Kansas), May 13, 1914, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">In a syndicated children’s story, the child-protagonists, Nick and Nancy, ran across “N[-word] Babies” in “Sugar Plum land.”</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVIzYbVtlmQn1WempOlDeH0r5MPYiCnr-IDxMnoqYYLu_KCaeumMjLBQfLEWrwetTwmowwqVC9qLfY-6YpX6i_fwxE11oRSPsu3jKIYFRPOru9Re8Pjpg4NXuHPttCmC0lMKBeS4sJKjAPNcbioK7j6YeJSB3F5JULRYKBria96ZS2BejM4Awff7l/s537/tulsa%20tribune%20may%2027%201923%20page%20headline%20edit.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="537" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVIzYbVtlmQn1WempOlDeH0r5MPYiCnr-IDxMnoqYYLu_KCaeumMjLBQfLEWrwetTwmowwqVC9qLfY-6YpX6i_fwxE11oRSPsu3jKIYFRPOru9Re8Pjpg4NXuHPttCmC0lMKBeS4sJKjAPNcbioK7j6YeJSB3F5JULRYKBria96ZS2BejM4Awff7l/s320/tulsa%20tribune%20may%2027%201923%20page%20headline%20edit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><i><span class="tm15">The Tulsa Tribune</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Tulsa, Oklahoma), May 27, 1923, Magazine Section.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15"></span></i><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUmnu45Ui93752lkCMk5sXoqr-nntlZEFhGRWnqYLer1itcwcVSevLjCysL_c3k5GBMC266SoAtbtO0nQNF40DDsGbLXPZIzUpgnvt6lQAoSaWY35XLyF0XFnRM21Ik2UHaT4klyCkDsXfOPw9_0qzHddUPXcB6Aobd5wD6EYU3O7p7DS7yjt1Boc/s1294/the%20richmond%20item%20indiana%20april%208%201923%20page%208%20adventure%20of%20the%20twins.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="1294" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigUmnu45Ui93752lkCMk5sXoqr-nntlZEFhGRWnqYLer1itcwcVSevLjCysL_c3k5GBMC266SoAtbtO0nQNF40DDsGbLXPZIzUpgnvt6lQAoSaWY35XLyF0XFnRM21Ik2UHaT4klyCkDsXfOPw9_0qzHddUPXcB6Aobd5wD6EYU3O7p7DS7yjt1Boc/w400-h350/the%20richmond%20item%20indiana%20april%208%201923%20page%208%20adventure%20of%20the%20twins.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The little black men were licorice n[-word]-babies and their wig-wams were empty ice-cream cones turned upside down!</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span><i><span class="tm15">The Richmond Item </span></i><span class="tm14">(Richmond, Indiana), April 8, 1923, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">A few years later, in another syndicated children’s story, the “Tinymites” got into a marshmallow fight with the “Goofy Goos” in the “gum drop hills.”
Two episodes later, we learn that the “Goofy Goos” are actually “licorice babies.”</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJG_IkKNNcandplRB3wqv2wZSFZizpubL6RAZxkTGqOn_ZGYB_-m1FVfA2GZlHqedutIKEOOInK_C7QgnqIBYetC6UAl4t-EJeQslMrIYP9GFfinhHpBZX0B_sVdITr0VH9eHHSFK4m-qwn9rWzx4t5j8bSHLAh5H2JFkrYrkmaRyYCf_gZKKrNu4N/s2524/santa%20ana%20register%20jul%2027%201927%20page%2013%20goofy%20goos%20tinymites%20licorice%20babies.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2524" data-original-width="1675" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJG_IkKNNcandplRB3wqv2wZSFZizpubL6RAZxkTGqOn_ZGYB_-m1FVfA2GZlHqedutIKEOOInK_C7QgnqIBYetC6UAl4t-EJeQslMrIYP9GFfinhHpBZX0B_sVdITr0VH9eHHSFK4m-qwn9rWzx4t5j8bSHLAh5H2JFkrYrkmaRyYCf_gZKKrNu4N/w265-h400/santa%20ana%20register%20jul%2027%201927%20page%2013%20goofy%20goos%20tinymites%20licorice%20babies.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"></p>
<p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“The Tinymites,” story by Hal Cochran and pictures by Knick, </span><i><span class="tm15">Santa Ana Register</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Santa Ana, California), July 27, 1927, page 13.</span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"></span><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">“King Lollipop” acts as peacemaker.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6bFskiIzJoakYHg5qZvZpi-VVKOyME8vUbU3xpVVxKwEtwuVR3mW1DRH3QITI6P58QdbmSROP7AJLD077L1MMS7B5ROkZiU9IPA8zLRF5TwFQZjbBEtBbN8A-rtv-iEoaADwolAXEMN9zyeHHO6hR_x5oFdxh7NwHM_LJE9nAnnniQbu-TYmFOEIJ/s2570/santa%20ana%20register%20jul%2028%201927%20page%2013%20goofy%20goos%20tinymites%20licorice%20babies.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2570" data-original-width="1689" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6bFskiIzJoakYHg5qZvZpi-VVKOyME8vUbU3xpVVxKwEtwuVR3mW1DRH3QITI6P58QdbmSROP7AJLD077L1MMS7B5ROkZiU9IPA8zLRF5TwFQZjbBEtBbN8A-rtv-iEoaADwolAXEMN9zyeHHO6hR_x5oFdxh7NwHM_LJE9nAnnniQbu-TYmFOEIJ/w263-h400/santa%20ana%20register%20jul%2028%201927%20page%2013%20goofy%20goos%20tinymites%20licorice%20babies.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"> </span><i><span class="tm15">Santa Ana Register</span></i><span class="tm14">, July 28, 1927, page 13.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"><br /></span><p></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The Goofy-Goos were queer to see, as black as anyone could be. Said Clowny, “Say, who are you tots, and why do you live here?”</span>
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“We’re Licorice candy,” one replied. “In candy stores we’re often spied. Of course we’re very harmless, we bring no cause for fear.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">The Coppy laughed aloud and said, “You all know how to raise much Ned. I think you fought a dandy fight with us a while ago.” A licorice baby, ‘mid a grin, replied, “We
did not hope to win.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Santa Ana Register</span></i><span class="tm14">, July 29, 1927, page 27.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Baby-shaped, licorice candy would continue being sold under a variety of names, some neutral, some bad or worse.</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOKgw1qDvFZS56KtrCj5bJvGqn8W4aWKUJq-h_3-OzEIU2Kcc2Dz3AABx9AQ1UpLvU0Kipcs60NzOQ_aqQBSfy8eNUvhDJm1T6YUBD7y-1Nf79f2MUHnr9bvJ6Ymhuk77M92Mp4Ia8Vd71sDSBlce6FZx47rmzJLc_eyhoALvsav6-p1fE9ItMOZV/s1111/pittsburgh%20press%20sep%2029%201932%20page%2019%20-%20black%20gum%20babies%20licorice.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1111" data-original-width="856" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOKgw1qDvFZS56KtrCj5bJvGqn8W4aWKUJq-h_3-OzEIU2Kcc2Dz3AABx9AQ1UpLvU0Kipcs60NzOQ_aqQBSfy8eNUvhDJm1T6YUBD7y-1Nf79f2MUHnr9bvJ6Ymhuk77M92Mp4Ia8Vd71sDSBlce6FZx47rmzJLc_eyhoALvsav6-p1fE9ItMOZV/s320/pittsburgh%20press%20sep%2029%201932%20page%2019%20-%20black%20gum%20babies%20licorice.jpg" width="247" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Pittsburgh Press</span></i><span class="tm14">, September 29, 1932, page 19.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal"></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIID4xPqjEI0Zxl7ycWv4cPB8JrhryWqh7ILXg-Ht5u29IMc1IQYCgebM3iDQNGCSF5h3m81rVsjL4TZgYKLLwYdGdVHUTtt7V71ZlJfDhdJdCtvgeJGeL3cvFXxwJ0zVdWprBX62JQ2kjVGEuCk9QiG8368fhX4Pm75W_vHoXw_WZqT80ehslaQJy/s977/licorice%20kids.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="977" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIID4xPqjEI0Zxl7ycWv4cPB8JrhryWqh7ILXg-Ht5u29IMc1IQYCgebM3iDQNGCSF5h3m81rVsjL4TZgYKLLwYdGdVHUTtt7V71ZlJfDhdJdCtvgeJGeL3cvFXxwJ0zVdWprBX62JQ2kjVGEuCk9QiG8368fhX4Pm75W_vHoXw_WZqT80ehslaQJy/s320/licorice%20kids.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Life </span></i><span class="tm14">(Berwyn, Illinois), January 19, 1934, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVlDnr2FE1H0eXEj7DnHihL7GrswogeKb6_WkoU6z0WXAdYFflvaQzNTYSqn4os21Qem22qI4__tABMNDxzvjNjt1UXx_iYcUDkMykxOnDBUr8Xxu7PeyRNX76pGZ20JFmEKwtvjmiBudC020N1dgBQ3uznZX6359q1nJgfW3s1dIlf3WlxTH3eRGo/s519/licorice%20candy%201934.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="519" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVlDnr2FE1H0eXEj7DnHihL7GrswogeKb6_WkoU6z0WXAdYFflvaQzNTYSqn4os21Qem22qI4__tABMNDxzvjNjt1UXx_iYcUDkMykxOnDBUr8Xxu7PeyRNX76pGZ20JFmEKwtvjmiBudC020N1dgBQ3uznZX6359q1nJgfW3s1dIlf3WlxTH3eRGo/s320/licorice%20candy%201934.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"> </span><i><span class="tm15">Lancaster New Era</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Lancaster, Pennsylvania), July 27, 1934, page 6.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7lhjipvmcDNV6fmHUXqIK9_c9TY_b4X5Fw_8IleelNo9XY_PMu6_Db8LqJH1Rb8uByP_wroOI9yh_jCbZvQyofMQt-VqM5kj9AFxB-_PdnFYZFvW6Ggl6RjyAxo0Lq0E1xBw9-qasB4227FtH776drgTs9XMsJX0uDvoGvFbzJlu8D_C0UcAWTSEt/s588/hanover%20evening%20sun%20PA%20jun%202%201938%20page%202%20-%20african%20babies.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="588" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7lhjipvmcDNV6fmHUXqIK9_c9TY_b4X5Fw_8IleelNo9XY_PMu6_Db8LqJH1Rb8uByP_wroOI9yh_jCbZvQyofMQt-VqM5kj9AFxB-_PdnFYZFvW6Ggl6RjyAxo0Lq0E1xBw9-qasB4227FtH776drgTs9XMsJX0uDvoGvFbzJlu8D_C0UcAWTSEt/s320/hanover%20evening%20sun%20PA%20jun%202%201938%20page%202%20-%20african%20babies.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Hanover Evening Sun</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Hanover, Pennsylvania), June 2, 1938, page 2.</span></p><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm14"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqiX6nFvoms2YDUAALqqANbAofAbG669nyhpwITz417OGXV3-F7vRTBEYfQj2SYGjaVsTpKqCSbvi0M_aQT3tqGdE3QbTOEoA2Xo2IZGrLdalnZDlSTRd0u2GMIDJ2DUzEYwZ3v-5P-v_fmqdMUzTBFkTBQLfhZj2kwODMCYNIVU6X5MiPEBDyKbp/s573/harlan%20news%20advertiser%20june%2021%201955%20page%2013%20-%20negro%20baby%20candy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="572" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqiX6nFvoms2YDUAALqqANbAofAbG669nyhpwITz417OGXV3-F7vRTBEYfQj2SYGjaVsTpKqCSbvi0M_aQT3tqGdE3QbTOEoA2Xo2IZGrLdalnZDlSTRd0u2GMIDJ2DUzEYwZ3v-5P-v_fmqdMUzTBFkTBQLfhZj2kwODMCYNIVU6X5MiPEBDyKbp/s320/harlan%20news%20advertiser%20june%2021%201955%20page%2013%20-%20negro%20baby%20candy.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i><span class="tm15">Harlan News Advertiser</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Harlan, Iowa), June 21, 1955, page 13.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm14"> </span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6VnKdr28pxR4lTm3KyF8SDt98wSgYqoP7AZUoigORD-y-Ig8m8oPL0JtwRVmK2U_rNszHW3JbKQcigJDGRndCl-uMNPzQqhiu8LycldrhKa2q7cJObCa5zRkIGQk1WpN8nz53eActkOLNyl-wh7b_iDBJiPBNYaiQHgAihY2KgusGj_erdJPzB72/s1244/clip_101428120.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="1244" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6VnKdr28pxR4lTm3KyF8SDt98wSgYqoP7AZUoigORD-y-Ig8m8oPL0JtwRVmK2U_rNszHW3JbKQcigJDGRndCl-uMNPzQqhiu8LycldrhKa2q7cJObCa5zRkIGQk1WpN8nz53eActkOLNyl-wh7b_iDBJiPBNYaiQHgAihY2KgusGj_erdJPzB72/w400-h160/clip_101428120.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Pittsburgh Press</span></i><span class="tm14">, September 23, 1947, page 4.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Even some non-baby shaped candy were given race-conscious names.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_2s30dA1joEaNknkWmE-BU8k0UQOil4ni_jx3gNC0vuFWVtEKWB9imJp4z5flbj96wc_TqUFH2TEJ2DcGUbeTdWVFHogNutTRQdOxxWL9dw6PL_cQbRlWA0wdErLEGWMRv2euv83orlh-JKTH7o1gaw9Hd1P9G9dPFpGP5XCL2E6AqT_wp4gD7UT/s664/windsor%20star%20sep%2023%201931%20page%206%20nigroids%20licorice%20menthol.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="664" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_2s30dA1joEaNknkWmE-BU8k0UQOil4ni_jx3gNC0vuFWVtEKWB9imJp4z5flbj96wc_TqUFH2TEJ2DcGUbeTdWVFHogNutTRQdOxxWL9dw6PL_cQbRlWA0wdErLEGWMRv2euv83orlh-JKTH7o1gaw9Hd1P9G9dPFpGP5XCL2E6AqT_wp4gD7UT/s320/windsor%20star%20sep%2023%201931%20page%206%20nigroids%20licorice%20menthol.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Windsor Star</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Windsor, Ontario), September 23, 1931, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The names used varied by place and time. There are a few references to licorice babies referred to as “tar babies” from the 1920s through the 1950s. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">A penny . . . would buy ten licorice tar-babies at the grocer’s - and the grocer took that penny as though he wanted it.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Berkshire Eagle</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Pittsfield, Massachusetts), April 2, 1925, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirprCRF0XnnKDD0UABeNJ9q82blXEjpW7_639dC0QzU7U6ylYXKNAt2CSPLhoJ2D3DIstytFW3vu55qL6ju1ja5nwtAXCOqKkFY6UOR0D8Obs5Mimew8CkZd8k6Gj_lo9Mm9HOQjajm6pcnXnY_LvOz14vdZrVofR1K1lEv_atkiheVWW1OQvwJbFG/s658/wagoner%20tribuner%20oklahoma%20apr%2028%201959%20page%204%20tar%20babies.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="658" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirprCRF0XnnKDD0UABeNJ9q82blXEjpW7_639dC0QzU7U6ylYXKNAt2CSPLhoJ2D3DIstytFW3vu55qL6ju1ja5nwtAXCOqKkFY6UOR0D8Obs5Mimew8CkZd8k6Gj_lo9Mm9HOQjajm6pcnXnY_LvOz14vdZrVofR1K1lEv_atkiheVWW1OQvwJbFG/s320/wagoner%20tribuner%20oklahoma%20apr%2028%201959%20page%204%20tar%20babies.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Wagoner Tribuner</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Wagoner, Oklahoma), April 28, 1959, page 4.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#footnoteviii"><sup>viii</sup></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">In Canada, they reportedly dropped “N[-word] Babies” in favor of the supposedly less objectionable (?) “Sambos,” which was apparently still in use in the 1980s -
“it’s OK, it’s harmless, it’s French! And besides, it could be worse” (paraphrasing the President of the Company).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Times change. Observer received a package of Nutty Club Licorice Kids from a reader this week. What worried her was the word “Sambos,” also in large type, on the front of the
packet. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">What’s this? Shades of the golliwog? Racism rearing its ugly head on a candy wrapper?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Licorice Kids are made by Scott-Bathgate, which has plants in Vancouver, Winnipeg and Toronto. Company president Jim Burt was unrepentant: “Sambos? Oh, </span><i><span class="tm15">Sambos</span></i><span class="tm14">. Licorice Kids. Sambos is the French translation for Licorice Kids. It’s as simple as that.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">. . . “French Canadians Know them as Sambos,” said Burt. “And we don’t use a Parisian French in the world of candies. No, we haven’t had any complaints.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Burt pointed out that long, long ago Licorice Kids used to be known as “N[-word] Babies.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">By comparison, Sambos seems almost harmless.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Vancouver Sun</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Vancouver, British Columbia), March 20, 1982, page E2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm17">Bigger “Licorice”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Whereas small, licorice candy babies were sometimes referred to as black children, black people were sometimes referred to as “licorice.” Although not as common as the ubiquitous
“dusky,” “sable,” or “chocolate,” “licorice” was a word occasionally used by writers casting about for more variety in descriptive terms for the skin tone of black people. The
heavyweight fighters, Jack Johnson and Sam Langford, for example, were big hunks, chunks, or sticks of licorice.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">In 1910, the white fighter Larry McLean put the kibosh on any rumors that he might assume the mantel of the “White Hope” to fight the champion, Jack Johnson - he was afraid.
His fears may have been founded in reality, but he claimed to have reached his decision in a dream.</span></p>
<p class="tm9"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“I dreamed that I was matched with the big cloud. I was pleased with the idea, for the purse was a big one and even the losing end looked pretty good to me. . . . But the fight was
to come off in a week and I soon saw that I would need more training than I could possibly get in that length of time. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“Finally the night of the fight arrived and I knew that I did not have a chance. I cannot describe my sensations as the time came for leaving the gymnasium for the ringside. I was
not physically afraid, but I could not endure the thought of being crumpled up on the floor or the ring with that enormous </span><span class="tm21">hunk of licorice </span><span class="tm14">standing over me, grinning. . . . I shall never place myself in such a position again. It seemed like a year that I was training for that fight and two years that I
was waiting to hear from the tar-baby. That is the closest that I will ever come to fighting Johnson.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Cincinnati Enquirer</span></i><span class="tm14">, August 14, 1910, Sports, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">One week later, Sam Langford, perhaps the greatest fighter never to win a title, was preparing for a fight in Boston. He was widely known as the “Boston Tar Baby,” but was
referred to by a few other choice names on occasion.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Two large chocolate drops, Sam Langford and Joe Jeanette, will mix before the Armory Athletic club in Boston on September 12. Both of these bruisers are big fellows, but it looks like “cream”
for Langford, the Boston tar baby, otherwise known as </span><span class="tm21">the big stick of licorice</span><span class="tm14">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Oregon Daily Journal</span></i><span class="tm14">, Portland, Oregon, August 21, 1910, Section 3, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">Sam Langford, the Boston </span><span class="tm21">chunk of licorice</span><span class="tm14">, can still clamber through the ropes of a prize ring and slam an ordinary fighter into insensibility.
But Sambo is nearly through as a scrapper. An account of a bout Langford fought with Jack Thompson in New York the other night says the Boston tar baby had so much excess weight amidships that he resembled a balloon.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Washington Times</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Washington DC), April 12, 1917, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">White sportswriters were not the only ones applying the descriptor to black people. The groundbreaking black entertainer, “Black Carl” (whose real name was Edward Johnson),
had a long career as a magician, theatrical agent and for twenty-five years, the chief doorman of New York City’s Metropolitan Opera company. </span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">Black Carl had a decades-long career as a magician, beginning in his state of Kansas
in the 1890s. Later in his career, he transitioned into theatrical management. One of the many black acts he managed was called the “Five Licorice Sticks,” a name frequently mentioned and reported on in New York’s
black-owned and operated newspaper, </span><i><span class="tm15">The Age</span></i><span class="tm14">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja3N2pqKqiplmGFYczC0dQ5b1tlJP71pDtAuL1CoBbDw6OpkU_RZQZEMykNkGOU8itWW4F_30hJ0YM_j6gDfh15W3Ja8VSK-WxSyfQ0k78yVdTi_H-j50LDqokr_V-ELyLOOVCJL_golLhBUt1TKAvu5lOSiHit9fifiBGbMTzIugKr5VyU1AQsN7s/s1661/clip_102033442.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1661" data-original-width="681" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja3N2pqKqiplmGFYczC0dQ5b1tlJP71pDtAuL1CoBbDw6OpkU_RZQZEMykNkGOU8itWW4F_30hJ0YM_j6gDfh15W3Ja8VSK-WxSyfQ0k78yVdTi_H-j50LDqokr_V-ELyLOOVCJL_golLhBUt1TKAvu5lOSiHit9fifiBGbMTzIugKr5VyU1AQsN7s/s320/clip_102033442.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i><span class="tm15">The New York Age</span></i><span class="tm14">, August 3, 1911, page 6.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">“The Five Licorice Sticks,” a quintette of singers and dancers headed by Nettie Glenn will make a big impression with their plantation groupings with the real Southern atmosphere.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">Buffalo Courier</span></i><span class="tm14"> (Buffalo, New York), October 23, 1910, page 76.</span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cKTc0gACVeQchVmbU3W8h566WmJH1QsQOl8Ut8ELwAoHDDEqalF3r8Ctbh44lG84ovLcBmHVLEzccQX_iGJyBR2SE_bo_cKv3Sf2pTe3xCgl-xc8cauwMoIM5UXo0w61Lct_pS65FNWNd8yzabdJs3wZIuF_zOuREPIar3-VjhW9NUvC4a68LTP5/s1579/clip_101980552.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="1579" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cKTc0gACVeQchVmbU3W8h566WmJH1QsQOl8Ut8ELwAoHDDEqalF3r8Ctbh44lG84ovLcBmHVLEzccQX_iGJyBR2SE_bo_cKv3Sf2pTe3xCgl-xc8cauwMoIM5UXo0w61Lct_pS65FNWNd8yzabdJs3wZIuF_zOuREPIar3-VjhW9NUvC4a68LTP5/s320/clip_101980552.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>The LaCrosse Tribune</i> (LaCrosse, Wisconsin), August 27, 1910, page 2.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Normal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxYFmFJnH-yKkmGtUs9689lRwjDxruLrebvN-1DtweRWBVZRVcFQ91gU8jx6fUr7Pu97Pu_Gb_LhIK4li182PLwgy6ri5lbea89ev70Ktcf0Z5WdItVbRgEn6ymXjYWFa1WI3DlH4Z-p14wZYMlxh9RjSvy4PhNanNrCdmPr0Gal0RwsuAMqvnrKvT/s645/Montreal%20gazette%20oct%2029%201910%20page%2013%20-%20five%20licorice%20sticks.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="645" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxYFmFJnH-yKkmGtUs9689lRwjDxruLrebvN-1DtweRWBVZRVcFQ91gU8jx6fUr7Pu97Pu_Gb_LhIK4li182PLwgy6ri5lbea89ev70Ktcf0Z5WdItVbRgEn6ymXjYWFa1WI3DlH4Z-p14wZYMlxh9RjSvy4PhNanNrCdmPr0Gal0RwsuAMqvnrKvT/s320/Montreal%20gazette%20oct%2029%201910%20page%2013%20-%20five%20licorice%20sticks.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>The Gazette</i> (Montreal, Ontario), October 29, 1910, page 13.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="tm14"><br /></span><p></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> Black Carl, Nettie Glenn and the Five Licorice Sticks worked at a time when black entertainers were increasingly making inroads in a field of entertainment that had long been dominated by fake, black entertainers, played by white performers in blackface. Black Carl was a pioneer as a black musician and talent agent. The Five Licorice Sticks were, for the most part (apart from Nettie Glenn), anonymous and apparently interchangeable. But they and their contemporaries deserve credit for carving out careers for themselves at a time when it was more difficult to get your foot in the door, ultimately reducing demand for blackface entertainment, and finally putting them out of business, by offering the real McCoy.<br /></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm14">Other “N[-word] Babies.”</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14">The expression, “N[-word] Babies,” had a long history in other contexts, long before it was used as one of the names of baby-shaped, licorice candy. It was used to refer to
actual babies, certain kinds of baby dolls, and to a variety of target, ball-throwing games. You can learn more about the history of throwing games by that, and other names, in my upcoming post, a link to which will be added
here when it is posted.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-oc0CybhdoVq6ILfvx9EKKGRSFsfyVwb9l9sDeKxSNXIcdo_6FaY-j8rqJVXSZeDa8miAQx18W5CaGiilaipquFosePTXjE2D7d4P3LFH0DNnevy8gS4k9zhQ8tQk2PzyKKKhuzAfl6rB7Xzjnjd_35-jWhDzH51qLPloE6OcVblIRJVT5HNJM69/s1437/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="1437" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-oc0CybhdoVq6ILfvx9EKKGRSFsfyVwb9l9sDeKxSNXIcdo_6FaY-j8rqJVXSZeDa8miAQx18W5CaGiilaipquFosePTXjE2D7d4P3LFH0DNnevy8gS4k9zhQ8tQk2PzyKKKhuzAfl6rB7Xzjnjd_35-jWhDzH51qLPloE6OcVblIRJVT5HNJM69/w400-h275/yale%20record%201889%20page%20158.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"></span><i><span class="tm15">The Yale Record</span></i><span class="tm14">, Volume 17, Number 14, May 11, 1888, page 158.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><br /><span class="tm14"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm14"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <i><span class="tm20">Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper</span></i> (London), August 16, 1885, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm20">Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper </span></i>(London), July 3, 1881, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <i><span class="tm20">Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper </span></i>(London), July 6, 1884, page 11.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <i><span class="tm20">The Western Times </span></i>(Exeter, England), July 18, 1876, page 3.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> For an unrelated connection between the King of Hawaii and the origin of the expression, “Hokey Pokey,” in musical comedy
about cannibals, see my post, <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html">“Hokey Pokey” and Madame Boki - Hawaiian Royalty and the History and Origin of “Hokey
Pokey.”</a></u> <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2022/04/hokey-pokey-and-madame-boki-hawaiian.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevi"></a><a href="#footnoteviback"><sup>vi</sup></a> The expression, “to raise Cain,” may have been influenced by a well-known joke about raising one’s physical cane
in anger. See my post, “<u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/03/sticks-and-canes-may-break-my-bones.html">Sticks and Canes May Break My Bones - a Battered History and Etymology of “Raising Cain” and
“Shake a Stick</a></u>.” <u><a href="https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/03/sticks-and-canes-may-break-my-bones.html">https://esnpc.blogspot.com/2016/03/sticks-and-canes-may-break-my-bones.html</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotevii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiback"><sup>vii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=oriental">https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=oriental</a></u> </p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteviii"></a><a href="#footnoteviiiback"><sup>viii</sup></a> See also, <i><span class="tm20">The Morning Post</span></i> (Camden, New Jersey), December 13, 1928, page 21 (“Tar Baby”
in list of candies for sale).</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-23702018550063170532022-05-02T14:54:00.000-07:002022-05-02T14:54:02.643-07:00It was mean, now it's easy - a history of "like taking candy from a baby!"<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The simile, “like taking candy from a baby,” has been used idiomatically for more than a century, as a benchmark of how easy it is to accomplish something. The idiom first appeared
regularly in sports reporting, to illustrate how easy it was for one team beat up on a weaker opponent. </span></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"><span style="font-size: large;">Sports Use</span> <br /></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In 1904, for example, New York Giants’ fans looked forward to beating up on the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the pennant. It was an aspirational statement, the Giants having fallen short
to the Bucs in 1903. </span></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">But the cartoon proved prophetic, and the Giants took the National League title that season, 19 games ahead of the fourth place Pirates. This example used “small boy” instead of “baby,”
but the meaning is the same. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nw_nrpt27SLSWw1iqRWeTJd8G4Q2RDqeU3iPJGjMSkNYgqxrvxLA8dbspRBVMfHn3RYsDlN6F4_tPai-BhmSSf6orwQ6o5xr2dmLVLE5jAGGq_gZjeQui7fLEbXngnooX2jo1ilcOsaAThcayAp42YOilwVdcXLRlK8e5eYNdUA-uwSvBA40b7KV/s2135/The%20Evening%20World%20New%20York%20May%209%201904%20page%209%20taking%20candy%20from%20baby%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2135" data-original-width="1570" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nw_nrpt27SLSWw1iqRWeTJd8G4Q2RDqeU3iPJGjMSkNYgqxrvxLA8dbspRBVMfHn3RYsDlN6F4_tPai-BhmSSf6orwQ6o5xr2dmLVLE5jAGGq_gZjeQui7fLEbXngnooX2jo1ilcOsaAThcayAp42YOilwVdcXLRlK8e5eYNdUA-uwSvBA40b7KV/w470-h640/The%20Evening%20World%20New%20York%20May%209%201904%20page%209%20taking%20candy%20from%20baby%20copy.jpg" width="470" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">“Getting the honors. This year looks like ‘taking candy from a small boy,’” </span><em><span class="tm13">The Evening World</span></em><span class="tm10"> (New York), May 9, 1909, page 9.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The earliest example I could find (1892) used “child” instead of “baby.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10">The score, Topeka 16, Pana 0, shows that Pana was not in the game yesterday at Athletic park. Topeka took the game hands down and won so easily that it was almost like a man taking candy
away from a child.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Topeka Daily Capital</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Topeka, Kansas), September 10, 1892, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Examples using the now-more familiar “baby” showed up in print a few years later.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Folk also fielded and batted well. Columbus has, without a doubt, drawn a prize in this player. He is tricky too, and made Mobile give up one run yesterday in the ninth inning that seemed
like taking candy from a baby.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"><i>Columbus Daily Enquirer-Sun</i> (Columbus, Georgia), June 11, 1896.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a></span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The Third ward kid foot ball team beat the Fourth ward team this afternoon 18 to 4. The Third warders say winning the game was like taking candy from a baby.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Arkansas City Daily Traveler</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Arkansas City, Kansas), January 8, 1898, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">When William Heffernan of South Africa landed in America last year he was touted as the champion welter-weight and middle-weight boxer of New Zealand and South Africa, and a man fit to do
battle with the greatest glovemen of the world in those classes. [But] from the moment he put up his hands it was plain to the least critical observer that the stranger could not “make good.” Ryan laughed at him
and went to work very pleasantly to put it all over Bill. . . . It was like taking candy from a child for Ryan.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Buffalo Times</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Buffalo, New York), March 22, 1898, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">When the boys went to sleep on the bases he made some one hit and that man was out. It was like taking candy from a baby. It was high way robbery and he ought to be indicted.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Iola Daily Record</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Iola, Kansas), May 27, 1899, page 1.</span></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFko81iux23oLv9mwkPjfGEXjFMa2gGia4LxpkepsOOKF17L9Spel8R6eCYiLygs30upa26uGgHYaJIpnZtVw1Z4wmJlAVCk7vj8rP9tz4wovMH59nl2vTvHL31cmm3xq0wFvWWZKPKXgwOACNlwYbJvl3grBLpRHsnjAMdx37YDqH810SZY4L3cBJ/s721/evansville%20press%20august%206%201909%20page%206%20-%20money%20from%20a%20kid%20-%20baseball%20cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="522" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFko81iux23oLv9mwkPjfGEXjFMa2gGia4LxpkepsOOKF17L9Spel8R6eCYiLygs30upa26uGgHYaJIpnZtVw1Z4wmJlAVCk7vj8rP9tz4wovMH59nl2vTvHL31cmm3xq0wFvWWZKPKXgwOACNlwYbJvl3grBLpRHsnjAMdx37YDqH810SZY4L3cBJ/w464-h640/evansville%20press%20august%206%201909%20page%206%20-%20money%20from%20a%20kid%20-%20baseball%20cartoon.jpg" width="464" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;">"Like taking money from a kid," <i>Evansville Press</i> (Evansville, Indiana), August 6, 1909, page 6.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm10"><br /> </span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">Negative Precursors</span></span>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">“Like taking candy from a baby” is
generally used in a positive sense, to express how easy it is to
accomplish something. But the expression borrowed from an earlier line
of
similar expressions, generally framed in a negative sense, comparing the
mean person at issue with a proto-typical mean person. One such mean
person was the one who would steal acorns from a blind pig.</span></p>
<p class="tm9" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The “meanest man” . . . according to tradition is he who will “steal acorns from a blind hog.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm10">, April 6, 1890, page 34.</span></p><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10"></span></span><span class="tm10"></span><span class="tm10">Precursors and early variants were used as a personal insults, shaming people who do something considered bad or evil, with unflattering comparisons to the meanest of the mean and lowest
of the low, where the mean and low people were illustrated by people who would take various combinations and permutations of things of value from various combinations and permutations of types of vulnerable people. </span>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Someone might be said to be so mean, that they would [take/steal] [something of value] from [someone who was vulnerable and/or innocent]. The thing of value might be gingerbread, licorice,
cornbread, candy, money or other valuable item (or at least valuable to the person from whom it was taken). The vulnerable person might be a child or baby (frequently more specifically, a black or sick child), a blind person,
a bum, a dead person or a church. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In 1830, for example, anti-Jackson partisans thought that anyone who praised Andrew Jackson was capable of much worse.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The effort upon Fulton would be useless; he is so immodest, and so lost to shame, as openly to praise Duff Green and Gen. Jackson, and he who would countenance </span><em><span class="tm13">them</span></em><span class="tm10">, would, in my opinion, </span><span class="tm16">rob a beggar of his rags, or steal rusty nails from a dead man’s coffin</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Arkansas Gazette</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Arkansas Post, Arkansas), September 22, 1830, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In 1837, pro-Jackson partisans thought that anyone who would ridicule Andrew Jackson was capable of much worse.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">In that paper of yesterday may be seen an article copied from the Cincinnati Post, proposing, in ridicule, the erection of a statue to Gen. Jackson, presenting him in such a light as would
be an outrage to the whole nation. Men who will indite and publish such articles, are base enough to </span><span class="tm16">open a new-made grave and steal the “coppers from a dead man’s eyes,”</span><span class="tm10"> - meriting the execration of every American citizen.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Mississippi Free Trader</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Natchez, Mississippi), April 4, 1837, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Many of the early examples in print reflect the newspaper publishers’ attempts to shame their customers to pay their bills. An early example includes several colorful precursors to
“taking candy from a baby.” </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">We believe the man who will cheat a printer – who will advertise his goods and nostrums in a newspaper and then refuse or neglect to pay for it, would, if an opportunity offered itself,
</span><span class="tm16">steal pennies from a dead man’s eyes and rob his saddlebags of cold victuals</span><span class="tm10">. Yea, we verily believe such a man would not hesitate to </span><span class="tm16">steal a ‘snifter’ from a sleeping loafer’s rum-jug</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Enterprise and Vermonter</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Vergennes, Vermont), December 4, 1839, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">An early example of something approaching the traditional format appeared in a British newspaper’s plea for payment (the problem of unpaid subscriptions appears to have been universal).
But the specific means of insulting the subscriber may be distinctly American, as the British newspaper attributed it to an American newspaper. </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">An American editor states that a person who refuses to pay the printer for his newspaper </span><span class="tm16">would rob a church</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Liverpool Mercury</span></em><span class="tm10">, December 16, 1842, page 8.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The traditional form appeared in an American newspaper the following year, when a “man ‘out west’” upped the ante, lumping non-payment to a printer in with a laundry
list of increasingly cruel acts, two of which took the traditional form.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Plagiarism. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">A man ‘out west’ uses the following severe but merited language in speaking of literary theft: -- “An individual who would cabbage the literary labors of another, and attempt
to palm them upon the public as the result of his own labors, would refuse to pay the printer; would </span><span class="tm16">steal acorns from a blind sow</span><span class="tm10">; would </span><span class="tm16">take a “n[-word]” boy’s cold pone</span><span class="tm10"> out of his saddle bags, or even </span><span class="tm16">rob the grave of its dead</span><span class="tm10">”!!!</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Richmond Weekly Palladium</span></em><span class="tm10">, September 2, 1843, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The first of those two examples, being mean enough to “steal acorns from a blind pig/sow/hog,” would become a common, idiomatic expression, long before “taking candy from
a baby.” </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Numerous examples appeared in print throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, and a few scattered examples appeared in print in the first half of the twentieth century. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwj5VnshcCtHya0F1_ALoIKykxJWN6CmQTysqGR6x7XTDbhxPLGeKiEQ0-GWUuh4L9HIda6nqGIviSF3G1ZeOZXZxSO2zSywraQ3W6z6Ol4LgtRN8NH1d_yTMxxJFjOMU-8YXcVKCeEfO0C7j9n8j2-3BqDlckoN-b9LDf1-3q8J_L3zcCUn94oDt/s1235/belleville%20telescope%20-%20kansas%20-%20apr%2017%201903%20page%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1235" data-original-width="765" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwj5VnshcCtHya0F1_ALoIKykxJWN6CmQTysqGR6x7XTDbhxPLGeKiEQ0-GWUuh4L9HIda6nqGIviSF3G1ZeOZXZxSO2zSywraQ3W6z6Ol4LgtRN8NH1d_yTMxxJFjOMU-8YXcVKCeEfO0C7j9n8j2-3BqDlckoN-b9LDf1-3q8J_L3zcCUn94oDt/w248-h400/belleville%20telescope%20-%20kansas%20-%20apr%2017%201903%20page%204.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Belleville Telescope </span></em><span class="tm10">(Belleville, Kansas), April 17, 1903, page 4.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">One example even appeared in a letter to the editor as late as 1989.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Hey there, Gazette. Tell J. J. Kilpatrick, when you see him, that when stealing becomes too easy, thieves can become too inept to fall off logs or steal acorns from a blind pig.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Cedar Rapids Gazette</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), February 20, 1989, page 10.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">“Like stealing acorns from a blind pig” would also be used on occasion in the positive sense, similar to“like taking candy from a baby.” In the Minto Cup lacrosse
championship series in Canada in 1912, Westminster beat up on Cornwall, 15-7 in the first game and 16-6 in the second. This cartoon, illustrating the ease of Westminster’s win, was published after the first game and
before the second.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidpKiEGVMCV_1FQkTEpWDgs543orCcLlSV4-CT5J257A7JkDYDA52EIlp7XS9Myd5sVsJ1LEYhGkjhgBUYff7gfIIH8u1mu0P0LTpJgLUFX9LtDkaLu0CV-IoTMRupOev-ky2_nUpj44jEQZa7deNmgdoiWgJMESqtkqg0HQGGQHtWmZZt6DAZg_dS/s1846/province%20vancouver%20oct%205%201912%20page%2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="1846" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidpKiEGVMCV_1FQkTEpWDgs543orCcLlSV4-CT5J257A7JkDYDA52EIlp7XS9Myd5sVsJ1LEYhGkjhgBUYff7gfIIH8u1mu0P0LTpJgLUFX9LtDkaLu0CV-IoTMRupOev-ky2_nUpj44jEQZa7deNmgdoiWgJMESqtkqg0HQGGQHtWmZZt6DAZg_dS/w640-h436/province%20vancouver%20oct%205%201912%20page%2010.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>The Province</i> (Vancouver, British Columbia), October 5, 1912, page 10.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">As for the second of the two early examples, “taking pone/cornbread from an n[-word] boy,” only very few examples of taking pone or cornbread have been found in print. The [something
of value] in most variants was something sweet, like gingerbread, or a specific type of candy, like licorice or a sugar whistle. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Taking something of value from an “n[-word)],” usually a sick baby, was common in early examples.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Was ever such impudence uttered by human lips; reader, just think of a set of rascals who would </span><span class="tm16">steal a pewter spoon from a “n[-word] baby,”</span><span class="tm10"> asking honest men to deposite money in their keeping.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Vicksburg Daily Whig</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Vicksburg, Mississippi), February 6, 1843, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">But not every early example was problematic. Just a few years after the earliest “acorn” and “cold pone” versions, a widely reprinted story about a man who cheated
a young girl out of a five cents came very close to the now-familiar expression, with “gingerbread” in place of “candy.” </span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">“Verily, there are some persons mean enough to </span><span class="tm16">steal gingerbread from a baby</span><span class="tm10">!” </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Hartford Courant</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Connecticut), January 22, 1847, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Beginning in the 1850s, several widely reprinted stories returned to the racially-specific vulnerable person, generally sick, and frequently using language reflecting the casually racist
attitudes of the day. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">One such story was a cautionary tale about what can happen to people who cheat the printer.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The man who pays the printer was to see us to-day; he is in excellent health and find spirits, and we are told that 25 acres of his valuable land . . . . The man who cheats the printer,
left town last week, in company with the woman who flogs her husband – they were joined a short distance from the town by the fellow who </span><span class="tm16">stole a stick of liquorice from a sick negro baby</span><span class="tm10">. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Plymouth Pilot</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Plymouth, Indiana), May 28, 1851, page 3 (reprinted in Indiana (1851), Wisconsin (1857), New York (1857), and
Pennsylvania (1873)). </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">A similar story made the rounds over the next couple decades. But in this case, the person who cheated the printer was painted as even lower than the others. A person claiming to be mean
enough to perpetrate a number of heinous crimes against humanity suggests they are nevertheless not low enough to cheat the printer.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">A subscriber in sending us a remittance for his subscription says: “I might murder my grandmother, I might flog my wife, I suppose possibly I might </span><span class="tm16">smother a blind baby</span><span class="tm10">, I know I could </span><span class="tm16">steal ginger bread from a sick n[-word] baby</span><span class="tm10"> – but I have not got so low as to cheat a poor devil of a printer.” – Plum Creek </span><em><span class="tm13">Pioneer</span></em><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Lincoln County Tribune</span></em><span class="tm10"> (North Platte, Nebraska), May 15, 1886, page 1 (reprinted in Kansas (1891), Idaho (1891 and 1892) and Kansas
(1894). </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Some of the reprinted versions added “might vote the Democratic ticket” into the things that are worse than cheating the printer.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">But not every example of taking something of value from someone vulnerable compared its meanness with that of cheating a printer, and not every example was race-specific. As early as 1856,
the “mean enough to” trope was used to characterize any of a number of bad things people might do.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In a story about a thief who stole quilts, blankets and a silk skirt from an old woman:</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">To steal a hog, after cutting its throat in the owner’s pen, is no doubt very mean; but the individual who would steal bed clothes and petticoats would be </span><span class="tm16">mean enough to rob a sucking baby of its gingerbread, or lick the possum fat off an old blind n[-word]’s last piece of pone</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Monongahela Valley Republican</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Pennsylvania), March 7, 1856, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In a letter to the editor about a local school ordinance:</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">I wish to say a few words about our noble school law, to show the readers of the C</span><em><span class="tm13">ourant</span></em><span class="tm10"> that </span><span class="tm16">stealing gingerbread from a baby can be beat</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Hartford Courant</span></em><span class="tm10">, September 20, 1858, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The popular humorist, Josh Billings (a contemporary of and frequently compared to Mark Twain) noted (writing in his trademark style, using back-woods dialect/phonetic spelling):</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The </span><span class="tm16">meanest man I ever nu was the one that stole a sugar whistle from a sick n[-word] baby</span><span class="tm10">, to sweeten a kup of rye coffee with.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Sioux City Register</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Iowa), February 20, 1864, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In a story about watermelon thieves:</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Robbing hen roosts, or pocket-picking might be called respectable compared with this. Such a </span><em><span class="tm13">man</span></em><span class="tm10"> would be mean enough to </span><span class="tm16">commit a highway robbery on a crying baby, and rob it if its gingerbread – steal bad coppers off a collection plate –
and lick the molasses of a blind n[-word]’s last pancake</span><span class="tm10">, that he might satisfy the cravings of his piggish appetite for dainties. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The United Opinion</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Bradford, Vermont), September 21, 1866, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">In an article about the sin of avarice:</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The avaricious man: </span><span class="tm16">He won’t subscribe for a county paper. He would steal from a defenseless woman. He would filch money from a blind man’s pocket and
bamboozle an orphan to get its last dollar</span><span class="tm10">.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Bolivar Bulletin</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Tennessee), February 9, 1867, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">A newspaper accused of being “radical” would rather </span><span class="tm10">have been, “accused of robbing a blind woman’s hen-roost, or stealing milk from a sick
baby; </span><span class="tm10">whipping our father’s grand mother, or knocking the crutch from a palsied man. </span><em><span class="tm13">The Tennessean</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Nashville), June 28, 1867, page 2. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The negative formulation of “[take/steal/rob] [something of value] from a [vulnerable/innocent person]” remained in circulation for many decades, slowly disappearing after the
positive sense came into common use, and was codified in the now-familiar form, “like taking candy from a baby.”</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">General Use</span></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The now-familiar idiom, “like stealing candy from a baby,” came into general use only after several years of its use in regular use in sports reporting. The earliest, non-sporting
example I’ve seen is a comment from a burglar.</span></p>
<p class="tm15"><span class="tm10">“I went up, and there was no third floor front hallman. It looked too easy.</span></p>
<p class="tm15"><span class="tm10">“’This is like taking candy from a child,’ I thought, as I rubber-shoed down the hall in the direction of a certain suit of rooms that I had in mind - a prima donna’s
suite, the key to the main door of which was in the office rack.”</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Evening Star</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Washington DC), December 2, 1899, page 18.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Other examples followed during the first decade of the 1900s.</span></p>
<p class="tm15"><span class="tm10">The mill man who has been struggling with the problem of belt fastenings should see the lacing machine that makes a wife lace and a perfect hinge joint. As an admiring spectator at the exhibit
said, when he saw how it was done, “It is just like taking candy from a baby.”</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Wood Worker</span></em><span class="tm10">, Volume 20, Number 5, July 1901, page 40.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">A political example from 1902 borrowed from the language of con-artists.</span></p>
<p class="tm15"><span class="tm10">“Like stealing candy from a baby,” says the bunco man, as he takes the money from Reuben. “Like stealing candy from a baby,” says the public, as Gen. Tracy takes
money from Guden in return for telling him that he is still Sheriff.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">Times Union</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Brooklyn, New York), March 11, 1902, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">A retail example borrowed from the language of New York horse race-touts.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpVTUXOnwbj4vHVt2d5gFSuKyo4zAi2niAHEiqDUZfhHrDMabjWmj2NKncTqhKRM-3CoBkiPZiphHSi8L_0HwUmV_ukMMoUPNrPoj1sSuc2K2qyPkIp-PFapY9jPds2PCGJAMHZaJ52LHmTZxpJBeD5iXkTv7Ejr_D8rrYfSnSfqEPy_zguSlI6mU/s1619/clip_86319964.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1619" data-original-width="1289" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpVTUXOnwbj4vHVt2d5gFSuKyo4zAi2niAHEiqDUZfhHrDMabjWmj2NKncTqhKRM-3CoBkiPZiphHSi8L_0HwUmV_ukMMoUPNrPoj1sSuc2K2qyPkIp-PFapY9jPds2PCGJAMHZaJ52LHmTZxpJBeD5iXkTv7Ejr_D8rrYfSnSfqEPy_zguSlI6mU/w319-h400/clip_86319964.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Dispatch</span></em><span class="tm10"> (Lexington, North Carolina), October 1, 1902, page 5.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Jack London used the expression in his 1907 memoir, </span><em><span class="tm13">The Road</span></em><span class="tm10">, in describing a prison barter system he ran while serving thirty days in the Erie County Penitentiary.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">Once a week, the men who worked in the yard received a five-cent plug of chewing tobacco. This chewing tobacco was the coin of the realm. Two or three rations of bread for a plug was the
way we exchanged, and they traded, not because they loved tobacco less, but because they loved bread more. Oh, I know, it was like taking candy from a baby, but what would you? We had to live.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">Jack London, </span><em><span class="tm13">The Road</span></em><span class="tm10">, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1907, page 101.</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">By 1911, the expression was so common that it was described as the “slang of the day,” in an article in the </span><em><span class="tm13">New York Times</span></em><span class="tm10"> on the “Holy Ghosters” religious colony, “Shiloh,” in Durham, Maine.</span></p>
<p class="tm15" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm10">The population at Shiloh numbered 200 soon after the first temple was built, and has held near that figure ever since. They represent almost all States in the Union, and several foreign
countries. Many of them were well to do when they joined the colony, but their goods, chattels, and all worldly wealth is turned in for the common good. They seem to give away their farms and their bankbooks willingly, too.
</span><span class="tm16">In the slang of the day, “it’s like taking candy from a baby.”</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"></span><em><span class="tm13">The New York Times</span></em><span class="tm10">, October 29, 1911, Magazine Section (Part Five), page 1.</span></p><p class="tm12"><span class="tm10"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV5ziRJOyDbLBOMRpUJf7PXihA53rTgGPqVu0VAr37pmmSuVSt2yCuxEzpT3ltc6flVQ9N-_-_MHg7jP8kvqQe2nSbsL081rZVK17sYCskAqsKgYUutkobSHp6CbnTZLUKf4btPNB911vSNRUJHiqyum5UPIYKxgB50r2oo2oHXiZcsqktLtPcfN8a/s842/fort%20wayne%20sentinel%20november%2020%201912%20page%2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="669" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV5ziRJOyDbLBOMRpUJf7PXihA53rTgGPqVu0VAr37pmmSuVSt2yCuxEzpT3ltc6flVQ9N-_-_MHg7jP8kvqQe2nSbsL081rZVK17sYCskAqsKgYUutkobSHp6CbnTZLUKf4btPNB911vSNRUJHiqyum5UPIYKxgB50r2oo2oHXiZcsqktLtPcfN8a/w318-h400/fort%20wayne%20sentinel%20november%2020%201912%20page%2014.jpg" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>Fort Wayne Sentinel</i> (Fort Wayne, Indiana), November 20, 1912, page 14.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm10"><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQAeLQuE33QINSq-PPWKSVNg2_OSORbCCcfbQUglnYD2A-KQHMM1w_M1CZ0_h5nw_h43xVMr4qGVXYQEnQHFKOZboEPKe3mMGdQ7Q6LXq8eBrljFKfFGOAMSQajv7lyt_hl08fdp5vAfYqlaW1HRJPOmbL-5Ump7vNDwd6mWvhFwsnp7DK3MogToY/s1303/new%20york%20tribune%20may%2027%201917%20page%2014%20billy%20sunday%20like%20taking%20money%20from%20baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1303" data-original-width="801" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQAeLQuE33QINSq-PPWKSVNg2_OSORbCCcfbQUglnYD2A-KQHMM1w_M1CZ0_h5nw_h43xVMr4qGVXYQEnQHFKOZboEPKe3mMGdQ7Q6LXq8eBrljFKfFGOAMSQajv7lyt_hl08fdp5vAfYqlaW1HRJPOmbL-5Ump7vNDwd6mWvhFwsnp7DK3MogToY/w246-h400/new%20york%20tribune%20may%2027%201917%20page%2014%20billy%20sunday%20like%20taking%20money%20from%20baby.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>New York Tribune</i>, May 27, 1917, page 14.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="tm10"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">It may be easy to take candy from a proverbial baby, but how easy is it to take candy from an actual baby?</span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">The Mythbusters claim to have “Busted” the myth, but their “grip-strength” methodology is pretty sketchy. </span></p>
<p class="tm12"><span class="tm10">You be the judge. </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdutKqgmUrs"><span class="tm10">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdutKqgmUrs</span></a></u><span> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> “Meaning and Early Instances of the Phrase ‘Like Taking Candy from a Baby,’” Pascal Treguer, wordhistories.net,
September 29, 2018. <u><a href="https://wordhistories.net/2018/09/29/taking-candy-baby/">https://wordhistories.net/2018/09/29/taking-candy-baby/</a></u><span> </span></p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-80361405153206148022022-05-01T09:37:00.000-07:002022-05-01T09:37:10.624-07:00Polo on the Baseball Grounds - the Irony of Baseball at the "Polo Grounds"<p>
</p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Four separate stadiums known as the </span><span class="tm9"><span class="tm9">“Polo Grounds” played host to the New York Giants baseball team during their tenure in New York City. Of those four stadiums,</span> only the original “Polo Grounds” were ever actually used to play polo; and it was used for polo for just a few months of its first season in operation. </span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">But its transition
to a major league baseball stadium was no surprise. Even before the first polo match was played there on May 22, 1880, the Manhattan Polo Club was already making plans to host baseball games there. Within three weeks of
opening, rumors were circulating of efforts to bring a professional baseball team to the polo grounds. Those rumors persisted throughout the summer, the rumors turned into action, and the New York Metropolitans (the original
“Mets”) playing thirteen games there in September and October. </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Baseball quickly displaced polo at the Polo Grounds, which may have seemed like poetic justice to local baseball fans, particular to those from Brooklyn. Ironically, one of the reasons they
built the Polo Grounds in the first place was backlash against their having played polo on the baseball fields at Prospect Park, across the river in Brooklyn, the previous summer.</span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">Polo</span></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">In 1876, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. introduced the sport of polo to the United States, a sport the British had only recently brought back from India, and which had enjoyed popularity among the
upper-crust in London and Paris for a few seasons. James Gordon Bennett, Jr. was a young heir to the New York Herald newspaper fortune, an accomplished athlete, </span><em><span class="tm11">bon vivant</span></em><span class="tm9">, man-about-town and trend-setter.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><span class="Endnote_Reference"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnR81cRnaYwX8ksm2yCt6AHAgTN9hmYBavNqDSj5IAO5pYIzSOgKFQIZP6arN0fCEwe1z-NhPetZBFlvzOo_3hjUDmOhagtuDDmjZiUXJzwpFFggR_zOcItgI-4_p9in3u9J5NeA6eSSMaL5eve2wuSjNKBCOq-4VEw9e4QnLEk4Ux7_s8nO0LYv9E/s601/Puck%201878%20-%20bennett%20on%20polo%20pony%20mayor%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="395" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnR81cRnaYwX8ksm2yCt6AHAgTN9hmYBavNqDSj5IAO5pYIzSOgKFQIZP6arN0fCEwe1z-NhPetZBFlvzOo_3hjUDmOhagtuDDmjZiUXJzwpFFggR_zOcItgI-4_p9in3u9J5NeA6eSSMaL5eve2wuSjNKBCOq-4VEw9e4QnLEk4Ux7_s8nO0LYv9E/w421-h640/Puck%201878%20-%20bennett%20on%20polo%20pony%20mayor%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="421" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">James Gordon Bennett, Jr., </span><em><span class="tm11">Puck</span></em><span class="tm9">, Volume 3, Number 77, August 28, 1878, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="Endnote_Reference"><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><span class="tm9"></span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">A Polo Club</span></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Gordon Bennett, Jr. and his similarly well-to-do polo friends in New York organized a polo club in early-1876. Its grounds were located adjacent to Jerome Park, the original home of the Belmont
Stakes, in a neighborhood of the Bronx which had recently been annexed from neighboring Westchester. The club became known as the Westchester Polo Club.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Mr. Bennett has rented a cottage near the Jerome park racecourse, to be used as a club house, and is having it fitted up in the most elegant style for the use of the members. It has polo
grounds attached, and is expected to become a popular place of fashionable resort.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Democrat and Chronicle</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Rochester, New York), March 27, 1876, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">From its earliest days, the Westchester Polo Club was open to hosting non-polo sporting events on its grounds. In 1877, for example, they offered to host a series of football games between
Harvard, Columbia, Yale and Princeton. Although those games did not take place there as hoped, they were still open to hosting football and lacrosse games the following year.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The governors of the Westchester Polo Club have decided upon a formal opening of their grounds at Jerome Park New York on Saturday, 18</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> inst. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The new attractions will be spirited games of foot ball and lacrosse, each by the best players in the country.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Newport Daily News </span></em><span class="tm9">(Newport, Rhode Island), May 13, 1878, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">A few such games were played. In May of 1878, for example, Jerome Park hosted tennis, Aunt Sally (throwing sticks to knock clay pipes from the mouth and ears of the carved head of a woman),
croquet, football and lacrosse.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">There were the lawn tennis, the squares marked out plainly with lime; the burly figure of a negro woman, with a clay pipe in her mouth and another in each ear, and dozens of painted and varnished
sticks to throw at the pipes; the croquet, and many other little amusements to pass the time away. The games to be played were matches in foot-ball between the Fordham Club and the Columbia College Freshmen; in lacrosse,
between the New-York Club and the Ravenswood Club, and in polo, between the Newport and the New-York Clubs, as it was announced, although the players were all New-Yorkers. In the foot-ball and lacrosse matches prizes were
offered - a fancy ball in the former and a beautiful silver cup in the latter.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The New York Times</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 19, 1878, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Despite the occasional additional game or sport, Jerome Park does not seem to have become a regular, multi-sport event venue as they had hoped.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Polo was a seasonal sport, and the polo season itself was divided into distinct sub-seasons. For several years, the polo gang would play at Jerome Park in the spring and early summer, leave
for Newport </span><em><span class="tm11">en masse </span></em><span class="tm9">(polo ponies in tow) in the heat of summer in July and August, and returned to New York in late-September or October for some more games before
winter set in. </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">In 1879, the polo contingent decided to move their early-season matches from Westchester to Brooklyn to escape the heat of the Bronx/Westchester. Westchester’s reputation for unhealthy
summer weather is illustrated by a tongue-in-cheek description of Westchester published a few years later.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9"></span><strong><span class="tm14">Westchester. –</span></strong><span class="tm9"> Named after a swell polo club. Place laid out with the intention of becoming the suburbs of New York.
Up to the present date chiefly remarkable for its production of chills and fever and bad country building lots held at city prices. Board at variegated terms. Prime quality of malaria on tap everywhere.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Puck on Wheels No. III, for the Summer of 1882</span></em><span class="tm9">, New York, Keppler & Schwarzmann, 1882, page 26.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The north Bronx was still very remote from Manhattan, and although it was close to Westchester where many wealthy families kept large estates, it was far away from other recreations, prompting
them to seek new grounds; which they found - in Brooklyn.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">During the months of April and May the members continued their daily practice at the Jerome Park grounds, but at no time did these grounds suit them for summer practice, and hence, with the
approach of warmer weather a change of locality was agreed upon. The ground granted by the [Brooklyn] Park Commissioners affords far more room than the space heretofore occupied by the club at Fordham. The convenience of
members who desire to spend part of the day on the seashore has also been consulted in the selection of this new playground, the boulevard where the clubhouse is located being in splendid condition all the way to Coney Island.
</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Union</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 10, 1879, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">Polo on the Baseball Grounds</span></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The grounds the Westchester Polo Club rented from Brooklyn were located on the public baseball fields in Prospect Park in Brooklyn. And, to add insult to injury, they were scheduled to play
on the same days the baseball fields were in use, and the polo pitch cut off portions of ten, of the thirteen available, baseball fields. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">[T]he Park Commissioners [granted] the Westchester Club the exclusive use of ten acres of the central part of the parade ground, thereby cutting off the use of the outfields of ten of the
thirteen ball fields laid out at the grounds. The club days selected, too, include two days of the week when public school boys, store employes and others of the business class of Brooklynites find it the only time they can
get to the Park for sport. They would be content to see the polo gentlemen have their games on any day but Wednesday and Saturday, especially Saturday.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 11, 1879, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The outcry was immediate, even before the first match of polo was played.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">At Prospect Park there was a large gathering of the fraternity [of baseball players], and when they saw the flags marking the boundary lines laid down for the proposed match at polo by the
wealthy bloods of the Westchester Club, and saw how these flags cut off the outfields of a dozen of the ball grounds at the Park, the boys became indignant, as was proper for them to do under the circumstance. Fortionately
[(sic)] the polo horsemen failed to put in an appearance and consequently the resident ball players, whose local rights were thus to be infringed upon, were not interfered with. It would be just as reasonable to have granted
Delancy Kane’s coaching club an exclusive right to use the main drive at the Park on Saturday, as to grant the use of the parade ground to August Belmont’s Polo Club the same day. As it happened, the Brooklyn
amateurs enjoyed their ball games undisturbed, and the result was a good day’s sport.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 8, 1879, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">They played their first game on a Wednesday.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The Westchester Polo Club having left its headquarters at Jerome Park and secured from the Park Commissioners the use of ten acres of the central part of parade ground in Prospect Park to
the exclusion of school boys and ball players, played its second annual game with the team from the Queens County Hunt. . . . </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Polo will be played every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday at Prospect Park till the first of August, when the players will go to Newport, returning to Prospect Park in October.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Times-Union </span></em><span class="tm9">(Brooklyn), June 12, 1879, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Feelings were still running high after the first polo match. The aristocratic game of polo was viewed as undemocratic, particularly when it displaced the masses from enjoying publicly owned
land during their brief time off.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The new game [of polo] . . . is a sport which from its costly and dangerous character, is precluded from becoming popular with us to any such extent as our national game of ball is. It is
a sport, too, monopolized by the wealthy minority, and when, as in this case, the minority comes in collision with the special interests in field sports of the large class of collegians, school boys, clerks and young business
employes, who seek recreation on the only day of the week they can find time to spare for out door sports, it becomes a matter of serious importance, and one which should call forth the serious attention of the Park Commissioners,
in awarding to any one class such special privileges as they have granted to the Polo Club.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 12, 1879, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The public outcry resulted in swift action. The polo players were banished to the northern edge of the parade grounds, on a smaller-than-regulation polo pitch, which did not impinge on the
territory of any of the baseball fields.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm9">THE POLO MEN MUST RETIRE.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The Park Commissioners have evidently taken notice of the numerous protests against granting the privilege to the Westchester Polo Club to use the best portions of the parade ground on Saturdays,
and acted upon them. The Polo men will be allowed only the use of the northerly end of the ground, and if it shall appear that all of the ground is needed by the ball and cricket players, the club will have to play on Wednesdays,
or get out altogether.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 14, 1879, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The arrangement seems to have worked.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm9">Polo at the Park.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="text-align: center;"><span class="tm9">Several Exciting Games on Saturday and the Base Ball Players Satisfied.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The Parade Ground at Prospect Park on Saturday afternoon, presented a gay appearance there being no less than six games of base ball and one of cricket and polo progressing at the same time.
The threatened indignation meeting of the ball players was not held, owing to the fact that the Park Commissioners had compromised the matter by moving the polo ground from where it was first laid out through the centre of
the field and taking a portion of nine of e thirteen ball grounds, to the end of the inclosure and running across the field instead of lengthwise. By this arrangement the ball players had all the ground they wanted, but there
was some grumbling among the polo players on account of their ground being but 750 by 400 feet, whereas a full game of polo requires a plot 900 by 600 feet. However, the polo players got used to the grounds after the first
bout, and the spectators witnessed some rattling games before the play for the day was brought to a close.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Times-Union</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Brooklyn), June 16, 1879, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The polo players continued using Prospect Park, without controversy, three days a week until leaving for Newport, Rhode Island at the beginning of August. But the dispute raised the question,
“if polo players were so rich, why couldn’t they just buy their own land?”</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The game of polo, being as it is an aristocratic one, requiring the possession of wealth and leisure for its indulgence, without doubt another day than Saturday could be set apart by the Park
Commissioners, and thus the recreations of the “curled darlings” of society would not interfere with those of the masses; or it might even be with propriety suggested that the high toned polo clubs buy their own
ground. That would be satisfactory all round.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, June 12, 1879, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">This last suggestion proved prophetic. But in the end, they wouldn’t “buy their own ground,” they would lease it. It’s not that there were no empty spaces on Manhattan;
it’s that much of the empty space was not for sale. It was largely held as an investment with an eye toward future development. Large swathes of the undeveloped land was held by one woman – Mary Goodwin Pinkney.
The result of their efforts to find a place to play polo was the original Polo Grounds, the first of four major league baseball stadiums that would be known by that moniker.</span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">Baseball on the Polo Grounds</span></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Following one full season of sharing the field with baseball players in 1879, the Westchester Polo Club sought a playing field of their own and more convenient than their home field, at Jerome
Park, in the Bronx. Mary G. Pinkney had the perfect spot and was willing to make a deal. To secure the land without risking their personal fortunes, the polo bros incorporated themselves as the Manhattan Polo Club in early
1880, with an initial capitalization of $15,000.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">A few weeks later, Mary G. Pinkney gave them a lease of two square blocks located at the northeast corner of Central Park, bounded by 5</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> and 6</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> Avenues and 110</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> and 112</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> Streets, at an annual rent of $2,500. The names on the lease were a list of who’s-who of elite New
York Society; James Gordon Bennett, August Belmont, Jr., William Jay, and Herman Oelrichs, among others.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a> </span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Luckily for their purposes, 111</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> Street was just a line on the map at the time, and hadn’t been excavated or developed. The whims of civic leaders with respect to opening that street would play a role
in the eventual demise of the first Polo Grounds a decade later, when the city tore down an outfield fence to open 111</span><sup><span class="tm9">th</span></sup><span class="tm9"> Street to traffic a few months before the start of the 1889 season. But in 1880, everything seemed fine.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The club built an enclosed ground with tennis courts, dressing rooms with lockers,a clubhouse on the second and third floors, and a grandstand – all for a three-week, local spring polo
season, with more polo to be played in the autumn when the polo crowd returned from their summer homes in Newport. Renting out the field for baseball and other sports was in their plans from the beginning.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">The present season of the Polo Club is to last but three weeks, but playing will be resumed in the autumn after the return from Newport. Meanwhile, the grounds will be open to cricket, lacrosse,
base ball, and other associations for amateur athletic sports. </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Times Picayune</span></em><span class="tm9"> (New Orleans, Louisiana), May 21, 1880, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">In June, Harry Wright, who had assembled the first professional baseball team in Cincinnati in 1869, and later founded the Boston Red Stockings, was reportedly trying to assemble a team to
play at the Polo Grounds, although his efforts would fail.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">It fell to James Mutrie and the original New York Metropolitans (Mets) to secure the rights to play at the polo grounds. The Mets played their first game at the Polo Grounds on September 29,
1880. But since they did not have full control of the stadium, they still had to play a couple games in Brooklyn, due to conflicts with polo on one day and bicycle races another. </span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAEu_cihLkaC28c_hyqQ4cMdUBi9RgzIW0evFJ8l6wMKTjU1ZYXBT79_iJFhgD3imCSdOZw4p-LMR4FTLFkXMkPRE7qax70G1MvFyXCpVAGvnH-9DX-SyL_vHrjvSHZuQD_R0KoXRtek_XN-X3hGs-LEHZZn6NI4S4mxviM8-ZifQbp5bUkKZlU_yg/s952/new%20york%20clipper%20november%2012%201881%20page%20556%20mutrie%20article%20NYC18811112.2.35-a2-700w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAEu_cihLkaC28c_hyqQ4cMdUBi9RgzIW0evFJ8l6wMKTjU1ZYXBT79_iJFhgD3imCSdOZw4p-LMR4FTLFkXMkPRE7qax70G1MvFyXCpVAGvnH-9DX-SyL_vHrjvSHZuQD_R0KoXRtek_XN-X3hGs-LEHZZn6NI4S4mxviM8-ZifQbp5bUkKZlU_yg/s320/new%20york%20clipper%20november%2012%201881%20page%20556%20mutrie%20article%20NYC18811112.2.35-a2-700w.jpg" width="235" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">James Mutrie, <i>New York Clipper</i>, November 12, 1881, page 556.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The Metropolitans played at the Polo Grounds for only about one month in 1880. Their business plan was to play games against visiting professional teams, eager to tap into the New York City
baseball market, which had been without a major professional baseball team for several years.</span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Having made a successful experiment at the end of the 1880 season, the Mutrie and his Mets planned to play a full season the following year. The team joined the “League Alliance,”
a group of independent professional teams who maintained friendly relations with the League, by agreeing to adhere to the same contract regulations and other baseball rules.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Mr. Day, the financial head of the Metropolitan Club of [New York City], made application for admission to the League Alliance, which will be granted beyond a doubt. This will give the Metropolitan
Club all the protection of the league in enforcing contracts with players, etc., while not obliging them to incur the expense of Western tours involved in the regular League Club membership.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Chicago Tribune</span></em><span class="tm9">, December 11, 1880, page 5.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">They also arranged to use the Polo Grounds on non-polo days.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Mutrie has secured the polo grounds in New York city for four days a week from April 1 to November 1. </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Boston Globe</span></em><span class="tm9">, December 12, 1880, page 1.</span></p><p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"> </span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="tm10">Baseball’s “Polo Grounds”</span></span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Following a full season of baseball at the Polo Grounds in 1881, the polo club sublet the Polo Grounds (at a profit) to the Metropolitan Exhibition Company (the corporate entity that owned
Mutrie’s Mets), for the remaining three years of the lease, giving the baseball team full control over the field and scheduling.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">A desirable innovation in the line of providing outdoor amusements, says </span><em><span class="tm11">Truth</span></em><span class="tm9">, is that of the Metropolitan Exhibition Company. They have leased, for a term of three years, the Manhattan Polo Grounds, above Central Park, New-York, with the intention
of making that a permanent institution for all athletic sports. The staple attraction will be base ball.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Buffalo Morning Express</span></em><span class="tm9">, March 16, 1882, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">Ironically, the polo players who had been banished from the baseball grounds of Brooklyn in 1879 banished themselves from their own Polo Grounds to make way for baseball in 1882.</span></p>
<p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">“We have engaged the Polo Grounds at Newport for the coming season,” said Herman Oelrichs to a New York Tribune reporter yesterday, “but have given up the grounds in this
city. The fact is, there is little interest taken in polo, and it does not look as if there would be very lively times with the Westchester Polo Club.”</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Cincinnati Enquirer</span></em><span class="tm9">, April 7, 1882, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">The polo players weren’t giving up much. There is no indication that they even played polo at their own Polo Grounds in 1881. In fact, they even played practice games in Brooklyn’s
Prospect Park that spring, despite owning their own polo grounds in Manhattan.</span></p>
<p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><strong><span class="tm14">Polo.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm9">Games at the Park. - A portion of the parade ground at Prospect Park has been set aside for the equestrian game of polo, and yesterday members of the Meadow Brook Hunt and the Manhattan Polo
Club participated in a series of practice games, best two out of three, which was won by the Reds, who obtained two goals to the Blues one. Mr. Belmont bore off the fielding honors. There was a large number of carriages
around the field, whose occupants watched the proceedings with interest.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm9">, May 12, 1881, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9">One reason for the decline in interest in polo was the fact that James Gordon Bennett, Jr., who had kickstarted the polo fad a few years earlier, apparently lost interest.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm16" style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong><span class="tm14">James Gordon Bennett Again.</span></strong></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm13" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm9">It may be stated that he never again will appear as the centaur of the polo ground. He has sold his mustang ponies and bidden farewell to an amusement which held power for the unusual duration
of two years.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="tm9"></span><em><span class="tm11">Public Ledger</span></em><span class="tm9"> (Memphis, Tennessee), November 3, 1880, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="tm8"><span class="Endnote_Reference"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmpK0gma_pBnIwQ_NucXAzdpNL7NuE7LXbOMdegFFilibiZL2frS9VOqBFaYhDVAIamOepWa_dgZA3YGGptYklIEg2dmrhpxHEtbApqthitU8ox-8EtFXphCHPrib-0T2TwbOhJ_QxLCSrxisuclRTdbi1V5a8QABgm1wvNlz2asxuwl60NRhagN8/s970/Polo%20Grounds%20I%201887%20service-pnp-pga-02200-02288v%20-%20Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="970" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmpK0gma_pBnIwQ_NucXAzdpNL7NuE7LXbOMdegFFilibiZL2frS9VOqBFaYhDVAIamOepWa_dgZA3YGGptYklIEg2dmrhpxHEtbApqthitU8ox-8EtFXphCHPrib-0T2TwbOhJ_QxLCSrxisuclRTdbi1V5a8QABgm1wvNlz2asxuwl60NRhagN8/w640-h506/Polo%20Grounds%20I%201887%20service-pnp-pga-02200-02288v%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the One Hundred and Fourth Session of the Legislature</span></em>,
Volume 1, Albany, Weed, Parsons and Company, 1881, page 977. “Corporate name, Manhattan Polo association, limited; Principal Business and Objects of Corporation, Maintaining polo grounds; Date of filing preliminary certificate,
Feb. 12, 1880; Date of issue of final certificate of incorporation by Secretary of state, April 8, 1880; location of principle business office, New York city; amount of original capital, $15,000.”</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">New York Times</span></em>, March 22, 1883, page 8 (reported when the lease was filed at the land records
office).</p>
<p class="EndnoteText"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <em><span class="tm17">Williamsport Sun-Gazette</span></em> (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), June 7, 1880, page 3.</p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2339541743624368462.post-1890328014157956712022-04-19T13:06:00.004-07:002022-04-19T13:06:58.807-07:00Rabies, Pain and Confusion - Why I Scream, You Scream and We All Scream for Ice Cream<p>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Language Tortured. - Why is the inscription generally found in confectioners’ shops of ‘Water Ices and Ice Creams,” like a person attacked with hydrophobia - because when
‘Water I sees, I screams.’</span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm13">The Sporting Magazine</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, N. S., Number 27, December 1819, page 134.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Grammar. - “James, decline ice cream.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm10" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Yes sir; I scream, thou screamest, he screams.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm13">Monmouth Inquirer</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Freehold, New Jersey), June 3, 1847, page 1. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3siqUssmD3b6vYgHoS84GDIiZoNpVBxzxjo28LrpZ_pHKA8p-WvU2Ak2p9xOQ6WGQsdHiULRJhNuzJvpO09ZTnObRMkwYUbLWuikO3P1rFOmRHBt5EDiBviOKzcvjTTO4mSsRReupKIETwoPog1NoXy22p2qmOyIoqBuFq-3myP5AibquI5IBRoqf/s338/i%20scream%20sheet%20music%20cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="252" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3siqUssmD3b6vYgHoS84GDIiZoNpVBxzxjo28LrpZ_pHKA8p-WvU2Ak2p9xOQ6WGQsdHiULRJhNuzJvpO09ZTnObRMkwYUbLWuikO3P1rFOmRHBt5EDiBviOKzcvjTTO4mSsRReupKIETwoPog1NoXy22p2qmOyIoqBuFq-3myP5AibquI5IBRoqf/w299-h400/i%20scream%20sheet%20music%20cover.jpg" width="299" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1927, the songwriter Billy Moll wrote the popular hit, “</span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1WKImlPObU&t=55s"><span class="tm8">I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream</span></a></u><span class="tm8">,” first released as the B-side of Waring’s Pennsylvanians’ record, with </span><em><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQGik0eaZ_Y"><span class="tm13">Wob-a-ly Walk</span></a></u></em><span class="tm8"> on the A-side.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKFqmAVQkt6VvtFx0TtEIlLF0wG27JotsHvG6mQ-_IglRWVCWb8Q7RAVfKjvhC37jwusZHXiqlWrvsbp5kujgqc9-zup9WTlRCeXThvY4SQt2Z4_-HUZbjSMUUEcMzd1lz7V04pBhIqQR2d5uvcJd7vuFHvKCwwB18VvMFYQ_D4mtflCxji6nQ59Cr/s2366/evansville%20press%20indiana%20dec%2029%201927%20page%202%20i%20scream%20for%20ice%20cream%20record%20ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2366" data-original-width="1206" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKFqmAVQkt6VvtFx0TtEIlLF0wG27JotsHvG6mQ-_IglRWVCWb8Q7RAVfKjvhC37jwusZHXiqlWrvsbp5kujgqc9-zup9WTlRCeXThvY4SQt2Z4_-HUZbjSMUUEcMzd1lz7V04pBhIqQR2d5uvcJd7vuFHvKCwwB18VvMFYQ_D4mtflCxji6nQ59Cr/w204-h400/evansville%20press%20indiana%20dec%2029%201927%20page%202%20i%20scream%20for%20ice%20cream%20record%20ad.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Evansville Press</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Evansville, Indiana), December 29, 1927, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Billy Moll’s song may have cemented the phrase in American pop-culture, but he does not deserve the credit (blame?) for coining the expression. It had been around in identical form
since at least 1905.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4DEzywOW5_pdp4Ccqw3iTcZaXpUYz0guMwntUNGyYSWCD5rDR2LUX0461Kx2nok_zUNkQfvAzf86Q_5XZvhBbYab4yDcMZ8uidOZ-r7YXL5ta3ukcTUQMBYr1cYsXJxX-r750vtwVysG6zsaSeuLyMqdYV0sazdv4WtucyDEvvMN1rBD8tOLYdEaW/s799/stevens%20point%20journal%20may%2013%201905%20page%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="799" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4DEzywOW5_pdp4Ccqw3iTcZaXpUYz0guMwntUNGyYSWCD5rDR2LUX0461Kx2nok_zUNkQfvAzf86Q_5XZvhBbYab4yDcMZ8uidOZ-r7YXL5ta3ukcTUQMBYr1cYsXJxX-r750vtwVysG6zsaSeuLyMqdYV0sazdv4WtucyDEvvMN1rBD8tOLYdEaW/w400-h98/stevens%20point%20journal%20may%2013%201905%20page%204.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Stevens Point Journal</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Stevens Point, Wisconsin), May 13, 1905, page 4.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDVu8-0rC-xBdh0bkOKst05UKp1gOvj1yfkr7XSE9NH5w10-Jz0fYawnPrbIP4pfBAeezg-Rb8XSmjfMBzeeyWfPDsEMjtZCIwEE8FdGdU0mWUiozh24CW58jQtLiaxpNyfAlH3eB52Ef9JxEvMygMnOftraEfP2YPc-SiYW-iUOcO1t6Ql5SBYw6D/s861/lebanon%20daily%20news%20june%2021%201905%20page%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="508" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDVu8-0rC-xBdh0bkOKst05UKp1gOvj1yfkr7XSE9NH5w10-Jz0fYawnPrbIP4pfBAeezg-Rb8XSmjfMBzeeyWfPDsEMjtZCIwEE8FdGdU0mWUiozh24CW58jQtLiaxpNyfAlH3eB52Ef9JxEvMygMnOftraEfP2YPc-SiYW-iUOcO1t6Ql5SBYw6D/w236-h400/lebanon%20daily%20news%20june%2021%201905%20page%206.jpg" width="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Lebanon Daily News</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Lebanon, Pennsylvania), June 21, 1905, page 6.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><span class="tm8">And variants of the expression, with various combinations and permutations of pronouns, had been used in ice cream marketing since at least the 1840s. </span>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The earliest example I found of the pun in an advertisement for ice cream appeared in 1846, in a small item with twice as many puns as sentences.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“I scream.” - A perfect bijou of an ice-creamery was opened by Mr. J. H. Cornwell, at No. 136 Fulton street last evening, treating his friends in the freest and most hospitable,
though very </span><em><span class="tm13">cool</span></em><span class="tm8"> manner. He gave a regular “house </span><em><span class="tm13">warming</span></em><span class="tm8">” though somewhat paradoxically with </span><em><span class="tm13">ice cream</span></em><span class="tm8">, and other delicacies of the season.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span></em><span class="tm8">, June 16, 1846, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A slightly more high-brow pun appeared the following year, anticipating, perhaps, the now-familiar “I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Grammar. - “James, decline ice cream.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Yes sir; I scream, thou screamest, he screams.” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Go up head.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Fourth class in Grammar, attention! How is Grammar divided?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“In Ornothology, Etimography, Swinetax, and Mahogany.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“School’s dismissed.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Monmouth Inquirer</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Freehold, New Jersey), June 3, 1847, page 1. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgML4XA50xlBEQGhRdD6JEOc1I5JUnV8-r4pMTHv7rzbPCt1GAMBcjHqJSpbp_tpg708wX53_rzVuddZipQJ7ZhH1a_Br_lZ9vmbS0I3LLwTeT8zw0qQR8dEA0wXa1dXblucv04UZIIJxGvV9fO673FoAQjPmhD8HEEiQTZxhjOJSXCB6jv8e7tF3vZ/s938/york%20gazette%20june%2012%201849%20page%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="938" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgML4XA50xlBEQGhRdD6JEOc1I5JUnV8-r4pMTHv7rzbPCt1GAMBcjHqJSpbp_tpg708wX53_rzVuddZipQJ7ZhH1a_Br_lZ9vmbS0I3LLwTeT8zw0qQR8dEA0wXa1dXblucv04UZIIJxGvV9fO673FoAQjPmhD8HEEiQTZxhjOJSXCB6jv8e7tF3vZ/w400-h331/york%20gazette%20june%2012%201849%20page%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">York Gazette </span></em><span class="tm8">(York, Pennsylvania), June 12, 1849, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEfbEHd8L4T9UYbRgwzEyEbTQvMHE77oTTPMbiDxHwhvhgPa5BIwHlNMOhQMmRAmqryLupjecwxTuYX-kn4k38bCPhfe3kD3tQ44VlEK6HFPJndIcUHo8Osx-mu4rLsxPq1ekgVZg_DBiLrOOO49j9D_K-G9yxUpYANIq_tFjKq-D4dOTt5zK05Ab/s966/daily%20american%20telegraph%20DC%20apr%2026%201851%20page%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="966" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEfbEHd8L4T9UYbRgwzEyEbTQvMHE77oTTPMbiDxHwhvhgPa5BIwHlNMOhQMmRAmqryLupjecwxTuYX-kn4k38bCPhfe3kD3tQ44VlEK6HFPJndIcUHo8Osx-mu4rLsxPq1ekgVZg_DBiLrOOO49j9D_K-G9yxUpYANIq_tFjKq-D4dOTt5zK05Ab/w400-h179/daily%20american%20telegraph%20DC%20apr%2026%201851%20page%202.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Daily American Telegraph</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Washington DC), April 26, 1851, page 2.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">I-scream, I-scream, I-scream! Here, - you blathering idiot, what do you scream? I scream that ice-cream of all sorts, tints, flavors and descriptions, can be found daily and nightly and all-times-betweenly,
at Charley Weber’s Saloon, next door to the Bourbon House. Luscious, straw-rasp-and-black-berries in their season, delicious creams, cooling sherbets, cakes and confections, neatly furnished parlor, fine piano, and
no common customers, all unite to make Weber’s the place of fashionable resort.</span>
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">The Weekly Caucasian</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Lexington, Missouri), July 19, 1873, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjkAyoeo4W-mxx1SqOU6RJQe0xoeMFwlMuVYA8_EWIA0ZTGQ09tICRo_JaIjjv7BZF-qjPl7iFrTRxzIyi32eGdrL9VfEH1DpHCdeCa9qdror4_7TRt5RiRxZVKYlpLT3WCf3PHykkZMdghJastWEVuziFrsRKPM_A-1hg34FdwUHP9D6xK6hB2oi/s763/messenger%20and%20examiner%20owensboro%20ky%20jul%203%201878%20page%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="763" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjkAyoeo4W-mxx1SqOU6RJQe0xoeMFwlMuVYA8_EWIA0ZTGQ09tICRo_JaIjjv7BZF-qjPl7iFrTRxzIyi32eGdrL9VfEH1DpHCdeCa9qdror4_7TRt5RiRxZVKYlpLT3WCf3PHykkZMdghJastWEVuziFrsRKPM_A-1hg34FdwUHP9D6xK6hB2oi/w400-h120/messenger%20and%20examiner%20owensboro%20ky%20jul%203%201878%20page%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Messenger and Examiner</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Owensboro, Kentucky), July 3, 1878, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14">- I Scream, - You Scream, - We Both Scream!! Because Dickman keeps the best Ice Cream to be had in town. Large dish for 10 cents.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm13">Chautauqua Democrat </span></em><span class="tm8">(Sedan, Kansas), Juen 12, 1884, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIFMEtojz-837vVX4zmRwFzQTrZUEi_AS2otR4USPhzzNc3zRQGVI_vaUAItB6w5w-maGYAWA-yYJ0LyoYpTpK1gx6_R21dnrn-nTMCdANkgsDQhQmjKjsnWLwtQyxkU2eAf_n-gtYkrv8Kl8gfl3hZ_PK2l46x-2V3QDMDhGG9qJmKBRyOr69ClUn/s669/mcpherson%20republican%20kansas%20may%205%201881%20page%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="669" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIFMEtojz-837vVX4zmRwFzQTrZUEi_AS2otR4USPhzzNc3zRQGVI_vaUAItB6w5w-maGYAWA-yYJ0LyoYpTpK1gx6_R21dnrn-nTMCdANkgsDQhQmjKjsnWLwtQyxkU2eAf_n-gtYkrv8Kl8gfl3hZ_PK2l46x-2V3QDMDhGG9qJmKBRyOr69ClUn/w400-h190/mcpherson%20republican%20kansas%20may%205%201881%20page%203.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">McPherson Republican</span></em><span class="tm8"> (McPherson, Kansas), May 5, 1881, page 3.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">To the Dudes. - Take your best girl to Blodgetts’ Ice Cream Parlor and get a dish of ice cream that will curl the hair, sweeten the breath and put a smile on your girls face that will
not wear off during ice cream season. . . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm14">I scream, you scream and everybody screams that Blodgetts’ ice cream takes the cake, which is furnished at 10 cents per dish.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Frankfort Sentinel</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Frankfort, Kansas), May 21, 1886, page 3.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMZKiz47cUiSZlcCZk6Ci_4pQP2VAr-XC_Fi1ub01Pm8Cy3PRY5islFhWVFmW1gTCuDYuQgTMyRFGyFlNIOmI1RNxzFsNpRma8y8Me1mz7pV2LQdV15vgxzh4qY7X4UDSjIc7w43Ih5y6DXA2jbh8lLXUaruxHZA-73PiLK5Ys2kWb7DMREFzLwYG/s2374/tampa%20tribune%20apr%2018%201896%20page%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1541" data-original-width="2374" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMZKiz47cUiSZlcCZk6Ci_4pQP2VAr-XC_Fi1ub01Pm8Cy3PRY5islFhWVFmW1gTCuDYuQgTMyRFGyFlNIOmI1RNxzFsNpRma8y8Me1mz7pV2LQdV15vgxzh4qY7X4UDSjIc7w43Ih5y6DXA2jbh8lLXUaruxHZA-73PiLK5Ys2kWb7DMREFzLwYG/w400-h260/tampa%20tribune%20apr%2018%201896%20page%201.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="tm13">The Tampa Tribune</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Florida), April 18, 1896, page 1.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sfVmsJ1aaeA5gLcBkHNVG-l_4JQu8WkZjZHxWbDUym9Wm58zHwXIqV8YuPCZma4xarIESvHmO80wlyutByK-2OcCPHiNSb1w9BYYHX1NBGWcj10llre025ZZGLbktWWY8voKklmtvflFdxZEbUDxAdugJN2DSfzuEcp45xo4ZvjbBGqiJ4Ryg-K9/s2579/the%20democrat%20argus%20caruthersville%20missouri%20may%206%201897%20page%205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2579" data-original-width="1809" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sfVmsJ1aaeA5gLcBkHNVG-l_4JQu8WkZjZHxWbDUym9Wm58zHwXIqV8YuPCZma4xarIESvHmO80wlyutByK-2OcCPHiNSb1w9BYYHX1NBGWcj10llre025ZZGLbktWWY8voKklmtvflFdxZEbUDxAdugJN2DSfzuEcp45xo4ZvjbBGqiJ4Ryg-K9/w280-h400/the%20democrat%20argus%20caruthersville%20missouri%20may%206%201897%20page%205.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Democrat Argus</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Caruthersville, Missouri), May 6, 1897, page 5.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsRnJiBFk80bp37tvkdrs-UVefIdNOlPXvFFgeePXGBFgUUoW0cj2mGIjAqp7gHAq85wK2a_ksBINk07NrNMxhme6JGI9WdZeER-H0LPzaPK-zzC9sQiQabfiOwMVWb0lp8iQ_NczCJ33LwFSKBuubDeqlXG4uAoSIITCTYx-67LYDs_uhinXE3Rc/s1798/vicksburg%20american%20apr%2018%201903%20page%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1798" data-original-width="1493" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsRnJiBFk80bp37tvkdrs-UVefIdNOlPXvFFgeePXGBFgUUoW0cj2mGIjAqp7gHAq85wK2a_ksBINk07NrNMxhme6JGI9WdZeER-H0LPzaPK-zzC9sQiQabfiOwMVWb0lp8iQ_NczCJ33LwFSKBuubDeqlXG4uAoSIITCTYx-67LYDs_uhinXE3Rc/w333-h400/vicksburg%20american%20apr%2018%201903%20page%204.jpg" width="333" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Vicksburg American</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Vicksburg, Mississippi), April 18, 1903, page 4.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm14">This festival will be a success if you scream, and I scream, and we all scream for ice cream.</span>
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">Cameron County Press </span></em><span class="tm8">(Emporium, Pennsylvania), August 11, 1904, page 1.</span></p><p><span class="tm15"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="tm15">Ice Cream/Rabies</span></span>
</p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The Ice cream/I scream pun predates its earliest known use in advertising. Jokes and humorous anecdotes based on punning “I scream” with “Ice cream” date to at least
1819. Surprisingly, perhaps, the earliest example is a joke about hydrophobia (rabies).</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Language Tortured. - Why is the inscription generally found in confectioners’ shops of ‘Water Ices and Ice Creams,” like a person attacked with hydrophobia - because when
‘Water I sees, I screams.’</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">The Sporting Magazine</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, N. S., Number 27, December 1819, page 134.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The joke was still in circulation six years later, as evidenced by this article intended to shame comedians who steal old jokes.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Theodore Hook’s second-hand Jokes. - Some time since we showed that a new joke of the John Bull was a very old one, as a correspondent of ours had played off the Di-do-dum pun some years
before it appeared in the John Bull as span new. We have now to take a similar liberty with Mr. Theodore Hook, who has lately been making free with another specimen of bathos, which appeared in the Kaleidoscope several years
ago. We do not pretend to say that it was original with us, but we do say that it did not originate with Mr. Hook. We always gave credit to one of our correspondents for this chef d’oevre in the bathos, which we here
repeat: - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Why is a pastry-cook’s shop-window lke a man in hydrophobia?” - “Because its motto is, Water, ices, and ice-creams” - (</span><em><span class="tm13">water, I sees, and I screams</span></em><span class="tm8">.”) Oh! oh! oh! - </span><em><span class="tm13">Edits. Mercury</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span><em><span class="tm13">Liverpool Mercury</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Liverpool, England), June 24, 1825, page 6.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The joke was floating around the United States a decade later.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Excellent</span></em><span class="tm8">. - The following is too good to be lost, especially when such a pun is perpetrated in the dog days; therefore we secure
this gem of wit in the Ledger.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“</span><em><span class="tm13">Water, Ices, and Ice Creams</span></em><span class="tm8">.” - Why are these words, which we sometimes see in a confectioner’s sign, like the
ungrammaticla exclamation of a person in hydrophobia? D’ye give it up? It is because they sound like “Water I sees, and I screams!” - </span><em><span class="tm13">N. Y. Sun</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><i>Public Ledger</i> (Philadelphia), July 16, 1836, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="tm15">Ice Cream/Confusion</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A second line of humorous anecdotes played on the confusion an ice cream street vendor might create when hawking their wares screaming “ice cream.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">3 o’clock</span></em><span class="tm8">. The patrician dinner hour. The mart was abandoned - myself departing with the rest, to save appearances. Met
a strong-lunged fellow with a large tin bucket, shouting with hideous gesticulations, “I scream!” - Found he had ice-cream for sale.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Long-Island Star</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Brooklyn), March 3, 1825, page 1.<a href="#footnotei"><sup>i</sup></a><a id="footnoteiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">A lengthier (and perhaps less plausible) anecdote out of New York City made a similar point a few years later. Whether it actually happened this way
or not, it shows that the Ice cream/I scream pun was still making the rounds.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">I-I-I-Screaming. At the corner of Fuloton and Nassau streets sits a black fellow, with an enormous mouth and strong lungs, bawling ice-cream, loud enough to be heard a mile. His voice is
peculiarly harsh and shrill, and he pronounces the words so, that one would suppose, instead of notifying for sale the cool and dulcet article which composes his stock in trade, he was screaming merely for screaming’s
sake. Thus - </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“I-I-I-scream! I-I-I scream!”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">This peculiarity of screaming ice-cream leads to some very amusing observations of the passers by, as well as to some little trouble and vexation to the African screamer.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Confound you! I think you do scream,” said Charley McQuiz, as he stopped to see what sort of a throat it could be that sent forth such sounds</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“I-I-I scream! I-I-I scream!” repeated the negro.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Well, rot you! don’t I know it?” said Charley, “I heard you scream a mile off.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Buy some I-scream, Massa?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Buy it! no, you fool - do you think I’ll buy your screaming, when I can get more than I want it for nothing!”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“No, Massa; I neber sells I-scream for nossing. Can’t possibly ‘ford it.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Can’t afford it! why, it costs you nothing except breath - and that’s as cheap as shingle nails at three-pence a yard.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Yes, masssa, but consider, besides de breff, dere is so much money to pay for stock in trade - so much money for rent - ”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">. . .</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">[H]ere’s a shilling for you to buy a new breath in case your present one should ever fail - of which I fear there is no prospect.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Tankee you, massa, - hopes for your cons’ant custom. I-I-I scream! I-I-I- ”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“Confound you! don’t scream any more, if you don’t want my fist down your throat.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“O Loddy, massa! I no want him in my troat.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">“No want him in your troat! then keep your troat shut, till I get out of hearing - don’t scream again till I’m a mile off.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"> “I see you furder first, and den I wont.”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">With this assurance, Charley went on, and Tony kept his mouth shut until he had doubled the first corner, when he began repeating as loud as ever - “I-I-I scream! I-I-I scream!”
- and so he continues screaming every evening. </span><em><span class="tm13">N. Y. Constellation</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Philadelphia Album and Ladies Literary Port Folio</span></em><span class="tm8">, Volume 5, Number 32, August 6, 1831, page 256.<a href="#footnoteii"><sup>ii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiback"></a></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p><p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1839, boys in Baltimore annoyed a street vendor by hollering, “I scream” when the vendor yelled “Ice cream!” He preferred selling oysters for precisely that reason.
But, ironically, it was his sale of oysters that gave rise to a misunderstanding which led to some undeserved bad press about his supposedly shady business practice of issuing (Flintstone-like) oyster shells as “shinplasters”
(privately issued money), in lieu of legal tender. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The </span><em><span class="tm13">Baltimore Sun</span></em><span class="tm8"> had published a rumor that “a distinguished gentleman of color named Moses, who hawks about
‘charming’ oysters, is about establishing an office where he will redeem such oyster shells as he gives in lieu of change.” Offended by the allegation, Moses showed up at their offices to set the record straight. The Sun printed his explanation and their retraction the next day.<br /></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Q. Well, Moses, why have you honored me with a visit, this morning?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A. Why, sir, I hearn they got me in the Sun.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Q. Got you in the Sun! What have you been doing to attract its notice? Whistling too loud - selling bad oyster,s, or issuing shinplasters?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A. That’s it, master, that’s it! them gent’men says, I isshers ohster shells for shin plaisters, tain’t no such thing - please God, I never gin a shell for money to
any body in my life - I glad to git some one to take away the shells for nothin - I hearn lawyers eat the oshter and pass the shells to their clients - but nobody else ain’t going to cheat in that way. You axed me if
I been whisling too loud - I whisles nothing but sams, hims [(psalms, hymns)] and sich like - and hollers ‘lilly, lilly, lilly, Le-la,’ ‘le-la, poor old Moses - poor old feller!’ . . . I likes to holler
for oshters better than ice cream - caze the boys plagues me, and hollers, ‘I scream,’ - and some of the fellers kin holler ‘lilly, lilly, lilly,’ as well a most as I kin - but they hain’t got
the voice, poor little things.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">Q. Well, Moses, why did you come to me?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">A. Caso I want you, if you please young master, to tell them gent’men of the Sun, that I think myself above issing shin plaisters, or any sich cheating work, and if they wants good oshters
I can sell ‘em as good as they can find in town - and I thank ‘em to let my character alone.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">With many apologies to the respectable colored gentleman, we publish the above in order to show that he is above bad company. He has our admiration of his uprightness and our wishes for his
success. May he live a thousand years.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Baltimore Sun</span></em><span class="tm8">, November 30, 1839, page 1.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm15"> </span></p><p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="tm15">I Scream/Pain</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">At about the same time, the ice cream/I scream pun served as the punchline for a joke in which the “scream” of the joke represented pain, not an inducement to the pleasures of
ice cream. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One such story illustrated the dangers of showing off one’s children for company. A woman who had taught her children French from a young age, tries to impress her friends by having
her son demonstrates his ability to pronounce French words correctly. After several successes, she promises a reward if he gets just one more right. He struggles, and winds up revealing embarassing details about his mother’s
early-morning drinking habits, which gets him “I scream” instead of “ice cream.”</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Now Frank, say </span><em><span class="tm13">bouquet</span></em><span class="tm8">, and you shall have some ice cream. “</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Frank thus encouraged, commenced - ‘boo,’ ‘boo,’ but getting no farther, the mother continued.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“That’s right so far. Vulgar people always say bo, but boo what, Frank?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Upon a second trial the child kept ‘boo-booing’ until his mother, fearful that he would e set down for a booby, again came to the rescue with ‘come Frank, you say it. You
certainly have not forgot what do I put in the glass every morning?”</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">“Oh, I know </span><em><span class="tm13">now</span></em><span class="tm8"> - why b- b- </span><em><span class="tm13">brandy</span></em><span class="tm8">, mother!” </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Frank got I scream, for ice cream, and was sent away to get up his French. He went out boo boo-booing to another tune.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Mississippi Free Trader </span></em><span class="tm8">(Natchez, Mississippi), June 26, 1847, page 2. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The same pain/pleasure version of the pun appeared in small item about women in Mississippi who were able to make ice cream after collecting hailstones following a spring storm.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">Several ladies were able to secure the hailstones in sufficient quantities to give their friends an unexpected treat of ice-cream in the evening. Those who were out in the storm enjoyed the
luxury of I scream, with very little trouble.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">The Port Gibson Herald and Correspondent</span></em><span class="tm8">, March 30, 1849, page 2.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjntHXYkx7u8kyyujCZFG4heB0CSiXkPz1SY_na6t4ro9NzlsB-c7YnvYPm2WZQMxG3JjP5h7DRpT_2_31pKDa3m2JGggH0dx4JfUSfkc9cxoGYljjcpwxBiW0jFZCCPPPmJ-HcXOmyjJJPdKNTtYK33-tYoV5u3cTs3qQuWvH29zGpe8lkIise4h7k/s1026/exhibitorsherald31unse_1587%20edit%20crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="1026" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjntHXYkx7u8kyyujCZFG4heB0CSiXkPz1SY_na6t4ro9NzlsB-c7YnvYPm2WZQMxG3JjP5h7DRpT_2_31pKDa3m2JGggH0dx4JfUSfkc9cxoGYljjcpwxBiW0jFZCCPPPmJ-HcXOmyjJJPdKNTtYK33-tYoV5u3cTs3qQuWvH29zGpe8lkIise4h7k/w400-h368/exhibitorsherald31unse_1587%20edit%20crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="tm15">Billy Moll</span></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Wilbur (sometimes reported as Wilbert or William) “Billy” Moll, who wrote “I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream,” was born and raised in Madison, Wisconsin,
the son of Frank Moll, a carpenter for the University of Wisconsin. He was still an infant in 1904, when his mother died at the age thirty-one. His father and his step-mother (the former Mrs. Woerpel) lived for many decades
in a home that still stands at 1915 University Avenue in Madison, Wisconsin.<a href="#footnoteiii"><sup>iii</sup></a><a id="footnoteiiiback"></a> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Billy was not the first prominent person in his family. His first-cousin, Keckie Moll, played quarterback for the University of Wisconsin’s varsity football team in 1908, 1909 and
1911, leading the Badgers to a 13-3-2 record, with no more than one loss in each of his three seasons at the helm. His uncle William “Billy” Moll was a woodworker and contractor, credited with creating the woodwork
for the Wisconsin State Capitol. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Billy’s first songwriting success appears to have been “The Memphis Maybe Man,” published in 1924, when he would have been about twenty years old. The song was </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFmOCBFECzs"><span class="tm8">recorded by (among others) “Cook” and his Dreamland Orchestra</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4kjofpRimvs_4_ZnItbTvc2eC84Hrg0Ttd9nQXGUO4zA4GQ9RjKFWbrmrfarKlKuAw5dTK-4peYUxaBENTerrjnmSRv6Fy3IVfZVvfCHGBWBpe3WJLiCTzIKauSg2q3T5MVco_lD9FbGOVj3HlMJKIzXObB3tkZ2N6iEp6j8rOwZbF01aNqnpYPE/s464/cook%20and%20his%20dreamland%20orchestra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="464" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga4kjofpRimvs_4_ZnItbTvc2eC84Hrg0Ttd9nQXGUO4zA4GQ9RjKFWbrmrfarKlKuAw5dTK-4peYUxaBENTerrjnmSRv6Fy3IVfZVvfCHGBWBpe3WJLiCTzIKauSg2q3T5MVco_lD9FbGOVj3HlMJKIzXObB3tkZ2N6iEp6j8rOwZbF01aNqnpYPE/w400-h310/cook%20and%20his%20dreamland%20orchestra.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">His next big hit seems to have been “Six Feet of Papa,” written with Art Sizemore in 1926, and </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYixX86My7c"><span class="tm8">recorded by Annette Hanshaw on Pathe Actuelle Records</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oCDG11LFzp7qKezxK7Ta24zP8H8HmpZUhq-h1ZdEEc8mvvZy-zY_Qk9DlNXltOkE8fKJ6yL7s0zOoZy1VZClXILQJkE3a6wtwU43C0W5fNi3oeriQbADKlAoRP92cpeCra-7KA1cxSflherNwIJZS6X6am5FkvuEtOl3Bs1jd47HC9HKQftqtHC/s736/annette%20hanshaw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="540" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oCDG11LFzp7qKezxK7Ta24zP8H8HmpZUhq-h1ZdEEc8mvvZy-zY_Qk9DlNXltOkE8fKJ6yL7s0zOoZy1VZClXILQJkE3a6wtwU43C0W5fNi3oeriQbADKlAoRP92cpeCra-7KA1cxSflherNwIJZS6X6am5FkvuEtOl3Bs1jd47HC9HKQftqtHC/w294-h400/annette%20hanshaw.jpg" width="294" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Ice Cream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream” was a big hit in 1927, with notable recordings by </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqBBFJSxyqY"><span class="tm8">Harry Reser’s Syncopators</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> and </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1WKImlPObU&list=RDO1WKImlPObU&start_radio=1"><span class="tm8">Waring’s Pennsylvanians</span></a></u><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWD8ZHF4OtimU7NY91ODghG3AcaHDyhRK4WpZsKJ7CV9avl7bw3xdfTp8H_FVduAosOwArrAmJp2CoV1V2Kjpo0X5fZPjePaF5d1bx-oMhGzcMjiq8XgYu3e9SdPl0Msf7eYE1_yBGL4VVwd0rUSS9AUSbLmj6eW74RLhR-YZbsDOuBZOpxmUlBrBc/s740/i%20scream%20ad%20talking%20machine%20world%2024bill_0300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="740" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWD8ZHF4OtimU7NY91ODghG3AcaHDyhRK4WpZsKJ7CV9avl7bw3xdfTp8H_FVduAosOwArrAmJp2CoV1V2Kjpo0X5fZPjePaF5d1bx-oMhGzcMjiq8XgYu3e9SdPl0Msf7eYE1_yBGL4VVwd0rUSS9AUSbLmj6eW74RLhR-YZbsDOuBZOpxmUlBrBc/w400-h173/i%20scream%20ad%20talking%20machine%20world%2024bill_0300.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Moll wrote more than 500 songs in Madison (including “I Scream”) before moving to New York City in August 1929, where he was offered a full-time position with the music publishing
company, Shapiro, Bernstein and Co. Before leaving town, he married Loretta Radecke, of Stoughton, Wisconsin. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtgGBpmEhGfglavwU3CSP0BW7n75Hj7N067IegHMV7NpQWQH_lZJxZv-9elNB7uQnk7P09eqIzu7MwNt7ZuGZn3UjqACUX_dd_0YEAX3zilYJZ-QPRQx41Yr-4LfsRq1wXwtw5nOPwIGsnotYw622EyRyk2TVF4ccEeGgC2SCqL2e7mbokAG4a7kCx/s559/Capital%20Times%20Feb%2027%201928%20page%201%20-%20billy%20moll%20bio%20and%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="542" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtgGBpmEhGfglavwU3CSP0BW7n75Hj7N067IegHMV7NpQWQH_lZJxZv-9elNB7uQnk7P09eqIzu7MwNt7ZuGZn3UjqACUX_dd_0YEAX3zilYJZ-QPRQx41Yr-4LfsRq1wXwtw5nOPwIGsnotYw622EyRyk2TVF4ccEeGgC2SCqL2e7mbokAG4a7kCx/w388-h400/Capital%20Times%20Feb%2027%201928%20page%201%20-%20billy%20moll%20bio%20and%20pic.jpg" width="388" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Once in New York, his employers put him to work writing theme songs for “talkie” movies; “Lil,” for the film, </span><em><span class="tm13">For the Love of Lil</span></em><span class="tm8">, “Seargeant Flagg and Sergeant Quirt,” for the film, “Cock-Eyed World,” and “Atta Boy,” for </span><em><span class="tm13">Howdy Broadway</span></em><span class="tm8">.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">In 1930, they tasked his with writing the lyrics for a Broadway musical entitled, </span><em><span class="tm13">Have a Good Time, Jonica</span></em><span class="tm8">, scored by Joseph Meyer, who also wrote “California Here I Come.” </span><em><span class="tm13">Jonica</span></em><span class="tm8"> had a short run at the National Theater in Washington DC in mid-March, 1930, before opening at the Craig Theater on Broadway, on April 7. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The “amusing and often ribald production”<a href="#footnoteiv"><sup>iv</sup></a><a id="footnoteivback"></a> was about a young, innocent who leaves a convent in Buffalo to serve
as maid-of-honor at a friend’s wedding in New York City. Before she leaves, she’s given a revolver named “Benjamin Franklin” to protect her from the big, bad world. Along the way, she is suspected
of murder, stumbles into the groom’s bachelor party, meets his best friend (an artist who specialized in painting nudes), and joins her friend on the altar as the second bride in a double-wedding. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The songs received some positive reviews.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span class="tm8">The production has some exceptionally good music - notably “I Want Someone” and “A MIllion Good Reasons.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span><em><span class="tm13">Central New Jersey Home News</span></em><span class="tm8"> (New Brunswick, New Jersey), May 12, 1930, page 9.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">But not everyone agreed.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="Normal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8"></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px;">
</div><p class="tm12" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span class="tm8">No colossal feature stands out in a humdrum of songs and music that takes to the old beaten path and follows it right along through to the finish of a tame love story.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><em><span class="tm13">Times Union </span></em><span class="tm8">(Brooklyn), April 8, 1930, page 13.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">“Jonica” folded after five weeks.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Later that year, Bing Crosby introduced the song that would be one of Moll’s best known songs, “Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams (and Dream Your Troubles Away),” singing it
on the </span><em><span class="tm13">California Melodies</span></em><span class="tm8"> program on KHJ radio station in Los Angeles on November 5, 1930.<a href="#footnotev"><sup>v</sup></a> Crosby’s
recording of the song in 1931 helped launch his solo career.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">One of Moll’s other big hits, “I Want a Little Girl,” was also released in 1930. </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykKxDCo22qs"><span class="tm8">Ray Charles recorded a bluesy version</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR_6JGQRDzk"><span class="tm8">Eric Clapton a funky version</span></a></u><span class="tm8">, and </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4EaIUqZpGg"><span class="tm8">Nat King Cole a swingin’ version</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> of the song.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">Billy Moll’s career eventually slowed down, and he moved back to his wife’s hometown of Stoughton, Wisconsin. But he remained active, publishing his last big hit, </span><u><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UDf0eyMMyg"><span class="tm8">“At the Close of a Long, Long Day,” first recorded by Jimmy Wakely in 1951</span></a></u><span class="tm8">. </span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">He died in Stoughton in 1968.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"></span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8">The songs and the expression he helped popularize, “I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream,” live on.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"> </span></p>
<p class="Normal"> </p><hr />
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotei"></a><a href="#footnoteiback"><sup>i</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/i_scream_for_ice_cream_i_scream_you_scream_we_all_scream_for_ice_cream/"><span class="tm8">Barry Popik, “I scream for ice cream,” The Big Apple Online Etymological Dictionary, April 24, 2009</span></a></u><span class="tm8"> (“April 1962, </span><em><span class="tm13">New-York Historical Society Quarterly</span></em><span class="tm8">, “New York City in 1825: A Newly Discovered Description” by Bayrd Still, pg. 2:
(Quoting a newspaper of 1825—ed.) Met a strong-lunged fellow with a large tin bucket, shouting with hideous gesticulations, “I scream!” Found he had ice-cream for sale.</span>”).</p>
<p class="Normal"><span class="tm8"><a id="footnoteii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiback"><sup>ii</sup></a> </span> <span class="tm8">Also reprinted in, </span><em><span class="tm13">Vermont Patriot and State Gazette </span></em><span class="tm8">(Montpelier, Vermont), August 22, 1831; </span><em><span class="tm13">Newbern Spectator</span></em><span class="tm8"> (New Bern, North Carolina), September 23, 1831, page 4.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiii"></a><a href="#footnoteiiiback"><sup>iii</sup></a> <u><a href="https://www.zillow.com/homedetails/1915-University-Ave-Madison-WI-53726/2083405286_zpid/"><span class="tm8">According to </span><em><span class="tm13">Zillow.com</span></em></a><em></em></u><em></em><span class="tm8">, the house was built in 1899.</span></p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnoteiv"></a><a href="#footnoteivback"><sup>iv</sup></a> <em><span class="tm13">Evening Star</span></em><span class="tm8"> (Washington DC), March 26, 1930, page 22</span>.</p>
<p class="Normal"><a id="footnotev"></a><a href="#footnotevback"><sup>v</sup></a> <em><span class="tm13">Los Angeles Evening Express</span></em><span class="tm8">, November 5, 1930, page 9.</span></p>
Peter Jensen Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00042588192094310236noreply@blogger.com0